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Gender care for minors in England has recently been scrutinised by the courts and is currently undergoing significant transformation, shifting away from the long-standing centralised service provision model. Alongside this change, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health has recently published Version 8 of its Standard of Care, which introduces radical changes that shift away from age restrictions on medical interventions. This article considers what role judicial decision-making could, or should, play in this new era of healthcare provision for adolescent gender care, especially since Bell v. Tavistock. Despite Bell seemingly returning decision-making to clinicians, patients, and their families, we argue that the decision has left the door open in a way that threatens the autonomy and rights of gender diverse children. Through a comparative analysis with Australian case law, we demonstrate how and why uncertainties left by Bell may in fact lead to continued court involvement. Finally, we suggest several pragmatic responses that may mitigate the risk of unnecessary and time-consuming court involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

England has experienced a third wave of the COVID-19 epidemic since the end of May, 2021, coinciding with the rapid spread of the delta (B.1.617.2) variant, despite high levels of vaccination among adults. Vaccination rates (single dose) in England are lower among children aged 16–17 years and 12–15 years, whose vaccination in England commenced in August and September, 2021, respectively. We aimed to analyse the underlying dynamics driving patterns in SARS-CoV-2 prevalence during September, 2021, in England. The REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-1 (REACT-1) study, which commenced data collection in May, 2020, involves a series of random cross-sectional surveys in the general population of England aged 5 years and older. Using RT-PCR swab positivity data from 100 527 participants with valid throat and nose swabs in round 14 of REACT-1 (Sept 9–27, 2021), we estimated community-based prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness against infection by combining round 14 data with data from round 13 (June 24 to July 12, 2021; n=172 862). During September, 2021, we estimated a mean RT-PCR positivity rate of 0·83% (95% CrI 0·76–0·89), with a reproduction number (R) overall of 1·03 (95% CrI 0·94–1·14). Among the 475 (62·2%) of 764 sequenced positive swabs, all were of the delta variant; 22 (4·63%; 95% CI 3·07–6·91) included the Tyr145His mutation in the spike protein associated with the AY.4 sublineage, and there was one Glu484Lys mutation. Age, region, key worker status, and household size jointly contributed to the risk of swab positivity. The highest weighted prevalence was observed among children aged 5–12 years, at 2·32% (95% CrI 1·96–2·73) and those aged 13–17 years, at 2·55% (2·11–3·08). The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic grew in those aged 5–11 years, with an R of 1·42 (95% CrI 1·18–1·68), but declined in those aged 18–54 years, with an R of 0·81 (0·68–0·97). At ages 18–64 years, the adjusted vaccine effectiveness against infection was 62·8% (95% CI 49·3–72·7) after two doses compared to unvaccinated people, for all vaccines combined, 44·8% (22·5–60·7) for the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (Oxford–AstraZeneca) vaccine, and 71·3% (56·6–81·0) for the BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) vaccine. In individuals aged 18 years and older, the weighted prevalence of swab positivity was 0·35% (95% CrI 0·31–0·40) if the second dose was administered up to 3 months before their swab but 0·55% (0·50–0·61) for those who received their second dose 3–6 months before their swab, compared to 1·76% (1·60–1·95) among unvaccinated individuals. In September, 2021, at the start of the autumn school term in England, infections were increasing exponentially in children aged 5–17 years, at a time when vaccination rates were low in this age group. In adults, compared to those who received their second dose less than 3 months ago, the higher prevalence of swab positivity at 3–6 months following two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine suggests an increased risk of breakthrough infections during this period. The vaccination programme needs to reach children as well as unvaccinated and partially vaccinated adults to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and associated disruptions to work and education. Department of Health and Social Care, England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of psychological support for orthognathic patients has taken an increasing precedence over recent years and is embedded in orthognathic commissioning guidelines. Furthermore, attention towards mental health-related conditions and their management is of prime importance and continues to be a key area of focus within healthcare settings. With this in mind, this paper aims to outline our experience of establishing a need for and subsequently securing funding to establish a clinical psychology service within an existing orthognathic service in the NHS. The information outlined may be of benefit to orthognathic teams seeking to secure such psychological support within their respective units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early advance care planningh as clear benefits for patients approaching the end of their life, yet many of those attended by UK paramedics do not have this planning in place. To explore staff stakeholder views on the role of UK paramedics in advance care planning, including the use of the Gold Standards Framework Proactive Identification Guidance for screening and referral of patients. In-depth semi-structured telephone interviews with paramedics, general practitioners, Emergency Department and community doctors and nurses in the South West of England. Seventeen staff stakeholders participated. Four main themes were identified: a lack of advance care planning; variation across health conditions; a lack of joined-up care; poor-quality end of life conversations. Paramedic use of the Gold Standards Framework Proactive Identification Guidance to screen and refer patients for advance care planning was seen as feasible and acceptable, with perceived benefitssuch as identifying patients not accessing primary care, and the potential to reduce avoidable hospital admissions. UK paramedics are well-placed toscreen and refer patients for advance care planning. Further research is needed to explore how this type of intervention might be developed to fit into a community-centred approach aimed at improving advance care planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To gain further understanding into the needs of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), patient questionnaires were conducted in England, UK 2017 at an SRUK patient conference and Porto, Portugal 2018 at Central Hospital Universitário Porto (CHUP). The questions focused on daily activities and experience. Method: Sixty-four participants answered questions on their daily experience with RP, specific and general. Analysis grouped results into topics quantified by number and %. Results: Although many tasks trigger RP episodes, some are more problematic than others, e.g. peeling vegetables; for many, the pain (46.9%) is not the worst part, but instead the hinderance in function, inability (73.4%) especially regarding hands and fingers. Conclusion: A Design Specification (DS) criterion for RP patients' hands is formed through the listed activities. The key needs identified for RP patients fingers and hands are maintenance of: Dexterity, Tactility and Comfort whilst cohering to aesthetic needs & wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is significant debate as to where to draw the line between undertreating older rectal cancer patients and minimising treatment risks. This study sought to examine the use of radical rectal cancer treatments and associated outcomes in relation to age across the English NHS. Patient, tumour and treatment characteristics for all patients diagnosed with a first primary rectal cancer in England between 1st April 2009 and 31st December 2014 were obtained from the CORECT-R data repository. Descriptive analyses and adjusted logistic regression models were undertaken to examine any association between age and the use of major resection and post-surgical outcomes. Funnel plots were used to show variation in adjusted rates of major resection. The proportion of patients who underwent a major surgical resection fell from 66.5% to 31.7%, amongst those aged <70 and aged ≥80 respectively. After adjustment, 30-day post-operative mortality, failure to rescue and prolonged length of stay were significantly higher among the oldest group when compared to the youngest. Patient reported outcomes were not significantly worse amongst older patients. Significant variation was observed in adjusted surgical resection rates in the oldest patients between NHS Trusts. The probability of death due to cancer was comparable across all age groups. Older patients who are selected for surgery have good outcomes, often comparable to their younger counterparts. Significant variation in the treatment of older patients could not be explained by differences in measured characteristics and required further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) could be an alternative to multi-modality staging of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but its diagnostic accuracy, effect on staging times, number of tests needed, cost, and effect on treatment decisions are unknown. We aimed to prospectively compare the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of WB-MRI-based staging pathways with standard pathways in NSCLC. The Streamline L trial was a prospective, multicentre trial done in 16 hospitals in England. Eligible patients were 18 years or older, with newly diagnosed NSCLC that was potentially radically treatable on diagnostic chest CT (defined as stage IIIb or less). Exclusion criteria were severe systemic disease, pregnancy, contraindications to MRI, or histologies other than NSCLC. Patients underwent WB-MRI, the result of which was withheld until standard staging investigations were complete and the first treatment decision made. The multidisciplinary team recorded its treatment decision based on standard investigations, then on the WB-MRI staging pathway (WB-MRI plus additional tests generated), and finally on all tests. The primary outcome was difference in per-patient sensitivity for metastases between standard and WB-MRI staging pathways against a consensus reference standard at 12 months, in the per-protocol population. Secondary outcomes were difference in per-patient specificity for metastatic disease detection between standard and WB-MRI staging pathways, differences in treatment decisions, staging efficiency (time taken, test number, and costs) and per-organ sensitivity and specificity for metastases and per-patient agreement for local T and N stage. This trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial registry, number ISRCTN50436483, and is complete. Between Feb 26, 2013, and Sept 5, 2016, 976 patients were screened for eligibility. 353 patients were recruited, 187 of whom completed the trial; 52 (28%) had metastasis at baseline. Pathway sensitivity was 50% (95% CI 37–63) for WB-MRI and 54% (41–67) for standard pathways, a difference of 4% (−7 to 15, p=0·73). No adverse events related to imaging were reported. Specificity did not differ between WB-MRI (93% [88–96]) and standard pathways (95% [91–98], p=0·45). Agreement with the multidisciplinary team's final treatment decision was 98% for WB-MRI and 99% for the standard pathway. Time to complete staging was shorter for WB-MRI (13 days [12–14]) than for the standard pathway (19 days [17–21]); a 6-day (4–8) difference. The number of tests required was similar WB-MRI (one [1–1]) and standard pathways (one [1–2]). Mean per-patient costs were £317 (273–361) for WBI-MRI and £620 (574–666) for standard pathways. WB-MRI staging pathways have similar accuracy to standard pathways, and reduce the staging time and costs. UK National Institute for Health Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Gastrointestinal (GI) infections are common and most people do not see a physician. There is conflicting evidence of the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on risk of GI infections. We assessed the relationship between SES and GI calls to two National Health Service (NHS) telephone advice services in England.Methods: Over 24 million calls to NHS Direct (2010-13) and NHS 111 (2013-15) were extracted from Public Health England (PHE) syndromic surveillance systems. The relationship between SES and GI calls was assessed using generalised linear models (GLM).Results: Adjusting for rurality and age-sex interactions, in NHS Direct, children in disadvantaged areas were at lower risk of GI calls; in NHS 111 there was a higher risk of GI calls in disadvantaged areas for all ages (0-4 years RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.25-1.29; 5-9 years RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.36-1.51; 10-14 years RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.26-1.41; 15-19 years RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.52-1.67; 20-59 years RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.47-1.53, 60 years and over RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.09-1.14).Conclusions: Disadvantaged areas had higher risk of GI calls in NHS 111. This may relate to differences in exposure or vulnerability to GI infections, or propensity to call about GI infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In occupational therapy, there has been an increased interest in patients' occupational participation within forensic settings. This retrospective study involved a longitudinal analysis of occupational participation within six forensic hospitals in England. The aim was to contribute to the understanding of forensic patients' occupational participation over a two-year period. Methods: The Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool (MOHOST) was rated by 78 occupational therapists on 489 patients in low and medium secure units who were receiving occupational therapy over two years. The many-faceted Rasch Model was used to convert their MOHOST scores at each time point into interval scales. Regression analysis was used to examine changes in occupational participation over time. Results: Patients' overall occupational participation improved over time. Specifically, participation improved in five of the six MOHOST subdomains, which included their motivation for occupation, pattern of occupation, communication/interaction skills, process skills, and environment. Patients did not demonstrate significant change in their motor skills, which varied as expected. In addition, patients in low secure units had better occupational participation than those in medium secure settings. Conclusion: Our findings indicated improvements in the patients' occupational participation over the 2-year period. Further investigations are needed to understand factors contributing to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the HIV/Hepatitis C disaster that engulfed those suffering from haemophilia in Ireland, Scotland, England/Wales and Finland during the 1980s and 1990s; the largest health scandal since the Thalidomide controversy. In its aftermath a succession of inquiries and tribunals focused on what government knew (about HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C), and when (the blood supply had been compromised). The origins to the blood crisis were therefore located firmly in the failure on the part of key decision-makers to manage adequately the risk from HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C. This article is concerned with an altogether different task; it offers an explanation of why the crisis emerged. Put simply, it was not about how the risk was managed, but assessed. After a sustained period of regulatory reform, and the New Right's determination to reduce the role of state intervention, a reconfiguration of risk in politics anticipated that decisions were no longer refracted exclusively through the institutions of government, for they now involved multinational private actors, according far more emphasis to the decision of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) contamination continues to contribute to world-wide morbidity in all countries, particularly low- and middle-income countries. Despite its continued widespread adverse effects on global populations, particularly children, accurate prediction of elevated household dust Pb and the potential implications of simple, low-cost household interventions at national and global scales have been lacking. A global dataset (∼40 countries, n = 1951) of community sourced household dust samples were used to predict whether indoor dust was elevated in Pb, expanding on recent work in the United States (U.S.). Binned housing age category alone was a significant (p < 0.01) predictor of elevated dust Pb, but only generated effective predictive accuracy for England and Australia (sensitivity of ∼80%), similar to previous results in the U.S. This likely reflects comparable Pb pollution legacies between these three countries, particularly with residential Pb paint. The heterogeneity associated with Pb pollution at a global scale complicates the predictive accuracy of our model, which is lower for countries outside England, the U.S., and Australia. This is likely due to differing environmental Pb regulations, sources, and the paucity of dust samples available outside of these three countries. In England, the U.S., and Australia, simple, low-cost household intervention strategies such as vacuuming and wet mopping could conservatively save 70 billion USD within a four-year period based on our model. Globally, up to 1.68 trillion USD could be saved with improved predictive modeling and primary intervention to reduce harmful exposure to Pb dust sources. [Display omitted] • Household indoor dust can contain elevated Pb concentrations, posing a health risk. • Predictive modeling reveals insights to important explanatory variables of dust Pb concentrations. • Housing age groups are effective at predicting elevated Pb concentrations in the U.S., U.K., and Australia. • Low-cost household intervention, such as vacuuming, can save billions of USD from Pb exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with Tina Taylor, head of Drug Strategy and Healthcare Provision at HMP/YOI Isis prison located in England is presented. Topics discussed include training of staff members of the prison, prison reformation and the arrival of prisoners in the new prison. He further discusses the designing of the prison.

The article discusses the vision of Lawrence Sherman, Director of the Cambridge Institute of Criminology at the Cambridge University in Cambridge, England, on an emotionally intelligent approach to criminal justice. It examines the significance of emotions within the law and sentencing practice being followed within England and Wales. It presents information on various legal and policy developments that reflect the importance of emotions in sentencing.

The article presents a study which evaluates three evidenced-based violence prevention programmes delivered in public systems in Birmingham, England. The programmes include the Incredible Years BASIC, the Providing Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) and the Level Four Group Triple-P parenting programme. According to the study, modest improvements in emotial health and behavioural development were noted in the PATHS programme.

The article discusses the history of treason against individual states in America, focusing on state sovereignty, criminal punishment, and analyses of various state treason laws from the colonial period through June 2012. It states that American treason law was developed based on English common law. The American Constitutional Convention is addressed, along with an examination of the debate on whether an individual state can define and punish treason.

Abstract: Urban green space and particularly the tree canopy have been highlighted as offering a mitigation potential against atmospheric particulate pollution. In this paper current and future particulate (PM10) deposition to the urban tree canopy of the Greater London Authority (GLA) was estimated. A modelling approach was used based on the Urban Forest Effects Model (UFORE) and a modified version. Here we give evidence showing that these deposition models can be adapted to run from annual mean meteorological and PM10 concentration data, thus providing a methodology to examine future scenarios. Depending on the modelling approach, the urban canopy of the GLA is currently estimated to remove between 852 and 2121tonnes of PM10 annually; representing between 0.7% and 1.4% of PM10 from the urban boundary layer. Estimates of PM10 removal which take into account a planned increased in tree cover, from the current 20% to 30% of the GLA land area, suggest deposition of 1109–2379tonnes (1.1–2.6% removal) by the year 2050. The evidence provided here suggests that the targeting of tree planting in the most polluted areas of the GLA and particularly the use of street trees which have the greatest exposure to PM10, would have the greatest benefit to future air quality. The increased deposition would be greatest if a larger proportion of coniferous to broadleaved trees were used at such sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the court case, R. v. Twomey, which involved the issue of trial by judge alone order of the court based on section 31(11) of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act of 1996 in Great Britain. It provides an overview of an armed robbery situation that happened at the premises of a warehouse owned by Menzies Ltd. at Heathrow Airport on February 6, 2004. The coverage and mandate of section 44 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act of 2003 are explored. Some related court cases are also mentioned.

Purpose: Payment by Results (PbR) was recently introduced to mental health care in England. The system allocates service users to one of 20 clusters and will provide funding based on cluster membership, rather than on block contracts. Occupational therapists are challenged to define care packages for each of the clusters. Method: To facilitate their development, this study identified the occupational profiles of service users in each cluster based on measures offered by the Model of Human Occupation. The study used existing data from the clinical records of 625 service users from two organisations, collected through use of the Mental Health Clustering Tool and the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool. Results: Across the sample, service users showed greatest problems with habituation, followed by volition and process skills. Qualitatively distinct occupational profiles were identified across the clusters. Service users with non-psychotic problems showed the least interference with occupational participation; those in clusters involving psychosis showed moderate levels of interference; and those in clusters involving cognitive impairment demonstrated the most difficulty with occupational participation. Conclusion: These findings provide an important evidence base for thinking about the occupational needs of service users within the various PbR clusters and the corresponding services that might be offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Professional boxing emerged in the first half of the twentieth century as one of the most popular of working-class spectator sports. London was at the heart of its growth, from major international contests featuring the stars of the sport to numerous weekly small-hall programmes. Boxing was an increasingly popular form of national entertainment but also remained closely tied to local and neighbourhood identities. This paper assesses the relationship of boxing to notions of class, locality and space in London in this important boom period of participation and spectatorship. It draws on case studies of boxers, promoters and venues, relating boxing to the wider social and cultural history of sport and entertainment in London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers an early example of technologically-mediated visual surveillance: the use of cine cameras by the British police in 1935 in the English town of Chesterfield in an operation to crack down on illegal street betting. The paper argues that the operation and its consequences in the judicial system illustrate a number of issues: unreliable policing on the ground; the enthusiasm for technological approaches to crime; and the limits of those approaches in producing usable evidence. The paper concludes that the Chesterfield case should prompt us to take another look at the impact of technology on interwar British policing, and its relationship to surveillance. This article accompanies the original 1935 film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article attempts to examine the significance of the participation of Catesbys estate to the English market in the 15th century and its fundamental contributions to the early development of capitalism in England. It evaluates whether the said participation is considered an opportunity or as an imperative for profit. Information regarding the results of the analysis has been discussed.

This article explores the complex law of illegitimacy in the nineteenth century and its relationship to questions of national belonging and subject-hood, thorough the use of a specific legal case study – that of Shedden v Patrick, a dispute over legitimacy and property which opened in 1804 and lasted until 1869. William Shedden was born in America of a Scottish father, who had married his mother, but after his birth. His claim that he should inherit the Shedden family estate in Scotland, as both his father's lawful son and a natural-born British subject, brought together a bewildering array of laws, as formal and informal partnerships in the former colony, together with the discrepant legitimacy codes of England and Scotland, were brought to bear on inheritance claims based on laws of nationality and domicile. Shedden's fight to prove his legitimacy led to the passing of the Legitimacy Declaration Act in 1858, but it also gave rise to a series of legal debates on the nature of personal status, and to the complex ways in which both personal legitimacy and nationality operate as legal fictions. Here I trace how the twists and turns of the case, in 1808, the 1840s and the 1860s, illustrate different facets of these debates on legitimacy and national belonging, and also their intersection with other lines of exclusion drawn around the legal identities of both family and nation. 'Bastardy' was a profoundly troubled category in the mid-nineteenth century, partly because it highlighted the difficulties of defining legal identity itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a large number of agricultural and other phenological records kept by a farmer in Sussex, UK from 1980 to 2000. Twenty five of the 29 events were earlier in 1990-2000 than in 1980-1989. The average advancement of all 29 events was 5.5 days at a time when January-March mean temperature increased by 1.4°C. In comparing the events with monthly mean temperatures, 18 of the events were significantly negatively related to temperatures of the three calendar months preceding the mean event date. Response rates to temperature varied between 4 and 12 days earlier for each °C warmer. A comparison with historical farming records reveals that many of the current farming events appear as responsive to temperature now as they were 200 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of articles about imaging in urology, to be discussed at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the British Association of Urological Surgeons from June 23-27, 2003 in Manchester, England. `A prospective analysis of 2560 patients attending a protocol-based haematuria clinic,' by T. Edwards et al.; `MRI in colovesical fistula,' by S. Ravichandran et al.

Explores the history of commercial copying of vernacular texts in England during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Factors attributed to the increase in production of Anglo-Norman manuscripts during the period; Post-Lateran pastoralia in Anglo-Norman literature; Potential production sources for religious texts; Expansion of the market in vernacular texts by early fourteenth century; Examples of early commercial copying; Key to the appeal of a commercial book trade.

Presents a study that examined how the management structures, policies and programs for the Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games (CG) were linked with existing efforts to achieve long-term urban renewal in England. Review of previous efforts to seek for a tourism program as a means of showcasing the city and accelerating the process of urban renewal; Establishment of a framework for assessing the success of the CG.

Background: There is some evidence that patients with renal failure who have arterial procedures may have a poor outcome. This study compared the hospital mortality rate of arterial surgery in patients with chronic renal failure and those with normal renal function. Methods: A consecutive series of 1718 patients undergoing arterial reconstructive surgery (excluding amputation) was entered prospectively on to a computerized database. Chronic renal failure was defined as a serum creatinine level over 400 µmol/l, or dialysis (either peritoneal or haemodialysis), or a successful renal transplant. Mortality was assessed at 30 days or in hospital. Results: There were 69 patients (4·0 per cent) who were defined as having chronic renal failure. The mortality rate in this group was 23 per cent (16 patients) compared with 7·3 per cent (120 patients) of the 1649 patients without renal failure. The mortality rate was highest in patients undergoing urgent or emergency surgery and in those undergoing reconstruction for lower limb occlusive disease. The main causes of death were related to the cardiovascular system. Conclusion: Patients with chronic renal failure undergoing arterial surgery have a poor outcome compared with those with normal renal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates the role of telemedicine in the dermatology of outpatients department in London, England. Diagnosis and assessment of findings; Comparison of diagnosis among dermatologists using equipments in inspecting images and personal consultation; Accuracy of diagnosis using medical equipments.