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Background: Little is known about the effectiveness of, and implementation complexities associated with, service delivery models for children and young people (CYP) experiencing 'common' mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, behavioural difficulties and self-harm. This paper outlines how a model for high-quality service design for this population group was developed by identifying available services, their effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability, and the barriers and enablers to access. Methods: Sequential, mixed-methods design, combining evidence syntheses (scoping and integrative reviews of the international literature) with primary research (a collective case study in England and Wales). Data from these two elements were collaboratively synthesised in a subsequent model-building phase. Results: The scoping review yielded a service model typology. The integrative review found effectiveness evidence only for four models: collaborative care (the only service model to also have cost-effectiveness evidence), outreach approaches, brief intervention services and an organisational framework called 'Availability, Responsiveness and Continuity'. No service model seemed more acceptable than others. Three case study themes were identified: pathways to support; service engagement; and learning and understanding. The model-building phase identified rapid access, learning self-care skills, individualised support, clear information, compassionate and competent staff and aftercare planning as core characteristics of high-quality services. These characteristics were underpinned by four organisational qualities: values that respect confidentiality; engagement and involvement; collaborative relationships; and a learning culture. Conclusions: A consistent organisational evidence-base for service design and delivery in CYP's mental health spanning many years appears to have had little impact on service provision in England and Wales. Rather than impose – often inflexible and untested – specific local or national models or frameworks, those commissioning, designing and delivering mental health services for CYP should (re)focus on already known, fundamental components necessary for high-quality services. These fundamental components have been integrated into a collaboratively produced general model of service design for CYP with common mental health problems. While this general model is primarily focused on British service provision, it is broad enough to have utility for international audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National i-THRIVE Programme seeks to evaluate the impact of the NHS England-funded whole system transformation on child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). This article reports on the design for a model of implementation that has been applied in CAMHS across over 70 areas in England using the 'THRIVE' needs-based principles of care. The implementation protocol in which this model, 'i-THRIVE' (implementing-THRIVE), will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the THRIVE intervention is reported, together with the evaluation protocol for the process of implementation. To evaluate the effectiveness of i-THRIVE to improve care for children and young people's mental health, a cohort study design will be conducted. N = 10 CAMHS sites that adopt the i-THRIVE model from the start of the NHS England-funded CAMHS transformation will be compared to N = 10 'comparator sites' that choose to use different transformation approaches within the same timeframe. Sites will be matched on population size, urbanicity, funding, level of deprivation and expected prevalence of mental health care needs. To evaluate the process of implementation, a mixed-methods approach will be conducted to explore the moderating effects of context, fidelity, dose, pathway structure and reach on clinical and service level outcomes. This study addresses a unique opportunity to inform the ongoing national transformation of CAMHS with evidence about a popular new model for delivering children and young people's mental health care, as well as a new implementation approach to support whole system transformation. If the outcomes reflect benefit from i-THRIVE, this study has the potential to guide significant improvements in CAMHS by providing a more integrated, needs-led service model that increases access and involvement of patients with services and in the care they receive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several poster abstracts. Topics discussed include patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency having pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, NLRP3 inflammasome activation that is in a model of diabetic nephropathy, and Estrogen receptor modulation that is by ethinyl estradiol.

Children and young people in contact with forensic child and adolescent mental health services present with more complex needs than young people in the general population. Recent policy in child and adolescent mental health has led to the implementation of new workstreams and programmes to improve service provision. This research examines the characteristics of children and young people referred to recently commissioned Community Forensic Child and Adolescent Services (F:CAMHS) and service activity during the first 24 months of service. The study is a national cohort study to describe the population and investigate service provision and access across England. Secondary data on 1311 advice cases and 1406 referrals are included in analysis. Findings show that 71.9% of the sample had accessed mainstream CAMHS before their referral, 50.9% had experienced/witnessed multiple traumatic events and 58.4% of young people presented with multiple difficulties. The results of the study highlight the complexity of the cohort and a need for interagency trauma-informed working. This is the first study to describe the characteristics of children and young people referred to Community F:CAMHS and provides valuable information on pathways and needs to inform service policy and provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mental health of children/young people is a growing concern internationally. Numerous reports and reviews have consistently described United Kingdom children's mental health services as fragmented, variable, inaccessible and lacking an evidence base. Little is known about the effectiveness of, and implementation complexities associated with, service models for children/young people experiencing 'common' mental health problems like anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and self-harm., Aim: To develop a model for high-quality service design for children/young people experiencing common mental health problems by identifying available services, barriers and enablers to access, and the effectiveness, cost effectiveness and acceptability of such services., Design: Evidence syntheses with primary research, using a sequential, mixed-methods design. Inter-related scoping and integrative reviews were conducted alongside a map of relevant services across England and Wales, followed by a collective case study of English and Welsh services., Setting: Global (systematic reviews); England and Wales (service map; case study)., Data Sources: Literature reviews: relevant bibliographic databases and grey literature. Service map: online survey and offline desk research. Case study: 108 participants (41 children/young people, 26 parents, 41 staff) across nine case study sites., Methods: A single literature search informed both reviews. The service map was obtained from an online survey and internet searches. Case study sites were sampled from the service map; because of coronavirus disease 2019, case study data were collected remotely. 'Young co-researchers' assisted with case study data collection. The integrative review and case study data were synthesised using the 'weaving' approach of 'integration through narrative'., Results: A service model typology was derived from the scoping review. The integrative review found effectiveness evidence for collaborative care, outreach approaches, brief intervention services and the 'availability, responsiveness and continuity' framework. There was cost-effectiveness evidence only for collaborative care. No service model appeared to be more acceptable than others. The service map identified 154 English and Welsh services. Three themes emerged from the case study data: 'pathways to support'; 'service engagement'; and 'learning and understanding'. The integrative review and case study data were synthesised into a coproduced model of high-quality service provision for children/young people experiencing common mental health problems., Limitations: Defining 'service model' was a challenge. Some service initiatives were too new to have filtered through into the literature or service map. Coronavirus disease 2019 brought about a surge in remote/digital services which were under-represented in the literature. A dearth of relevant studies meant few cost-effectiveness conclusions could be drawn., Conclusions: There was no strong evidence to suggest any existing service model was better than another. Instead, we developed a coproduced, evidence-based model that incorporates the fundamental components necessary for high-quality children's mental health services and which has utility for policy, practice and research., Future Work: Future work should focus on: the potential of our model to assist in designing, delivering and auditing children's mental health services; reasons for non-engagement in services; the cost effectiveness of different approaches in children's mental health; the advantages/disadvantages of digital/remote platforms in delivering services; understanding how and what the statutory sector might learn from the non-statutory sector regarding choice, personalisation and flexibility., Study Registration: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018106219., Funding: This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: 17/09/08) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research ; Vol. 12, No. 13. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Liverpool and Manchester have come to typify twentieth-century urban decay and their demise is strongly associated with the perceived decline of local government after 1918. By the 1930s, contemporaries had stereotyped northern cities as places of poverty and deprivation, in comparison to the prosperous south. The divide was reinforced by economic historians who focused on regional variations in unemployment and economic depression. This article challenges stereotypical images of interwar Liverpool and Manchester by illustrating the ambitious programmes of urban redevelopment implemented by their Corporations in response to political and economic instability. Grandiose projects such as the Wythenshawe Estate, Mersey Tunnel and Manchester Central Library aimed to stimulate employment and to boost local economies and morale. Redevelopment was promoted heavily to present new images of Liverpool and Manchester. Crucially, urban transformation was marketed as a way to communicate with the newly enfranchised, classless citizen and suggests similarities with broader strategies employed by the Conservative party to engage with the mass electorate. The level of ambition and innovation demonstrates that local municipal culture thrived and Liverpool (with close American links) is shown to have been at the forefront of innovations in civic design and urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and Objective: Shared decision making (SDM) has been associated with positive outcomes at child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). However, implementing SDM is sometimes challenging. Understanding the factors associated with parent/carer experience of SDM could provide empirical evidence to support targeted efforts to promote SDM. This study aimed to explore the frequency of parent/carer-reported experience of SDM and examine possible associations between SDM and clinician's perceptions of the (a) children's and young people's psychosocial difficulties, (b) additional complex problems, and (c) impact of the psychosocial difficulties. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted on administrative data collected from CAMHS between 2011 and 2015. The sample was composed of 3,175 cases across 58 sites in England. Frequencies were recorded and associations were explored between clinician-reported measures and parent/carer-reported experiences of SDM using a two-level mixed-effect logistic regression analytic approach. Results: Almost 70% of parents/carers reported experiencing higher levels of SDM. Individual-level variables in model one revealed statistically significant (p <0.05) associations suggesting Asian parents/carers (OR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.4, 2.73]) and parents/carers having children with learning difficulties (OR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.06, 1.97]) were more likely to report higher levels of SDM. However, having two parents/carers involved in the child's care and treatment decisions (OR = 0.3, 95% CI [0.21, 0.44]) and being a parent/carer of a child or young person experiencing conduct problems (OR = 0.78, 95% CI [0.63, 0.98]) were associated with lower levels of SDM. When adjusting for service level data (model two) the presence of conduct problems was the only variable found to be significant and predicted lower levels of SDM (OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.52, 0.58]). Conclusion: Multilevel modelling of CAMHS administrative data may help identify potential influencing factors to SDM. The current findings may inform useful models to better predict and support SDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with art librarian, founder and first chairman of the Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA) Judith A. Hoffberg is presented. Asked about how ARLIS began, Hoffberg recalls receiving a newsletter from ARLIS in Great Britain, going to England in 1971 to visit libraries and attending ARLIS general meeting, and coming back to form a branch of ARLIS in the U.S. She also related the organization's experience of producing newsletters, holding conferences and establishing chapters in locations like New York and California.

Focuses on the recycling and composting of household waste in Liverpool. Impact of Best Value legislation with recycling and composting in the city; Promotion of sustainable development; Benefits of community-based recycling initiatives with collaborations from social enterprises, regeneration initiatives and local companies.

The release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is believed to be responsible for climate change. In the UK, road transport emits 22% of the total output of carbon dioxide. This study applies the ecological footprint to Merseyside to ascertain the global environmental impact of passenger transport (expressed in hectares). Results show that car travel has a footprint of 704 000 hectares, which is 87% of the total footprint. It is demonstrated in scenarios that Policy initiatives involving the Local Transport Plan will cause the footprint to increase. It is also shown that individual behaviour could be influenced when highlighting the impacts of different modes of transport along the same route. By using the ecological footprint in educational programmes, the effect can be shown of carbon emissions and land appropriation on the 'school run'; these issues could be promoted alongside others such as health, safety, congestion, global equity and fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper provides an opportunity to review the New Labour policy framework for dealing with low and changing demand for housing, review emerging policy agendas for regeneration and suggest alternative strategies for neighbourhood renewal. The paper argues that targeted housing and regeneration policy has limited effectiveness in dealing with the scale of the problems of low demand in Britain's northern cities and that a more strategic and planned policy agenda is required. The residential structure of cities in the north of England and the Midlands remain, disproportionately a product of the Victorian infrastructure which was built to fulfil the socio-economic circumstances of the time and the monolithic social housing neighbourhoods conceived during the 1940s and the 1950s. Since the mid-1970s housing and urban policy has concentrated on preserving and managing this infrastructure and initiated limited restructuring of small neighbourhoods. The scale of market change now being experienced in some urban areas is rapidly making this public policy framework redundant and as a consequence many existing New Labour regeneration initiatives will be undermined. Using administrative data at sub-regional, local and neighbourhood level (see Appendix), this paper illustrates processes and outcomes affecting housing abandonment in Liverpool. The paper also discusses policy responses within Liverpool and how these relate to the emerging pattern of abandonment and neighbourhood decline. The paper concludes by assessing the limitations of the current approach to regeneration in cities experiencing changing demand for low-income neighbourhoods, assessing the appropriate spatial scale of interventions and discusses the implications for housing strategies and regenerative partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the contribution of local policy interventions to the development of the two key transport 'gateways' in North West England – Manchester Airport and the Port of Liverpool – and maximization of their wider impact. Their recent success has mainly stemmed from market opportunities, managerial competence, bargaining strength and sympathetic national rather than local interventions. However, local institutional conflict delayed modernization of the port of Liverpool. Local governance has had greater bearing upon such assets' wider economic, social and environmental impact. Synergies between transport investment, economic development and tourism have been better exploited in the case of Manchester Airport and the drawbacks of expansion more effectively mitigated. Both case studies highlight the need for central government transport policy to mesh better with local, regional and national urban regeneration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses two northern cities' relative attractiveness to firms supplying e-commerce services and the relative significance and impact of supportive local and regional interventions. Contrary to the hype, e-commerce has not as yet fundamentally changed the relative status of these two city-regions and appears to be reinforcing existing power relations, hierarchies and income distribution. Local interventions remain at the formative stage and as yet are not as critical as market criteria such as the price of Internet access and central government policies relating to regulation, data protection, security and tax. Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) have, however, played a pivotal role in both cities in spawning spin-off companies and supplying higher-order skills. Greater efforts have been made to provide appropriate business support services in Greater Manchester. There is scope to develop regional policies with an e-commerce component, given continuing imbalances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the economic development of Liverpool, England from 1665-1750. During the last three decades of the seventeenth century, however, Liverpool emerged as one of England's leading ports. The port's commercial expansion began with its exploitation of American and West Indian trade, and its merchant fleets subsequently carried salt, naval stores, wines, iron and eventually slaves. Liverpool's development must first be viewed within the framework of the Anglo-American market. Both West Indian sugar and Chesapeake tobacco originally had been sold in England as luxury goods; large production profits facilitated the flow of capital and labour to the colonies, bringing additional land under cultivation and increasing output; in turn, the growth of supply lowered luxury prices on colonial produce and spread consumption to lower strata of the population. As prices continued to fall, the growth process would decelerate unless production and distribution costs could also be lowered. During the eighteenth century, Liverpool's pre-eminence among the outports grew, and the entrepôt became London's rival in the colonies. By the middle of the Restoration period, when Liverpool establish edits hold on the commerce of the colonies, problems were evident in both the English tobacco and sugar trades.

Argues for the significance of England's Great Reform Act of 1832 which has been downplayed by modern historians. Model of electoral politics from the accession of King George III in 1760 to 1880; Political modernization triggered by debate over Reform Bill in 1831 and its enactment in 1832; Replacement of the political system under George III with a modern electoral system.

An important feature of 1980s England has been the so-called urban regeneration — taking place in many of its old industrial cities. Often this regeneration has been accompanied by image campaigns, most notably "Glasgow's Miles Better." When it comes to looking at such place marketing in further detail, Liverpool is a good example. Promotion seldom happens in a perceptual vacuum. Usually an accommodation, modification or exploitation of existing images takes place. This links place marketing with persuasion theory and the processes of response shaping, response reinforcing and response changing, and the last obviously being the most difficult task. An important tool in such a promotion process is what marketing people call an anchor. The product development of Liverpool is a very important part of its promotion of its new image. If the city is to be able to live up to the projected image, a lot of work still needs to be done: on access routes, on the general environment outside the city center and on up-grading of areas between its different tourist attractions, where many of the streets are very run down. However, the question is whether there is enough money available to do it properly.

The purpose of this article is to redress the balance in some degree through a study of Liverpool's timber trade during the first half of the nineteenth century. Timber became a commodity of national importance during this period, not merely because of the increased demands of the expanding home economy, but because the trade mirrored many of the country's commercial problems. In Liverpool the importing of timber and the owning of ships were closely connected. Though between 1820 and 1850, the general tendency in commerce, was for importing and shipowning to become increasingly separate functions, a growing number of the merchants who figured amongst Liverpool's leading timber importers were also shipowners. Timber was imported into Liverpool both for local and for inland consumption. Locally, importers sold to wholesalers who, in turn, sold to consumers, but also acted as retailers themselves, selling directly to the more important Liverpool builders and cabinetmakers. The first half of the nineteenth century saw the emergence and consolidation of the timber trade as one of the leading sectors of Liverpool's commerce. The timber merchant not only retained his function of selling but also expanded the scope of his activities, building up large vertically integrated businesses through moving backward into shipping and lumbering.