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Concepts of ‘cyberspace’, ‘cybersecurity’ and ‘cyberthreats’ and an analysis of policy documents are employed to explore the character and evolution of cybersecurity policies in Mexico, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, chosen as examples of ‘accelerated’, ‘transitional’ and ‘lagging’ Latin American development. Mexico focused on the stability of the Internet as a space that contributes to faster economic growth. Columbia’s ‘risk management’ path seeks a balance between plausible threat evaluation and the estimated cost of eliminating them and concentrates on the active prevention of cyberattacks, emphasising the importance of developing concrete mechanisms for international regulation in the field of cybersecurity. The approach to cybersecurity of the Dominican Republic is based on the idea of ensuring a rapid transition to an innovative development model with the widespread introduction of information and communication technology (ICT), while addressing domestic cybercrime to which ordinary citizens and businesses are constantly exposed to. Comparing these experiences, it is clear that these approaches are characterised by two trends: randomness and non-imitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios de la Gestión is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Razón Crítica is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Latin American population-based studies have shown suboptimal blood pressure control rates. Fixed-dose anti-hypertensive combinations are associated with improved convenience, adherence and effectiveness compared with monotherapy. Objective: assessed the real-life effectiveness and safety of fixed amlodipine/irbesartan combination in long-term management of hypertension in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico. Materials and method: this was a 48-week, prospective, observational, single-cohort study, which included adults with uncontrolled hypertension, treated with fixed amlodipine/irbesartan combination per the treating physician’s judgment, were followed in routine care. Target blood pressure was < 140/90 mmHg (< 130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes or renal disease). Results: 509 patients (57.6% females) were included. Mean (SD) age and Framingham 10-year risk-score were 60.6 (12.5) years and 9.9 (8.78), respectively. Over 48 weeks, 97.4% of patients took ≥ 80% of prescribed doses. Statistically significant and clinically important blood pressure improvements (–25.7/–13.5 mmHg; p < 0.001) were observed. Control was achieved by 62.7% of patients. Treatment compliance was one of the significant (p < 0.05) predictors of target blood pressure achievement. Eighty-seven (17.1%) patients experienced 117 treatment-emergent adverse events, including 7 serious events by 5 (1.0%) patients. Adverse events were generally mild (75.2%) and judged not to be treatment-related (76.1%). The most common adverse events were peripheral edema (3.9% of patients) and dizziness (1.0%). Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates, the mean (SE) time to adverse event-related discontinuation was 32.85 (0.08) weeks. Conclusion: Treatment with the fixed-dose combination of irbesartan/amlodipine demonstrated clinical effectiveness, with a significant improvement in blood pressure values and a higher rate of achieving the treatment goal in those who adhered to the regimen. The treatment was well-tolerated, with a low percentage of treatment-related adverse events, and few severe events. The fixed-dose combination is an important tool in the management of arterial hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the origin and deployment of a set of operational networks that were formed, during World War II, with the explicit aim of cultivating a favourable environment for the United States in the Latin American press. Coordinated by a state agency, the Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA) or "Rockefeller Office", these networks served as a link between public and private sectors and, as such, facilitated the mobilization of power resources beyond the realm of the state for the purpose of creating incentives and disincentives aimed at influencing editorial orientation related to issues relevant to US foreign policy. In order to reveal the impacts and also the limits of such a deployment of power, this article focuses on the particular case of the Colombian press, analysing primary sources such as foreign and local press articles, as well as the OIAA archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas is the property of Revista Faculdad de Derecho y Ciencias Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To describe efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) treated with tofacitinib or biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) in real-life conditions. A noninterventional study was performed between March 2017 and September 2019 at 13 sites in Colombia and Peru. Outcomes measured at baseline and at the 6-month follow-up were disease activity (RAPID3 [Routine Assessment of Patients Index Data] score), functional status (HAQ-DI [Health Assessment Questionnaire] score), and quality of life (EQ-5D-3L [EuroQol Questionnaire]). The Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28-ESR) and frequency of adverse events (AEs) were also reported. Unadjusted and adjusted differences from baseline were estimated and expressed as the least squares mean difference (LSMD). Data from 100 patients treated with tofacitinib and 70 patients with bDMARDs were collected. At baseline, the patients' mean age was 53.53 years (SD 13.77), the mean disease duration was 6.31 years (SD 7.01). The change from baseline at month 6 was not statistically significant different in the adjusted LSMD [SD] for tofacitinib vs. bDMARDs for RAPID3 score (−2.55[.30] vs. −2.52[.26]), HAQ-DI score (−.56[.07] vs. −.50[.08]), EQ-5D-3L score (.39[.04] vs..37[.04]) and DAS28-ESR (−2.37[.22] vs. −2.77[.20]). Patients from both groups presented similar proportions of nonserious and serious AEs. No deaths were reported. Changes from baseline were not statistically significantly different between tofacitinib and bDMARDs in terms of RAPID3 scores and secondary outcomes. Patients from both groups presented similar proportions of nonserious and serious AEs. NCT03073109. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud Uninorte is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Movimento (0104754X) is the property of Movimento, da Escola de Educacao, Fisica, Fisioterapia e Danca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Poder Aéreo is the property of Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aerea Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo is the property of Universidad de San Buenaventura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Politicos (01215167) is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Muuch' Xiimbal. Caminemos Juntos is the property of Universidad La Salle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista General de Información y Documentación is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La osteoporosis es considerada un problema de salud pública, ya que, al aumentar el riesgo de fracturas, genera un alto coste para el sistema de salud. En Colombia, el Ministerio de Salud utiliza la herramienta SISPRO para recolectar información del sistema de salud. La información almacenada en SISPRO es pública y disponible para la investigación. Este artículo presenta un análisis de la prevalencia y características de los pacientes con osteoporosis a partir de los datos del 2012 al 2018. Estimar la prevalencia de osteoporosis entre enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2018 y describir las características demográficas de los pacientes. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el que se tomaron los datos de SISPRO, utilizando como palabras clave los diagnósticos del manual internacional de enfermedades relacionados con el diagnóstico de osteoporosis. Se documentaron 249.803 individuos mayores de 50 años con diagnóstico de osteoporosis, estimando una prevalencia de 2.440 casos por 100.000 habitantes mayores de 50 años (basado en una población total de 10.236.132), siendo más frecuente en mujeres (92%), con una relación mujer a hombre de 12,3:1. Este estudio muestra una baja prevalencia respecto a las estimaciones y proyecciones. Dados estos resultados es necesario trabajar en promover políticas en salud para los pacientes con osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is considered a healthcare problem due to the increased risk of fractures and high cost of care. In Colombia, the Ministry of Health introduced SISPRO, a tool to collect nationwide information from the health system. The information collected from SISPRO is available for scientific analysis. This article presents an analysis of the prevalence and characteristics of patients with osteoporosis using data from 2012 to 2018. To estimate prevalence of osteoporosis between January 2012 to December 2018 and describe the patients' demographic characteristics. This is a descriptive epidemiological study using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems related to osteoporosis as search terms using the SISPRO database. National records report 249,803 patients over 50 years old diagnosed with osteoporosis. The estimated prevalence is 2,440 cases per 100,000 inhabitants over 50 years old (based on a total population of 10,236,132), being more frequent in women (92% of cases), with a female/male ratio of 12.3:1. This study shows a lower prevalence than previous estimates or projections. Given these findings we think it is necessary to act to promote health policies for patients with osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Aunque se han hecho avances en el desarrollo y aplicación a gran escala de intervenciones eficaces contra la obesidad infantil, los retos siguen siendo importantes. Nuestro objetivo era comprender las causas del éxito de Estados Unidos y los países latinoamericanos en la implementación de políticas y programas (PYP) contra la obesidad e identificar oportunidades de mejora aplicando los principios de la ciencia de la implementación. Seleccionamos tres estudios de comparación de casos: (1) el etiquetado frontal en los envases de alimentos (México y Chile), (2) los programas de calles abiertas y calles para el juego (Colombia y Estados Unidos) y (3) la Iniciativa Hospital Amigo de los Niños (IHAN) (Brasil y Estados Unidos). Resumimos la información obtenida a través de diversas fuentes (publicaciones científicas, bibliografía gris y entrevistas a informadores clave) para describir las barreras, facilitadores y avances de las PYP en todas las dimensiones del marco RE‐AIM. Una campaña de promoción basada en evidencias, junto con la voluntad de los poderes políticos y las evidencias sobre su impacto y sobre la posibilidad de implementarlas a mayor escala, fueron las claves del éxito del lanzamiento y aplicación de las PYP. Su diseño e implementación debían adaptarse a los distintos contextos. Se necesitan herramientas más potentes que permitan monitorear y evaluar los procesos y sus resultados, y también hacer un seguimiento de los indicadores de equidad para maximizar los beneficios de las PYP en la población. La ciencia de la implementación ofrece una importante contribución para cubrir lagunas de conocimiento y abrir un diálogo que mejore las políticas contra la obesidad. También ayudará a trasladar las lecciones aprendidas al resto del continente para que puedan utilizarse con fines de investigación y evaluación tanto durante la fase de desarrollo de las PYP como durante su aplicación y mantenimiento. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: La obesidad infantil es un problema grave en Latinoamérica y entre la población latina de EE. UU. Para ser eficaces, las políticas de salud pública tienen que estar guiadas por evidencias contextuales pertinentes, lo cual exige una capacidad de investigación sostenida a través del tiempo. Los objetivos de este estudio son determinar la productividad de la investigación enfocada en las poblaciones latinas en Latinoamérica y Estados Unidos, y examinar los dominios de la capacidad de investigación (infraestructuras, programas de formación, mentoría, financiamiento y redes de contactos). Realizamos una revisión exploratoria de artículos indexados relacionados con la obesidad infantil publicados entre junio de 2015 y diciembre de 2019. Recabamos información sobre las percepciones de los investigadores latinoamericanos respecto a la capacidad de investigación en obesidad infantil a través de una encuesta en línea. Identificamos 612 artículos relacionados con la obesidad infantil (505 de Latinoamérica, 124 de EE. UU. y 17 de colaboraciones entre EE. UU. y Latinoamérica). Brasil, México, Chile, Colombia y Estados Unidos son los países con más publicaciones. Encontramos aproximadamente el mismo número de artículos sobre obesidad, nutrición y actividad física; sin embargo, observamos que la capacidad de investigación sobre actividad física está rezagada en otros dominios (formación en investigación, financiamiento y oportunidades para establecer contactos). Otras áreas de investigación complementarias, como el comportamiento sedentario, la ciencia de sistemas y los estudios de políticas, son poco frecuentes en Latinoamérica, pero más habituales en Estados Unidos, mientras que la investigación sobre el sueño es incipiente en ambas regiones. Para cumplir la promesa de crear un programa eficaz de colaboración transfronteriza para la prevención de la obesidad infantil será necesario invertir en todos los dominios de la capacidad de investigación y en todos los temas pertinentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports have become a central activity for the quality of life and a remarkable mobilizer of financial resources. This research analyzes the factors associated with the decision to participate in sporting activities in Colombia's five main cities between 2008 and 2015. With microdata from Colombian households, we estimated two probit models applied to a pseudo-data panel: one for practitioners of physical and sporting activities and one for spectators. Income and time availability, and, especially, structural factors such as gender, stratification, poverty, and social capital explain the wide gaps in access in Colombia's main cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journalism Research is the property of Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Social distancing and quarantine have proven to have negative effects on the mental health of populations, namely fear, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Resilience emerges as a buffering variable for such impact. The objective of this study was to compare the psychological impact of COVID-19 in several Latin American countries. Method: a sample of 1184 participants from Mexico, Cuba, Chile, Colombia and Guatemala was obtained; whose age ranged from 18 to 83 years old (M = 38.78, SD = 13.81). A survey on medical symptoms associated with COVID-19 and three instruments to evaluate: (1) depression, anxiety and stress, (2) impact of the event and (3) resilience were administered. Results: Younger people, with more symptoms associated with COVID-19 and those who reported higher scores of impact of event tended to present greater depressive, anxious and stress symptomatology. The impact of the event was the most determinant predictor. Resilience was protective against the impact of event, depression, anxiety and stress. Conclusions: The results show the differences in the psychological response to COVID-19 in each country and suggesting the need to develop public policies focused on prevention and promotion of integral health when facing sanitary emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal in this research is to study the Colombia's solid waste in relation to the general trends of the gross domestic product of the country, a more general overview of the situation with respect to other neighbor countries and some leading economies. The method followed was the analysis and processing of the official and unofficial data of the country, for constructing useful information such as the gross domestic product (GDP), discussed in relation to the generated waste. Since waste related issues demand and requires multi-disciplinary solutions, legal and cultural aspects are also considered in the discussion. The main contribution of this research is new, analized and consolidated data regarding the current economic model in Colombia towards the implementation of a sustainable economy, presented with respect to Latin American and to some leading world economies as well. The investigation has been focused on the sectors that are less-known with respect to the solid waste generation, particularly to the GDP of the construction and demolition waste, and mining wastes, which are of great interest in Colombia for its type of industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the greatest difficulties experienced by film historians (Latin American and Colombian in particular) is the lack of reliable sources of information and the shortage of conclusive historical material. In this regard, this document, through an extensive literature review, aims to expand documentary research on the Colombian film phenomenon, through the analysis of the dialectical relationship between the national context and historical, aesthetic and narrative research, consolidated in national and Latin American film projects; In this sense, the fundamental objective is to reflectively recognize the historical, social, political and economic impact on Colombian cinema and its representation of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ESTOA: Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca is the property of ESTOA Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aims: The relationship between obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has long been established, and the prevalence of both conditions has grown together. Recent interest in NAFLD in nonobese individuals has led to an increasing number of studies, especially in Asia. Despite the fact that the prevalence of NAFLD in Latin America is one of the highest in the world, there is a lack of information on lean NAFLD populations from the region. The aim of the present study was to assess the risk of metabolic comorbidities across the whole body mass index spectrum when nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was first diagnosed in a Latin American population., Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study on Colombian patients newly diagnosed with NAFLD, within the time frame of 2010-2020, compared their metabolic biochemical profile, liver enzymes, risk of prevalent metabolic abnormalities, and liver disease., Results: Data from 300 patients were collected. Ninety-two percent of the patients were men and the median patient age was 47 (IQR 20) years. We found no significant differences in the biochemical, metabolic profile, or liver enzyme plasma concentration between lean, overweight, and obese individuals. Obese patients had significantly higher LDL cholesterol, and a higher risk of dyslipidemia (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.14-3.05). Every 1kg increase in body weight increased the risk of having NASH by 2% (95% CI 2-4)., Conclusions: We evaluated the metabolic risk across the entire body mass index spectrum in a Colombian cohort with NAFLD and presented the characteristics of what we believe is the first Latin American lean NAFLD population to be described., (Copyright © 2023 Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.)

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Copyright of Online Journal Mundo Asia Pacífico is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ambiente y Desarrollo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Quality of life is a concept that reflects the positive and negative aspects of the life of an individual. The impact of physical and mental health on feelings of personal welfare are known as health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Cirrhosis causes a number of symptoms and complications that can have a profound negative impact on HRQOL as fatigue, pruritus, loss of self-esteem or depression, among others. So far there have been few studies in Latin America on HRQOL for patients with liver cirrhosis, (9) and those that exist have not studied its determining factors in our population in any detail. The aim of this study is to identify predictors of quality of life in a cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis in Cartagena, Colombia using Version 2 of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36 V2). Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 1, 2014 to August 31, 2014. A Spanish language version of the SF-36 V2 survey was used to consecutively evaluate 49 patients with liver cirrhosis. Epidemiological and clinical information was gathered and analyses were updated at the moment of data entry. Univariate analysis using the t-student test to compare means in the case of dichotomous independent variables and the Pearson correlation coefficient in the case of numerical independent variables was used for initial identification of the determinants of quality of life. The relationship was considered statistically significant at p <0.05. Results: The etiology (viral versus non-viral) was associated with decreased HRQOL in all scales of SF-36 V2 especially in the PF subscale (- 21.2 points; p = 0.017). This was also true in patients with chronic liver disease secondary to NASH in the DC subscales (-6.18; p = 0.44) and VT (-3.7; p = 0.57). Female patients had lower scores in almost all areas (FF, DC, VT, PF, SF, PE, SM, RCF and the RCM). This relationship was statistically significant in the 40% of the scale areas of the survey. The severity of the disease also had a negative impact estimated by the Child-Pugh classification, transient elastography, and albumin. Conclusion: Being female and albumin were the variables that were frequently associated with HRQL in our population. The implementation of comprehensive care programs for patients with advanced chronic liver disease is necessary to reduce the impact of disease on the quality of life of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper appraises quantitatively the efficiency of public expenditure of 15 Latin American countries using cross-country data for averages between 2000 and 2009. For this purpose two non-parametric methods are used: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH). Selected output indicators in primary and secondary school are evaluated respect to public spending in education per student. As a study case, Colombia's efficiency scores are compared with the most efficient peers in each of the educational levels to identify best practices and achieve better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Analisis Politico is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nothingness was a cultural movement in Colombia in the sixties and seventies to express a voice of opposition to the literary traditions, culture and politics of the moment. Its members had in common the desire to create a collective consciousness of both aesthetic and social character that was in line with the profound political and cultural changes of the time. Shape freely, think freely, speak freely was the radical legacy of the new spirit of nothingness and other Latin American avant-garde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this topic review was to define themes for interpreting the health reform and guide a new model system. The method was a literature review on theories of public policy, relating to the analysis, quasi-markets in health and Integrated Networks of Health Services (INHS) and Primary Health Care (PHC). It contrasts the logic of public health (collective-citizen) and micro economic logic (individual-consumer). It analyzed the Colombian reform (law 100/93 and 1438/2001), based on theories of policy choice, classical approaches cycle policies and neoclassical theory, the structural reform based on the right to health, equity and theories of public policy (critical and constructivist approach). It concludes a need to continue the ideological debate on structural reform of the health system. Similarly, continue with technical developments, instrumental and implement strategies for integrated networks of health services and primary health care, to strengthen integrated health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the development of university extension in Latin America and describes the progress achieved in Colombian universities. In doing so, it offers a documentary review supported by secondary sources, particularly articles on the findings of research that examines scientific databases and institutional documents. Several concepts and models are identified, as are specific experiences in the development of university extension and prospects for its reinforcement. The article concludes by underscoring the validity of the topic and its importance, given the fundamental role of university extension in responding to a careful interpretation of needs in the environment, projecting the knowledge universities possess, and offering solutions to the specific problems of the Latin American countries in a two-way interaction that enriches both the university and society at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ingenium is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Basicas e Ingenieria de Universidad de San Buenaventura, Revista Ingenium and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Cuadernos de Administración is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The inauguration text of the V Congress of Psychology at the Javeriana University, "Thinking the Present: Psychology, Criticism, and Globalization Times", is presented. This event took place in April, 2008, in Bogotá, Colombia. These thoughts invite to see Psychology in the present, and to ask oneself about the forms of life that we are built of and that go through subjectivities in today's World, within the framework of the Economical, Cultural, Social and Political conditions of our countries, and they also invite to go in depth into the conditions of creation of a Subject that assumes the undefined project of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Osteoporosis is considered a healthcare problem due to the increased risk of fractures and high cost of care. In Colombia, the Ministry of Health introduced SISPRO, a tool to collect nationwide information from the health system. The information collected from SISPRO is available for scientific analysis. This article presents an analysis of the prevalence and characteristics of patients with osteoporosis using data from 2012 to 2018., Aim: To estimate prevalence of osteoporosis between January 2012 to December 2018 and describe the patients' demographic characteristics., Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiological study using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems related to osteoporosis as search terms using the SISPRO database., Results: National records report 249,803 patients over 50 years old diagnosed with osteoporosis. The estimated prevalence is 2440 cases per 100,000 inhabitants over 50 years old (based on a total population of 10,236,132), being more frequent in women (92% of cases), with a female/male ratio of 12.3:1., Conclusion: This study shows a lower prevalence than previous estimates or projections. Given these findings we think it is necessary to act to promote health policies for patients with osteoporosis., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are highly prevalent worldwide and are thought to result from the interplay of multiple factors that can vary from region to region. Nationwide studies can help understand the regional epidemiology and the pathogenesis of FGIDs. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of FGIDs in school-children of Colombia and assess associated factors., Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at twelve private and public schools in ten cities distributed through the four main geographic regions of Colombia. School-children completed a validated questionnaire to assess functional gastrointestinal disorders according to Rome III criteria. Demographic information and past medical and family history was obtained from the parents., Results: A total of 4394/5062 (86.8%) children participated in the study, with ages ranging from 8-18 years (mean = 11.9, SD = 2.3). The percentage of children with al least on FGID was 23.7%. Disorders of defecation were the most common category FGID (11.7%) followed by abdominal pain related-functional gastrointestinal disorders (10.4%). Children have increased odds of FGIDs if they have separated parents (OR 1.22, P=0.007), attend private school (OR 1.54, P<0.001), or have nausea (OR 3.16, P<0.001)., Conclusions: This large epidemiological study of pediatric FGIDs is the first to evaluate a broad cross-section of children throughout a nation in the Americas. High prevalence of FGIDs and identified associations with their likelihood are relevant when providing medical care and when planning public health efforts., (Copyright © 2017 Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.)

Background: The prevalence of major risk factors associated to coronary artery disease has changed over time. Today, the frequency of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus has increased, while smoking has decreased. The birth cohort effect for coronary artery disease in subjects as an approximation of the true prevalence over time has not been studied in Latin-America., Objective: To determine the trends in the prevalence of major risk factors for coronary artery disease by birth cohort effect in a high risk population., Methods: We estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension and dyslipidemia from a prospective institutional registry (DREST registry) of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary event. Birth cohort effect was defined as a statistical, epidemiological and sociological methodology to identify the influence of the environment in the lifetime from birth by each decade. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed adjusted by gender., Results: Out of 3,056 subjects who were enrolled, 72% were male, with a median age of 61 years (interquartile range=53-69). Hypertension prevalence was 62.3%, for diabetes mellitus it was 48.8%, for smoking it was 18.8% and for dyslipidemia it was 48.8%. We observed an increase in prevalence for diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in each cohort according to birth decade, while there was a reduction in prevalence for hypertension in the same decades., Conclusions: The prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors has changed in time and the presence of time at birth effect is evident, possibly influenced by the environment's social conditions in each decade of life., (Copyright © 2013 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. All rights reserved.)