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Copyright of Public Art is the property of Shanghai Fine Arts Publisher Ltd. co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the early years of the People's Republic, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had difficulty in establishing control over grain markets. The implementation of the Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain Policy was a significant step toward this end, and part of the broader move toward collectivization that would lead to the Great Leap Forward, making it a sensitive topic for research. By focusing on the grain market and grain policies in rural Chongqing, this research shows the role of state prices management and state-owned grain companies before the grain monopoly in 1953. This paper uses material from county archives with a focus on Jiangjin County, a rural area of southern Chongqing, to show that in the early 1950s, CCP state-building policy featured not only violent mass campaigns but also utilized gradualist strategies to compete with the merchants, achieve influence, and finally control the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a vast area of mountains that are of great research interest. Chongqing is a typical mountain city in China. In urban construction, a mountain is not only an important limiting condition for urban development, but also an important condition for shaping the urban form. The area from the Yangtze River to the eastern ridge line of Nan Mountain in Nanan District is strongly representative of mountain cities with a complex landform, fragile ecological environment and a long history and culture. In recent years, the construction and optimization of this area are increasingly closely related to the landscape environment. However, due to the special environments of mountain cities, altitude and landform conditions become the key influencing conditions for further development of the cities. Therefore, this paper takes this region as an example, focuses on remote sensing and field measurement data, combines government data with that from scholarly research, and conducts relevant exploration through GIS, ENVI and some chart processing software. At first, from the perspective of the landscape gradient and urban construction, the characteristics of the urban landscape gradient are sorted out, and the developmental status of each urban area is analyzed. Then, the coupling relationships between the landscape features of each gradient and each urban area are analyzed. Finally, based on the analysis results, three major optimization measures are proposed to maintain ecological harmony in the mountainous area, reconstruct the mountain characteristic culture, and create unique mountain aesthetics, all with the hope of providing some guidance for the future development of the study area and similar mountain cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A lot of engineering practice shows that, during the construction and operation of rock mass projects, in addition to the static load, the rock is more subjected to cyclic load. Constant amplitude cyclic load is one of the simpler cyclic loading methods. The damage of rocks gradually accumulates under the action of periodic cyclic load, and finally, fatigue damage occurs, which affects the stability of the project. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanical properties of the rock under the action of constant amplitude cyclic load. Acoustic emission (AE) parameters and resistivity are both sensitive to the damage process of the rock and can well describe the damage evolution law of the rock. Under the action of constant amplitude cyclic loading, different loading conditions, different state specimens, and so on, factors will make a big difference to the AE signal and resistivity, such as the difference in stress amplitude, loading rate, and saturation. Therefore, in this paper, the typical sandstone in the Chongqing area is taken as the research object, the AE characteristics and resistivity characteristics of sandstone under different test conditions such as different stress amplitude, different loading frequency, and different saturation are tested, and the evolution of AE is found. It also has a three-stage rule: in the initial stage, the deformation is faster and the AE signal is strong; in the constant velocity stage, the deformation develops slowly and the AE signal is also stable; in the acceleration stage, the deformation develops sharply and the AE signal also becomes more intense. With the increase of cyclic loading stress amplitude, or the decrease of cyclic loading frequency, or the decrease of rock sample saturation, the acoustic emission signal generated in each cycle will be stronger. The resistivity as a whole shows a rapid decline in the loading phase and a rapid rebound in the unloading phase. The changes in resistivity at different stress amplitudes show differences in the first few cycles; the overall change trend of resistivity at different frequencies is consistent, but the rate of change increases with decreasing frequency, and the variation trend of resistivity is very different under different saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative predictions of urban domestic water consumption are of great significance for the planning and management of water resources. Aimed at the uncertainty in the process of water consumption forecasting, the kernel density estimation-fractional order reverse accumulative gray model was proposed. Based on the residual error of the fractional order reverse accumulative gray model, the kernel density estimation method was employed for the frequency analysis. According to the design value of residual error at different confidence levels and the predicted value of the fractional order reverse accumulative gray model, the prediction interval of the future water consumption was constructed. The model was validated using the annual urban domestic water consumption data in Beijing, Chongqing, and Qingdao. To test the performance of the model, the model was compared with the gray model with respect to the kernel density estimation—fractional order forward accumulative, kernel density estimation—first-order reverse accumulative, upper and lower bounds partition method—fractional order reverse accumulative and linear model with interval autoregression model. The technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to select the optimal model. The results show that the proposed model demonstrates the best performance regarding urban domestic water consumption prediction and can provide powerful decision support for addressing regional urban water consumption forecast issues in the water source sector. The proposed model also provides a new method for the prediction of urban domestic water consumption and other water consumption predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper evaluated the treatment adherence for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and MDR-TB case management (MTCM) in Chongqing, China in order to identify factors associated with poor treatment adherence and case management. Methods: Surveys with 132 MDR-TB patients and six in-depth interviews with health care workers (HCWs) from primary health centers (PHC), doctors from MDR-TB designated hospitals and MDR-TB patients were conducted. Surveys collected demographic and socio-economic characteristics, as well as factors associated with treatment and case management. In-depth interviews gathered information on treatment and case management experience and adherence behaviors. Results: Patient surveys found the two main reasons for poor adherence were negative side-effects from the treatment and busy work schedules. In-depth interviews with key stakeholders found that self-perceived symptom improvement, negative side-effects from treatment and financial difficulties were the main reasons for poor adherence. MDR-TB patients from urban areas, who were unmarried, were female, had migrant status, and whose treatments were supervised by health care workers from primary health clinics, had poorer treatment adherence (P< 0.05). Among the MDR-TB patients surveyed, 86.7% received any type of MTCM in general (received any kind of MTCM from HCWs in PHC, MDR-TB designated hospital and centers of disease control/TB dispensaries and 62.50% received MTCM from HCWs in PHC sectors). Patients from suburban areas were more likely to receive both MTCM in general (OR=6.70) and MTCM from HCWs in MDR-TB designated hospitals (OR=2.77), but female patients (OR=0.26) were less likely to receive MTCM from HCWs in PHC sectors, and patients who were not educated about MTCM by TB doctors in designated hospitals were less likely to receive MTCM in general (OR=0.14). Patients who had not been hospitalized were less likely to receive MTCM from HCWs in MDR-TB designated hospitals (OR=0.21). Conclusion: Stronger MTCM by HCWs in PHC sectors would improve treatment adherence among MDR-TB patients. Community-based patient-centered models of MTCM in PHC sectors and the use of digital health technology could help to improve case management and thereby improve adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance and practical application value to extract land-cover type accurately. However, the input data usually used in classification such as reflectance data or vegetation index are very simple and quantitative remote sensing products are rarely used. In this paper, a multi-spectral land-cover classification method based on deep learning is proposed. Using the excellent detail capture ability of contourlet transform to obtain the potential information to supplement the spectral feature space, combined with deep learning for feature selection and feature extraction, a spectral–texture classification model is constructed. The multi-spectral sensing remote data and field measurement data in Dadukou District of Chongqing, northern Negev, and Changping region of Beijing were used for evaluation. Experiment results show the proposed method can outperform principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis and neural network, and effectively improve the classification accuracy of multi-spectral images; this method provides a new perspective for land-use classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question of whether Chongqing's Red culture campaign (2008-2012) was a real mass campaign. Drawing upon Baudrillard's concept of simulation, it discusses the extent to which Chongqing's Red culture campaign can be characterized as the simulation of a traditional Maoist mass campaign. This paper argues that instead of being a real mass campaign, the Red culture program exhibited the following critical features of simulation-the procession of a model of the real, the liquidation of referentials, and the constitution of a self-induced and monolithic circuit of power. Firstly, the operation of Chongqing's Red culture campaign followed an established model of the ideal revolutionary mass campaign. The activities therefore did not follow their own trajectories but were organized to fit in the preexisting model. Secondly, the Red culture campaign was a process during which signs were emptied of their representational meaning. The definition of Red was expanded to include all songs that were considered 'healthy' and 'positive.' As a result, it stopped referring to any specific concept of political ideology. Thirdly, Chongqing's Red culture program demonstrated characteristics of a self-induced and nondialectical power circuit. The program did not exchange meaning with the audience of the program. Rather, the exchange of signs took place within the territory of an imagined singular political power. To think of the Red culture campaign not as a mass campaign but possibly the simulation of a mass campaign, this paper examines a distinctive set of power relations that were embedded in Chongqing's controversial political program and aims to facilitate a better understanding of the organization of political power in the current Chinese society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to meet customers’ individual needs for delivery methods and specific time in urban distribution, this paper introduced the concept of customer preference to describe the delivery needs of home delivery and self-pickup services, and established vehicles path optimization model with different delivery options with the optimization goal of minimizing the total ope-rating cost. Considering the complexity of the model, it introduced a variety of operators, and designed an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm and improved to solve the problem. Finally, combined with a case analysis of a distribution case in Nan’an district of Chongqing city, the validity of the model and algorithm is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taking the 15 districts in Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir area as the research objects, this paper constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system of common prosperity level from three dimensions of developmental, shared, and sustainable. The entropy method, exploratory spatial data analysis, and geographical detector were utilized to explore the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of the level of common prosperity in the study area from 2011 to 2020. The results are as follows. ➀ During the study period, the level of common prosperity in Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir area, as well as in each district, has been continuously rising. Although the gap between districts still exists, it is showing a "benign catching-up" trend. The developmental dimension has the highest level of common prosperity, the shared dimension has the most significant growth of common prosperity level, and the sustainable dimension has the lowest level of common prosperity. ➁ The common prosperity level in the study area has been upgraded from medium and below to medium and above, showing a spatial distribution feature of "high in the southwest and low in the northeast" with significant internal differences. ➂ There is a significant positive spatial correlation in the level of common prosperity in the study area, mainly with two types of spatial agglomeration: high-high and low-low. ➃ The dominant influencing factors of the common prosperity level are economic development, financial support, marketization level, and urbanization rate, while location, government regulation, terrain conditions, and industrial structure are important influencing factors. Additionally, the interaction types of influencing factors show a dual-factor strengthening or nonlinear strengthening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Groundwater from karst subterranean streams is among the world's most important sources of drinking water supplies, and the hydrochemical characteristics of karst water are affected by both natural environment and people. Therefore, the study of karst groundwater hydrochemistry and its solutes' sources is very important to ensure the normal function of life support systems. This paper focused on the major ion chemistry and sulfate isotope of karst groundwater in Chongqing for tracing the sulfate sources and related hydrochemical processes. Hydrochemical types of karst groundwater in Chongqing were mainly of the Ca-HCO type or Ca(Mg)-HCO type. However, some hydrochemical types were the K + Na + Ca-SO type (G25 site) or Ca-HCO + SO type (G26 and G14 sites), indicating that the hydrochemistry of these sites may be strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities or unique geological characteristics. The δS-SO of collected karst groundwater sample fell into a range of −6.8 to 21.5 ‰, with a mean value of 5.6 ‰. In dolomite aquifer, the δS-SO value ranges from −4.3 to 11.0 ‰, and in limestone aquifer, it ranged from −6.8 to 21.5 ‰. The groundwater samples from different land use types showed distinctive δS-SO value. The δS-SO value of groundwater samples had range of −6.8 to 16.7 ‰ (mean 4.0 ‰, n = 11) in cultivated land areas, 1.5-21.5 ‰ (mean 7.2 ‰, n = 20) in forested land areas, and −4.3 to 0.8 ‰ (mean −1.7 ‰, n = 2) in coalmine areas. The δS-SO values of groundwater samples collected from factory area and town area were 2.2 and 9.9 ‰, respectively. According to the δS information of potential sulfate sources, this paper discussed the possible sulfate sources of collected karst groundwater samples in Chongqing. The variations of both δS and 1/SO values of the groundwater samples indicated that the atmospheric acid deposition (AAD), dissolution of gypsum (GD), oxidation of sulfide mineral (OS) or anthropogenic inputs (SF: sewage or fertilizer) contributed to sulfate in karst groundwater. The influence of oxidation of sulfide mineral, atmospheric acid deposit and anthropogenic inputs to groundwater in Chongqing karst areas was much widespread. For protecting, sustaining, and utilizing the groundwater resources, the sewage possibly originating from urban, mine or industrial area must be controlled and treated, and the use of fertilizer should be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new combined method for the short-term load forecasting of electric power systems based on the Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and support vector regression (SVR) techniques. The training samples used in this method are of the same data type as the learning samples in the forecasting process and selected by a fuzzy clustering technique according to the degree of similarity of the input samples considering the periodic characteristics of the load. PSO is applied to optimize the model parameters. The complicated nonlinear relationships between the factors influencing the load and the load forecasting can be regressed using the SVR. The practical load data from a city in Chongqing was used to illustrate the proposed method, and the results indicate that the proposed method can obtain higher accuracy compared with the traditional method, and is effective for forecasting the short-term load of power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides with large displacements are more dangerous than landslides with small displacements, because the first category causes more serious damages. In this paper, a new prediction method is introduced for rock planar slides with large displacements. The prediction model is not limited to a certain region but limited to a certain failure mechanism of a landslide. This case study was carried out in the red bed area, Nanjiang County, Sichuan Province, China, and validated in the red bed area of Yunyang and Fengjie Counties, Chongqing, China. The topographic factor T was proposed as a topographical indicator. The influence of the normalized rainfall R which is a combination of the duration of rainfall (D) and the average intensity (I) of rainfall was analyzed. A threshold value for rock planar sliding with large displacement was obtained by establishing a relationship between the T factor and the R factor. The primary probability factor P gives a final indication of the probability of rock planar sliding with large displacement. The prediction model is applied to the existing rock planar slides or the slopes with the presence of a number of preconditions for sliding. The prediction model obtained from Nanjiang County was validated successfully in the red bed area of the Yunyang and Fengjie Counties. It is assumed that the prediction model is suitable for other regions with a red bed structure as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents details of the recently reactivated landslide in Wushan Town, Chongqing, China. The landslide was reactivated on July 17, 2019, by slope cutting, and thereafter, entered a state of imminent sliding. The landslide involved 4 million m3 of rock and soil masses, thereby threatening National Road G348 and the safety of 588 residents in 136 households in Xiping Village and over 1000 residents in the Jinke Community. Field investigations, drilling, and in situ monitoring were performed to determine the landslide deformation characteristics and reactivation mechanism. The results show that the regional abundant rainfall, formation lithology, and tectonic effects were responsible for the formation of the ancient Baiyangwan landslide. Moreover, the building load on the rear and middle parts increased the sliding force. Open excavation at the toe decreased the anti-sliding force and directly promoted landslide reactivation. In particular, the groundwater table rise caused by gully filling in recent years also played a key role in the reactivation of the ancient landslide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, there is a growing number of urban renewal projects due to the rapid growth of the economy and urbanization. To meet the needs of urban development, urban renewal requires a sound decision-making approach involving various stakeholder groups. However, current urban renewal decision-making is criticized for poor efficiency, equity, and resulting in many unintended adverse outcomes. It is claimed that high-level transaction costs (e.g., a great deal of time spent on negotiation and coordination) are the factors hidden behind the problems. However, few studies have analyzed urban renewal decision-making in a transaction costs perspective. Using the case of Chongqing, this paper aims at adopting transaction costs theory to understand the administrative process of urban renewal decision-making in China. This research focuses on four key stakeholder groups: municipal government, district government, local administrative organizations, and the consulting parties. A transaction costs analytical framework is established. First, the decision-making stages of urban renewal and involved key stakeholder groups are clarified. Second, the transactions done by different stakeholder groups in each stage is identified, thus to analyze what types of transaction costs are generated. Third, the relative levels of transaction costs among different stakeholder groups were measured based on the interview. The empirical analysis reveals how transaction costs occur and affect urban renewal decision-making. Finally, policy implications were proposed to reduce transaction costs in order to enhance urban renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the disaster resilience index (DRI) is an effective decision support tool for managing natural disasters. This study holds that disaster resilience is a dynamic process accompanied by coping capacity, adaptive capacity, and transformative capacity in different phases; therefore, we develop a three-dimensional capacity-based framework using seven indicators (including 38 subindicators) to map the multigoals for measuring resilience at the household level. Our data were acquired through questionnaire responses by 516 representative rural households in mountainous hazard-prone areas in Chongqing, China. The results reveal that more households are deemed "low resilience" and that geographical spatial differences exist in the DRI across the case regions. Several factors affecting the ability to survive, bounce back, and bounce forward from mountain hazards for rural households were found in China. The framework constructed in this paper offers a new perspective for a holistic understanding of disaster resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is a global strategy for promoting economic growth and sustainable urbanization, specifically in developing countries. It is critical for governments to understand the determinants of migration decision for rural households so that proper migration measures can be taken. Different from previous studies that mainly focus on migration determinants without considering migration patterns, this paper divides migration patterns into three types—no migration, labor migration, and family migration, and examines the determinants for "no migration–migration" and "labor migration–family migration," respectively. The binary logistic model is adopted to analyze the impacts of various migration factors in Chongqing city. Results show that: (1) per capita non-agricultural income plays the most significant positive role in driving "no migration–migration." This is followed by the number of household labor force, whereas road accessibility is the key factor for inhibiting migration. (2) The key contributory factor for "labor migration–family migration" is per capita non-agricultural income. This is followed by the residential distance from towns, whereas the number of household labor force and the average age of labor force are restraining factors. The research results can effectively provide scientific reference for local governments to advance the transfer of the surplus rural labor force to promote sustainable urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical population growth models include the Malthus population growth model and the logistic population growth model, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. To address the disadvantages of the two models, this paper establishes a grey logistic population growth prediction model, based on the modeling mechanism of the grey prediction model and the characteristics of the logistic model, which uses the least-squares method to estimate the maximum population capacity. In accordance with the data characteristics of population growth, the weakening buffer operator is used to establish the weakening buffer operator grey logistic population growth prediction model, which improves its accuracy, thus improving the classic population prediction model. Four actual case datasets are used simultaneously, and the two classical grey prediction models are compared. The results of the six evaluation indicators show that the effects of the new model demonstrate obvious advantages. Finally, the new model is applied to the population forecast of Chongqing, China. The prediction results suggest that the population may reach a peak in 2020 and decline in the future. This finding is consistent with the logistic population growth model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qitang Experimental Field is a rural public art practice project in Qitang Town, Chongqing. Through the art practice of Qitang Experimental Field, the artistic works go out of the art gallery, into the field, and associate with Qitang in different creative ways, which reflects the experimental, sitespecific and participatory nature of the works. This paper summarizes the creation methods of rural public art, and expounds the creative experience of artists in rural public art from four aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological security early warning (ESEW) research can solve the dilemma of 'treatment after pollution' and reduce the cost of ecological governance. However, most studies have focused on evaluating ecological security (ES) in the current rather than predicting its development trend. This paper explores the methodology of ESEW and constructs a set of urban ESEW systems. Firstly, an index system of urban ESEW is established based on the PSR model. Secondly, the system dynamics method is introduced, and the integrated index method is combined to construct an ESEW model. Three typical Chinese cities (Chongqing, Wuhan and Shanghai) in the Yangtze River Economic Belt are taken as samples for empirical research. The results show that the ES situation in Shanghai is the best, and the error rate is within 10%, indicating that the proposed system has a high prediction accuracy. It can be used across the world not only to evaluate the current ES situation, but also to predict its future trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has occurred in China, and national medical workers have been thrown into this silent battle. Paediatric medical workers have been an important part of this battle and under enormous pressure. This paper evaluates the depression, anxiety, and stress of paediatric medical staff during the epidemic and examines related impact factors. Methods: We conducted this study using online questionnaires via social networking software during the week of Feb. 17 to Feb. 23, 2020. The 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), which is a revised, simplified version of the original DASS developed by Lovibond et al., was used in this study. Results: Among all 2,031 respondents, 14.81%, 18.3%, and 9.98% had depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, respectively. Males, doctors, individuals aged between 31‑60 years, those with senior job titles, those who had contact with patients with confirmed or suspected cases of COVID-19, those who worked on the clinical frontlines fighting the epidemic and those who had experience combating similar outbreaks were more likely to have depression, anxiety or stress symptoms. Respondents in Beijing and Chongqing had lower negative psychological symptom scores than the national average. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 outbreak, depression, anxiety and stress are present to varying degrees among paediatric medical workers across the country. Psychological crisis interventions should be implemented to protect the mental health of paediatric medical workers during and after the epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, historical areas conservation has become an important strategy to improve urban competitiveness in the global economy. As shown in existing studies that the conservation of historical areas mainly focused on the physical environment, there is still room for the non-physical study, and researches on the social network conservation in mountainous historical areas are particularly insufficient. Therefore, this paper aims to establish an evaluation system which is helpful for the social network conservation of historical areas. The evaluation system is based on social network analysis and the information of social relationships gathered in field surveys using a specifically designed questionnaire method in four mountainous towns in Chongqing, China. And it was analyzed from three perspectives, i.e., by the basic statistical properties, condensate subgroup, and centrality. Then five analysis indicators were conceived, including density, lambda set, k-core, degree centrality, and betweenness centrality. The analysis results demonstrate that the social networks of the four towns show different indicators, which are respectively relevant to completeness degree, edge-relatedness level, local stability, structural balance, and concentrated trend of social relationships. Results from SNA modeling indicate that neighborhood residents of historical areas who have more stable and healthier social relationships are relatively not easily be destroyed. The results also illustrate that the social networks structure is influenced by the terrain, form, and function of historical areas, and the change of historical areas is caused by "individual-family-society". Finally, the strategies guiding the social network conservation are put forward from two aspects. These findings suggest that the conservation and management of social network and aborigines in historical areas should be emphasized to increase the collective benefits and vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper applies discrete choice model incorporating transport time and freight cost to evaluate the opportunity and utility accessibility of international trade transportation. • The indicators of international trade transportation level, industry diversity and Chongqing-Sinkiang-Europe Railway Express (CSERE) contribution rate evaluate impacts of CSERE in establishing Chongqing International Logistics Center (CILC). • The paper analyzes convenience and connectivity of international trade transportation between Chongqing and Europe. • Managerial and policy implications to promote the CILC are drawn from the test results. This paper focuses on the export container cargos from Chongqing to Europe in the outbound transport network, considering the two modes of maritime transport and the CSERE (Chongqing-Sinkiang-Europe Railway Express). It has three aims: first, to propose a method to calculate the international transport accessibility with the help of indicators of the convenience and connectivity of the outbound transport; second, to estimate the container cargo volume changes as the CSERE develops, extending the linear expenditure system model and the multiregional input-output model, combined with the stochastic frontier analysis and the multifactor dynamic coefficient generation; and third, to evaluate the effects of the CSERE on the formation of the CILC (Chongqing International Logistics Center) by employing three indicators, i.e., the international transport level, the industry diversity and the CSERE contribution rate. Managerial and policy implications of promoting the CILC are drawn from the test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Beijing sub-pedigree 2 (BSP2) and T sub-lineage 6 (TSL6) are two clades belonging to Beijing and T family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), respectively, defined by Bayesian population structure analysis based on 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR). Globally, over 99% of BSP2 and 89% of TSL6 isolates were distributed in Chongqing, suggesting their possible local adaptive evolution. The objective of this paper is to explore whether BSP2 and TSL6 originated by their local adaptive evolution from the specific isolates of Beijing and T families in Chongqing. Methods: The genotyping data of 16 090 MTB isolates were collected from laboratory collection, published literatures and SITVIT database before subjected to Bayesian population structure analysis based on 24-loci MIRU-VNTR. Spacer Oligonucleotide Forest (Spoligoforest) and 24-loci MIRU-VNTR-based minimum spanning tree (MST) were used to explore their phylogenetic pathways, with Bayesian demographic analysis for exploring the recent demographic change of TSL6. Results: Phylogenetic analysis suggested that BSP2 and TSL6 in Chongqing may evolve from BSP4 and TSL5, respectively, which were locally predominant in Tibet and Jiangsu, respectively. Spoligoforest showed that Beijing and T families were genetically distant, while the convergence of the MIRU-VNTR pattern of BSP2 and TSL6 was revealed by WebLogo. The demographic analysis concluded that the recent demographic change of TSL6 might take 111.25 years. Conclusions: BSP2 and TSL6 clades might originate from BSP4 and TSL5, respectively, by their local adaptive evolution in Chongqing. Our study suggests MIRU-VNTR be combined with other robust markers for a more comprehensive genotyping approach, especially for families of clades with the same MIRU-VNTR pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in cultivated land in China are related to food security for nearly 1.4 billion people. Administrative ruling has decomposed the goal of cultivated land protection in China and implemented it from top to bottom, so that cultivated land data have nested attributes. Although related research on cultivated land changes has achieved fruitful results, these studies have neglected the scale effect created by the nested structure of cultivated land data, and it is easy for the policy to lose its effect in scaling. A two-layer linear model of the hierarchical linear model is constructed in this paper based on spatial autocorrelation and scale variance analyses to analyse the different spatial scales for cultivated land changes and reveal the interaction mechanism of the driving factors at different spatial scales. The results show the following: (1) The smaller the spatial scale of the study area, the easier the spatial correlation of the cultivated land quantity distribution. (2) An analysis of the driving factors of cultivated land change in Chongqing finds that 33.80% of the differences are from the functional block scale and 66.20% are from the district or county scale. (3) We found that the spatial scale has a certain impact on the effectiveness of the driving factors of cultivated land changes. Large-scale driving factors will change the correlation between small-scale driving factors and cultivated land change. In the future, the problem of scale effects should be considered in the field of cultivated land management, the effects of different driving forces at various scales should be considered and the scientific decomposition of cultivated land protection tasks according to the spatial scale should be carried out to improve the efficiency of the protection of cultivated land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Natural Resources / Ziran Ziyuan Xuebao is the property of Journal of Natural Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The theory of landsenses ecology is closely connected with Chinese philosophy and ecological wisdom. Many ancient settlements contain the ideas of landsenses ecology in the process of site determination, planning and development. From the perspective of landsenses ecology, this paper takes ancient house, fortress-village, town and city in Yu County, Hebei Province, China, as typical cases, and summarizes the characteristics and changes of the influencing factors in the process of these site determination, planning and development over history through literature search and field investigation. The main factors of site determination, planning and development would have different focuses and changes in different historical stages (from the Stone Age to Qing Dynasty) and on different scales (from house to city). The main factors ranged from macro factors, including natural factors, political economy, military defense and landscape structure, to specific factors, including road traffic, microclimate characteristics, human physical and psychological perception, financial situation, etc. It can be seen that there is a correspondence between the process of Chinese ancient site determination, planning and development and the theory of landsenses ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Engineering of Oil & Gas / Shi You Yu Tian Ran Qi Hua Gong is the property of PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the panel data of China's four municipalities and 223 prefecture-level cities were used to investigate whether the EKC hypothesis for urban PM2.5 concentration was satisfied, considering such factors as urbanization population, electricity consumption, innovation capacity, and foreign direct investment in the cities. Assuming that the level of economic development directly affects the PM2.5 concentration, and the PM2.5 concentration will continue to increase at the early stage. Once the urban economy develops to a certain extent, the PM2.5 concentration will start to decline, and the environmental quality will be improved. Therefore, we attempt to construct the standard EKC by incorporating the quadratic and cubic terms of GDP per capita. The empirical results show that, except for the four municipalities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing, economic growth has a complex impact on PM2.5 concentration in most cities during the study period, rather than a simple inverted U-shaped pattern. Moreover, only in recent years has smog pollution shown an average decrease. But if the sources of smog are difficult to explore, it is worth considering the possibility of adjusting economic structure to meet environmental targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A decision-making tool for transfer station siting under uncertainty is proposed. • Robust optimization method is used to develop a facility location model. • The model balances economic and risk criteria to achieve a best performance solution. • Results provide economically best locations of transfer station under uncertainty. • Our work presents a case study in the construction industry in Chongqing, China. A well-designed collection system plays a critical role in establishing a financially sustainable construction and demolition (C&D) management system. In order to achieve the best performance of the collection system, the development of an advanced decision-making tool with trade-off among multiple criteria is significant. The main objective of this research is to select economically best locations of transfer stations (TSs) to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the collection system for C&D waste. This paper develops a scenario-based multi-period robust facility location model to minimize the total cost of the collection system for C&D waste. The novelty of the proposed model is the consideration of the uncertainty of C&D waste generation source locations in the construction industry. Also, besides the traditional economic criteria, the risk of decision-making or the reliability of the optimal solution obtained is taken into account for the best overall performance solution. A comparative analysis is performed to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model. The trade-offs between decision-making risk and economic criteria are performed with a sensitivity analysis. By applying the proposed robust facility location model for TSs for a case study in Chongqing, China, this paper verify the effectiveness and usefulness of the model. The results of this study indicate that the dynamic location strategy made by the proposed robust model can remain the optimal layout of the TSs under uncertainty to improve facility efficiency. Moreover, focusing on risk criteria in decision-making can achieve the best performance solution with reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Advanced drilling was employed for the ongoing excavation of a tunnel on Wu-Kai Expressway in Chongqing, aiming to characterize the ground condition ahead of the tunnel face and avoid potential geohazards. Measurement While Drilling (MWD) system and the hydraulic rotary crawler drilling machine are used for the advanced drillhole in the weathered argillaceous limestone rock mass. However, the MWD data exhibits random variations in penetration rate and cannot be correlated with ground conditions. In addition, there is little MWD data on the weathered argillaceous limestone with time-series algorithm in relevant open literature. This paper presents further analysis of the MWD data, resolves the random variation issue in penetration rate, and re-interprets the MWD data along three advanced drillholes in this tunnel project. The re-calculated penetration rate with the time-series algorithm for each drillhole is a stepped function of the drillhole depth. The constant penetration rates for the different homogeneous zones can be further correlated with the weathering degrees of the rock and compared with those from other five ground sites with different ground conditions in China and London. The findings of the paper can enhance the general applicability of MWD data for accurate profiling of weathered argillaceous limestone rock mass for safe tunnelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the International Conference on Product Design and Manufacturing Systems 2007 which was held from 12th to 15th October 2007 at Chongqing University in Chongqing city, China. It is a joint endeavor between Chongqing University and the National University of Singapore. Over 800 abstracts had been received after the Call for Papers. A review panel was set up to review and select, them for a special issue of the prestigious Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems.

[Objective] The paper provides references for the prevention of heavy metal pollution and the protection of cultivated soil environ- ment through exploring the content characteristics and the risk of heavy metals elements of paddy soil in Chongqing. 【Method】230 paddy soil samples were collected from 7 major and typical rice-growing regions in Chongqing, and the pH and the content of 5 heavy metal elements in- cluding Cd, Hg, As, Pb and Cr in paddy soil samples were analyzed. The Nemero pollution index evaluation method and the land accumula- tion index evaluation method were used to analyze the degree of pollution, and compared with the background value of heavy metals in Chongqing soil and the risk screening value of agricultural land soil. The characteristics of heavy metal pollution in Chongqing paddy soil were analyzed and evaluated. Then, the possible sources of heavy metal pollution in soil were explored through Pearson correlation analysis and cluster analysis. 【Result】 The average contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg in the paddy soil of the research area were 25.4, 0.312, 66. 8, 4.71 and 0.0827 mg/kg, respectively. Through the analysis of single factor pollution index and Nemero pollution index evaluation methods, 19.57% of the paddy soil sites in the study area were in the state of Cd light pollution, 0.43% was in the state of Hg medium pol- lution, and the remaining points were in the state of no pollution. According to Geo-accumulation index, the paddy soil was lightly polluted by Cd, while the remaining heavy metal elements were at a non-polluted level. However, there were very few soils with extremely high ground accumulation index of Hg (4.03, belonging to the level of strong to extremely strong pollution). It was found that the content of Cd and Hg elements exceeded the background value of Chongqing soil, 2. 84 times and 1.38 times of the background value, respectively, with a cumulative effect; The content of Pb, Cr, As elements was slightly lower than the background value of Chongqing soil, and there was basi- cally no enrichment. The average content of heavy metals in the surveyed paddy soil was lower than the corresponding agricultural land soil risk screening value. Correlation and cluster analysis showed that heavy metal pollution mainly originated from soil formation processes and human factors. [Conclusion] The paddy soil in Chongqing is generally in a clean state, but there is a risk of Cd and Hg contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geography & Geographic Information Science is the property of Geography & Geo-Information Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study considers the spatial analysis and evaluation layout of electric vehicle charging infrastructures, taking the central urban area of Chongqing as an example. Mathematical model analysis, ArcGIS spatial analysis, field investigation, questionnaire measurement, and hierarchical analysis methods are utilized to discuss the current distribution characteristics and supply–demand matching of the electric vehicle charging infrastructure in this region. The resulting data can provide references for the optimal layout of charging infrastructure. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) The configuration and demand of charging infrastructure in the central urban area of Chongqing have obvious spatial differentiation and show strong centrality. (2) It is a common phenomenon that the charging infrastructure in the central urban area of Chongqing is in short supply, and it is pressing that a new charging infrastructure be built. (3) In the process of construction and operation of charging infrastructure, various factors, such as economy and traffic, should be comprehensively considered; at the same time, incidents of inefficient operation, such as being crowded out by nonelectric vehicles and unmaintained facility failure, should be minimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geography & Geographic Information Science is the property of Geography & Geo-Information Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of satellite imagery for surface deformation monitoring has been steadily increasing. However, the study of extracting deformation slopes from deformation data requires further advancement. This limitation not only poses challenges for subsequent studies but also restricts the potential for deeper exploration and utilization of deformation data. The LT-1 satellite, China's largest L-band synthetic aperture radar satellite, offers a new perspective for monitoring. In this study, we extracted deformation slopes in Chongqing and its surrounding areas of China based on deformation data generated by LT-1. Twelve factors were selected to analyze their influence on slope deformation, including elevation, topographic position, slope, landcover, soil, lithology, relief, average rainfall intensity, and distances to rivers, roads, railways, and active faults. A total of 5863 deformation slopes were identified, covering an area of 140 km2, mainly concentrated in the central part of the study area, with the highest area density reaching 0.22%. Among these factors, average rainfall intensity was found to have the greatest impact on deformation slope. These findings provide valuable information for geological disaster early warning and management in Chongqing and surrounding areas, while also demonstrating the practical value of the LT-1 satellite in deformation monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development is a hot topic of global concern and sustainable human settlements (HS) are crucial to people's happiness. Thus, strengthening the construction of HS will help enrich human settlements geography with theories of HS interactions, clarify the existing problems of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration (CC), promote the harmonization of the human-land relationship, and realize the SDGs. The results were as follows. (1) the quality of HS exhibited an upward trend with diminishing disparities in PLE functions. (2) A spatial layout featuring the high quality of HS in the east and west and low quality in the central areas was identified, with Chengdu and Chongqing serving as two high-value core areas. (3) The evolution of the quality of HS levels to achieve a leapfrog shift was challenging and the spatial spillover effect and phenomenon of "club convergence" were evident. (4) Living function was a primary obstacle at the criterion layer and indicators within production function became major obstacle factors at the element layer. These findings have enriched the research scope of human settlements geography from the scale of urban agglomerations, and provided scientific decisions for the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding human activity and global climate change requires an understanding of the impact of land-use change on carbon storage. Nevertheless, the number of studies examining carbon storage in complex terrain areas remains relatively limited. This study quantified land use shifts and carbon storage variations from 2010 to 2030 in the Sichuan–Chongqing region in China by combining InVEST and PLUS models. The results show that (1) the Sichuan–Chongqing region exhibits a predominantly concentrated pattern of land utilization, with forests occupying a dominant position among various land types in the locality. (2) The total carbon storage loss between 2010 and 2020 is 24.19 Tg. Except for the ecological development scenario, compared to 2020, all multi-scenario projections show less carbon storage in 2030. (3) The primary cause of carbon loss is the sprawl of built-up areas into farmlands, forests, and grasslands. (4) The geomorphology of complex terrain greatly affects carbon storage; flat terrain tends to be less carbon-intensive than more steeply sloping terrain. This study offers worthwhile insights for sustainable land management and carbon mitigation strategies in complex terrains worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a crucial measure to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas in developing countries (such as China), how to provide and manage rural infrastructure investment is a major challenge. In line with the implementation of a coordinated urban–rural development strategy, inclusive growth provides direction for rural infrastructure investment. Taking Chongqing, China, as an example, informed by the goals of inclusive growth, this study develops a system dynamics model to investigate the interaction between interdependent infrastructure systems and socioeconomic systems and to explore priorities for rural infrastructure investment. The results indicate the following: (1) more rural infrastructure investment is still needed in Chongqing by 2030; and (2) based on the importance of all types of rural infrastructures for the impact of inclusive growth goals, the ratio of budget shares invested in each dimension is, in descending order, environment infrastructure, energy infrastructure, communication infrastructure, transportation infrastructure, education infrastructure, and medical infrastructure. The approach and results of this study allow governments to assess the contribution of infrastructure provision to the goals of inclusive growth and to make better-informed infrastructure investment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)