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The exploration of ecological security patterns (ESPs) can help people find those areas that are in urgent need of restoration, which is an effective way to realize ecological protection. It is of utmost significance for promoting regional sustainable development to construct ESP and put forward sub-regional optimization suggestions based on the supply and demand ratio of ecosystem services (ESs). In this paper, we assessed the level of supply and demand for five ESs based on multi-source data in 2020 with the help of InVEST, ArcGIS, and IUEMS. Based on the results of supply and demand, we calculated the supply and demand ratio of ESs and extracted the ecological source areas (ESAs) on this basis. Then, we used the Linkage Mapper tool to construct the ESP based on the principle of the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model and circuit theory in the Chengdu–Chongqing economic circle (CCEC). Our results indicated that there were apparent spatial differences in the supply and demand of five ESs. There were 35 ESAs in the ESP network, covering an area of about 7914 km2, and most of their land use types were woodland. The CCEC was interconnected by a network of 91 ecological corridors (ECs), spanning a total length of approximately 10,701 km. From the ECs, we extracted 29 ecological pinch points (EPPs) and 16 ecological barrier points (EBPs), which each accounted for about 0.3% of the planned area of the CCEC. Finally, we divided the ecological spaces into four types and put forward the corresponding optimization suggestions. Among them, the proportion of ecological restoration area was 7.7%, which was located in Chengdu City, northwest of the study area. The findings of this paper can give some theoretical guidance and serve as a reference for making decisions in the pursuit of ecological civilization in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon compensation can guide human activities in reducing carbon emissions or increasing carbon sequestration and also represents an important approach for coordinating regional development. In this paper, Chongqing Municipality, whose internal development is varied, was selected as a case study. The annual carbon emissions, carbon sequestration, carbon deficits, and inter-regional carbon compensation costs from 2000 to 2021 were continuously estimated via local optimization methods, and a carbon compensation zoning scheme was proposed that integrates the present situation and trend analysis. The results show that (1) Chongqing's total carbon emissions were greater than the total carbon sequestration, and the carbon deficit was approximately 556.24 × 104 t~3621.58 × 104 t. (2) County-level carbon budgets have large regional differences; the counties that should always receive carbon compensation are from the southeast and northeast regions, and the counties that should always pay carbon compensation are from central urban areas and the surrounding new urban areas. (3) All the counties were zoned into key payment areas, basic payment areas, key recipient areas, and basic recipient areas. The key payment areas, which account for 39.47%, maintain and grow payment status and are the main sources of carbon compensation costs, while the key recipient areas, which account for 44.74%, maintained a negative compensation status and a continuous downward trend, meaning that they may receive increasing carbon compensation costs. This paper revealed inequities in carbon compensation and proposed a novel zoning solution, which can provide scientific reference and data support for further establishing inter-regional carbon compensation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial land is essential for supply-side structural reforms, particularly in the Chengdu–Chongqing area, Western China's most densely populated and industrially robust region. This area, a pivotal hub linking Southwest China with South Asia and Southeast Asia, is critical for the national strategic layout and regional economic restructuring. Despite its substantial industrial foundation as an old industrial base, internal developmental stagnation has led to an irrational industrial land use structure. This paper analyzed land transaction data from the China Land Market Network (2010–2021) using methods such as kernel density estimation, the standard deviation ellipse method, and Global Moran's I index. The analysis focuses on the spatiotemporal evolution of industrial land marketization and its driving factors in 44 cities within the Chengdu–Chongqing economic circle. The findings aim to enhance the strategic implementation of national policies and regional economic optimization, suggesting intensified development efforts in key cities and promoting integrated growth in potential areas like Suining and Ziyang to foster a conducive environment for high-quality regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilizes an improved undesirable output DEA model to measure the eco-efficiency of cities in five major urban agglomerations in China during 2006–2020. It employs the Theil Index and Geodetector to investigate the spatial-temporal distribution differentiation characteristics and driving factors of urban eco-efficiency. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, the eco-efficiency of all urban agglomerations showed a fluctuating upward trend, but the eco-efficiency performance of different urban agglomerations in China shows a stratification characteristic. Specifically, the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration consistently ranks first in China, while the mean values of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration are lower than the national average. Secondly, the overall differences in the urban eco-efficiency of all sample cities show a consistently fluctuating downward trend. The factor that affects the level differences of eco-efficiency in different cities is the intra-regional differences. Last but not least, the top three factors affecting the spatial distribution difference of urban eco-efficiency in the whole sample are environmental pollution control investments, innovation level, and environmental infrastructure investments. In the end, this paper proposes that reducing the intra-regional differences is the primary task to achieve the coordinated improvement of urban eco-efficiency in urban agglomerations, and then puts forward some policy suggestions to improve eco-efficiency for the five major urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As immovable stone cultural heritage is kept in the open air, they are more susceptible to damage, and damage detection is very important for the protection and restoration of cultural heritage. This is especially true for gold-overlaid stone cultural heritage, which is usually more complicated than ordinary stone carvings. However, the detection of cultural heritage damages is mainly based on expert visual inspection, which is often subjective, time-consuming, and laborious. This paper uses the Mask R-CNN algorithm to rapidly and accurately detect the gold foil shedding of stone cultural heritage through two-dimensional images. The research data are from the high-precision images of the Dazu Thousand-Hand Bodhisattva Statue (World Heritage, UNESCO) in Chongqing, China. After cleaning and augmentation, 1900 images are input into Mask R-CNN model for training. Finally, the average precision value (AP) for detecting gold foil shedding is found to be 0.967. In order to test the performance of the model, the new images that do not participate in the training period are used, and it is found that the model can still accurately detect the gold foil shedding even if there are interference factors. This is the first attempt to detect the damages of gold-overlaid stone cultural heritage based on a deep learning algorithm, and it has achieved good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, the 2-parameter Weibull model, Arrhenius-Weibull model, has been used vastly for transformer aging-dependent unavailability modeling. However, this model only uses the lifetime feature to describe the transformer's degradation process and to calibrate the Weibull parameters, which harms the accuracy of aging-dependent unavailability forecasting. In response, this paper develops a 3-calibratable-parameter Weibull model for evaluating the transformer aging-dependent unavailability. In the proposed model, both the individualized aging threshold and lifetime are taken into the calibration of the Weibull parameters to accurately characterize the heterogeneity in transformer populations. First, a degree of polymerization (DP) analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) based approach is proposed for estimating the transformers’ uncertain aging thresholds and lifetimes. Then, the Maximum Likelihood Estimate and Particle Swarm Optimization are jointly adopted to model the relationship among the calibratable Weibull parameters, aging threshold, and lifetime. Finally, the analytical formula of aging-dependent unavailability is derived from the established 3-calibratable-parameter Weibull model using an integral-discretization method. A real utility application example in China's Chongqing power system has been presented to validate and demonstrate the practicality and usefulness of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization confronts the dual challenges of water scarcity and environmental degradation, prompting the exploration of diverse water sources for mitigating these impacts. Inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) has emerged as a solution to balance urban water demand and supply in areas with local water shortages. While IBWT can deliver high-quality water over long distances, it is costly, often contributing significantly to carbon emissions. Reclaimed water use (RWU) presents a promising alternative to address this dilemma. In this paper, a valley region of Chongqing municipality in Southwest China, which is confronted with water and environmental risks resulting from rapid urbanization, was explored and discussed as a case study to assess the potential impact of RWU on reducing carbon emissions as compared to IBWT. A method of accumulative accounting was adapted to calculate and sum up carbon emission intensities at various stages, revealing that the operational carbon emission intensities of IBWT and RWU are 0.7447 KgCO2/m3 and 0.1880 KgCO2/m3, respectively. This indicates that RWU substitution can reduce carbon emissions by 0.5567 KgCO2/m3 or 75%. This paper further elucidates the mechanism behind carbon emission reduction, highlighting the energy-saving benefits of using reclaimed water locally without recourse to extensive transportation or elevation changes. Additionally, this result presents three scenarios of reclaimed water use, including urban miscellaneous water, river flow replenishment, and agricultural irrigation in relation to their substitution effects and environmental impacts. Estimates of carbon emission reductions from reclaimed water use were projected at the planned scale, with the maximum potential of reclaimed water utilization predicted. Finally, this paper proposes an enhanced strategy to identify and prioritize factors affecting reclaimed water utilization and the effect of carbon emission reduction. This paper aims to facilitate the establishment of a robust legal, institutional, and managerial framework while fostering interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral cooperation mechanisms in valley urban areas. The methodology employed can be universally applied to other regions grappling with severe water stress, thereby facilitating endeavors toward carbon reduction and contributing significantly to the attainment of water sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By leveraging a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model, this paper delves into the intricate factors that influence housing prices in the prototypical mountainous cityscape of Chongqing's central urban area. The key findings are as follows: Firstly, the distribution of housing prices in the study region exhibits pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with the core area exhibiting a distinct "high-high" clustering pattern and manifesting characteristics of a multicenter group distribution. Secondly, the MGWR model effectively assigns an individual bandwidth to each feature quantity, allowing for a more nuanced portrayal of the varying influence scales exerted by diverse variables. Lastly, the study reveals that factors such as property cost, greening rate, building age, and proximity to rivers have a notable negative impact on housing prices, whereas, educational facilities exert a marked positive influence. Elevation, floor area ratio, and distance from the Central Business District (CBD) exhibit a more complex influence on housing prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid global urbanization has inevitably led to habitat fragmentation, and much research has focused on responding by building ecological networks and improving connectivity. The construction of such post-event ecological networks is sometimes not effective, and the identification and protection of important patches in the early urbanization period is more significant. Based on the redundancy theory, this paper explores the method of identifying potential critical habitat patches after future urban development. The paper takes the Longxing area of Chongqing city as an example and uses the cumulative current value results of circuit theory model simulations and patch characteristic attribute information as sample data, introduces a combination of the minimal-redundancy-maximal-relevance criterion and a support vector machine (mRMR + SVM) to discriminate the redundancy of patches in ecological networks, and ranks the importance of source patches. The results show that the mRMR criterion can exhibit a more realistic ranking of patch importance, allowing patches with better quality to achieve a higher ranking. Compared to the patch importance determined based on the magnitude of the cumulative current value, 66.34% of the patch importance order changed in the mRMR criterion ranking results. The mRMR + SVM method was effective in identifying individuals with redundancy from the set of source-site patches. The test found that ecological corridors still passed through or occurred near these redundant patches after their removal, demonstrating the substitutability of patches identified as redundant. The results of the study can help improve the knowledge of ecological networks and provide quantitative methodological support and decision-making reference for urban development and ecological conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-quality development of service industry has become an important engine for promoting sustainable economic development. This paper first constructed the evaluation index system of high-quality development of service industry, based on panel data from 2005 to 2020. Second, Kernel density, Markov chain and Dagum Gini coefficient were used to represent the regional differences and dynamic evolution of service industry, and the Koo method was used to explore the characteristics of spatial agglomeration. Finally, social network analysis was used to identify core indicators. The study found that: (1) From 2005 to 2020, the overall level of service industry first decreases and then increases, with Chengdu and Chongqing leading other cities. (2) The development of service industry in the CCEC has large spatial differences, mainly due to inter-regional differences. (3) The level of spatial agglomeration is less variable, with high agglomeration mainly in Chengdu. (4) Indicators such as the level of human capital are the core factors of its high-quality development. This study is of great theoretical and practical significance for the optimization and upgrading of service industry in the CCEC and the synergetic development of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midsummer of 2022, a rare regional high-temperature event occurred in the Yangtze River Basin. Chongqing, as the center of this event, also experienced its strongest high temperature since 1961. In this paper, the characteristics of this event in Chongqing are reviewed in detail and compared with those of 2006. We have confirmed the following conclusions with detailed data: (1) In the midsummer of 2022, the number of days that the daily maximum temperature is exceeding 35 ℃ in Chongqing was the most since 1961, with the number of days that the daily maximum temperature above 40 ℃ increasing significantly compared with 2006. (2) The impact range of this event in Chongqing was quite extensive, especially the range with the daily maximum temperature exceeding 40 ℃ was the widest since 1961. (3) The high-temperature event was more extreme in 2022 than that in 2006. The maximum of daily maximum temperature was 45 ℃, and this is the first time that China has recorded a high temperature of 45 ℃ outside Turpan. There were 5 stations with daily maximum temperature exceeding 44 ℃, accounting for 1/3 of the number of stations with such temperature (15 stations) in China. (4) In the midsummer of 2022, Chongqing was dominated by the compound high-temperature day. Compared with 2006, the daytime high-temperature day decreased significantly, while the compound one increased obviously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the acoustic imagination of modern Chinese literature, specifically through a close examination of the writings of Liu Yichang from wartime Chongqing. From 1942 to 1945, Liu worked as a radio transcriber prior to his literary stardom. He transcribed and translated English radio broadcasts into Chinese articles that would appear in print the day after they were broadcast, while writing intermittently for literary magazines. This paper analyses how the close listening – or the process of detecting and decoding information from noise – emerged out of wartime intelligence, governing Liu’s creative process. I argue that the desire to trace the source of sound is the driving force of the narrative in Liu’s short stories and prose. Furthermore, this paper studies the way in which Liu’s inattentive mode of listening transformed noise into productive disturbance that ensure a more active readership. By arguing for the central place for the acoustic aesthetics in Liu’s works composed between 1945 to 1950, this article constructs an interpretive frame that invites us to think about historical aural subjectivity modulated by the expressive and affective potential of wartime radio; and to explore the aesthetics of noise that emerged from new techniques of listening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Yangtze Normal University is the property of Journal of Yangtze Normal University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On 8 June 2017, a heavy storm struck the parallel ridge-valley area of western Chongqing, resulting in serious urban waterlogging and landslides, which led to severe impacts on infrastructure and damage to private property. Based on high-resolution optical satellite images, this paper comprehensively identified the landslides triggered by this rainfall event, and established a corresponding landslide database. The database takes the landslide area density and landslide number density as the main indicators, and combines the lithology characteristics to analyze the spatial distribution of landslides. The results show that this event triggered 487 landslides in an area of 583 km2, involving an area of about 485,587 m2, accounting for about 0.083% of the study area. The average landslide number density is 0.84 num/km2, the highest value of landslide number density can reach 55.6 num/km2, and the maximum landslide area density is about 6.4%. These landslides are mainly distributed in the southern foothills of the Huaying Mountain, especially in the weak interlayer lithology area. The database provides scientific reference and data support for exploring the mechanism of landslides in western Chongqing and reducing the risk of landslide disasters under the background of rapid development of local society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems existing in the current electronic sand table of railway industry, such as different expression methods, single application content, high risk of data leakage, low efficiency of data loading, etc., this paper researches the data processing, management and application methods of massive geological and BIM models, and establishes a standardized electronic sand table with BIM+GIS as the technical core, so as to better serve the railway design and construction. Based on the practice summary of the projects such as Rizhao - Lankao High-speed Railway, Lhasa - Nyingchi Railway, Chengdu-Chongqing middle line high-speed railway and other projects, combined with the relevant standards of China Railway BIM Alliance and China Railway, this paper puts forward the data standards of terrain, image, BIM model and thematic map for the application of electronic sand table. And the establishment of it is completed through the processes of coordinate transformation, data transformation, data slicing, knowledge atlas establishment, model release and front-end data collection. Finally, the online efficient organization and management of hundred-kilometer-level and multi-specialty data is realized. The proposed methods and standards are applicable to the management and analysis application in railway design and construction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainstorm is one of the global meteorological disasters that threaten the safety of transportation infrastructure and the connectivity of transportation system. Aiming to support the resilience assessment of transportation infrastructure in three representative regions: Sichuan–Chongqing, Yangtze River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei-Shandong, rainfall data over 40 years in the three regions are collected, and the temporal distribution of rainfall are analyzed. Prediction equations of rainfall are established. For the purpose of this, the probabilistic density function (PDF) is assigned to the rainfall by fitting the frequency distribution histogram. Using the assigned PDF, the rainfall data are transformed into standard normal space where regression of prediction equations is performed and the prediction accuracy is tested. The results show that: (1) The frequency of rainfall in the three regions follows a lognormal distribution based on which the prediction equations of rainfall can be established in standard normal space. The error of regression shows no remarkable dependence on self-variables, and the significance analysis indicates that the equations proposed in this paper are plausible for predicting rainfalls for the three regions. (2) The Yangtze River Delta region has a higher risk of rainstorm disaster compared to the other two regions according to the frequency of rainfall and the return period of precipitation concentration. (3) Over the period of 1980–2021, the Sichuan–Chongqing region witnessed an increase in yearly rainfall but a decrease in rainstorm disasters, whereas the other two regions experienced a consistent rise in both metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper summarizes the research progress into stimulation methods used in rehabilitation equipment for pediatric cerebral palsy (CP) for the past 20  years from 2003 to 2023. We also provide ideas for innovative research and development of artificial intelligence-based rehabilitation equipment. Methods: Through a certain search strategy, Keywords are searched in the China National Knowledge Network Database (CNKI), the Wanfang Database knowledge service platform, the Chongqing VIP information service, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Medline, Embase, and IEEE database. A total of 3,049 relevant articles were retrieved, and 49 articles were included that mentioned research and development of rehabilitation equipment. We excluded articles that were not specific to children with CP, were duplicated or irrelevant literature, were missing data, the full article was not available, the article did not describe the method of stimulation used with the rehabilitation equipment on children with CP, were not Chinese and English, and were the types of reviews and commentaries. Results: Physical stimulation is the main stimulation method of rehabilitation equipment for children with CP. Force stimulation is the main mode of physical stimulation, and there are 17 articles that have verified the clinical efficacy of force stimulation-based equipment. Conclusion: Research on the stimulation mode of pediatric cerebral palsy rehabilitation equipment is likely to focus on simulating the force of the Chinese medicine called “tuina manipulation.” When this method is combined with artificial intelligence and personalized direction we believe this will lay the foundation for future development of a novel therapy for children with CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the two-way information flow between cities is of great significance to promote regional coordinated development, but the current mainstream non-directional network analysis method cannot analyze it effectively. In this paper, the quantities of relevant media articles in WeChat and Weibo between cities are taken as the traffic indices to construct a directional and weighted urban network of the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle in China. Based on this network construction method, which adds direction thinking, we analyze the characteristics of information interconnection between cities. According to the analysis, we find that the provincial boundary hinders information interconnection, and the imbalance of external information interconnection is more serious in Chongqing's central urban area, Liangping, Ya'an and Mianyang. In addition, we analyze the centrality status of different cities in the outward and inward perspective and further explore the factors that cause these differences in centrality. The results show that the centrality of the information network is not sensitive to the basic strength of the city, and it is the accessibility, including high-speed rail transportation access and telecommunication access, which controls the centrality of the city network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This paper takes the Yinchuan–Chongqing high-speed railway (HSR) as an example and proposes an auxiliary strategy for the traditional line planning scheme. With the increasing density of China's high-speed railway line network, this method can be applied to railway station selection, line design, and other similar practices. It may also be applied to other line scenarios such as highways in the future. The Yinchuan–Chongqing high-speed railway (HSR) is one of the "ten vertical and ten horizontal" comprehensive transportation channels in the National 13th Five-Year Plan for Mid- and Long-Term Railway Network. However, the choice of node stations on this line is controversial. In this paper, the problem of high-speed railway station selection is transformed into a classification problem under the edge graph structure in complex networks, and a Scatter-GNN model is proposed to predict stations. The article first uses the Node2vec algorithm to perform a biased random walk on the railway network to generate the vector representation of each station. Secondly, an adaptive method is proposed, which derives the critical value of edge stations through the pinching rule, and then effectively identifies the edge stations in the high-speed railway network. Next, the calculation method of Hadamard product is used to represent the potential neighbors of edge sites, and then the attention mechanism is used to predict the link between all potential neighbors and their corresponding edge sites. After the link prediction, the final high-speed railway network is obtained, and it is input into the GNN classifier together with the line label to complete the station prediction. Experiments show that: Baoji and Hanzhong are more likely to become node stations in this north–south railway trunk line. The Scatter-GNN classifier optimizes the site selection strategy by calculating the connection probabilities between two or more candidate routes and comparing their results. This may reduce manual selection costs and ease geographic evaluation burdens. The model proposed in this paper can be used as an auxiliary strategy for the traditional route planning scheme, which may become a new way of thinking to study such problems in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of economy, the increasing number of motor vehicles and the total road mileage, which leads to the increasingly prominent traffic safety problems. In order to explore the quantitative relationship between the built environment and the risk of urban road traffic safety, this paper reconstructs the built environment system based on the '5D' element model of the built environment combined with the factors influencing traffic safety risks, and describes the built environment from multiple aspects such as density, diversity &traffic design etc, and then build the gradient lift decision tree model to explore the importance and dependency of variables. The empirical analysis selects a district in Chongqing as the research unit, and the results show that: the RMSE the model was 0.0036, the MAPE was 1.9%, and the determination coefficient R2 was 0.84. GBDT algorithm results shows: the cumulative importance of population density, road facilities, intersection density, secondary road and branch road density, average intersection distance, land use mix, and economic density reaches 77.87%. Some variables show obvious nonlinearity and threshold effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing frequency of emergencies in recent years, the emergency response capacity of the emergency management system needs to be improved. Based on safety stock strategy, this paper proposes a multilevel siting model on the topic of mobile emergency response. We modeled the emergency response needs during emergencies by incorporating the population distribution of each region. The uncertainty of emergencies is modeled by aggregating the frequency of crises in each region over the past 20 years. The site selection model minimizes contingency logistics costs that include transshipment, deployment, inventory, and safety stock costs. In this paper, the IA (Immune Algorithm) is optimized to solve the constructed emergency site selection model. The experiments on the model were carried out with data from the area of Chongqing, Sichuan Province. The number of logistics centers and distribution storage warehouses was tested. The influence of safety stock strategy on the total cost of emergency logistics was analyzed. The research results found that the cost of safety stock is negatively related to the cost of transshipment. In addition, the total cost of emergency logistics has a lower bound. Adding distribution and storage warehouses does not further reduce the total emergency logistics cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Business incubators are advantageous to new venture legitimacy because they provide rich access to entrepreneurial resources, and their incubation networks can offer endorsement to incubatees. However, empirical evidence on this topic is limited, and the existing literature relies predominantly on the Western context. Given that not all developing country incubators have resourceful and reputable external entrepreneurial networks as in the industrialized countries, and that new ventures need to build legitimacy along cognitive and socio-political dimensions that require different actions to influence different stakeholders, this study investigates empirically how business incubators facilitate their incubatees to build legitimacy in a context where resource and reputation conditions are weak. The purpose of this paper is to clarify how business incubators perform legitimacy-building roles effectively. Design/methodology/approach: A multiple case study of business incubators in Chongqing, a second-tier Chinese city, is presented. Using grounded theory, this paper draws its findings from a synthesis of interviews and secondary data of seven incubators and their ten incubatees. Findings: The legitimacy-building role of business incubators is performed well in this research context. Evidence is presented that incubators play different roles in building different dimensions of incubatees' legitimacy. Government-associated incubators play a salient role in building incubatees' socio-political legitimacy whilst non-government related incubators shape their incubatees' cognitive legitimacy. Originality/value: This study contributes to the business incubators literature by revealing how incubators perform the legitimacy-building role when their resource endorsement is weak. The results suggest that incubators need to strengthen their ties with external stakeholders and that new ventures need to take key stakeholders into consideration when they select incubators to enter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explored features of hedges in college students' English writing at different language levels and their differences from native students' writing. The 2000 writing texts by students from 3 key universities and 8 ordinary universities in Chongqing and Sichuan Province were offered by China Wordnet Company who initiated English writing campaign in 2016. The result showed that compared with native students, students from key and ordinary universities used more hedges, relied on a narrow range of hedges and offered stronger commitments to statements. Language level did not play a decisive role in these aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common chronic neurological complication of diabetes mellitus. Medications are often used to relieve pain, but with significant side effects. Acupuncture is now a component of pragmatic and integrative treatment for PDN. An increasing number of relevant randomized controlled trials have been published in recent years, but a comprehensive meta-analysis has not yet been performed. The aim of this paper is to verify the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for PDN by metaanalysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA). Methods: All participants in this study should have had a PDN diagnosis and the trial group was treated with acupuncture. Eight databases, including EMbase, PubMed, Web of science, Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang and Chongqing VIP (CQVIP) were retrieved from inception to 5 April 2023. Meta-analysis was conducted utilizing RevMan 5.3 and Stata 15.0. TSA was performed to assess the adequacy of sample size for the outcomes. Results: A total of 36 studies, comprising 2,739 PDN patients, were included. Among them, 1,393 patients were assigned to the trial group and 1,346 patients were treated in the control group. Outcomes covers the primary indicator Total effective rate (RR = 1.42, 95%CI [1.34, 1.52], p < 0.00001), with 21 studies reported, Pain intensity (SMD = -1.27, 95%CI [-1.58, -0.95], p < 0.00001), with 23 studies reported, and other outcomes, including motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV; MD = 3.58, 95%CI [2.77, 4.38], p < 0.00001), sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV; MD = 3.62, 95%CI [2.75, 4.49], p < 0.00001), Depression score (SMD = -1.02, 95%CI [1.58, 0.46]), Toronto clinical scoring system (TCSS; MD = -2.41, 95%CI [-3.37, -1.45], p < 0.00001), Quality of life (SMD = 1.06, 95%CI [0.66, 1.46]), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score (MD = -4.99, 95%CI [-6.79, -3.18], p < 0.00001), suggesting that acupuncture have an ameliorating effect on PDN in various respect. Egger's test revealed publication bias for four outcomes. TSA showed that as for Total effective rate, Pain Intensity, MCV and SCV, the number of included studies was sufficient to support the conclusions. Conclusion: Acupuncture demonstrates significant effectiveness in improving PDN outcomes, including Total effective rate, Pain intensity, MCV, SCV, Depression score, TCSS, Quality of life, TCM syndrome score. But the Adverse events rate is no different in trail group and control group. The publication bias presented in Total effective rate, Pain intensity, MCV and SCV can be remedied by Trim and filling method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires cause great losses to the ecological environment, economy, and people's safety and belongings. As a result, it is crucial to establish wildfire susceptibility models and delineate fire risk levels. It has been proven that the use of remote sensing data, such as meteorological and topographical data, can effectively predict and evaluate wildfire susceptibility. Accordingly, this paper converts meteorological and topographical data into fire-influencing factor raster maps for wildfire susceptibility prediction. The continuous convolutional neural network (CCNN for short) based on coordinate attention (CA for short) can aggregate different location information into channels of the network so as to enhance the feature expression ability; moreover, for different patches with different resolutions, the improved CCNN model does not need to change the structural parameters of the network, which improves the flexibility of the network application in different forest areas. In order to reduce the annotation of training samples, we adopt an active learning method to learn positive features by selecting high-confidence samples, which contributes to enhancing the discriminative ability of the network. We use fire probabilities output from the model to evaluate fire risk levels and generate the fire susceptibility map. Taking Chongqing Municipality in China as an example, the experimental results show that the CA-based CCNN model has a better classification performance; the accuracy reaches 91.7%, and AUC reaches 0.9487, which is 5.1% and 2.09% higher than the optimal comparative method, respectively. Furthermore, if an accuracy of about 86% is desired, our method only requires 50% of labeled samples and thus saves about 20% and 40% of the labeling efforts compared to the other two methods, respectively. Ultimately, the proposed model achieves the balance of high prediction accuracy and low annotation cost and is more helpful in classifying fire high warning zones and fire-free zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban regeneration is a sound, sustainable urban development strategy globally. In China, promoting urban regeneration has become the national sustainable urban strategy. Under the resource constraint, it is necessary to understand what benefits different types of urban regeneration projects can contribute to urban development. Much research has contributed to evaluating the benefits of urban regeneration on the project scale. The systematic investigation of their effects on surrounding economic vitality, especially the comparison between different types of projects, is relatively downplayed. This paper aims to evaluate and compare the effects of urban regeneration projects on surrounding economic vitality by calculating the change in housing prices. Chongqing is selected as the case city. Based on the housing transaction data from 2015 to 2021, a staggered difference-in-difference method is employed to capture the results. The finding shows that the overall effects are significantly negative, especially within a 400–800 m radius. Higher investment or better project location relates to stronger negative effects. Moreover, the differences in effects among the three types of urban regeneration projects are clearly revealed from diverse perspectives. It provides a valuable reference for policymakers and urban planners to make urban regeneration planning better by considering comprehensive benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of Chinese society, there is an increasing demand for emissions reduction and the stable operation of the power grid. Regional comprehensive energy supply systems have entered the public's view owing to their advantages of reducing capacity, unified dispatch, improving efficiency, and reducing energy consumption. This paper focuses on a system under construction in Chongqing, which adopts a combined gas tri-supply (combined cooling, heat, and power, CCHP) and dynamic ice storage cooling system as the research object. By establishing a mathematical model for the simulation research, this study examines the start–stop priority sequence of the gas tri-supply subsystem and the heat pump subsystem under the ice storage priority strategy in winter and summer and proposes corresponding optimization solutions. By comparing the annual operating energy consumption of the system, we conclude that the gas tri-supply composite system has good economic efficiency and peak-shaving capability, indicating that regional gas tri-supply composite systems have great application potential in the future. The proposed optimized operation strategy and simulated energy consumption calculation provide theoretical guidance for the construction and operation of both this project and similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the efficiency of the "last-mile" distribution in urban logistics and solve the problem of the difficult charging of electric logistics vehicles (ELVs), this paper proposes a charging station location optimization scheme for ELVs that takes into account time-window and load constraints (TW-LCs). Taking the optimal transportation path as the objective function and considering the time-window and vehicle load constraints, a charging station siting model was established. For the TW-LC problem, an improved genetic algorithm combining the farthest-insertion heuristic idea and local search operation was designed. Three different types of standardized arithmetic examples, C type, R type, and RC type, were used to test the proposed algorithm and compare it with the traditional genetic algorithm. The results indicate that, under the same conditions, compared to the traditional genetic algorithm, the improved genetic algorithm reduced the optimal path length by an average of 11.12%. It also decreased the number of charging stations selected, the number of vehicles in use, and the algorithm complexity by 22.97%, 13.71%, and 46.81%. Building on this, a case study was conducted on the TW-LC problem in a specific area of Chongqing, China. It resulted in a 50% reduction in the number of charging stations and a 25% reduction in the number of vehicles selected. In terms of economic indicators, the proposed algorithm improves unit electricity sales by 73.88% and reduces the total annualized cost of the logistics company by 18.81%, providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent promotion of ELVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the application of intergenerational theory as its analytical framework, this paper seeks to provide new insights into the social construction of sugar-sweetened food and food practices in the context of contemporary urban China, drawing on 16 months' in-depth qualitative research in the city of Chongqing. From an intergenerational perspective, it argues that although adults and children both typically construct sugar-sweetened food as "bad" for health based on the logic of its biological meaning, there are more generational differences in the understandings of sociocultural meanings associated with these foods, which are the main reasons may lead to intergenerational conflict. Caregivers tend to regard their control of children's sugar-sweetened food intake as a means to discipline their children's bodies and develop food moralities. However, children themselves are likely to perform sugar-sweetened food practices as a way of socializing and sometimes resisting the control of caregivers. Based on this, this paper further shows that these diverse views are rooted in the tension between caregivers' anxiety about the transmission of food moralities through intensive parenting practices and children's agency in food consumption in contemporary urban China. These findings enhance intergenerational-theoretical research and highlight the need to move beyond the analytical framework of "behaviour change" in related food and health studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tunnel smooth blasting, optimizing the water interval charging structure of peripheral holes is of great significance in improving the effect of smooth blasting and reducing the unit consumption of explosives. Addressing the issue of a single traditional evaluation standard, this paper proposes a composite index evaluation method for rock blasting damage in different zones, and the best charging structure is optimized according to the evaluation results. Taking Liyue Road Tunnel Light Smooth Blasting Project in Chongqing as the Research Background, the numeric models were established with ten kinds of charge structures, the charge structures and explosive quantity were optimized according to the evaluation results, and then the field tests were conducted. The results show that when the length of the water medium at the bottom of the hole is 20 cm, the damage range of the retained rock mass can be controlled while ensuring rock fragmentation. If the length of the water medium at the orifice and in the center of the hole is more than 30 cm, it will affect the superposition effect of the blast stress wave, resulting in under-excavation; in the preferred charge structure, the ratio of the length of the upper and lower explosives reaches 1:3, and the ratio of the length of the water medium is 2:2:1, which achieves a better rock-breaking effect in the field test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freshwater discharge from melting ice sheets in the deglaciation or glaciation is prone to anomalies in ocean-atmosphere transport between different latitudes, which can lead to a series of abrupt millennial-scale climate events, either obvious or not, such as the Younger Dryas (YD) events and YD-like events. Marine Isotope Stage 11c (MIS 11c) serves as one of the best references for the current Holocene, and the studies of possible YD-like events and their triggering mechanisms during Holocene are conducive to the understanding of the occurrence pattern of extreme climate events. In this paper, the results of the study on the J33 δ18O sequence records of stalagmites in Jinfo Cave, Chongqing, are shown: (1) Stalagmites in the Asian monsoon climate zone reveal a millennial-scale weak monsoon event that occurred around 410 ka BP prior to the Glacial Maximum of MIS 11 interglacial period. (2) Both the 410 ka weak monsoon event and the YD event occurred during the gradual strengthening of the monsoon and ascending branch of summer insolation in the Northern Hemisphere prior to the Glacial Maximum of interglacial period. This was also a time when Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) disturbance occurred. The duration, internal structure, and pattern of the events were similar, with differences in the change magnitude and ice volume conditions. (3) The weak monsoon event that occurred in 410 ka BP was primarily influenced by the combined effects of insolation and AMOC. This event was characterized by a sustained warming process that accelerated the melting of the Greenland ice sheet, leading to the destabilization of this ice sheet. The continuous flowing of freshwater into the North Atlantic resulted in a short-lived AMOC oscillation. The weakening of the AMOC resulted in a cold anomaly over the North Atlantic. As a result of atmospheric telecorrelation, the weaker AMOC led to a weaker Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle in China, the recommended bearing capacity of a medium-weathering mudstone foundation is less than the capacity of the rock structure to withstand loads. The aim of this paper was to perform plate loading tests (PLTs) with binocular vision measurement (BVM) to obtain the accurate deformation of the foundation under vertical loading. The results revealed that vertical load–bearing foundations have a failure mode that can be reduced to that of thrust failures for thin bedded structures of mudstone foundations. By analyzing the differences in results between the PLTs and the uniaxial compressive strength tests under the same conditions, a new formalism for calculating foundation-bearing capacity was proposed; there is only a 5% difference compared to in situ tests. The results of this research provide theoretical support and a practical benchmark for the full development of the load-bearing capability of soft red rocks. As the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle progresses toward the international urban cluster, inevitably, soft rock is used as a foundation retaining layer in the construction of superhigh and super-rise buildings in the region. However, owing to antiquated testing methods and poor intelligibility of the testing equipment, the bearing capacity of such a mass of rock has yet to be fully developed and cannot meet the dual-carbon economic goals and sustainable development of architectural design. Based on this, the study introduces a noncontact method to measure the bearing capacity of soft rock within the traditional method of in situ testing and combines the concept of big data analysis to advance an empirical method for calculating the bearing capacity accurately. Based on the results of this study, the concept of natural foundations can be adopted and the engineering dilemma that the treatment of building foundations cannot be economical and practical can be solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilient cities provide a new operating mechanism for sustainable urban development and can effectively reduce urban disaster losses. Urban resilience has become an important research topic, but few scholars focus on the urban resilience of urban agglomerations in western China. Therefore, this paper takes the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration of China as the study area and aims to evaluate the resilience level of cities in typical regions of western China. This study uses multiple interdisciplinary methods, such as the entropy weight method, Theil index, and geographically and temporally weighted regression, to evaluate the resilience levels of 16 cities in the region and discuss the influencing factors of regional urban resilience. The results show that the urban resilience of cities in the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration has evolved from a low to high level. Additionally, there are significant spatial differences in urban resilience in the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration, and the resilience levels of cities in the east and west of the region are relatively high, while the resilience levels of cities in the south and north are relatively low. Further research found that factors such as administrative level, marketization level, industrial structure, population density, urbanization level, and emergency facility level all have a significant positive impact on the improvement of urban resilience, but this impact has spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Based on the above research results, the strategies have been proposed from the perspective of sustainable urban development to provide a new theoretical support and decision-making reference for improving the resilience level of urban agglomerations in western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Organic pollutants' transport, transformation, and biological effectiveness in soils depend mainly on their chemical forms. Therefore, in addition to studying the total content of pollutants, it is essential to understand the forms of organic pollutants in soils. In this study, we measured the speciations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including desorbing fraction, non-desorbing fraction, and bound residues, in soil samples from the Zhongliangshan karst terrain in Chongqing, southwest China. We also investigated the occurrence of PAHs in soils of the region. Moreover, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze the relationship between soil properties and different speciations of PAHs in soils. The contents of ΣPAH16 ranged from 319.69–1215.64 ng/g, with a mean value of 615.02 ng/g. Desorbing fraction PAHs were significant, accounting for 34–81% of the total PAHs. The ratio of different speciations ordered as soluble > organic solvent extracted > bound residues. 2-3-ring were the major components of the total PAHs content in soils and desorbing fraction. PCA analysis determined that soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and soil bulk density significantly affected the non-desorbing fraction, and pH and total organic carbon (TOC) had a significant positive correlation with the bound residues. The karst area is a complex and fragile ecosystem. The speciation of PAHs in soils is of great importance for assessing their risk and for remediation. However, most studies have focused on the concentration and distribution of PAHs in karst soils. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated the distribution of PAHs in soils in karst areas by investigating the distribution of different speciations of PAHs in soils. We also investigated the key factors influencing the distribution of different speciations. Materials and methods: Ten sites were selected in Zhongliangshan karst terrain, where 0–20 cm of soil was collected and the concentrations of 16 PAHs were measured. Three speciations of 16 PAHs in soils were extracted by sequential extraction. And the standard methods recommended by the Chinese Society of Soil Science were used to determine the basic soil properties. Result and discussion: In this study, we measured the speciation of PAHs in soil samples from the Zhongliangshan karst terrain in Chongqing, southwest China, including desorbing fraction, non-desorbing fraction, and bound residues. The total content of the 16 PAHs ranged from 319.69 to 1215.64 ng/g, with an average value of 615.02 ng/g. The desorbing fraction was significant, accounting for 34–81% of the total PAHs. The ratio of different speciations is ordered as desorbing fraction > non-desorbing fraction > bound residues. 2–3-ring were the major components of the total PAHs content in soils and each speciation. The PCA results show a significant effect of soil organic matter, TN, and soil bulk density on the non-desorbing fraction. pH and TOC had a relatively significant positive correlation with bound residues. Conclusions: This paper investigated the contamination status of PAHs in surface soils in the karst terrain of southwest China, and the speciation of PAHs. Under the special geological structure background in karst areas, studying the occurrence forms and influencing factors of PAHs pollutants in soils is of great significance for a deeper understanding of the occurrence forms of pollutants and effective control of their diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast majority of rural settlements in Western China are located in the ecologically sensitive and diverse mountainous environment, which also experienced rapid changes in policy and institutional interventions over the past 40 years. At present, in the transitional period of "post-poverty alleviation," they have more opportunities to re-integrate themselves into the large regional development. However, there is a lack of systematic evaluation and cognition of the related functions of the spatial structure between the settlements at the regional village scale and town scale. Therefore, in this paper, the theory of complex adaptive system and its analytical NK model were introduced, and a quantitative measurement framework was constructed for the adaptability level of this kind of rural settlement spatial structure organization so as to explore the effective path for its global optimization. Taking Xinglong Town of Chongqing in the western mountainous area as an example, it was found from the analysis that (1) the number of villages at a high comprehensive adaptation level has increased over time, which has an obvious positive correlation with the construction of transportation network, and a structural adsorption effect. (2) The spatial structure of the rural settlement system in the region has changed from weak industrial nodes – traffic single branch connection – public service decentralized coverage in 2010 to the organizational adaptation characteristics of stable industrial agglomeration – traffic expansion and extension – public service continuous coverage in 2019. (3) The spatial elements related to industry and public service in each village have an increasingly significant impact on the reconstruction and differentiation of its spatial structure. Finally, based on the changing trend of adaptability level and the correlation characteristics of regional space, in this paper, the spatial structure optimization strategy of Xinglong Town is put forward, which provides a reference basis for the coordinated development of the town and village space under the township-level planning in the western region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aims of this paper is to establish an appropriate physical-change-based renewal (PCBR) projects selection mechanism capable of selecting the combination of the PCBR projects that can make up an integrated urban renewal program in high-density cities. Design/methodology/approach: The research design follows a sequential integrated methodology that combines the calculation algorithms of Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (Fuzzy-ANP) with Zero-One Goal Programming (ZOGP) to support decisions for the selection of PCBR projects. In the first phase, general criteria for assessing the sustainability performance of PCBR projects were collected from relevant literature. In the second phase, the Fuzzy-ANP was used to identify the priority weights of the candidate projects through clarifying the interdependent degree between the criteria and candidate projects. Finally, ZOGP method was selected as a predetermined number of PCBR projects among candidate projects. Findings: The feasibility and effectiveness of this hybrid approach is then verified in a case study of Yuzhong District, Chongqing in China. The results of this study indicate that the integrated method is capable of directing the decision maker toward the best compromising solution of PCBR program that can achieve the maximization of sustainable benefits and allocate limited resources most efficiently. Originality/value: The novelty of this paper consists in combining the algorithms of the Fuzzy-ANP method with those of the ZOGP model that serves as an effective analysis tool to address practical decision problems. This is the first hybrid algorithms to make PCBR projects selection decision that reach the maximization of the sustainable benefits, both in economic and socio-environmental terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle (hereinafter referred to as "Chengyu Region") is a key construction region of China's major development strategy. The development of regional tourism plays an important role in the optimization of regional economy and industrial structure. In this paper, ArcGIS 10.5 was used as the main analysis tool to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of A-level tourist attractions in Chengyu Region, and makes factor analysis and interactive analysis on the factors affecting the distribution of tourist attractions by geographic detector model. The results show that: 1. The distribution of tourism attractions in Chengyu Region is mainly concentrated type, and the distribution of the natural landscape, cultural landscape, rural pastoral and modern entertainment in Chengyu Region are all concentrated type. 2. In terms of the distribution characteristics of kernel density, there is a significant deviation between the spatial distribution of A-level tourist attractions and tourism income in Chengyu Region. Through the analysis of the dynamic development of A-level tourist attractions in 2010, 2015 and 2021, tourism in Chengyu Region show a good situation of "driven by two cities and blooming in many places." Among them, Chengdu and Chongqing have obvious advantages, and Yibin has become an important city second only to Chengdu and Chongqing. 3. In terms of spatial correlation, the spatial distribution of A-level tourist attractions in Chengyu Region has a significant spatial autocorrelation. The local spatial autocorrelation of A-level tourist attractions includes H–H (high-high), H–L (high-low) and L–H (low–high) clustering types. 4. In terms of influencing factors, traffic location, water system, topography and social and economic development level are the important factors affecting the spatial distribution of regional A-level tourist attractions. Among them, the level of social and economic development has the greatest impact on regional tourism. Finally, based on relevant theories, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for regional coordinated development, so as to guide the sustainable development and management innovation of regional tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "14th Five-Year Plan" period is a crucial phase for China to achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality (referred to as the "double carbon"). Thus, it is very important to analyze the main factors affecting carbon emissions and accurately predict the change of carbon emissions to achieve the goal of double carbon. For the slow data updates and the low accuracy of traditional prediction models about the carbon emissions, the key factors of carbon emissions change selected by gray correlation method and the consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas were input into four single prediction models: gray prediction model GM(1,1), ridge regression, BP neural network, and WOA-BP neural network to obtain the fitted and predicted values of carbon emissions, which serve as input to the particle swarm optimization–extreme learning machine (PSO-ELM) model together. Based on the PSO-ELM combined prediction method above and the scenario prediction indicators constructed according to relevant policy documents of Chongqing Municipality, the carbon emission values of Chongqing Municipality during the 14th Five-Year Plan period are predicted in this paper. The empirical results show that carbon emissions of Chongqing Municipality still maintain an upward trend, but the growth rate slow down compared with 1998 to 2018. In general, the carbon emission and GDP of Chongqing Municipality showed a weak decoupling state during 1998 to 2025. By calculation, the PSO-ELM combined prediction model is superior to the above four single prediction models in carbon emission prediction and has good property by the robust testing. The research results can enrich the combined prediction method about the carbon emissions and provide policy suggestions for Chongqing's low-carbon development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study takes 10 urban agglomerations in China as the research object, focusing on the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, and applies Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure and compare their scientific input and output efficiency of universities. First, this paper analyzes the input and output of scientific research in universities in major provinces in China in detail. Second, according to the construction principles of the indicator system, using qualitative interview to construct evaluation indicators of university research efficiency. Third, using DEA method, first analyze the input and output profile of some urban agglomeration universities such as Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle, measure and compare their research input and output efficiency, then compare and analyze the research efficiency of research-type sample universities within Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle, and conduct a projection study of non-DEA effective sample universities. The main conclusions are as follows: first, the average efficiency of scientific research in universities in Chengdu-Chongqing and other urban agglomerations in 2020 has slightly increased compared with that in 2016, but the gap between urban agglomerations is prominent, and the innovation level of scientific research in higher education institutions in urban agglomerations needs to be improved. Second, there is a mismatch between the themes of research, funding and human resources in research-oriented universities in the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle. Third, there is considerable room for improvement in research efficiency, and the influence of scale on overall efficiency is weak. We found that excessive investment in scientific research in universities is the main reason for the non-effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on sorting out the architectural historical materials of Tang and Song Dynasties reflected in the rock caves of Sichuan and Chongqing area, this paper discusses the evolution of dougong [...], roof forms and architectural groups in the Tang and Five Dynasties Period in this area. At the same time, the paper compares some timber architecture features from Tang to Song Dynasties reflected in rock caves with existing buildings, so as to supplement and demonstrate the development process of some architectural features. The above research reveals the main historical value of these architectural historical materials: firstly, they supplement the absence of ancient wooden structures from Tang to Song Dynasties in Sichuan and Chongqing to some extent; secondly, they witness the spread of some architectural cultures between the northern and southwestern regions from Tang to Song Dynasties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge sharing among teachers is one of the important ways to improve their teaching and research ability. From the perspectives of teachers' knowledge sharing willingness, knowledge sharing ability, knowledge sharing environment, knowledge sharing technology support, knowledge sharing effect, and so forth, this paper constructs a teacher knowledge sharing behavior evaluation model, develops a knowledge sharing behavior evaluation index system, and proposes a comprehensive teacher's knowledge sharing behavior evaluation method based on the improved entropy-TOPSIS method. This is a comprehensive evaluation method combining subjective and objective weights, which avoids the subjectivity of traditional expert evaluation methods and other multilevel and multi-index weight determination methods and makes the evaluation results more objective, accurate, and more realistic. Finally, by taking the example of evaluating knowledge sharing behavior of teachers in a university of Chongqing, China, this paper verifies the feasibility and practicability of the proposed comprehensive teachers' knowledge sharing behavior evaluation system and method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 is the main greenhouse gas. Urban spatial development, land use, and so on may be affected by CO2 and climate change. The main questions studied in this paper are as follows: What are the drivers of CO2 emissions of expanding megacities? How can they be analyzed from different perspectives? Do the results differ for megacities at different stages of development? Based on the XGBoost model, this paper explored the complex factors affecting CO2 emissions by using data of four Chinese megacities, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing, from 2003 to 2017. The main findings are as follows: The XGBoost model has better applicability and accuracy in predicting carbon emissions of expanding megacities, with root mean square error (RMSE) as low as 0.036. Under the synergistic effect of multiple factors, population, land size, and gross domestic product are still the primary driving forces of CO2 emissions. Population density and population become more important in the single-factor analysis. The key drivers of CO2 emissions in megacities at respective developmental stages are different. This paper provides methods and tools for accurately predicting CO2 emissions and measuring the critical drivers. Furthermore, it could provide decision support for megacities to make targeted carbon-emission-reduction strategies based on their own developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of the urban economy and service economy, the decoupling of service industry land expansion from economic growth has always been a key measure to evaluate sustainable and healthy development. Based on the decoupling model and GIS spatial analysis method, this paper conducted an empirical study of Chinese cities from 2012 to 2019. Results: (1) Increasing spatial heterogeneity, correlation and agglomeration of land expansion were found in China's urban service industry and its economic growth; (2) Most cities were in weak decoupling, with evolved, degraded and unchanged cities accounting for one-third each, and the number of cities in negative decoupling was increasing, leading to increasingly diverse and complex decoupling relationships; (3) From the perspective of changes in the urban service industry land and its decoupling from economic growth, HH cities were clustered in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei and Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomerations in a continuous belt pattern, while LL and HL cities were mostly in the north, especially in the northeast, creating many cluster-like agglomerations that have become problematic spaces; (4) A significant synergistic effect was identified between the factors of urban permanent population, value added of the secondary industry, per capita GDP, government financial expenditure, international trade, foreign direct investment, total retail of commodities, and authorized patents, with factor pairs formed showing nonlinear enhancement. The factor value added of the secondary industry had the largest direct impact, while urban permanent population and foreign direct investment led in terms of net synergies; (5) It is recommended to introduce classified and differentiated urban service industry land use policies, plan and build a number of national, provincial and municipal modern service industry clusters, demonstrate changes in land supply and use, build a scientific and efficient land resource allocation and management system, guard against and prevent recoupling and effectively improve the ability of cities to achieve high-quality economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings consume large amounts of energy resources and emit considerable amounts of greenhouse gases, especially existing buildings that do not meet energy standards. Building retrofitting is considered one of the most promising and significant solutions to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, finding suitable energy efficiency measures for existing buildings is extremely difficult due to the existence of thousands of retrofit measures and the need to meet various objectives. In this paper, a multi-stage decision framework, including a multi-objective optimization model, and a ranking method are proposed to help decision-makers select the optimal energy efficiency measures. The multi-objective optimization model considers the economic and environmental objectives, expressed as the retrofit cost and energy consumption, respectively. The entropy weight ideal point ranking method, an evaluation and ranking method that combines the entropy weight method and ideal point method, is adopted to sort the Pareto front and make a final decision. Then, the proposed decision framework was implemented for the retrofit planning of an educational building in Chongqing, China. The results show that decision-makers can quickly identify near-optimal energy efficiency measures through multi-objective optimization and can select suitable energy efficiency measures using the ranking method. Moreover, energy consumption can be reduced by building retrofitting. The energy consumption of the case building was 64.20 kWh/m2 before retrofitting, and the value can be reduced by 6.79% through retrofitting. Furthermore, the reduction in building energy consumption was significantly improved by applying the decision framework. The highest value of energy consumption was 59.84 kWh/m2, while the lowest value was 27.11 kWh/m2 when implementing the multi-stage decision framework. Thus, this paper provides a useful decision framework for decision-makers to formulate suitable energy efficiency measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overpasses and the terrain under them in Chongqing, a mountainous city in China, are complex and diverse, and some spaces under the overpasses are integrated and reconstructed into the underpass green space for citizens to stroll about or have a rest. From the perspective of visitor perception, this paper constructs a perception evaluation system of the environmental characteristics of underpass green space in mountainous cities from the following five environmental perception dimensions: path organization, security, aesthetic value, physical environment, activities and cultural. The IPA-Kano model is used to quantify environmental perception, and the main environmental factors affecting the improvement of recreation satisfaction of underpass green space in three types of terrain are explored, with a view to improving the environment and service functions of underpass green spaces in high-density interchange networks in mountainous cities, and enhancing the attractiveness of underpass green spaces. It can be found from the study that: (1) Among the five environmental perception dimensions, visitors pay more attention to the physical environment quality of the underpass green space and their physical and psychological activity experience, while their demands for visual senses are relatively low. Due to the deficiency or lack of leisure facilities, sports facilities, children's playgrounds and amusement equipment, the dimension of "activities and cultural perception" of the underpass green space has the lowest scores of all. (2) The existing sites, facilities and landscape resources of the underpass green space, different terrain types and underpass environment are the important reasons that affect the performance of environmental perception factors and their priority ranking results. (3) The improvement of security of the arrival path or sports facilities is beneficial to improve visitor satisfaction of underpass green space of three types of terrain. The number of environmental factors to be optimized of the three types of terrain are ranked as: mountainous green space > flat green space > concave green space. Among them, four environmental factors have a high priority in two kinds of underpass green space, which are the distribution and quantity of leisure facilities, the effect of noise reduction and sound insulation, the adequacy of activity venues and the distribution and quantity of sports facilities. Finally, according to the particularity of the underpass environment and the characteristics of three types of terrain, this paper puts forward some suggestions for optimizing the service function of underpass green space from five perceptual dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]