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Two novel actinobacteria, designated as SYSU M7M538T and SYSU M7M531, were isolated from oral of Eumetopias jubatus in Zhuhai Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, China. The cells of these microorganisms stained Gram-positive and were rod shaped. These strains were facultative anaerobic, and catalase-positive. Optimal growth occurred at 37 °C and pH 7.0 over 7 days of cultivation. Both strains possessed diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphocholine as the major polar lipids. The main menaquinone was MK-9(H 4). The major fatty acids were C 16:0 , C 17:1 w 8 c , C 17:0 , C 18:1 w 9 c and C 18:0. Analyses of genome sequences revealed that the genome size of SYSU M7M538T was 2.1 Mbp with G + C content of 52.5 %, while the genome size of SYSU M7M531 was 2.3 Mbp with G + C content of 52.7 %. The ANI and 16S rRNA gene analysis results showed that the pairwise similarities between the two strains and other recognized Nitriliruptoria species were less than 64.9 % and 89.0 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains SYSU M7M538T and SYSU M7M531 formed a well-separated phylogenetic branch distinct from other orders of Nitriliruptoria. Based on the data presented here, these two strains are considered to represent a novel species of a novel genus, for which the name Stomatohabitans albus gen. nov., sp. nov., with the type strain SYSU M7M538T (=KCTC 59113T = GDMCC 1.4286T), are proposed. We also propose that these organisms represent a novel family named Stomatohabitantaceae fam. nov. of a novel order Stomatohabitantales ord. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Gram-stain-negative strains, designed SYSU M86414 T and SYSU M84420, were isolated from marine sediment samples of the South China Sea (Sansha City, Hainan Province, PR China). These strains were aerobic and could grow at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), 4-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), and in the presence of 0-10 % NaCl (w/v; optimum 3 %). The predominant respiratory menaquinone of strains SYSU M86414 T and SYSU M84420 was MK-6. The primary cellular polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) in both strains were iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 1 G, and iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content of strains SYSU M86414 T and SYSU M84420 were both 42.10 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and core genes indicated that these novel strains belonged to the genus Flagellimonas and strain SYSU M86414 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flagellimonas marinaquae JCM 11811 T (98.83 %), followed by Flagellimonas aurea BC31-1-A7 T (98.62 %), while strain SYSU M84420 had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to F. marinaquae JCM 11811 T (98.76 %) and F. aurea BC31-1-A7 T (98.55 %). Based on the results of polyphasic analyses, strains SYSU M86414 T and SYSU M84420 should be considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flagellimonas , for which the name Flagellimonas halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the proposed novel isolate is SYSU M86414 T (=GDMCC 1.3806 T =KCTC 102040 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, ovoid-shaped and yellow-coloured strain, designated SYSU M79828 T , was isolated from seawater collected from the South China Sea. Growth of this strain was observed at 4-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-6% NaCl (optimum, 3.0 %, w/v). The respiratory quinone was found to be Q-10. Major fatty acid constituents were C 18 : 1  ω 7 c /C 18 : 1  ω 6 c , C 18 : 1 ω 7 c 11-methyl and C 18 : 0 (>5 % of total). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphoglycolipid, two unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified lipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 64.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and core genes indicated that strain SYSU M79828 T belonged to the genus Cereibacter and had the highest sequences similarity to ' Rhodobacter xinxiangensis ' TJ48 T (98.41 %). Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, physiological and chemotaxonomic characterizations, we consider that strain SYSU M79828 T represents a novel species of the genus Cereibacter , for which the name Cereibacter flavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU M79828 T (=GDMCC 1.3803 T =KCTC 92893 T ). In addition, according to the results of phylogenetic analysis and similar taxonomic characteristics, we propose that Rhodobacter alkalitolerans should be reclassified as Cereibacter alkalitolerans comb. nov.

Two novel strains, designated XJ19-45 T and XJ19-1, were isolated from water of Kuche River in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Their cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and motile rods. The phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes and genomes showed that the two isolates belonged to the genus Devosia and the closest relative was Devosia subaequoris HST3-14 T . The 16S rRNA genes sequences pairwise similarities, average nucleotide identities, digital DNA-DNA hybridizations and average amino acid identities between type strain XJ19-45 T and other relatives were all less than 98.3, 80.3, 23.6 and 85.7 %, respectively, all below the species delineation thresholds. Pan-genomic analysis indicated that the novel isolate XJ19-45 T shared 1594 core gene clusters with the 11 closely related type strains in Devosia , and the number of strain-specific clusters was 390. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) of the two isolates were summed feature 8, C 18 : 1 ω 7c 11-methyl and C 16 : 0 . Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipids were the major polar lipids, and Q10 was the detected respiratory quinone. Based on the results of phenotypic, physiological, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characterizations, we propose that the isolates represent a novel species, for which the name Devosia ureilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XJ19-45 T (=CGMCC 1.19388 T =KCTC 92263 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 90414 T , was isolated from sediment sampled at a saline lake in Yuncheng, Shanxi, PR China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH 90414 T were Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic and non-motile. Growth occured at 4-40 °C, pH 5.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CFH 90414 T was a member of the genus Agromyces . The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that strain CFH 90414 T was most closely related to Agromyces italicus JCM 14320 T (98.07 %) and Agromyces lapidis JCM 14321 T (97.18 %). The whole genome of CFH 90414 T was 3.64 Mb, and showed a G+C content of 71.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between CFH 90414 T and the other species of the genus Agromyces were found to be low (ANI <78.99 % and dDDH <22.9 %). The whole-cell sugars were rhamnose, mannose, ribose, glucose and galactose. The isolate contained l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, d-alanine, d-glutamic acid and glycine in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The predominant menaquinone was MK-12. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 17 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 . The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain CFH 90414 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Agromyces , for which the name Agromyces agglutinans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 90414 T (=DSM 105966 T =KCTC 49062 T ).

Strain CFH S0501 T , a novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-forming and motile micro-organism with peritrichous flagella, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the Yellow River in Henan Province, PR China. Optimum growth was observed at 28 °C, pH 7.0 and without NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Brevibacillus and was closely related to Brevibacillus centrosporus DSM 8445 T and Brevibacillus ginsengisoli Gsoil 3088 T (with 96.8 and 96.7 % sequence similarity, respectively). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 15 : 0 . Polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified polar lipid. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The genome size was 5.26 Mbp with a G+C content of 49.7 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNAhybridization (DDH) values between CFH S0501 T and the other species of the genus Brevibacillus were found to be low (ANIm <86.11 %, ANIb <70.30 % and DDH <25.00 %). Based on physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and DDH results, strain CFH S0501 T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Brevibacillus migulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S0501 T (=DSM 29940 T =BCRC 80809 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-positive bacterium, designated CFH 91151 T , was isolated from sediment collected from a saline lake in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, PR China. Cells of strain CFH 91151 T were rod-or v-shaped, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and halotolerant. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain CFH 91151 T was closely related to Isoptericola variabilis MX5 T and Isoptericola nanjingensis H17 T (98.7 and 98.4% sequence similarity, respectively). The strain grew at 4-45 °C, pH 5.0-9.0 and with 0-14.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Cells were positive for catalase, nitrate was not used and H 2 S was not produced. Major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 (62.76 %), anteiso-C 17 : 0 (12.09 %) and iso-C 15 : 0 (9.46 %). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified glycolipids. The menaquinone was MK-9 (H4). The genome size was 4.10 Mbp with a G+C content of 72.4 mol%. The average amino acid identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values between CFH 91151 T and the other species of the genus Isoptericola were found to be low (ANIm <87.19 %, ANIb <84.38 % and DDH <29.30 %). Based on physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and DDH results, strain CFH 91151 T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Isoptericola halalbus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 91151 T (=DSM 105976 T =KCTC 49061 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH S0261 T , was isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow River. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH S0261 T were Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic, non-motile. Growth occurs at 15-37 °C, pH 6.0-8.0 and with 0-9.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain CFH S0261 T was a member of the genus Amycolatopsis . The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain CFH S0261 T is most closely related to the type strains of Amycolatopsis niigatensis LC11 T (98.95 %), Amycolatopsis echigonensis LC2 T (98.81 %) and Amycolatopsis albidoflavus IMSNU 22139 T (98.73 %). The whole-genome of CFH S0261 T showed a G+C content of 69.5 mol%. The ANI values and in silico DDH values between CFH S0261 T and the other species of the genus Amycolatopsis were found to be low (ANIb <90.61 % and DDH <53.40 %). The cell wall diamino acid in the peptidoglycan of strain CFH S0261 T was meso -diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell hydrolysate comprised arabinose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H 4 ). The major cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 . The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and four unidentified glycolipids. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain CFH S0261 T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis , for which the name Amycolatopsis nivea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S0261 T (=KCTC 39515 T =CCTCC AA 2014028 T ).

A bacteria strain, designated CFH 90008 T , was isolated from a salt lake sediment sample collected from Yuncheng city, Shanxi Province, PR China. Strain CFH 90008 T was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile with lateral flagella and rod-shaped. Colonies were yellow, circular and smooth. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CFH 90008 T belonged to the genus Halomonas , showing highest sequence similarity to Halomonas daqingensis DQD2-30 T (98.6 %), Halomonas saliphila LCB169 T (98.5 %), Halomonas desiderata FB2 T (98.1 %) and Halomonas kenyensis AIR-2 T (98.0 %). Good growth was observed at 10-50 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and with NaCl concentration from 1.0 to 12.0 % (w/v). The predominant quinone was Q9. The major fatty acid (>10 %) was C 18 : 1  ω7 c , C 16 : 0 and C 16 : 1  ω7 c . The genome of strain CFH 90008 T was 4.36 Mbp with a genomic DNA G+C content of 66.7 mol%. Based on low average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNAhybridization results, chemotaxonomic characteristics, and differential physiological properties, strain CFH 90008 T could not be classified into any recognized species of the genus Halomonas . Therefore, a new species, for which the name Halomonas lactosivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 90008 T (=DSM 103220 T =KCTC 52281 T ).

A novel thermophilic bacterium, designated CFH 72773 T was isolated from the enrichment of a Jinze hot spring sample which was collected from Dientan town, Tengchong county, Yunnan province, south-western PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and non-sporulating. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 37-75 °C, pH 6.0-8.0 and with 0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated the strain represented a member of the genus Thermus and showed close relationships to the type strains Thermus caliditerrae YIM 77925 T (96.3 % similarity) and Thermus igniterrae RF-4 T (96.2 % similarity). The whole genome of CFH 72773 T consisted of 2.25 Mbp and the DNA G+C content was 69.5 mol%. A total of 2262 genes, including a variety of enzymes for chemolithotrophy and anerobic respiration, were predicted. The strain had a unique negative oxidase activity and could hydrolyze starch at high temperature. Furthermore, various genes related to methane, sulfur, fumarate and nitrate metabolism were found, all these indicated that it is worth studying the novel strain. The predominant menaquinone is MK-8. The predominant cellular fatty acids included iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 . The major polar lipids were comprised of aminophospholipid, glycolipid and two phospholipids. On the basis of low ANI values, different phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characters and phylogenetic analysis, we made a proposal that strain CFH 72773 T represents a novel member of the genus Thermus , for which the name Thermus thermamylovorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 72773 T (=CCTCC AB2018244 T =KCTC 43129 T ).

A novel Gram-staining negative, aerobic, motile by flagellum, rod-shaped bacterium, designated CFH 70021 T was isolated from a hot spring soil sample collected from Tengchong, Yunnan province, PR China. Growth of CFH 70021 T occurred at 15-50 °C (optimum 50 °C), pH 5.0-7.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %, w/v). The genome of CFH 70021 T consisted of four complete circular chromosomes and five plasmids, the genomic DNA G+C content was 69.3 mol%. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that CFH 70021 T represented a member of the genus Azospirillum and showed close relationship with the type strains of Azospirillum agricola CC-HIH038 T (97.8 %), Azospirillum rugosum IMMIB AFH-6 T (97.6 %), Azospirillum doebereinerae GSF71 T (97.6 %), Azospirillum thiophilum DSM 21654 T (97.4 %) and Azospirillum picis IMMIB TAR-3 T (97.2 %). The polar lipids of CFH 70021 T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmehtylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two aminolipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10 %) included C 19:0 cyclo ω 8c (11.4 %), C 16 : 0 (27.6 %) and summed feature 8 (C 18:1 ω7 c /C 18:1 ω6 c , 40.9 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. On the basis of the low ANIb result (<78 %) and different phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characters, we conclude that strain CFH 70021 T represents a novel member of the genus Azospirillum , for which the name Azospirillum thermophilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 70021 T (=KCTC 62259 T = CCTCC AB2018121 T ).

A novel Gram-negative bacterium, designated CFH 10530 T , was isolated from the intestine of grass carp. The sample was collected from the aquaculture training base at the College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, PR China. Cells of strain CFH 10530 T were coccoid, ovoid or short-rod-shaped, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that strain CFH 10530 T was closely related to Paracoccus endophyticus SYSUP0003 T (97.7 % sequence similarity), Paracoccus halophilus HN-182 T (96.5 %) and Paracoccus panacisoli DCY94 T (96.1 %). The strain grew optimally at 25-28 °C, at pH 7.0 and with 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl. Cells were positive for catalase and oxidase, nitrate was reduced and H 2 S was not produced. The isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. Major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8, C 18 : 0 and C 18 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, one unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified polar lipids. The genome size was 3 331 229 bp with a G+C content of 69.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between CFH 10530 T and the other species of the genus Paracoccus were found to be below the recommended levels for species delineation (ANIm <85, ANIb <80 and dDDH <24 %). Based on its physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and dDDH results, strain CFH 10530 T is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Paracoccus luteus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is CFH 10530 T (=KCTC 62919 T =CGMCC 1.16597 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 30434 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Luoyang, Henan Province, PR China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and coccoid or short rods. The strain was found to be oxidase-positive and weakly catalase-positive. Strain CFH 30434 T grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 7.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 0-1.5 % NaCl (w/v). The whole-cell sugars were glucose, mannose and rhamnose. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-9(H 8 ) and the major fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids compositions) were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15:0 and iso-C 14 : 0 . The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 72.3 mol%. The results of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that CFH 30434 T clustered within the family Promicromonosporaceae , and closely with the type strains of Xylanimicrobium pachnodae DSM 12657 T , Myceligenerans crystallogenes DSM 17134 T and Promicromonospora xylanilytica CCTCC AA 208046 T (97.3 %, 96.2 and 95.9 % sequence similarities, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain CFH 30434 T formed a separate evolutionary branch, and was parallel to other related genera of Promicromonosporaceae . Its phylogenetic distinctiveness and distinguishing phenotypic characteristics supported that strain CFH 30434 T represents a novel genus of the family Promicromonosporaceae , for which the name Antribacter gilvus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 30434 T (=CGMCC 1.13856 T =KCTC 49093 T ).

A novel actinomycete strain, designated CFH S0054 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from Xiaokongshan in Tengchong, Yunnan Province, in south-west PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain CFH S0054 T belonged to the genus Nocardia . Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CFH S0054 T was most closely related to Nocardia concava IFM 0354 T (98.3 %), Nocardia inohanensis NBRC 100128 T (97.9 %), Nocardia otitidiscaviarum NBRC 14405 T (97.9 %) and Nocardia heshunensis CFH S0067 T (97.8 %). Strain CFH S0054 T contained C 16 : 0 , C 18 : 1  ω9 c , C 18 : 0 10-methyl (TBSA) and summed feature 3 as major cellular fatty acids and MK-8 (H4ω-cycl) as the major respiratory quinone. The polar lipid profile included phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and unknown phospholipids. The cell wall contained meso -diaminopimelic acid, and the whole-cell hydrolysates were arabinose, galactose, glucose, fructose, ribose and mannose. The genome of strain CFH S0054 T was 7.9 Mbp with a G+C content of 68.4 mol%, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain CFH S0054 T and N. concava IFM0354 T were low (ANIm<87.7 % and ANIb=84.1 %). On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain CFHS0054 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nocardia , for which the name Nocardiayunnanensis sp. nov. is proposed, The type strain is CFH S0054 T (DSM 46763 T =JCM 30082 T ).

Background: Species diversity is determined by both local environmental conditions that control differentiation and extinction and the outcome of large-scale processes that affect migration. The latter primarily comprises climatic change and dynamic landscape alteration. In the past few million years, both Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa experienced drastic climatic and geological oscillations: in Southeast Asia, especially in China, the Tibetan Plateau significantly rose up, and the flow of the Yangtze River was reversed. In East Africa, lakes and rivers experienced frequent range expansions and regressions due to the African mega-droughts. To test how such climatic and geological histories of both regions relate to their respective regional species and genetic diversity, a large scale comparative phylogeographic study is essential. Bellamya, a species rich freshwater snail genus that is widely distributed across China and East Africa, represents a suitable model system to address this question. We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear DNA for members of the genus from China and used published sequences from Africa and some other locations in Asia to investigate their phylogeny and distribution of genetic diversity., Results: Our phylogenetic analysis revealed two monophyletic groups, one in China and one in East Africa. Within the Chinese group, Bellamya species show little genetic differentiation. In contrast, we observe fairly deep divergence among the East African lakes with almost every lake possessing its unique clade. Our results show that strong divergence does not necessarily depend on intrinsic characteristics of a species, but rather is related to the landscape dynamics of a region., Conclusion: Our phylogenetic results suggest that the Bellamya in China and East Africa are independent phylogenetic clades with different evolutionary trajectories. The different climate and geological histories likely contributed to the diverging evolutionary patterns. Repeated range expansions and regressions of lakes likely contributed to the great divergence of Bellamya in East Africa, while reversal of the river courses and intermingling of different lineages had an opposite effect on Bellamya diversification in China.

A Streptomyces isolate, designated strain SYSU D8023 T , was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Gurbantunggut desert, China. The characterisation of the isolate was achieved using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The isolate was found to be Gram-positive and aerobic. The strain was found to be able to grow at 14-50 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 7% (w/v) NaCl. Strain SYSU D8023 T contains LL-diaminopimelic acid as a cell wall diamino acid. The polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. MK-9(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 8 ) were detected as the respiratory quinones, and anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 and anteiso-C 17:0 as the predominant fatty acids. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D8023 T has a sequence identity of 97.9% to Streptomyces barkulensis RC 1831 T . The DNA G + C content of strain SYSU D8023 T was determined to be 70.1 mol%. Based on the analyses of the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU D8023 T was concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces desertarenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is SYSU D8023 T (= CGMCC 4.7455 T  = KCTC 49023 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, coccus-shaped bacterium, designated CFH 90064 T , was isolated from a salt lake sediment sample collected from Yuncheng city, Shanxi province, PR China. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses showed that the strain belonged to the genus Paracoccus and clustered with Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens R-1512 T (98.2 % similarity), Paracoccus homiensis DD-R11 T (97.6 % similarity) and Paracoccus fistulariae 22-5 T (96.5 % similarity), respectively. Growth of strain CFH 90064 T was observed at 10-37 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and with NaCl concentrations of up to 6.0 % (w/v). Strain CFH 90064 T contained Q-10 as the only isoprenoid quinone, and the major fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c. Polar lipids of strain CFH 90064 T comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The genome of strain CFH 90008 T was 3.75 Mbp with a DNA G+C content of 65.1 %. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, low average nucleotide identity results, chemotaxonomic characteristics and differential physiological properties, strain CFH 90064 T could not be classified into any recognized species of the genus Paracoccus, suggesting that this strain represents a novel species, for which the name Paracoccushalotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 90064 T (=CCTCC AB 2016131 T =DSM 103234 T ).

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile and short-rod-shaped strain, CFH S00084 T , was isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow River in Henan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CFH S00084 T clustered within members of Microbacterium and was most closely related to the type strains Microbacterium yannicii JCM 18959 T and Microbacterium arthrosphaerae DSM 22421 T (98.97 % and 98.36 % similarity, respectively). The strain grew optimally at 25-37 °C, at pH 7.0 and in 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The major whole-cell sugars were rhamnose and glucose. The cell-wall peptidoglycan mainly contained glycine, alanine and ornithine. The menaquinones of strain CFH S00084 T were MK-13, MK-12 and MK-11. The major fatty acids detected were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The genome of strain CFH S00084 T was 4.03 Mbp with a G+C content of 70.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between CFH S00084 T and the other species of the genus Microbacterium were found to be low (ANIm <85 %, ANIb <75 % and dDDH <24 %). The phylogenomic analysis provided evidence for clear phylogenetic divergence between strain CFH S00084 T and its closely related type strains. On the basis of the differential physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and dDDH results, strain CFH S00084 T is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Microbacteriumureisolvens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S00084 T (=KCTC 39802 T =DSM 103157 T ).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain SYSU K10002 T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Xingyi county, Guizhou province, south-western China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were aerobic and Gram-stain-positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and phylogenetic analysis, strain SYSU K10002 T was most closely related to the type strains of Nocardiaaltamirensis NBRC 108246 T (99.0 % sequence similarity) and Nocardiatenerifensis NBRC 101015 T (98.8 %) and is therefore considered to represent a member of the genus Nocardia. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SYSU K10002 T and the closely related type strains of the genus Nocardia were less than 70 %. In addition, meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The whole-cell sugars were arabinose, ribose and galactose. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H4,ω-cycl), while the major fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C18 : 0 10-methyl. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unidentified glycolipid. Mycolic acids were present. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SYSU K10002 T was 67.4 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SYSU K10002 T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardiaaurea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU K10002 T (=KCTC 39849 T =DSM 103986 T ).

Background: This study was trying to investigate the association of hot food and beverage consumption and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Hotan, a northwest area of China with high risk of esophageal squmous cell carcinoma., Methods: A population-based case-control study was designed. For the study, 167 patients diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were selected from Hotan during 2014 to 2015, and 167 community-based controls were selected from the same area, matched with age and sex. Information involved of temperature of food and beverage intake was obtained by face-to-face interview. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between temperature of food and beverage intake and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma., Results: The temperature of the food and beverage consumed by the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients was significantly higher than the controls. High temperature of tea, water, and food intake significantly increased the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by more than 2-fold, with adjusted odds ratio 2.23 (1.45-2.90), 2.13 (1.53-2.66), and 2.98 (1.89-4.12)., Conclusions: Intake of food and beverage with high temperature was positively associated with the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Northwestern China., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Two closely related thermophilic bacterial strains, designated YIM 71031(T) and YIM 71039, were isolated from a hot spring in Tengchong county, Yunnan province, south-western China. The novel isolates were observed to be Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented bacteria. The strains were found to be able to grow at 37-65 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and with a NaCl tolerance up to 1.0 % (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed these two isolates in the genus Meiothermus. They were found to be closely related to Meiothermus timidus DSM 17022(T) (98.6 % similarity), and formed a cluster with this species. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-8 and the major fatty acids (>10 %) as anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, iso-C16:0 and C16:0. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains YIM 71031(T) and YIM 71039 were determined to be 64.0 and 65.4 mol%, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridizations showed low values between strains YIM 71031(T) and YIM 71039 and their closely related neighbour M. timidus DSM 17022(T). Morphological phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic results suggest that strains YIM 71031(T) and YIM 71039 are representatives of a new species within the genus Meiothermus, for which the name Meiothermus roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 71031(T) (=KCTC 42495(T) =NBRC 110900(T)).

A Gram-staining negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain YIM 78110(T), was isolated from a sediment sample collected from Hehua hot spring in Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. The taxonomic status of strain YIM 78110(T) was confirmed by a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain YIM 78110(T) belongs to the genus Cecembia, displaying 96.8% and 94.7% sequence similarity with the two most closely related type strains, Cecembia calidifontis RQ-33(T) and Cecembia lonarensis LW9T, respectively. The low value of DNA-DNA hybridization (52.3 ± 2.3%) between strain YIM 78110(T) and its closest neighbour, Cecembia calidifontis RQ-33(T), indicated that this new isolate represented a different genomic species in the genus Cecembia. The temperature for growth ranged from 30 to 50 °C. The pH for growth ranged from pH 4.0 to 10.0, with NaCl tolerance of 0.5-6.0% (w/v). The predominant menaquinone of strain YIM 78110(T) was MK-7 and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and C15:0. The DNA G+C content was 47.1 mol%. On the basis of physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that strain YIM 78110(T) represents a novel species of the genus Cecembia, for which the name Cecembia rubra sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 78110(T) ( = CCTCC AB2013287(T) = DSM 28057(T)).

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile and non-spore forming strain, designated CFH S0262(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from Catba island in Halong Bay, Vietnam. A polyphasic approach was used to study the taxonomic position of this new isolate. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain CFH S0262(T) belongs to the genus Rhodococcus and clustered with Rhodococcus soli DSD51W(T), Rhodococcus hoagii NBRC 103062(T), Rhodococcus defluvii Call(T) and Rhodococcus kunmingensis YIM 45607(T) (98.7, 98.5, 97.9 and 97.6% similarities, respectively). Strain CFH S0262(T) could grow in the presence of NaCl (0-4%, optimum 0-3%), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and at 10-40 °C (optimum, 28 °C). The predominant menaquinones of strain CFH S0262(T) were identified as MK-8 (H2) and MK-8 (H4). The major fatty acids (≥10%) were found to be C(16:0) and C(18:1)ω9c. The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, a glycolipid and two unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 71.4 mol%. Based on a comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, in combination with low values of DNA-DNA hybridization between strain CFH S0262(T) and its closest neighbours, it is proposed that strain CFH S0262(T) represents a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus agglutinans sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain CFH S0262(T) (=CCTCC AB2014297(T)=KCTC 39118(T)).

Strains YIM 77562(T) and YIM 77580, two novel Gram-staining-positive, filamentous bacterial isolates, were recovered from the Rehai geothermal field, Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. Good growth was observed at 50-55 °C and pH 7.0. Aerial mycelium was absent on all media tested. Substrate mycelium was well-developed, long and moderately flexuous, and formed abundant, single, warty, ornamented endospores. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two strains indicated that they belong to the family Thermoactinomycetaceae. Similarity levels between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two strains and those of type strains of members of the Thermoactinomycetaceae were 88.33-93.24 %; the highest sequence similarity was with Hazenella coriacea DSM 45707(T). In both strains, the predominant menaquinone was MK-7, the diagnostic diamino acid was meso-diaminopimelic acid and the major cellular fatty acids were iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, unidentified polar lipids and unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains YIM 77562(T) and YIM 77580 were 45.5 and 44.2 mol%, respectively. DNA-DNA relatedness data suggest that the two isolates represent a single species. Based on phylogenetic analyses and physiological and biochemical characteristics, it is proposed that the two strains represent a single novel species in a new genus, Geothermomicrobium terrae gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Geothermomicrobium terrae is YIM 77562(T) ( = CCTCC AA 2011022(T) = JCM 18057(T))., (© 2014 IUMS.)

A Streptomyces-like actinomycete strain, designated as YIM 78087(T), was isolated from a sediment sample collected from Hehua hot spring in Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. The taxonomic position of strain YIM 78087(T) was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 78087(T) belongs to the genus Streptomyces and is closely related to Streptomyces fimbriatus DSM 40942(T), Streptomyces marinus DSM 41968(T) and Streptomyces qinglanensis DSM 42035(T) (97.18, 97.05 and 97.1 % similarity, respectively). Combined with the low values of DNA-DNA hybridization between strain YIM 78087(T) and its closest neighbours, these analyses indicated that this new isolate represents a different genomic species in the genus Streptomyces. The predominant menaquinones of strain YIM 78087(T) were identified as MK-9 (H4) and MK-9 (H6). The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0 (28.4 %), anteiso-C17:0 (23.0 %) and iso-C16:0 (15.1 %). The whole-cell hydrolysates found to contain glucose, mannose and ribose. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 73.0 mol%. Based on the comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain YIM 78087(T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces calidiresistens sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is YIM 78087(T) (=BCRC 16955(T)=DSM 42108(T)=JCM 19629(T)).

An alkalitolerant, thermotolerant and Gram-stain negative bacterium, designated strain YIM 78007(T), was isolated from an alkaline geothermal soil sample from Hehua hot spring, Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. Cells of strain YIM 78007(T) were observed to be aerobic and short rod-shaped. The colonies were observed to be orange-red, convex and circular. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis showed that strain YIM 78007(T) clustered with members of the genus Roseomonas (with similarities from 97.2 to 92.2 %). Optimal growth of strain YIM 78007 occurs at 40-50 °C and pH 8.0-10.0. The predominant ubiquinone was identified as Q-10 and the major fatty acids were identified as C18:1 ω7c and C16:0. The polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminolipids and one unknown phospholipid. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 63 mol %. The levels of DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness between strain YIM 78007(T) and its closet neighbours (Roseomonas lacus JCM 13283(T) and Roseomonas terrae JCM 14592(T)) were well below the threshold required for the proposal of a novel species. The results of physiological and biochemical characteristics, the phylogenetic analysis, as well as low DNA-DNA hybridization values, allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain YIM 78007(T) from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. Therefore, strain YIM 78007(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas alkaliterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 78007(T) (=BCRC 80644(T) = JCM 19656(T)).

An alkalitolerant, thermotolerant, strictly aerobic and Gram-staining negative bacterial strain, designated YIM 78140(T), was isolated from a water sample in Hehua hot spring, Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. The colonies were light brown, convex and circular. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain YIM 78140(T) indicated that it was clustered with members of β-Proteobacteria (with the similarity from 96.9 to 93.6 %). Good growth occurred at 40-50 °C, pH 8.0-9.0 and in the presence of 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant ubiquinones were Q-8 and Q-9. The major fatty acids were C16:0, C17:0 cyclo, C18:1 ω7c and summed feature 3. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 70.8 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical characteristics, phylogenetic analysis allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain YIM 78140(T) from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. Therefore, the strain YIM 78140(T) represents a novel genus of the family Comamonadaceae, for which the name Zhizhongheella caldifontis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 78140(T) (= BCRC 80649(T) = KCTC 32557(T)).

A thermotolerant Gram-staining negative and aerobic bacterium, designated strain YIM 77520(T), was isolated from a geothermally heated soil sample collected at Rehai National Park, Tengchong, Yunnan Province, South-West China. Cells of the strain were found to be rod-shaped and colonies were light beige and circular. The strain was found to grow in the presence of 0-2 % (w/v) total salts (optimum, 0 %), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 25-55 °C (optimum, 45 °C). The only quinone detected was Q-8 and the genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 66.9 mol%. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were identified as iso-C16:0 and iso-C15:0. The phospholipids were found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, five unknown phospholipids and three aminophospholipids. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YIM 77520(T) was found to form a cluster with Lysobacter thermophilus YIM 77875(T) and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to L. thermophilus YIM 77875(T) (96.0 %). These two strains formed a distinct lineage of the family 'Xanthomonadaceae'. On the basis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, as well as genotypic data, a new genus, Vulcaniibacterium gen. nov. is proposed with Vulcaniibacterium tengchongense sp. nov. as the type species. The type strain of V. tengchongense sp. nov. is strain YIM 77520(T) (=DSM 25623(T) = CCTCC AB 2011152(T)). Furthermore we propose that L. thermophilus Wei et al. 2012 is reclassified in the new genus as Vulcaniibacterium thermophilum comb. nov. (type strain YIM 77875(T) = CCTCC AB 2012064(T) = KCTC 32020(T)) based on polyphasic data.

Bacterial strain 14-2A(T), isolated from a long-term DDT-contaminated soil in China, was characterized by using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain 14-2A(T) was found to be Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, non-flagellated and rod-shaped. The new isolate was able to grow at 4-42 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and with 0-5 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belongs to the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 14-2A(T) showed the highest similarity with Olivibacter oleidegradans TBF2/20.2(T) (99.4 %), followed by Pseudosphingobacterium domesticum DC-186(T) (93.8 %), Olivibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 060(T) (93.6 %), Olivibacter terrae Jip13(T) (93.1 %), Olivibacter soli Gsoil 034(T) (92.8 %) and Olivibacter sitiensis AW-6(T) (89.6 %). The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strains 14-2A(T) and O. oleidegradans TBF2/20.2(T) was 34.45±2.11 %. Strain 14-2A(T) contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, aminophospholipid and phosphatidylinositol mannoside as the major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 41.2 mol%. MK-7 is the major isoprenoid quinone. Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH are the major fatty acids. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data confirmed the affiliation of strain 14-2A(T) to the genus Olivibacter. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, and chemotaxonomic data, strain 14-2A(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Olivibacter, for which the name Olivibacter jilunii sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is 14-2A(T) ( = KCTC 23098(T) = CCTCC AB 2010105(T)).

A novel actinomycete strain, designated YIM 75904(T), was isolated from a soil sample that had been collected from a dry and hot river valley in Dongchuan county, Yunnan province, south-western China. The taxonomic position of the novel strain was investigated by a polyphasic approach. In phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain YIM 75904(T) formed a distinct clade within the genus Amycolatopsis and appeared to be closely related to Amycolatopsis sacchari K24(T) (99.3% sequence similarity). Strain YIM 75904(T) had a type-IV cell wall, with no detectable mycolic acids, and had MK-9(H(4)) as its predominant menaquonine. Its cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, galactose, glucose and arabinose, and its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C(16:0), iso-C(15:0), anteiso-C(17:0) and anteiso-C(15:0). The genomic DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 68.5 mol%. Based on the results of physiological and biochemical tests and DNA-DNA hybridizations, strain YIM 75904(T) represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis for which the name Amycolatopsis dongchuanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 75904(T) (=CCTCC AA 2011016(T) =JCM 18054(T)).

A novel Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming, thermophilic actinomycete, designated strain YIM 77521(T), was isolated from a sandy soil sample collected at Rehai National Park, Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. The strain formed branched substrate mycelia and no fragmentation was found. Masses of short, straight or irregular chains of three to eight warty ornamented spores were borne from aerial mycelia. The strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall and the whole-cell sugars contained mannose, galactose, glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H(4)), MK-9(H(6)) and MK-9(H(8)). The diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and N-acetylglucosamine-containing phospholipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0), C(17 : 0) 10-methyl and C(18 : 0). The DNA G+C content of strain YIM 77521(T) was 73.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain YIM 77521(T) fell within the radiation of the suborder Streptosporangineae and formed a distinct monophyletic lineage adjacent to the family Streptosporangiaceae with a high bootstrap value. On the basis of combined data from the phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain YIM 77521(T) represents a novel genus and species within the family Streptosporangiaceae, for which the name Thermocatellispora tengchongensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 77521(T) ( = DSM 45615(T)  = CCTCC AA 2011013(T)).

An orange-coloured, non-spore-forming, motile and coccus-shaped actinobacterium, designated YIM 75677(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from a dry-hot river valley in Dongchuan county, Yunnan Province, south-west China and its taxonomic position was investigated. Growth of strain YIM 75677(T) occurred at 12-55 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and NaCl tolerance up to 2 % (w/v). Cells adhered to agar media and were agglutinated tightly together. The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and glutamic acid. The whole-cell hydrolysates mainly contained glucose, galactose, mannose and ribose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H(2)) and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C(15:0) and iso-C(15:0). Mycolic acids were not present. The DNA G+C content of strain YIM 75677(T) was 74.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons clearly revealed that strain YIM 75677(T) represents a novel member of the genus Kineococcus and is closely related to Kineococcus xinjiangensis S2-20(T) (level of similarity, 98.6 %). Meanwhile, the result of DNA-DNA hybridization between strain YIM 75677(T) and K. xinjiangensis S2-20(T) demonstrated that this isolate represented a different genomic species in the genus Kineococcus. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain YIM 75677(T) represents a novel species of the genus Kineococcus, for which the name Kineococcus glutineturens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 75677(T) (=CCTCC AA 209075(T) = JCM 18126(T)).

Two novel Gram-positive, spore-forming, thermophilic actinomycetes, designated as strain YIM 77501(T) and YIM 77570, were isolated from a sandy soil sample collected at Tengchong National Volcanic Geological Park, Yunnan province, south-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that the two isolates fell within the family Streptosporangiaceae. The strains formed extensively branched substrate and aerial mycelia which carried masses of long, straight or irregular spore chains composed of warty ornamented spores. Cell walls of the two strains contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and glucose, galactose, mannose and ribose were detected as whole-cell sugars. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H(4)) and MK-9(H(6)). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, N-acetylglucosamine-containing phospholipids and phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannosides. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C(16:0) and 10-methyl C(17:0). The DNA G+C content was 74-76 mol%. On the basis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as the phylogenetic analysis, these strains represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Streptosporangiaceae, for which the name Thermoactinospora rubra gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of T. rubra is YIM 77501(T) (=DSM 45614(T) = CCTCC AA 2011014(T)).

A novel Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile, spore-forming actinobacterium, designated YIM 75926(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected at soil forest in Yuanmo county of Yunnan province, south-west China. Its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel strain YIM 75926(T) belongs to the genus Pseudonocardia and was closely related to Pseudonocardia halophobica DSM 43089(T) (98.1% similarity). Strain YIM 75926(T) had MK-8 (H(4)) as the predominant menaquinone. The whole organism hydrolysates mainly consisted of meso-diaminopimelic acid, mannose, glucose, galactose and arabinose. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C(16:0) (37.16%) and C(16:0) (12.43%). The DNA G+C content of strain YIM 75926(T) was 70.6 mol%. The resultant phylogenetic trees further showed that strain YIM 75926(T) belong to Pseudonocardia and had a distinct subclade within the evolutionary radiation of the genus Pseudonocardia. On the basis of its comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain YIM 75926(T) represent a novel species of the genus Pseudonocardia, named Pseudonocardia yuanmoensis sp. nov. The type strain is YIM 75926(T) (=CCTCC AA 2011017(T) = JCM 18055(T)).

A novel actinomycete, designated as strain YIM 75980(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from a dry-hot river valley in Dongchuan county, Yunnan province, south-west China and was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. The organism produced circular, smooth, red to black coloured colonies comprising coccoid-shaped cells. Colonies on agar medium lacked mycelia and cells adhered to the agar. Strain YIM 75980(T) contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and contained galactose, arabinose and glucosamine as the main sugars in the whole-cell hydrolysates. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H(4)) and the major fatty acids were iso-C(15:0), iso-C(16:0) and C(16:0). The DNA G + C content of strain YIM 75980(T) was 73.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences clearly showed that strain YIM 75980(T) formed a distinct clade within the genus Geodermatophilus and was closely related to Geodermatophilus obscurus DSM 43160(T) (level of similarity, 97.9%). Furthermore, the result of DNA-DNA hybridization between strain YIM 75980(T) and G. obscurus 43160(T) demonstrated that this isolate represented a different genomic species in the genus Geodermatophilus. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical data showed the differentiation of strain YIM 75980(T) from its closest phylogenetic neighbour. Therefore, it is proposed that strain YIM 75980(T) represents a novel species of the genus Geodermatophilus, for which the name Geodermatophilus nigrescens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 75980(T) (=CCTCC AA 2011015(T) =JCM 18056(T)).