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This essay breaks new ground in writing the history of the long sixties by bringing in a strand of the Third World diasporic activism shaped by transnational mobility. It alludes to the role of the Naxalite movement in politicizing the youth of the Panjab, many of whom moved to Canada in the late 1960s and 1970s encouraged by changes in Canada's immigration policies. This new wave of immigrants was confronted with racism and labour exploitation upon arrival. In response, they quickly formed new Left-wing organizations to defend their rights. The literary association of progressive Panjabi writers in British Columbia and other places was one such institution. It directly involved itself in political and cultural activism, besides literary activities by crossing racial and communal boundaries to create intercommunity solidarities. These Panjabi writers were also chroniclers of the global consciousness of their times as well as the local histories of resistance by their diasporic community. Through text and performance, their intercommunity cultural solidarity activism organically connected them to an older North American radical tradition of the anarcho-syndicalist Wobblies. The archive of the literary production of progressive Panjabi writers has been used in the essay alongside the video interviews recorded by the author with members of Panjabi theatre groups, musicians of a former rock band, a visual artist and photographer, and the founder of a local folk music festival. It brings to the fore new voices, perspectives, and experiences that shaped the intercommunity cultural solidarity activism of the long sixties in British Columbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous peoples in Canada have suffered from ongoing impacts of colonization. Narrowing the scope to First Nations people in British Columbia, their perspective on health and wellness spans from individual to kin, to land, economy, socialization, and cy-cles that exist in life. Such intricacies have been impacted by colonial systems wherein many Indigenous people have left their traditional lands and communities to pursue other opportunities or to flee unsettling circumstances. This paper uses Indigenous methodologies to collect qualitative data on the experiences of some First Nations peoples when relocating off-reserve as it relates to their health and wellness. The participants of this study were Elders connected to the Tillicum Lelum Aboriginal Friendship Centre, located on Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo) territory, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Elders were selected as the sample group based on the traditional perspective of their knowledge and wisdom. Six common themes from Elders' experiences were connection, way of living, education and employment, colonialism, land, and quality of health care. Further, axial coding found four action-based themes that can be applied from the research: racism, relevance, restrictions and resources--creating the 'four Rs' as recommendations for larger health systems in British Columbia, Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Racism acts as a major barrier to accessing health services for Indigenous communities in Canada, often leading to delayed, avoided or lack of treatment altogether. The Métis population is uniquely positioned in urban settings, as they experience discrimination from both Indigenous and mainstream health and social services due to Canada's long colonial history that is ongoing. Yet, Métis are often left out of discussions regarding racism and health service access. This study explores the experiences of racism and health service access among Métis peoples in Victoria, British Columbia. Methods: We allied a conversational interview method to explore and understand experiences of self-identifying Métis women, Two-Spirit and gender diverse people (n = 24) who access health and social services in Victoria. Data analysis followed Flicker and Nixon's six-stage DEPICT model. Results: In this paper, we share the experiences of racism and discrimination of those who accessed health and social services in Victoria, British Columbia Such experiences include passing as White, experiencing racism following Métis identity disclosure and witnessing racism. Passing as White was viewed as a protective factor against discrimination as well as harming participants' sense of identity. Experiences of racism took the form of discriminatory comments, harassment and mistreatment, which influenced the willingness of disclosing Métis identity. Witnessing racism occurred in participants, personal and professional lives, negatively impacting them in indirect ways. Each experience of racism had a negative influence on participants' wellbeing and shaped their experience of accessing health and social services. Conclusions: Métis people confront racism and discrimination when attempting to access health and social services through first-hand experiences, witnessing and/or avoidance. While this study contributes to the all too often unacknowledged voices of Métis in Canada, there is a continued need for Métis-specific research to accurately inform policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the care of people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aims to characterize the impact of the pandemic on the length of HIV treatment gap lengths and viral loads among people living with HIV (PLWH) in British Columbia (BC), Canada, with a focus on Downtown Eastside (DTES), which is one of the most impoverished neighbourhoods in Canada. We analyzed data from the HIV/AIDS Drug Treatment Program from January 2019 to February 2022. The study had three phases: Pre-COVID, Early-COVID, and Late-COVID. We compared results for individuals residing in DTES, those not residing in DTES, and those with no fixed address. Treatment gap lengths and viral loads were analyzed using a zero-inflated negative binomial model and a two-part model, respectively, adjusting for demographic factors. Among the 8982 individuals, 93% were non-DTES residents, 6% were DTES residents, and 1% had no fixed address during each phase. DTES residents were more likely to be female, with Indigenous Ancestry, and have a history of injection drug use. Initially, the mean number of viral load measurements decreased for all PLWH during the Early-COVID, then remained constant. Treatment gap lengths increased for all three groups during Early-COVID. However, by Late-COVID, those with no fixed address approached pre-COVID levels, while the other two groups did not reach Early-COVID levels. Viral loads improved across each phase from Pre- to Early- to Late-COVID among people residing and not residing in DTES, while those with no fixed address experienced consistently worsening levels. Despite pandemic disruptions, both DTES and non-DTES areas enhanced HIV control, whereas individuals with no fixed address encountered challenges. This study offers insights into healthcare system preparedness for delivering HIV care during future pandemics, emphasizing community-driven interventions with a particular consideration of housing stability. • The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the resilience of healthcare systems worldwide. • HIV care delivery in British Columbia, Canada, was also impacted by the pandemic. • Unhoused people living with HIV had the worst outcomes during the pandemic. • Addressing the needs of marginalized groups can aid treatment retention and outcomes. • Cross-sector and community-driven interventions can lessen the impact of future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The child protection system can be a highly consequential institution for mothers who are sex workers, yet scant attention has been paid to the health consequences of its policies on this population. Drawing on 31 in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with 19 Indigenous and 12 non‐Indigenous sex workers in Vancouver, Canada, and using the stress process model and the concept of slow violence, this study proposes a typology of four trajectories through which child removal by this system shaped sex workers' health. Results suggest that child removal has health consequences beyond the conventionally thought of mechanism of mental distress and related health sequelae, to additionally alter women's social conditions, which also carried risks for health. Notably, while trajectories of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous sex workers were similar, Indigenous participants, whose families are disproportionately impacted by long‐standing colonial policies of child removal, were more severely jeopardized. Findings highlight how child removal can enact violence in the form of reverberating harms to sex workers' health, further reinforcing their marginalized statuses. This study calls for greater attention to how the child protection system (CPS) may influence the health of marginalized mothers, including how health inequities may be both causes and consequences of interventions by this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Japanese Canadian archaeological sites, initially established as logging camps around 1920, have been excavated in British Columbia. The Suicide Creek site was abandoned after a few years of use. The McKenzie Creek site likely transitioned into a residential settlement occupied by Japanese Canadians until their forced uprooting from the coastal region of western Canada in 1942. The research provides comparative data and insight into maintaining culture in the margins of urban areas and preparations for internment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Indigenous people who live on their traditional territory die in hospital when their preference is to enter the spirit world from their home. Indigenous people in Canada describe experiencing many barriers that prevent them from making this final choice in life. The First Nations Health Authority in British Columbia (BC), Canada, in collaboration with Douglas College, offered end-oflife doula training classes to Indigenous people in BC in 2019. The goal was to build on the strengths of community members already supporting people and their families during their final journey into the spirit world. There were 86 participants (72% identified as Indigenous) from the five health regions in BC, representing 47 Indigenous communities. Participants were overwhelmingly satisfied with the five-day course and planned to take their new learnings back to their community. It was noted, however, that this course would benefit from adaptations, including a greater emphasis on traditional Indigenous practices, facilitation tips, and strategies to support people through loss and bereavement. Furthermore, the term "end-of-life doula" is sometimes associated with a for-profit business, which is counterintuitive to traditional Indigenous practices, highlighting the necessity for a name change. Further evaluation over the next year is necessary to confirm that the course makes a positive difference in the final journey for Indigenous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowichan Tribes' territory, located in the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, is experiencing an alarmingly high rate of preterm births compared to the national average of Indigenous Peoples in Canada. In response, and in partnership with the First Nations Health Authority (FNHA), Cowichan Tribes is in the first year of a 3-year study to investigate causes. Cowichan Tribes' Elders and community members are guiding the study to ensure it follows Cowichan Tribes' research processes and to support selfdetermination in research. Furthermore, as a way to enhance reconciliation, Elders and community members guided an on-site ethics review on Cowichan Tribes territory. This article outlines the collaborative, in-person research ethics review process that Cowichan Tribes, Island Health, and FNHA completed on August 21, 2019. The purpose of this article is to provide suggestions other First Nations could use when conducting a research ethics review, and to explain how this process aligns with the principles of ownership, control, access, and possession (OCAP®), the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, and above all, the Cowichan snuw'uy'ulh (teachings from Elders). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

He described how, due to misunderstandings about Métis people and their motives, particular areas in British Columbia where Métis have attempted to make harvesting claims were especially unsafe places for Métis to publicly self-identify. Making Métis Places in British Columbia: The Edge of the Métis Nation Homeland Gabrielle Legault S elf-positioning, or locating oneself in time and space, is a key feature within the field of Indigenous studies, so I begin with my own identity and its relation to place as it is relevant to the work that follows. 42 Since the fur trade, the historical experiences of mixed Indigenous peoples deemed historically as either half-breeds or Métis in British Columbia suggest that the ongoing process of being and becoming Métis happening throughout the Prairies was occurring similarly in British Columbia. Learning about what it means to be Métis or "how to be Métis" emerged from experiences with immediate and extended family and through interactions with people and texts at organizations such as urban Aboriginal organizations, postsecondary institutions, MNBC, MCSSBC, as well as local Métis Chartered Communities. [Extracted from the article]

Black Canadian writer Wayde Compton's short story collection The Outer Harbour (2015) is located in the Afroperiphery of British Columbia which stands as a 'contact zone' that enables the alliances between Black and Indigenous peoples and also establishes a fecund ground of possibilities to emphasize the way in which crossethnic coalitions and representations reconsider imperial encounters previously ignored. The stories participate in the recent turn in Indigenous studies towards kinship and cross-ethnicity to map out the connected and shared itineraries of Black and Indigenous peoples and re-read Indigeneity in interaction. At the same time, the stories offer a fresh way to revisit Indigeneity in Canada through the collaborative lens and perspective of the Afroperipheral reality. In doing so, they contribute to calling attention to current cross-ethnic struggles for Indigenous rights and sovereignty in Canada that rely on kinship and ethnic alliances to keep on interrogating the shortcomings of the nation's multiculturalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a known risk factor for major chronic diseases. Prevention of chronic disease is a top global priority. The study aimed to model scenarios of population-level and targeted weight loss interventions on 10-year projected risk of chronic disease in Canada using a population-level risk prediction algorithm. The validated Chronic Disease Population Risk Tool (CDPoRT) forecasts 10-year risk of chronic disease in the adult population. We applied CDPoRT to the 2013/14 Canadian Community Health Survey to generate prospective chronic disease estimates for adults 20 years and older in Canada (n = 83,220). CDPoRT was used to model the following scenarios: British Columbia's (BC) and Quebec's (QC) provincial population-level weight reduction targets, a population-level intervention that could achieve weight loss, targeted weight loss interventions for overweight and obese groups, and the combination of a population-level and targeted weight loss intervention. We estimated chronic disease risk reductions and number of cases prevented in each scenario compared with the baseline. At baseline, we predicted an 18.4% risk and 4,151,929 new cases of chronic disease in Canada over the 10-year period. Provincial weight loss targets applied to the Canadian population estimated chronic disease reductions of 0.6% (BC) and 0.1% (QC). The population-level intervention estimated a greater reduction in risk (0.2%), compared to the targeted interventions (0.1%). The combined approach estimated a 0.3% reduction in chronic disease risk. Our modelling predicted that population-level approaches that achieve weight loss in combination with targeted weight loss interventions can substantially decrease the chronic disease burden in Canada. • We used a population risk tool to model weight loss interventions on 10-year chronic disease risk. • Population-level approaches projected greater risk reductions than targeted approaches. • Combining a population-level and targeted weight loss intervention further reduced risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The duty to consult mandates that the Crown must consult affected Indigenous parties when Crown action may negatively impact Aboriginal rights or title claims. The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) has emphasized that the duty should be characterized by honourable dealings and good faith negotiations. This article argues that the concept of throughput legitimacy can help evaluate the Crown's conduct in consultation. By analyzing 131 British Columbia Environmental Assessments (BC EAs), this article finds that the Crown struggles to uphold throughput legitimacy from the perspective of Indigenous peoples, particularly in the areas of transparency, accountability and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aboriginal law is a developing and emerging area of the law in Canada. In fact, Aboriginal rights were not constitutionally protected until the ratification of the Canadian Constitution in 1982. What followed was a series of precedent-setting cases that clarified what "rights" meant under Section 35 of the Constitution, how Aboriginal title and rights could be established, and what duty the federal government had to the First Nations when trying to infringe on those rights. In 2017, the Canadian Supreme Court heard Ktunaxa Nation v. British Columbia, which was the first case to interpret Aboriginal rights under Section 2(a) religious freedoms claims of the Canadian Charter of Freedom and Rights. There, the Canadian Supreme Court decided that the Ktunaxa Nation did not have religious freedom claim under Section 2(a) over their traditional territory. The decision allowed Glacier Resorts Ltd. and the province of British Columbia to begin building a year-long ski resort that would destroy sacred Ktunaxa land and drive away the grizzly bear population--which played a significant role in the Ktunaxa's religious beliefs. Given that the Ktunaxa brought a religious freedom claim under Section 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, their argument was not able to withstand scrutiny in Court. This demonstrated that Aboriginal peoples are instead more likely to succeed with claims under Section 35 of the Constitution. As such, instead of looking at Ktunaxa Nation v. British Columbia as another precedent-setting case, this case is arguably of little precedential value given the limited record that was available when the Supreme Court of Canadian heard the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the role of John A. Macdonald, who was the prime minister of Canada from 1867-1891, in the lives and struggles of the Indigenous peoples and the structure of settler colonialism in British Columbia. Topics covered include discussion to remove Macdonald's statue from the entrance to Victoria's city hall in 2018, views of social psychologist James Wertsch on Macdonald's national significance, and his role in the issue of Indigenous oppression and discrimination.

An excerpt from a community consultations report submitted by the National Association of Japanese Canadians to the British Columbia (BC) government on November 14, 2019 is presented which aims to redress historical wrongs written against the Japanese Canadian community in BC.

This paper deals with the first-person narratives on the society and culture of Nlaka'pamux, the indigenous First Nations people of British Columbia, by 19th century Nlaka'pamux woman, Mali Quelqueltalko who wrote for the quarterly journal "All Hallows in the West." Topics covered include Mali's acquisition of Western European Christian education along with Nlaka'pamux teachings, ways by which Mali writes from the Indigenous perspective and how Mali defended Indigenous culture in her writing.

In the early part of the twentieth century, Canadian artist Emily Carr broke through in the male-dominated art world, establishing herself as a major artist, one of the few females to do so. Her paintings, many of them created during the time she spent camping in the British Columbia wilderness, shimmer with numinous energy, giving her work a mythic quality. Carr sees for us, illuminating energies and forces that we normally would not be aware of, powers that mostly go unnoticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the land claims in the late 20th Century in British Columbia. Topics discussed include the lingering rhetoric of the Aboriginal land question revealed by the Mennonite missionary, relationship between the agents of political and cultural colonialism; and abandoning of reserves by the Ingenika Tsay Keh Nay in an attempt to return to a traditional way of life.

The author explores the intersections of gender and race in the late 19th-century context of leisure in British Columbia. She examines how white men in the Cariboo gold rushes dictated who could participate in certain leisure activities. The settler colonialism in British Columbia, the changing European attitudes towards Indigenous peoples and their cultures, and the configurations of masculinity on the Canadian province's mining frontier are discussed.

The authors reflect on the development and legacies of collaborations between academic scholars and First Nations in British Columbia (BC) in the fields of anthropological archaeology, ethnoecology, and forest ecology. Topics discussed include socio-political transformations in Canada, BC First Nations' lead in developing academic-community collaborations, and the key factors contributing to the success of the collaborative projects.

The article examines the relationship between the four factors that precipitated the demise of the Chinese and Japanese market gardening industry in the north and central Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. The factors examined are governance, technological innovation, infrastructure development, and changing population demographic. The Chinese and Japanese immigration into British Columbia, their entry into market gardening, and the patterns of land tenure of market gardeners are discussed.

An excerpt from "A Declaration of Indian Rights: The B.C. Indian Position Paper," published by the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs on November 17, 1970, is presented.

The author reflects on the advancement of Aboriginal rights and title in British Columbia (BC) in 1969. Topics discussed include moments of resistance and change leading to the Union of BC Indian Chiefs' issuance of its first statement on Indigenous rights in November 1970, the courage of people in the civil rights movement and the backlash that emerged, and the prevalence of racism and discrimination during the 1960s.

The article examines the growing integration of Canadian and Indigenous sovereignties in mainstream museums, particularly within museums in British Columbia. Topics covered include some of the context for changing relationships between Indigenous peoples, non-Indigenous peoples, and Canadian museums and nation-to-nation relationships.

This article is part of a larger study that explored how an Indigenous early intervention programme in British Columbia ( BC), Canada, known as the 'Aboriginal Infant Development Program' ( AIDP), influenced family and children's health and well-being and was responsive to child health inequities. Postcolonial feminist and Indigenous feminist perspectives provided a critical analytical lens to this qualitative inquiry. The study was undertaken with AIDPs based in diverse community organisations located in off-reserve urban municipalities throughout the province of BC. From September 2013 to March 2014, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with: Indigenous primary caregivers ( n = 10), Indigenous Elders ( n = 4), AIDP workers ( n = 18) and administrative leaders ( n = 3). The purpose of this article is to examine and analyse the findings that focus on how AIDP workers supported family and children's health and well-being by transforming their routine policies and practices in ways that fostered caregivers' active engagement in their programmes. Findings centre on three main themes: (i) overcoming mistrust; (ii) 'being willing to move a step forward' and (iii) resisting what's taken-for-granted. These inter-related themes are examined and discussed in relation to the concept of cultural safety. The findings have international relevancy for social and healthcare community-based programmes that are questioning how to engage with parents who may be hard to reach as a result of multi-faceted social and structural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No effective pharmacotherapies exist for the treatment of crack cocaine use disorders. Emerging data suggests that cannabinoids may play a role in reducing cocaine-related craving symptoms. This study investigated the intentional use of cannabis to reduce crack use among people who use illicit drugs (PWUD).Methods: Data were drawn from three prospective cohorts of PWUD in Vancouver, Canada. Using data from participants reporting intentional cannabis use to control crack use, we used generalized linear mixed-effects modeling to estimate the independent effect of three pre-defined intentional cannabis use periods (i.e., before, during and after first reported intentional use to reduce crack use) on frequency of crack use.Results: Between 2012 and 2015, 122 participants reported using cannabis to reduce crack use, contributing a total of 620 observations. In adjusted analyses, compared to before periods, after periods were associated with reduced frequency of crack use (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=1.89, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.02-3.45), but not the intentional use periods (AOR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.51-1.41). Frequency of cannabis use in after periods was higher than in before periods (AOR=4.72, 95% CI: 2.47-8.99), and showed a tendency to lower frequency than in intentional cannabis use periods (AOR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.32-1.01).Conclusions: A period of intentional cannabis use to reduce crack use was associated with decreased frequency of crack use in subsequent periods among PWUD. Further clinical research to assess the potential of cannabinoids for the treatment of crack use disorders is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To explore the relationship between the time dinner is consumed (dinnertime or timing of dinner) and cardiometabolic risk factors among South-Asian Canadians at risk for diabetes. Methods We recruited 432 South-Asian adults affiliated with Sikh and Hindu Temples in Metro Vancouver. Participants deemed to be at risk of diabetes underwent a clinical and behavioural assessment. Dinnertime was measured via self-report. Clinical endpoints included HbA1c, apolipoprotein, blood pressure, weight, BMI and waist circumference. Results The mean age of participants was 65 years and 59% were male. Dinnertime was categorized into three groups: early (before 18:00 h); average (18:00 to 20:00 h); and late (later than 20:00 h). Among the participants, 19% ( n = 79), 44% ( n = 187) and 37% ( n = 157) reported early, average and late dinnertimes, respectively. Significant differences were found for dinnertime groups and years of residence in Canada, gender and employment. Compared with the early dinnertime group, the late dinnertime group lived in Canada for a shorter duration, comprised a higher proportion of males (66 vs 48%; P = 0.01) and were currently employed (37 vs 22%; P = 0.02). With regard to clinical endpoints, compared with the early dinnertime group, the late dinnertime group had lower systolic blood pressure (135.9 vs 131.7 mmHg; P = 0.03). After controlling for demographic characteristics, this difference was diminished. No significant differences were found between dinnertime and HbA1c, apolipoprotein, diastolic blood pressure, weight, BMI and waist circumference. Conclusion Findings suggest that, among this sample of South-Asian Canadians at risk of Type 2 diabetes, there was no association between timing of the evening meal and cardiometabolic profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is considerable geographic variation in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rates. We used data from two Canadian provinces, British Columbia (BC) and Alberta (AB), to determine the impact of ethnicity on GDM prevalence and neonatal outcomes.Research Design and Methods: All deliveries between 04/01/2004 and 03/31/2010 in AB (n=249,796) and BC (n=248,217) were analyzed. We calculated GDM prevalence among Chinese, South-Asian, and the general population (predominantly Caucasian) women.Results: Overall GDM prevalence was 4.8% (n=12,036) in AB and 7.2% (n=17,912) in BC. In both provinces, the prevalence of GDM was significantly higher in Chinese (AB:11%; BC:13.5%) and South Asian women (AB:8.4%;BC:13.9%) compared to the general population (AB:4.2%; BC: 5.8%). Chinese women were significantly older (AB:32.7; BC:33.0years) compared to the general population (AB:29.1; BC:30.1years). The odds of GDM relative to the general-population were 2-fold higher for South Asians in both provinces and almost 3-fold higher for Chinese in BC. Among GDM cases, compared to the general population, Chinese and South Asian infants were less likely to be LGA, more likely to be SGA, and had similar neonatal mortality rates.Conclusions: Compared to the general population, GDM prevalence is higher in Chinese and South Asian Canadians. Increased maternal age is a major contributor to higher prevalence of GDM in Chinese women. GDM rates were higher in both ethnic and general population women in BC compared to AB, suggesting that in addition to differences in ethnic distribution, differences in diagnostic practices are likely contributing to observed geographic differences in GDM prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article chronicles the history of the relations between members of the Anglican Church and Japanese immigrants in British Columbia between 1902 and 1949. Several accounts are cited including the rise of anti-Asian sentiments among Anglicans and Methodists, the arrival of Japanese in Vancouver in 1907 and the decision of the Provincial Synod of the Anglican Church to extend work among the Orientals. The impact of World War II on Japanese Canadians is discussed.

Aim: To examine the relationship between immigration and dietary patterns among South Asian adults at risk for diabetes and living in Canada.Methods: We recruited 428 South Asian adults affiliated with Sikh and Hindu temples in Metro Vancouver. Of the total sample, 422 completed self-report surveys including demographic background information, and two brief food screeners (fruit/vegetable/fiber intake and fat intake). Food screeners were culturally tailored to include traditional foods consumed in the South Asian community.Results: Multiple linear regressions examined the relationship between diet and immigration. All models were adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education, income, and employment. Participants reported low levels of meat, fruit and vegetable consumption. Intake of whole milk products, traditional South Asian desserts and snacks were relatively high in comparison to other fat-containing food items. Specific trends in diet were seen in relation to time following immigration with the longer duration of years living in Canada the greater consumption of fruit/vegetable/fiber, non-starchy vegetables, total fat and meat reported; and lower intake of whole milk.Conclusion: Acculturation appears to influence some dietary patterns in our sample of South Asian Canadian adults. These findings should be considered when designing culturally tailored lifestyle modification interventions for this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite successes in preventing and treating HIV, Indigenous people in Canada continue to face disproportionately high rates of HIV infection. Programs that support healing from lifetime trauma, support connection to culture, and reduce drug-related harms are critical to preventing HIV among young Indigenous people who use drugs. The Cedar Project WelTel mHealth intervention proposed here is a structured mobile-phone initiative to connect young Indigenous people who use drugs with Cedar Case Managers in a community-based setting. The intervention consists of a package of supports, including a mobile phone and cellular plan, weekly two-way text messaging, and support from Cedar Case Managers.Methods: The Cedar Project WelTel mHealth study is a multi-site Zelen pre-randomized trial to measure the effect of a two-way supportive text-message intervention to reduce HIV vulnerability among young Indigenous people who use illicit drugs in two Canadian cities. The trial is nested within the Cedar Project, an ongoing cohort study addressing HIV and hepatitis C vulnerability among young Indigenous people who use drugs in Vancouver and Prince George, British Columbia. The Cedar Project Partnership, an independent body of Indigenous Elders, leaders, and health/social service experts, governs all aspects of the study. Two hundred participants will be followed over a 16-month period, with HIV propensity score at 6 months as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include HIV propensity at 1 year, HIV risk, resilience, psychological distress, access to drug-related services, and connection to culture measured at 6 months and 1 year. Primary analysis is by intention to treat.Discussion: Culturally safe interventions that address barriers to HIV prevention while supporting the strength of young Indigenous people who use drugs are urgently needed. Despite presenting a tremendous opportunity to connect young, highly transient Indigenous people who use drugs to prevention services, supportive two-way mHealth programs have yet to be tested for HIV prevention in a community-based setting with this population.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02437123 https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02437123 (registered 4 May 2015). Protocol version: 24 July 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. We longitudinally examined the social, structural, and geographic correlates of cervical screening among sex workers in Metropolitan Vancouver, British Columbia, to determine the roles that physical and social geography play in routine reproductive health care access. Methods. Analysis drew on (2010-2013) data from an open prospective cohort of sex workers (An Evaluation of Sex Workers' Health Access). We used multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE) to model correlates of regular cervical screening. Results. At baseline, 236 (38.6%) of 611 sex workers in our sample had received cervical screening, and 63 (10.3%) were HIV-seropositive. In multivariable GEE analysis, HIV-seropositivity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06, 2.58) and accessing outreach services (AOR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.66) were correlated with regular cervical screening. Experiencing barriers to health care access (e.g., poor treatment by health care staff, limited hours of operation, and language barriers) reduced odds of regular Papanicolaou testing (AOR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.65, 1.00). Conclusions. Sex workers in Metropolitan Vancouver had suboptimal levels of cervical screening. Innovative mobile outreach service delivery models offering cervical screening as one component of sex worker--targeted comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services mayhold promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of archaeology research of the Chinese immigrants in late 19th and early 20th century Barkerville, British Columbia (BC), from the late 1970s through the early 21st century, often referencing archaeological sites in BC. An overview of Chinatowns in British Columbia, including in New Westminster, BC, is provided. The impact that mining had on Chinese immigration to Barkerville is discussed.

An essay is presented which discusses the international trade in the Pacific area and the Chinese trading company Kwong Lee and Company's role in British Columbia (BC) commerce during the late 19th century, including China's economic relations with BC and the impact the Cariboo Mountains, BC gold rush of 1860 to 1863 had on Chinese immigration to British Columbia. An overview of the Kwong Lee & Company's trade in Victoria, BC, Barkerville, BC and the Cariboo Mountains area provided.

Given the recent increase in e-cigarette use among adolescents, there is a need to further explore how school programs are associated with e-cigarette initiation. The objective of this quasi-experimental study was to evaluate the impact of multiple school-based e-cigarette prevention and cessation programs on e-cigarette initiation among Canadian adolescents. This study used data from Year 6 (2017/18) and Year 7 (2018/19) of the COMPASS study in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec, Canada. Students in grades 9 to 11 who had never tried e-cigarettes at baseline were included (n = 13,269). Schools (n = 88) reported whether they added programming that addressed e-cigarette or tobacco prevention or cessation. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify how added programs were associated with e-cigarette initiation at follow-up. At one-year follow-up (2018/19), 23% of schools added programs. Our evaluation results suggest that none of the activities taken by schools to prevent or reduce vaping among students significantly prevented vaping onset. In fact, female students at schools that reported adding a theme week had higher odds of e-cigarette initiation (OR 1.68 [95% CI 1.31-2.16]) and male students at schools that reported a cessation program had higher odds of e-cigarette initiation (OR 1.20 [95% CI 1.01-1.44]). These results suggest that schools may not know how to address e-cigarette use and that there can be risks to students if programs are not carefully implemented. Results point to the need for additional support to ensure that schools are taking evidence-based approaches that support all students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aboriginal peoples in Canada are gaining influence in post-secondary education through Aboriginal-directed programs and policies in non-Aboriginal institutions. However, these gains have occurred alongside, and in some cases through, neoliberal reforms to higher education. This article explores the political consequences of the neoliberal institutionalization of First Nations empowerment for public sector unions and workers. We examine a case where the indigenization of a community college in British Columbia was embedded in neoliberal reforms that ran counter to the interests of academic instructors. Although many union members supported indigenization, many also possessed a deep ambivalence about the change. Neoliberal indigenization increased work intensity, decreased worker autonomy and promoted an educational philosophy that prioritized labour market needs over liberal arts. This example demonstrates how the integration of Aboriginal aspirations into neoliberal processes of reform works to rationalize public sector restructuring, constricting labour agency and the possibilities for alliances between labour and Aboriginal peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented that discusses relationships between Chinese men and indigenous women in 19th century British Columbia. Topics include racial discrimination against Chinese immigrants in British Columbia, the role of Christian missionaries in marriages between Chinese men and indigenous women, and the occupations of Chinese men.

The article presents a study on the demographic and clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) among aboriginals in British Columbia (BC). The study involved patient information from the linked BC-wide MS clinical and genetics databases, and the identification of aboriginals through the database linkage augmented by physician and nurse recall. The result revealed a more rapid MS progression in aboriginals, as compared to non-aboriginals.

Abstract: This paper analyses the use of fringe financial institutions (FFIs), such as payday loan and check cashing providers, by urban Aboriginal people based on a survey undertaken in Prince George, British Columbia. We found that 60% of FFIs’ clients surveyed self-identified as Aboriginal. Their characteristics, compared to the non-Aboriginal FFI clients, included having lower average incomes, lower levels of education, more likely to be female, a higher incidence of being unemployed, higher levels of financial exclusion, and less satisfaction with the service provided by FFIs. We find that government policy towards regulating the FFI industry is inadequate for meeting the basic financial needs of urban Aboriginal people. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite a rich and well-developed literature on Canadian federalism, multilevel governance, and aboriginal-settler relations, scholars have tended to ignore the variety of inter-governmental agreements that have emerged between aboriginal and municipal governments in Canada. This article examines ninety-three such agreements to construct a typology of aboriginal-municipal inter-governmental partnerships in British Columbia. It finds that over time there has been a shift from mundane, service-provision agreements towards more collaborative, cooperative and sometimes decolonizing, horizontal and multilevel governance partnerships. As a result, the authors suggest that scholars study these agreements to further explain and understand the evolution of aboriginal-settler relations and multilevel governance in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight and obesity among Aboriginal populations has been a growing challenge within Canada. This investigation aimed to identify the prevalence of overweight and obesity within British Columbian adult Aboriginal populations including both on and off reserve individuals through direct measurement. Further, this study stratified the variations in these rates according to age, gender and geographic region. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured via standardized procedures, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The mean body composition indicators were above recommended for men (BMI = 30.3 ± 5.6 kg m; WC = 104.2 ± 14.7 cm) and women (BMI = 30.9 ± 7.2 kg m; WC = 99.3 ± 17.1 cm), respectively. Rates of obesity for men and women were similar, 48.4% and 48.7%, respectively, and showed significant increases with age. Abdominal obesity (AO) was significantly greater among female participants, 69.0% compared with 52.7% in men, while both genders also demonstrated significant increases in AO with age. Both obesity and AO rates were found to be significantly greater in the Northern and Interior regions of the province in comparison to the Vancouver/Lower Mainland region. Alarmingly high rates of obesity and AO were observed in this population in men and women at every age and geographic region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of Chinatown in Victoria, British Columbia, focusing on the year 1891. It examines questions of racial segregation versus racial integration, suggesting that Chinatown was more heterogeneous than previously thought. The authors reflect on space, race relations, and British colonialism. They explore racism against Chinese immigrants and comment on Chinatown as a tourist destination. The authors' use of geographical information systems (GIS) and an 1891 census is considered.

Abstract: Background: Vancouver, Canada has a pilot supervised injecting facility (SIF), where individuals can inject pre-obtained drugs under the supervision of medical staff. There has been concern that the program may facilitate ongoing drug use and delay entry into addiction treatment. Methods: We used Cox regression to examine factors associated with the time to the cessation of injecting, for a minimum of 6 months, among a random sample of individuals recruited from within the Vancouver SIF. In further analyses, we evaluated the time to enrolment in addiction treatment. Results: Between December 2003 and June 2006, 1090 participants were recruited. In Cox regression, factors independently associated with drug use cessation included use of methadone maintenance therapy (Adjusted Hazard Ratio [AHR]=1.57 [95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.02–2.40]) and other addiction treatment (AHR=1.85 [95% CI: 1.06–3.24]). In subsequent analyses, factors independently associated with the initiation of addiction treatment included: regular SIF use at baseline (AHR=1.33 [95% CI: 1.04–1.72]); having contact with the addiction counselor within the SIF (AHR=1.54 [95% CI: 1.13–2.08]); and Aboriginal ancestry (AHR=0.66 [95% CI: 0.47–0.92]). Conclusions: While the role of addiction treatment in promoting injection cessation has been well described, these data indicate a potential role of SIF in promoting increased uptake of addiction treatment and subsequent injection cessation. The finding that Aboriginal persons were less likely to enroll in addiction treatment is consistent with prior reports and demonstrates the need for novel and culturally appropriate drug treatment approaches for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written about Chinatowns in North America as a self-sustained community with fairly complete social institutions. Chinatowns emerged under an era of racism and discrimination and offered some degrees of protection and opportunity to the Chinese. Historically, Vancouver's Chinatown suffered from a public image of an unhygienic and immoral neighborhood where Chinese resided and where Chinese shops and businesses congregated. This image began to change in the 1930s as the Chinese reshaped Chinatown to suit the racial ideology of a culturally exotic neighborhood that offered Oriental cuisine and festivities to Canadians. As more Chinese immigrated to Canada after World War II, a new Chinese middle class began to emerge. Although Vancouver Chinatown continued to grow and to retain the image of a tourist attraction, it has ceased to be the choice residential and business location for the Chinese. In contrast, Richmond south of Vancouver has developed into a vibrant and affluent business and residential enclave for middle-class Chinese. This article argues that the emergence and decline of Vancouver's Chinatown have been shaped by the nature of race formation in society as well as the internal composition and social organization of the Chinese community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Individual-level data from the Canadian Community Health Survey was combined with area-level data from the 2001 Canada Census to explore the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and regional inequalities in self-reported health (n=120,290). While neighbourhood deprivation was a significant predictor of fair/poor health in all geographic regions (OR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.14), living on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts exacerbated the detrimental effects of neighbourhood deprivation on the perceived health of respondents (OR=1.21; 1.28). By failing to explore regional variations in risk, we could fail to identify areas where provincial policies may interact with neighbourhood factors to reinforce health inequalities amongst deprived communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses media coverage of Native American collective-action events in 1995 in the Canadian media, particularly focusing on the newspapers the "Globe and Mail," the "Toronto Sun," and the "Vancouver Sun." It considers coverage of protests, marches, and road blockages, exploring representations of the Gustafsen Lake standoff between the Secwepemc nation and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the Ipperwash crisis in Ontario in which the Ontario Provincial Police killed a protester. The authors comment on ideas of nationalism and citizenship. They suggest that reports of these events stressed collective action as expensive, as a threat to national unity and race relations, and as criminal behavior.

Indigenous peoples in Canada have engaged in hundreds of collective action events. Drawing on the news as organization and collective action literatures, we conduct a systematic examination of coverage across events, and we assess the factors associated with the number of articles, front page placement, and the inclusion of photographs. We find that increasing the size and the length of an event does not improve coverage. The latter is determined exclusively by the form of the event, and it is disruptive tactics alone that increase front page coverage. The inclusion of pictures, however, is largely determined by media news routines rather than by activists tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]