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Equality between men and women is one of the fundamental social issues addressed by states and organisations around the world, including the European Union. This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of gender equality in the labour market within the European Union and its legislation. Specifically, it works with binding and non-binding European Union legislation on this topic and describes its transposition in selected member states. This thesis first introduces key concepts such as gender and gender inequality within the work environment or the gender pay gap. Subsequently, the basic forms of European law are presented, as well as how it specifically addresses gender equality issues and what developments European legislation in this area has undergone. The thesis then outlines the binding and non-binding European legal acts that relate to this area and then assesses the adoption of this legislation in selected member states (Belgium, Czech Republic, Spain, Sweden) using the example of Directive (EU) 2019/1158 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU. The paper interprets these data and places them in the context of European gender equality legislation.

Transposition of Energy Communities into Czech Law - abstract The main topic of the presented diploma thesis is the legal concept of energy communities and its transposition into Czech law. The term "energy communities" means both citizen energy communities according to the Directive (EU) 2019/944 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on common rules for the internal market for electricity and amending Directive 2012/27/EU and renewable energy communities as defined by the Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. None of the mentioned directives has yet been fully transposed in the Czech Republic, although the transposition deadlines in both cases have already passed. The first chapter of the diploma thesis discusses the transposition of EU directives in general and from a theoretical point of view, including transposition methods and a description of the process of transposition of directives at the national level. The second chapter deals with the EU legal provisions regulating the energy communities themselves. Common characteristics, as well as basic differences between both types of energy communities, are identified, including the consequences of these differences for...

This work attempts to analyze causes of divergent transposition of the Blue Card directive, regulating the conditions of immigration of highly-skilled workers from third countries, between individual EU Member States. The differences are analyzed on two levels. Firstly, in terms of timeliness and correctness of transposition, secondly, from a perspective of a different manner of transposition of the discretionary clauses entailed in the Blue Card directive (whether the Member States opted for an open or for a restrictive way of transposition of these provisions). Scholarly literature about transposition compliance and highly-silled immigration policies creates the foundation, by means of which the author identifies several variables and articulates hypotheses aiming at providing explanation of the divergent transposition of the directive in the respective Member States. The author classifies the Member States in groups and clusters according to their transposition performance and its results embody a point of departure for a subsequent analysis. From each group, certain number of countries is selected for a detailed country-level analysis in order to ensure universality and geographical representativeness of the outcomes. To review how the individual hypotheses confirmed in the Member States, the...

Článek se zaměřuje na úvahy Louise Françoise Cazamiana o vztahu mezi laskavostí a humorem. Na počátku článek ukazuje, že Cazamianův koncept humoru je na obecné úrovni inspirován Bergsonovým pojetím komična jakožto automatismu v lidském chování, mluvení a myšlení i Bergsonovým pojetím smíchu jakožto tvrdé kritické reakce na takový automatismus. Článek však také ukazuje, že Cazamianův koncept humoru dále rozvíjí Bergsonovy poznámky o humoru jako specifickém druhu komické transpozice jazyka, přičemž je zvláštní pozornost věnována tvůrčímu zpracování těchto poznámek Cazamianem. Podle Cazamiana je humor transpozicí přirozené reakce na realitu na reakci nepřirozenou, která však předstírá, že přirozená je. Článek dále shrnuje Cazamianovo vysvětlení zvláštního vztahu, který mají k humoru Britové. Podle Cazamiana mají Britové zvláštní schopnost vytvářet humor, schopnost, která je výsledkem jak vlivu přírodního prostředí, tak kulturních tradic. Cazamian Brity považuje za flegmatické i srdečné, podle něho jsou však také schopni uvažovat o složitosti věcí a soustředit se na detaily. V kontextu těchto poznámek jsou v článku probrány příčiny předpokladu, že humor je v podstatě srdečný nebo laskavý. Přestože mezi humorem a laskavostí může existovat významná spřízněnost, článek zdůrazňuje, že podstatný vztah mezi nimi prokázat nelze. Humorná transpozice přirozené emoce nemusí vést k laskavé reakci. Humoristé jen předstírají spontánnost reakce, která je podobná spontánní laskavosti. Laskavost není nedílnou součástí realistického přístupu humoristy ke skutečnosti, protože důvodem tohoto přístupu může být i nenávist. Relativistický pohled na realitu, který vychází ze souběhu přirozených a nepřirozených reakcí v humoru, nemusí nutně vyústit v tolerantní nebo dokonce laskavý přístup k realitě. Převažujícím vyzněním tohoto relativistického pohledu může totiž být i lhostejnost nebo dokonce nesnášenlivost. Nakonec článek zdůrazňuje, že nejsilnější spojení mezi laskavostí a humorem vyplývá z humoristova odhadu způsobu, jak dosáhnout cop nejsilnějšího působení humoru. Tohoto působení je dosaženo, když humorista zakrývá svou tvrdou kritickou reakci na automatismus. This article focuses on Louis François Cazamian’s considerations upon the relation between kindness and humour. At the outset, it is shown that in general, Cazamian’s concept of humour is inspired by Henri Bergson’s concept of what is perceived to be comic, as an automatism in human behaviour, speaking, and thinking, as well as by Bergson’s idea of laughter as a harsh, critical reaction to such automatism. It is also, however, shown that Cazamian’s concept of humour further develops Bergson’s remarks on humour as a specific kind of comic transposition of language, and special attention is paid to Cazamian’s creative elaboration of these remarks. According to Cazamian, humour is a transposition of a natural reaction to reality to something that is an unnatural response which nevertheless pretends to be natural. The author also summarises Cazamian’s account of the special relation which the Brits have to humour. According to Cazamian, the Brits have a peculiar ability to create humour, an ability which is the result of both of the effect of the natural environment and of cultural traditions. British people are viewed as phlegmatic but also capable of considering the complexity of things and of focus on detail. Moreover, they are also viewed as fundamentally cordial. In the context of these remarks, the author considers the reasons underlying the idea of fundamental cordiality or kindness of humour. Although there may well be a significant affinity between humour and kindness, a fundamental relation between the two cannot be proven. Humorous transposition of a natural emotion need not result in a kind reaction. Humourists, after all, only pretend a spontaneity of reaction, which is similar to the spontaneity of kindness. Kindness is not integral to humourist’s realistic and detailed approach to reality, since hatred can be at the root of this approach as well. A relativistic view of reality, which emerges from the concurrence of natural and unnatural reactions in humour, does not necessarily result in a tolerant or even kind approach to reality. Its prevailing tone can well be one of indifference or even intolerance. And finally, it is emphasised that the most powerful connection between kindness and humour depends on humourist’s assessment of the way in which his or her humour can have the most powerful impact. This impact is achieved when the humourist conceals his or her harsh critical reaction to the automatism.

This bachelor thesis deals with the transposition of environmental directives into the legal order of the Czech Republic. It describes in detail the process of transferring the law into national legislation and, at the same time, it examines the problems that arise here. The aim of this thesis is to clarify the most fundamental issues that occur when transposing environmental directives based on literature and practice. The causes of inappropriate transposition are selected from relevant literature and subsequently examined in case studies. These case studies concern six directives from two areas of environmental law. Chemical pollution area with worse overall transposition results and waste management with better results. Directives from the European Commission's database, which have gone furthest in infringement procedures, have been selected for the investigation. Using both national and European documents, both legislative and non-legislative, the process of transposing individual directives has been described. Based on the research, it has been found that the waste directives have been unduly transposed because of incorrect or incomplete transposition measures, non-communication, on the other hand, dominated the chemicals directives. The research also confirmed the main reasons for problems...

Specifics regarding methods of interpretation of the EU law and process of EU directives transposition Abstract This thesis is dedicated to the problematics regarding specifics of the European Union law interpretation methods. While majority of publications dealing with law interpretation adopts the perspective of judges and courts, and thus deals with the interpretations they render, this study adopts the viewpoint of a Czech legislator, who is facing a challenging task of transposing directives into the Czech legal order. In order for the transposition to be conducted properly, a thorough interpretation of the respective directive must precede. There is six standard and non- standard methods of interpretation at the legislator's disposal, including linguistic, logical, systematic, historical, theological and comparative one. Do these methods, however, prove to be fully applicable in case of the interpretation of the EU directives? Possibly, what would be the EU law norms interpretation specifics? This study represents an analysis of the given topic from the perspective of a legal theory and is structured into three main sections. The first section provides a brief definition of the legal interpretation as such and presents an overview of both historical and contemporary approaches towards the...

This diploma thesis focuses on the problematics of transposition of the European regulation no. 2013/34/EU into national accounting standards of micro-enterprises in the Czech and Slovak Republic. It consists of several chapters. The first few chapters of the thesis are dedicated to the accounting harmonisation as one of the main reasons for the formation of European regulations and directives for individual member states of European Union. Other chapters focus on the structure and the content of the regulation no. 2013/34/EU. The key part focuses mainly on the simplification caused by the application of this regulation into micro-enterprises. Consequently, the degree of implementation of the regulation in both member countries and the impact of individual simplifications on the national accounting regulations are analysed. In conclusion, the consequences of the regulation itself and the potential pros and cons connected to its implementation are summarized as well as suggestions and actions which would increase the effectivity and improve the business environment for micro-enterprises in the Slovak and Czech Republic.

The bachelor thesis deals with the accounting duties for the middle accounting units, which have come after the amendment to the Accounting Act. The theoretical part is focused on accounting regulation, its methods and instruments in the form of directives. Subsequently, individual directives, their changes and their cancellations are described together with the transposition process into national law. The theoretical part also includes the amendment to the Accounting Act and the list of substantial changes effective from 1st January 2016, particularly the categorization of accounting units and their duties. In the practical section, the internal directives of particular accounitng unit are analysed and changes are introduced together with new obligations that the accounting unit must obey after the amendment to the Accounting Act.

The thesis deals with the development of the Schengen cooperation and characteristic of the Schengen acquis transforming in the course of time, with the stress on the field of visa and residence/migration policy. Main emphasis is on the valid legislation concerning the status and stay of the third country nationals. The thesis looks into problematic parts of the legislation, both theoretical and practical, and provides opinion of the author on those matters. The thesis is divided into four main spheres. The first one concerns development of a visa and migration policy in the framework of development of the Schengen cooperation and its gradual integration into the main EU policies, its definitions and different participation of the Member States. Following key part of the thesis deals with the current valid provisions of the stay of the third country nationals (citizens of the countries outside of the EU). This part defines subjects of law coming from the third countries, as differentiated by the Union and Czech law and defines various types of authorization to stay which entitle them to short or long-stay at the Schengen or Czech territory. The third segment deals with the family members of the EU nationals who are covered by specific legal framework. Last part of the thesis encompasses future...

This thesis examines the semiotic rules and processes of the transfer of the original novel into a theatrical script, and then into screenplay of the film, with practical examples from the novel The Karamazov Brothers by F. M. Dostojevskij, screenplay Karamazov of author Evald Schorm and the film script by Petr Zelenka. It focuses on the processes of dramatization, shows communication models and compares mainly text form of screenplays. Keywords: Semiotics of Theatre, Semiotics of film, The Brothers Karamazov, Dostojevskij, transposition, drama

Author of the bachelor thesis deals with the transposition of the Directive 2013/34/EU into the Czech legislation. The first chapter called Legal regulation of accounting in the EU briefly describes the relation between the Czech and the European law, and it summarizes previous European legislation, in particular the Fourth and the Seventh Accounting Directive. It analyses the reasons for implementing the new accounting Directive, its structure and content in detail and suggests next steps in harmonization of accounting rules in the EU. The main focus of the analytical part is the incorporation process of the provisions of the new accounting Directive into the Czech law. The thesis also mentions some of the most important changes implemented in the new accounting Directive.

In addition to the coding sequences, the human genome contains a so noncoding DNA, among which we count transposable elements capable of transposition in the genome. The remnants of the past retrovirus infections - endogenous retroviruses (human endogenous retroviruses - HERVs) belong to the transposable elements, which contain the LTR sequences. Human endogenous retroviruses make up to 8% of the size of the human genome. The retroviruses are not only passive relicts, but they have gained some key functions - too. They increase the plasticity of the human genome and some HERV LTRs can serve as binding sites for transcription factors like. Env protein from the families HERV-W and HERV- FRD were coopted by the human genome and are nowadays expressed as proteins Syncitin-1 and Syncitin-2, which are necessary by the forming of human placenta. Unfortunately, the HERV elements can have a negative health impacts. In the last decades they are subject of a debate in connection with various diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, HIV proliferation and some types of tumorigenesis. The role of HERVs in the human genome is not completely known yet and it is important to continue with their research. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Thesis Abstract This final bachelor thesis consists of two parts, czech translation of the french text and its commentary. The first part of this thesis is a translation of one section of the French breedes guide L'Homme et le chien. Bien communiquer. written by french veterinarian and entomologist Patrick Pageat. In this first part which consists on translation, I focused on creating a comprehensible and straightforward text for the czech recipient. I perserved the essential function of the original text - to provide information and give to the breeders the useful advice. The second part of the work consists detailed translation analysis of the original text. Then I focus on individual translation issues that I had to deal with in the czech text. The conclusion of the work summarizes the methods used in translation and provides the typology of problems.

The bachelor thesis consists of two parts, translation and its commentary. It is a translation of a French encyclopedia Les couples célèbres, particularly the following chapters: Beauty and the Beast, Voltaire and Rousseau, Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, Werther and Charlotte, Merteuil and Valmont, Figaro and Susan, Don Giovanni and Elvire. The second part of the work is a commentary reflecting the problems of the translating process. It includes an analysis of the original text, typology of the problems of the translation and their solutions. The final part is a summary of the methods used during translation.

This bachelor thesis in the field of translation studies consists of two main parts. The first part contains a Czech translation of a selected chapters from a French book concerning the history of Brittany, called La Petite Histoire des Rois et Ducs de Bretagne. The second part is dedicated to an analysis of the source text and to a commentary on the translation. The typology of translation problems, the translation methods used and concrete solutions are presented in the commentary.

The thesis is dedicated to a postmodern use of symbol and sign. It is based on set definitions of major terms in the fine art and maps the space between a word and a picture as well as impersonal understanding of computer-generated codes. Didactic part enables to work with symbol and sign in art education. An analytical and syntactical thinking, the knowledge of the art history and the ability of intellectual fabrication are the basic ideas of the thesis. Art works, that use multilevel symbol expressions and are formally based on a postmodern thinking, are introduced in a practical part of the thesis.

This bachelor thesis deals with translation of a French phytotherapy book Ces plantes qui nous veulent du bien by Marie Borrel. In the second part, applied translatological analysis, translation methods and typology of selected translation techniques are explained.

The work consists of two parts, translation and its commentary. It is a translation of a French breeders guide Bien vivre avec son chat - the chapter about feeding and the first part of the chapter about cats hygiene and care. I preserved the main function of the original text in the translation - to provide information to the recipient, to give them useful knowledge and advice. In the second part of the work, I reflect the problems of the translating process. First, I characterise in detail the original text, regarding both extratextual and intratextual factors. Then I focus on individual translation problems and create the typology of the problems. At the end of the work I summarize the methods used in the translation.

The thesis consists of two main parts- translation and its commentary. It is a translation of 3 chapters of a French yachtsmen guide Guide de manoeuvre (Wharf mooring or double moor to another boat, Anchoring and Man overboard maneuver). In my translation, I tried to preserve the major function of the original text - to inform and instruct the reader. The second part of the work is a commentary of the translation which is focused on translation analysis of the original text, typology of translation problems and the methods of the translation. In the translation analysis I describe the original text with the factors affecting the text. Then I focus on the translation problems I dealt with and how they were solved. In the conclusion, I describe the translations methods I used.

The submitted work is a bachelor thesis from translation studies. It is a commented translation of a historical reference book about the reign of French kings. The first part of the thesis is a translation of the text into Czech. Second part is a commentary of the translation focused on analysis of the original text, typology of translation problems and used translation methods.

Hereby submitted thesis {\clqq}EC law contravened by member state`` describes duties of member states regarding the harmonization of national rules of law to the communitary one. Thesis shows consequences of correct or incorrect conversion of superordinated communitary rules of law to national legal systems using concrete cases (examples) from Czech legal practice.