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Primarni cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti koje su odrednice društvenog kapitala povezane s dobrostanjem adolescenata tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 317 sudionika koji su tijekom 2021. godine pohađali završni razred srednjih škola (gimnazijskog i strukovnih smjerova) iz četiri najveća grada u Republici Hrvatskoj: Zagreb (n=82), Split (n=80), Rijeka (n=65), Osijek (n=90). Sudionici su bili u dobi između 17 i 20 godina. Podaci su prikupljeni tako što su sudionici istraživanja ispunjavali anketni upitnik pod nazivom „Društveni kapital i subjektivna procjena dobrostanja adolescenata tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19“ koji se je sastojao od četiri dijela. U prvom dijelu upitnika sudionici istraživanja ispunjavali su demografske podatke, subjektivnu procjenu vlastitog zdravlja i razinu obrazovanja oba roditelja. Drugi dio upitnika sastojao se od globalno korištenog Kesslerovog upitnika koji procjenjuje rizik od razvoja mentalnih poremećaja. Treći dio upitnika sastojao se od pitanja za procjenu tjelesne aktivnosti učenika u uobičajenom tjednu (GPAQ), a četvrti dio upitnika procjenjivao je društveni kapital u obitelji, susjedstvu i školi upitnikom društvenog kapitala. Uz kvantitativne metode istraživanja primijenjena je i kvalitativna metoda u obliku polustrukturiranog intervjua licem u lice. Iz svakog grada obuhvaćeno je po šest sudionika. Ukupno su odabrana 24 sudionika i to slučajnim odabirom. Po šest iz Zagreba, Splita, Rijeke i Osijeka tako da su obuhvaćeni gimnazijski, strukovni tehnički i obrtnički obrazovni programi. Kombinirana metodologija istraživanja ponudila je dublju analizu u razmišljanja sudionika o temi društvenog kapitala i subjektivne procjene dobrostanja tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Za sve kategorijske varijable izračunate su frekvencije, a za set zavisnih varijabli društvenog kapitala izračunati su osnovni statistički parametri (aritmetička sredina (AS), standardna devijacija (SD), minimalni rezultat (MIN), maksimalni rezultat (MAX), medijan (MED), mjera asimetrije (A3), mjera zakrivljenosti (A4)) i Kolmogorov-Smirnovljev test normaliteta distribucije. Zbog standardnih problema s mjernim karakteristikama varijabli na skali Likertovog tipa svim navedenim zavisnim varijablama priloženi su histogrami frekvencija. Razlike između grupa u kategorijskim varijablama SPOL i razina obrazovanja roditelja (ROR) prema setu varijabli društvenog kapitala izračunate su Mann-Whitney U testom. Razlike između grupa u kategorijskim varijablama GRAD i obrazovni program (OP) prema setu varijabli društvenog kapitala izračunate su Kruskal-Wallis testom. Razlika između kategorijskih varijabli SPOL, GRAD, OP i ROR u odnosu na kategorijsku varijablu ZDRAVLJE izračunata je Pearsonovim hi-kvadrat testom, a povezanost među varijablama je izračunata koeficijentom kontigencije. Razina značajnosti promatrana u svim navedenim testovima korigirana je Bonferonijevom korekcijom za kontrolu Family wise error rate (FWER). Povezanost varijable ZDRAVLJE sa setom varijabli društvenog kapitala u obitelji, zatim varijable RIZIK sa setom varijabli društvenog kapitala u susjedstvu, te varijable tjelesna aktivnost (TA) sa setom varijabli društvenog kapitala u školi istražena je sigmoidnom funkcijom logističke regresijske analize. Logističkom regresijskom analizom izračunate su i vrijednosti omnibus testa, Hosmer i Lemeshow testa, Cox i Snellov i Nagelkarkeov koeficijent determinacije, ukupni postotak uspješne klasifikacije prediktivnog modela u odnosu na nul model, te su izračunati koeficijenti regresijske jednadžbe i njihova razina značajnosti. Podaci su obrađeni s programima Microsoft Excel (verzija 2017) i TIBCO Statistica (verzija 13.5), uz izuzetak logističke regresijske analize koja je obrađena programom IBM SPSS Statistics (verzija 23). Rezultati upućuju da su podrška i ohrabrenje roditelja, te zajedničke obiteljske aktivnosti povećale percipiranu vrijednost subjektivne procjene zdravlja kod adolescenata. Također, podrška obitelji koju doživljavaju adolescenti tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 pozitivno je povezana sa zdravim životnim stilovima članova uže obitelji. Rezultati neformalne društvene kontrole sugeriraju kako većina sudionika ne doživljava svoju okolinu kao oslonac za zaštitu i unaprjeđenje mentalnog zdravlja tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Razina međusobne povezanosti među učenicima pozitivno utječe na ukupnu razinu tjelesne aktivnosti. Naime, sudjelovanje u izvannastavnim aktivnostima ili strukturiranim aktivnostima unutar škole za 37% povećava vjerojatnost visoke tjelesne aktivnosti učenika. Rezultati su pokazali da je tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 u domeni društvenog kapitala u obitelji podjela rada u kućanstvu neravnopravna uz puno veći angažman djevojaka. Razlika prema spolu primijećena je i kod veće potrebe za razgovorom o događajima iz škole kod djevojaka. Rezultati društvenog kapitala u školi ukazuju da učenici gimnazijskih razreda najviše participiraju u izvannastavnim školskim aktivnostima, a najmanja angažiranost primijećena je kod učenika obrtničkih programa. Također, učenici koji pohađaju gimnazijski program više se druže sa školskim kolegama u slobodno vrijeme, dok je najmanja socijalna interakcija sa školskim kolegama uočena kod učenika koji pohađaju obrtnički program. Društveni kapital susjedstva upućuje da učenici čiji su roditelji niže razine obrazovanja susjedstvo percipiraju kao sigurnije mjesto u odnosu na predodžbu sigurnosti susjedstva kod učenika čiji su roditelji višeg stupnja obrazovanja. S obzirom na mjesto stanovanja statistički značajnih razlika nema između sudionika istraživanja po varijablama društvenog kapitala i subjektivne procjene zdravlja. Razlike u samoprocjeni zdravlja prema spolu upućuju da je pandemije bolesti COVID-19 negativno utjecala na zdravlje djevojaka. Kombinirana metodologija istraživanja je potvrdila kvantitativne podatke te pružila dublju analizu sudionika kroz primjenu polustrukturiranih intervjua licem u lice, što je rezultiralo boljim razumijevanjem njihovih razmišljanja o društvenom kapitalu i subjektivnoj procjeni dobrostanja tijekom pandemije COVID-19. Ovo istraživanje daje prikaz učinaka društvenog kapitala na dobrostanje adolescenata tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 i temeljne mehanizme koji objašnjavaju te učinke. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da snažne društvene veze i norme reciprociteta mogu olakšati upravljanje u kriznim situacijama, te potaknuti pojedince i zajednice na prilagodljive oblike ponašanja u cilju zaštite i unaprjeđenja dobrostanja adolescenata. S obzirom na dinamičnu prirodu pandemije bolesti COVID-19 i moguće nove varijacije sojeva virusa, doprinos ovog istraživanja obogaćen je relevantnim preporukama za očuvanje i unaprjeđenje dobrostanja adolescenata. The primary objective of this study was to explore the determinants of social capital associated with the well-being of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research included 317 participants who were in their final year of high school (gymnasium and vocational programs) in four major cities in the Republic of Croatia: Zagreb (n=82), Split (n=80), Rijeka (n=65), and Osijek (n=90). The participants were between 17 and 20 years old. Data were collected through a questionnaire titled „Social Capital and Subjective Assessment of Adolescent Well-being during the COVID-19 Pandemic“, which consisted of four parts. In the first part of the questionnaire, research participants provided demographic information, self-assessment of their health, and the educational level of both parents. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of the globally used Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, which assesses the risk of developing mental disorders. The third part of the questionnaire included questions to assess students' physical activity during a typical week (GPAQ), and the fourth part assessed social capital in the family, neighborhood, and school using the Social Capital Questionnaire. In addition to quantitative research methods, a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured face-to-face interviews was also applied. Six participants were selected from each city, making a total of 24 participants, chosen randomly. Six participants were selected from Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, and Osijek, covering gymnasium, vocational technical, and trade educational programs. The combined research methodology provided a deeper analysis of participants' thoughts on the topic of social capital and subjective assessment of well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frequencies were calculated for all categorical variables, while basic statistical parameters (mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, median, skewness, and kurtosis) and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality were calculated for the set of dependent variables related to social capital. Due to issues with the measurement characteristics of Likert-type scale variables, frequency histograms were provided for all the mentioned dependent variables. Differences between groups in the categorical variables of gender and parental education level were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, while differences between groups in the categorical variables of city and educational program were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences between categorical variables of gender, city, educational program, and parental education level with respect to the categorical variable of health were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test, and the association among variables was calculated using the contingency coefficient. The significance level observed in all the mentioned tests was corrected using the Bonferroni correction to control for family-wise error rate (FWER). The relationship between the variable HEALTH and the set of family social capital variables, the variable RISK and the set of neighborhood social capital variables, as well as the variable physical activity (PA) and the set of school social capital variables were explored using a sigmoidal logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the values of the omnibus test, Hosmer and Lemeshow test, Cox and Snell's and Nagelkerke's coefficients of determination, the overall percentage of successful classification of the predictive model compared to the null model, and to calculate the regression equation coefficients and their level of significance. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel (version 2017) and TIBCO Statistica (version 13.5), with the exception of the logistic regression analysis which was processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics program (version 23). The results suggest that parental support and encouragement, as well as shared family activities, have increased the perceived value of subjective health assessment among adolescents. Additionally, the family support experienced by adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic is positively associated with healthy lifestyles of immediate family members. The results of informal social control suggest that the majority of participants do not perceive their environment as a support for the protection and improvement of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The level of mutual connectedness among students has a positive effect on the overall level of physical activity. Specifically, participation in extracurricular or structured activities within school increases the likelihood of high levels of physical activity in students by 37%. The results showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, within the domain of family social capital, household chores were distributed unequally with a much higher engagement of girls. A gender difference was also noticed in the greater need for discussing school events among girls. The results of the school social capital indicate that high school students participate the most in extracurricular school activities, while the lowest engagement is observed among students in vocational programs. Additionally, students in the academic program socialize more with their school peers in their free time, while the least social interaction with school peers is observed among students in vocational programs. The neighborhood's social capital suggests that students whose parents have lower levels of education perceive their neighborhood as a safer place compared to the perception of safety among students whose parents have a higher level of education. Regarding the place of residence, there were no statistically significant differences among study participants in terms of social capital variables and subjective health assessment. Differences in self-rated health by gender suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the health of girls. The combined research methodology confirmed the quantitative data and provided a deeper analysis of the participants through the use of semi-structured face-to-face interviews, resulting in a better understanding of their thoughts on social capital and subjective well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study provides an overview of the effects of social capital on adolescent well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and the underlying mechanisms that explain these effects. The results of this study suggest that strong social ties and reciprocity norms can facilitate crisis management and encourage individuals and communities to adopt adaptive behaviors to protect and enhance adolescent well-being. Given the dynamic nature of the COVID-19 pandemic and the possibility of new variants of the virus, the contribution of this study is enriched with relevant recommendations for preserving and enhancing adolescent well-being.

Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi rodne razlike u stavovima prema tjelesnoj aktivnosti te povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti u različitim domenama (posao, transport, kućanstvo i slobodno vrijeme) s očekivanim dobrobitima i percipiranim preprekama za vježbanje. Uzorak je činilo 76 učenica i učenika srednje medicinske škole u Zadru. Razina tjelesne aktivnosti mjerena je dugom verzijom Međunarodnog upitnika za tjelesnu aktivnost (IPAQ), a stavovi prema tjelesnoj aktivnosti upitnikom „Barriers & Benefits Scale“ za procjenu očekivanih dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti i percipiranih prepreka za vježbanje. Rezultati pokazuju da su najznačajnije očekivane dobrobiti vježbanja zdravlje, bolji osjećaj nakon aktivnosti, smanjenje stresa i opuštanje. Najznačajnije percipirane prepreke za vježbanje su nedostatak vremena, obiteljske i školske obveze. Učenice pridaju veći značaj dobrobitima psihološkog učinka u odnosu na učenike. Na tjednoj razini ispitanici su prosječno aktivni 7364,22 ± 5338,38 MET-min/tjedno, a usporedbom po domenama utvrđeno je da su najaktivniji su u slobodnom vremenu, u prosjeku 2241,7 ± 2599,62 MET-min/tjedno. Nema razlika u domenama tjelesne aktivnosti između učenica i učenika. Na cijelom uzorku postoji značajna povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodnom vremenu sa zdravstvenim dobrobitima (r=0,33) te ukupnog sjedenja s psihološkim dobrobitima (r=-0,27), nedostatkom volje (r=0,25), objektivnim preprekama (r=0,27), ukupnim dobrobitima (r=-0,24) i ukupnim preprekama (r=0,27). Kod učenica, tjelesna aktivnost u kućanstvu povezana je s objektivnim preprekama (r=-0,37), tjelesna aktivnost u slobodnom vremenu povezana je sa zdravstvenim dobrobitima (r=0,37) te je ukupno sjedenje negativno povezano s psihološkim dobrobitima (r=-0,28), objektivnim preprekama (r=0,31) i ukupnim dobrobitima (r=-0,31). Kod učenika, tjelesna aktivnost na poslu povezana je s objektivnim preprekama (r=0,43), tjelesna aktivnost u kućanstvu povezana je s nedostatkom volje (r=0,4), objektivnim preprekama (r=0,4) i ukupnim preprekama (r=0,39) te je ukupna tjelesna aktivnost povezana s objektivnim preprekama (r=0,49) i ukupnim preprekama (r=0,4). Nedostatak vremena je najznačajnija percipirana prepreka, a unapređenje zdravlja najznačajnija percipirana dobrobit vježbanja kod učenica i učenika u srednjim školama. Analizom razlika između učenica i učenika, utvrđeno je da u najvećoj mjeri nema razlika u očekivanim dobrobitima, preprekama i razini tjelesne aktivnosti. U kampanjama za promociju tjelesne aktivnosti potrebno je cjelovito informirati učenice i učenike o zdravstvenim dobrobitima tjelesne aktivnosti i uključiti strategije koje će učenicima pomoći da učinkovitije organiziraju svoje slobodno vrijeme. The aim of this research was to determine gender differences in attitudes towards physical activity and the association between the domains of physical activity and the benefits and barriers of exercise. The sample consists of 76 male and female students of Zadar medical school. The level of physical activity was measured with the long form of the International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and attitudes towards physical activity with the Barriers & Benefits Scale (EBBS) questionnaire. The results show that the most significant benefits of exercise are health, feeling better after activity, and stress reduction and relaxation. The most significant barriers are lack of time, family and school obligations. Female students give greater importance to the well-being of the psychological effect compared to male students, and there is no significant difference in other variables. On a weekly level, the students are active on average 7364.22 ± 5338.38 MET-min/week, and they are most active in their leisure time, on average 2241.7 ± 2599.62 MET-min/week. There are no differences in physical activity domains by gender. In the entire sample, there is a association between physical activity in leisure time with health benefits (r=0.33) and overall sitting with psychological benefits (r=-0.27), lack of will (r=0.25), objective obstacles (r= 0.27), total benefits (r=-0.24) and total barriers (r=0.27). Among female students, physical activity at home is associated with objective obstacles (r=-0.37), physical activity in leisure time is associated with health benefits (r=0.37) and overall sitting is associated with psychological benefits (r=- 0.28), objective obstacles (r=0.31) and overall benefits (r=-0.31). Among male students, physical activity at work is associated with objective obstacles (r=0.43), physical activity at home is associated with lack of will (r=0.4), objective obstacles (r=0.4) and total barriers (r=0.39) and total physical activity is associated to objective obstacles (r=0.49) and total barriers (r=0.4). Lack of time is the most significant perceived barrier while the health benefits are the most significant expected benefit in female and male high school students. In campaigns for the promotion of physical activity, it is necessary to comprehensively inform students about the health benefits of physical activity and include strategies that will help students organize their free time more effectively.

Od najranijeg djetinjstva djecu treba poticati na tjelesnu aktivnost jer ona utječe na zdrav rast i razvoj djeteta. Tjelesnu aktivnost treba integrirati u svakodnevni život djece kako bi gradili motoričku pismenost od najranije dobi. Istraživanja nam pokazuju kako tjelovježba u ranoj dobi pomaže razvijanju navika za razvoj cjelovite zdrave ličnosti. Sedentarni način života uzrokuje smanjenje tjelesne aktivnosti i tjelovježbe i zato treba djecu poticati i omogućiti im svakodnevnu tjelesnu aktivnost. Vrste kinezioloških aktivnosti koje se mogu primjenjivati u radu s djecom rane i predškolske dobi su aktivnost tjelesnog odgoja, poticajno tjelesno vježbanje, šetnja, izlet, zimovanje, ljetovanje i sportski trening. Tjelesna aktivnost i zdravlje su usko povezani. Ubrzan način života, globalizacija i pojava pandemije Covid-19 doprinijeli su smanjenom kretanju ljudi i bavljenju sportskim aktivnostima. Cilj ovog istraživanja je pomoću anonimnog anketnog upitnika prikupiti podatke o razini tjelesne aktivnosti i navikama djece rane i predškolske dobi na području Gorskog kotara za vrijeme pandemije Covid-19 i prikazati prikupljene podatke te donijeti zaključak koliko su djeca bila aktivna u sklopu pohađanja vrtića, a koliko u slobodno vrijeme. From the earliest childhood, children should be encouraged by physical activity because it affects the healthy growth and development of the child. Physical activity should be integrated into children’s daily lives to build motor literacy from an early age. Research shows us how exercise at an early age helps to develop habits for the development of a holistic healthy personality. A sedentary lifestyle causes a reduction in physical activity and exercise and therefore children should be encouraged and given daily physical activity. The types of kinesiology activities that can be applied in working with early and preschool children are physical education activity, stimulating physical exercise, walking, excursion, wintering, summer vacation and sports training. Physical activity and health are closely related. The accelerated lifestyle, globalization and the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic have contributed to the reduced movement of people and the pursuit of sports activities. The aim of this study is to use an anonymous survey questionnaire to collect data on the level of physical activity and habits of early and preschool children in the Gorski Kotar area during the Covid-19 pandemic and to show the collected data and draw a conclusion about how active the children were in attending kindergarten and how much in their spare time.

Uslijed sve veće pojave pretilosti, vrlo je bitno u ljudima probuditi svijest o važnosti tjelesne aktivnosti. Fokus bi trebao biti usmjeren na sve one negativne posljedice koje pretilost za sobom povlači, od ozbiljnih zdravstvenih problema do narušavanja kvalitete života. Kroz ovaj se diplomski rad predstavljen je utjecaj osmotjednog treninga na morfološke karakteristike pojedinca. U radu se detaljnije objašnjava specifična vrsta trenažnih procesa, tzv. funkcionalni trening koji se često prakticira u fitnesu. Funkcionalni trening osmišljen je na način da oponaša aktivnosti i pokrete kako bi prilagodba uzrokovana treningom bila primjenjivija. Ispitanice na kojima se ujedno i provodilo ovo istraživanje bile su ženske osobe, članice lokalnog fitnes kluba sa područja Imotskog, u dobi od 25 do 50 godina. U trajanju od osam tjedana, obavljale su funkcionalni trening tri puta tjedno. Svaki je trening bio prilagođen dobnoj skupini, potrebama ispitanica, ranijoj tjelesnoj aktivnosti, ali i njihovom zdravstvenom stanju. U skladu sa postavljenim ciljevima ovoga rada, rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su postavljene hipoteze a to je da su nakon osmotjednog funkcionalnog treninga zabilježene razlike u promjeni izmjerenih opsega ispitanica, dok značajnih promjena u sastavu tijela ispitanica nema. Due to the increasing incidence of obesity, it is very important to raise people's awareness of the importance of physical activity. The focus should be on all those negative consequences that obesity entails, from serious health problems to impairment of the quality of life. Through this thesis, the influence of eight-week training on the morphological characteristics of an individual is presented. The paper explains in more detail the specific type of training processes, the so-called functional training that is often practiced in fitness. Functional training is designed to mimic activities and movements so that the adaptations caused by training are more applicable. The subjects on whom this research was conducted were women, members of a local fitness club from the Imotski area, aged 25 to 50. For eight weeks, they performed functional training three times a week. Each training session was adapted to the age group, the needs of the test subjects, previous physical activity, but also their state of health. In accordance with the set goals of this work, the results of the research confirmed the set hypotheses, namely that after the eight-week functional training, there were differences in the changes in the measured dimensions of the test subjects, while there were no significant changes in the body composition of the test subjects.

Pojavom pandemije covida zbog izolacijskih i restrikcijskih mjera dolazi do velikih zatvaranja. Zatvara se gotovo svaki sportski objekt i fitnes centar u svijetu. Zatvaranjem navedenih objekta, te raznih povezanih aktivnosti dodatno se otežava rekreativno bavljenje fitnesom i rekreativnim sportom. Velik broj zdravih rekreativaca, koji su se redovito bavili tjelesnom aktivnošću i rekreativno vježbali, postaje neaktivno. Manji dio zdravih rekreativaca ipak ostaje aktivan kod kuće ili na otvorenom. Brojna dosadašnja istraživanja su dokazala da tjelesna neaktivnost sama po sebi negativno utječe na antropološki status, a samim time i na zdravstveni status, koji je već ugrožen zbog pojave pandemije. Zbog navedenog, bitno je istaknuti važnost redovite tjelesne aktivnosti i rekreativnog bavljenja fitnesom, te njihov pozitivan utjecaj na sastavnice antropološkog statusa. With the onset of covid pandemic due to isolation and restrictive measures, large closures occur. Almost every sports facility and fitness center in the world is closing. The closure of these facilities and various related activities further hardens recreational fitness and sports. A larger number of healthy individuals who regularly engage in physical activity and exercise recreationally are becoming inactive. However, a small number of healthy recreational individuals remain active at home or outdoors. Numerous studies to date have shown that physical inactivity in itself negatively affects the anthropological status, and thus the health status already threatened by the pandemic. Due to the above, its important to emphasize the importance of regular physical activity, recreational fitness, and their positive impact on the components of anthropological status.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj razine obrazovanja roditelja i socio-ekonomskog statusa obitelji na razinu tjelesne aktivnosti i sjedilačko ponašanje djece predškolske dobi. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 1606 roditelja djece predškolske dobi državnih vrtića iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske. Općim upitnikom prikupljeni su podaci vezani uz socio-ekonomski status obitelji, a odnosili su se na zaposlenost oca i majke, razinu obrazovanja oca i majke, mjesečna primanja u kućanstvu, dob i spol djeteta, dok je za procjenu tjelesne aktivnosti i sjedilačkog ponašanja djece korišten “Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire”, prilagođen na hrvatski jezik. Utjecaj socio-ekonomskih čimbenika na razinu tjelesne aktivnosti i sjedilačkog ponašanja djece utvrđen je logističkom regresijskom analizom. Rezultati regresijske analize kojoj je kao kriterijska varijabla odabrana Tjelesna aktivnost djeteta (zbroj bodova) pokazuju da je regresijski model značajan. Značajni beta koeficijenti su utvrđeni kod varijabli Dob, Spol i Tjelesnu aktivnost majke. Isti rezultati dobiveni su i kada se varijabla tjelesne aktivnosti djeteta izrazila u obliku prosječne ocjene u upitniku NPAQ. Rezultati regresijske analize u kojoj je kao kriterijska varijabla Vrijeme pred ekranima (izraženo u minutama) pokazuju da je regresijski model statistički značajan. Prediktorske varijable za koje je utvrđen značajan beta koeficijent jesu Dob, Spol, Zaposlenost oca, Stupanj obrazovanja majke, Ukupna mjesečna primanja i Tjelesna aktivnost majke te se mogu smatrati značajnim korelatima sjedilačkog ponašanja u ovom istraživanju. Iz dobivenih podataka može se zaključiti kako socio-ekonomski status obitelji ima značajan utjecaj na tjelesnu aktivnost, tjelesnu neaktivnost i sjedilačko ponašanje djece. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of the level of parental education and socioeconomic status of the family on the level of physical activity and sedentary behavior of preschool children. The sample of participants consisted of 1,606 parents of children of preschool age in state kindergartens from different parts of Croatia. The general questionnaire was used to collect data related to the socio-economic status of the family and they referred to the employment of parents, the level of education of parental education, monthly income in the household, the age and gender of the child, and the "Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire", adapted to the Croatian language was used for the assessment of physical activity and sedentary behavior of children. The influence of socio-economic factors on the level of physical activity and sedentary behavior of children was determined by logistic regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis in which the child's physical activity (sum of points) was selected as the criterion variable show that the regression model is significant. Significant beta coefficients were determined for the variables Age, Gender, and Physical activity of the mother. The same results were obtained when the child's physical activity variable was expressed in the form of an average score in the NPAQ questionnaire. The results of the regression analysis in which Screen time expressed in minutes was selected as the criterion variable show that the regression model is statistically significant. The predictor variables for which a significant beta coefficient was determined are Age, Gender, Father's employment, Mother's level of education, Total monthly income and Mother's physical activity and can be considered as significant correlates of sedentary behavior in this research. From the obtained data, it can be concluded that the socio-economic status of the family has a significant influence on physical activity, physical inactivity and sedentary behavior of children.

Dobrobit tjelesne aktivnosti i njezin pozitivan utjecaj na zdravlje dobivaju sve veću popularnost posljednjih godina u općoj populaciji. Poznato je da tjelesna aktivnost ukoliko se provodi redovito može dovesti do unaprijeđenja tjelesnog i psihičkog zdravlja te do sprječavanja niza kardiovaskularnih i metaboličkih bolesti. Tijekom provedbe bilo kakve vrste aktivnosti od iznimne je važnosti održati homeostazu, odnosno ravnotežu organizma kako bi svi sustavi skladno funkcionirali. Neravnoteža u organizmu može se odraziti na izvedbu koja u konačnici može završiti čak i fatalno. Djeca su, kao i odrasli, aktivni sudionici u području tjelesne aktivnosti te je početak ulaska u trening dosta pomaknut i djeca sve mlađa započinju trenažni proces. Obzirom da je organizam djeteta anatomski i fiziološki drugačiji od odraslog, promjene tijekom rasta i sazrijevanja dovode do drugačijeg odgovora organizma na tjelesni napor, nego kod odrasle osobe te takve promjene utječu i na termoregulaciju tijekom odmora i vježbanja. Ovaj rad za cilj ima prikazati što se događa u organizmu djece kada temperatura tijela raste prilikom mišićnog rada, kako se temperatura mijenja u različitim uvjetima okoliša, kako se odražava na zdravstveni status djeteta i kao posljednje, koje su preporuke za vježbanje ovisno o uvjetima u okolišu. The benefits of physical activity and its positive impact on health have gained increasing popularity in the general population in recent years. It is known that physical activity, if carried out regularly, can lead to improvement of physical and mental health and to decrease of a number of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. During the implementation of any type of activity, it is extremely important to maintain homeostasis, i.e., the balance of the organism, so that all systems function harmoniously. An imbalance in the body can affect the performance, which can ultimately even end fatally. Children, like adults, are active participants in the field of physical activity, the start of training is quite early, and children start with the training process at a younger age. Since a child's body is anatomically and physiologically different than an adult's, changes during growth and maturation lead to a different response of the body to physical effort than in adults, and such changes affect thermoregulation during rest and exercise as well. The aim of this thesis is to show what happens in the body of children when the body temperature rises during muscle work, how the temperature changes in different environmental conditions, how this is reflected on the child's health status and, finally, what the recommendations for exercise are, depending on the environmental conditions.

Za suvremenog čovjeka planinarenje i rekreacija u prirodi predstavlja opuštanje i odmor od brojnih životnih i poslovnih obveza koje ga prate i koje doživljava u raznim životnim i poslovnim situacijama, od radnog mjesta, prometnih gužvi i nizom drugih obaveza. Vrste aktivnog odmora poput planinarenja i rekreativnog boravka u prirodi daje čovjeku priliku obnoviti svoju potrošenu energiju, koja mu je neophodna za daljnji rad i učenje. Odlazak u prirodu i bavljenje aktivnostima na svježem i čistom zraku čovjeka ispunjava novom snagom, zadovoljstvom i emocionalnom energijom unatoč uloženom fizičkom naporu. Kroz ovaj rad želi se naglasiti kako je primarni cilj i sadržaj planinarenja uživanje u ljepotama koju planine i priroda pružaju pri čemu se stvara sklad između fizičkih i mentalnih čovjekovih osobina koje se međusobno nadopunjuju. Baveći se planinarenjem postižemo kvalitetne osobine poput odlučnosti, snalažljivosti, ustrajnosti, samostalnosti, hrabrosti, prilagodljivosti, principijelnosti, požrtvovanosti, društvenosti, te razvijamo smisao za razumijevanje prirode i ljudi. Povrh toga, privikavamo postupno organizam za napore kojim poboljšavamo svoje fizičko i mentalno zdravlje. U ovom je radu opisano kako pravilna primjena rekreacijskih sadržaja u prirodi ima važnu ulogu u planinarstvu, a njena kvalitetna upotreba ovisi o razini naše svijesti i odgovornosti. For a modern man, hiking and recreation in nature represents relaxation and rest from numerous life and business obligations that accompany him and that he experiences in various life and business situations, from the workplace, traffic jams and a number of other obligations. Types of active vacations such as hiking and recreational stay in nature give a person the opportunity to renew his spent energy, which is necessary for further work and study. Going to nature and engaging in activities in the fresh and clean air fills a person with new strength, satisfaction and emotional energy despite the physical effort. Through this work, we want to emphasize that the primary goal and content of hiking is to enjoy the beauty that mountains and nature provide, while creating harmony between the physical and mental qualities of a person that complement each other. By doing mountaineering, we achieve quality qualities such as determination, resourcefulness, perseverance, independence, courage, adaptability, principledness, self-sacrifice, sociability, and develop a sense of understanding nature and people. On top of that, we gradually accustom the organism to the efforts by which we improve our physical and mental health. This paper describes how proper application plays an important role in mountaineering as a form of sports recreation in nature, and that the awareness and responsibility of each of us depends on its quality use.

Cilj ovog rada je pomoću sastavljenog anketnog upitnika utvrditi interes roditelja osnovnoškolske djece s područja grada Krapine za njihovo uključivanje u školu alpskog skijanja. Osim interesa za učenjem alpskog skijanja upitnikom se utvrđuju i stavovi roditelja prema samostalnom odlasku njihove djece na zimovanje, korisnosti programa zimovanja za djecu osnovnoškolske dobi te spremnost za izdvajanje određenih financijskih sredstava za ovakav program. U istraživanju su sudjelovale 144 osobe (20 muškog spola i 124 ženskog spola, prosječne dobi 39,32±4,44 godine), roditelji osnovnoškolske djece s područja grada Krapine. Rezultati ankete pokazali su da roditelji smatraju program zimovanja i uključivanje u školu alpskog skijanja korisnim za osamostaljivanje, socijalizaciju i zdravlje djece. Za uključivanje djece u školu alpskog skijanja problem predstavljaju potrebni financijski izdaci. Želju da djeca savladaju vještinu alpskog skijanja na visokom nivou iskazalo je 47,5% roditelja. The aim of this paper is to determine the interest of parents of primary school children from the city of Krapina for their inclusion in the alpine skiing school using a questionnaire. In addition to the interest in learning alpine skiing, the questionnaire also determines the attitudes of parents towards their children's independent winter trip, the usefulness of winter trip programs for primary school children and the willingness to allocate certain funds for such a program. The study involved 144 people (20 males and 124 females, mean age 39.32 ± 4.44 years), parents of primary school children from the city of Krapina. The results of the survey showed that parents consider the winter trip program and inclusion in the alpine skiing school useful for independence, socialization and children's health. The necessary financial expenses for including children in alpine skiing school are a problem. 47.5% of parents expressed their desire for children to master the skill of alpine skiing at a high level.

Da je kretanje djetetu potrebno nije strano. Upravo zbog sve veće modernizacije vremena u kojem živimo, odnosno sve učestalijim sjedilačkim načinom života, potrebno je već od najranije dobi poticati kretanje i djetetu dati do znanja koliko je tjelesna aktivnost važna. Djeca, u periodu do predškole svoje tjelesne aktivnosti provode uglavnom kroz igru. Upravo je razdoblje predškole te rane školske dobi ono kad se dijete okreće nekoj usmjerenoj tjelesnoj aktivnosti. No, da bi se dijete usmjerilo u pravi sport, potrebno je otkriti što mu najbolje odgovara. Upravo zato, tu su odgojitelji, odnosno učitelji koji bi trebali prepoznati potencijale djece s kojom rade. Da bi prepoznali te mogli dijete usmjeriti dalje u život, potrebno je dobro poznavati njegova kinantropološka obilježja, odnosno morfološka obilježja, njegove motoričke te funkcionalne sposobnosti. Osim metodom opservacije, primjenom odgovarajućih baterija testova mogu se procijeniti kinantropološka obilježja djece i učenika, te sukladno pretenzijama pojedinih sposobnosti usmjeriti u odgovarajuću aktivnost. Upravo je to i tema ovog diplomskog rada. U samu temu uvesti će se kroz definicije tjelesne aktivnosti i tjelesnog fitnesa, pisat će se o tome što spomenuto obuhvaća, analizirat će se kinantropološke značajke, te najčešći testovi putem kojih se mjere. Potom će se navesti baterije testova, odnosno njihove primarne značajke. Naposljetku će se tabelarnim prikazom pokušati objediniti opisani testovi, analizirat će se ključne komponente svakog testa koje se koriste u cijelom svijetu za procjenu tjelesnog fitnesa djece predškolske te rane školske dobi. It is not unknown that the movement of the child is necessary. Precisely because of the increasing modernization of the times in which we live, apropos, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, it is necessary to encourage movement from an early age and let the child know how important physical activity is. Children, in the period before preschool, spend their physical activities mainly through play. It is precisely the period of preschool and early school age when the child turns to some more serious physical activity. However, in order to direct a child to the right sport, it is necessary to find out what suits him best. That is exactly why there are educators and teachers who should recognize the potential of the children they work with. In order to recognize and be able to direct the child further in life, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of his kinanthropological characteristics, morphological characteristics, his motor skills and functional ability. In addition to the observation method, the kinanthropological characteristics of children and students can be assessed by applying appropriate batteries of tests, and in accordance with the pretensions of individual abilities, they can be directed to the appropriate activity. This is exactly the topic of this thesis. The topic itself will be introduced through the definitions of physical activity and physical fitness, it will be written about what the aforementioned includes, kinanthropological features will be analyzed, and the most common tests that are used to measure. Then the battery of tests, or their primary features, will be listed. Finally, the table will analyze the key components of each test that are used all over the world to assess the physical fitness of preschool and early school-age children.

U radu su prikazani različiti učinci plivanja na zdravlje. Plivanje ima pozitivne učinke na zdravlje pluća, kardiovaskularni i kardiometabolički sustav, mišićno koštani sustav, neurološko zdravlje i dr. u općoj populaciji. Plivanje donosi prednosti i za određene društvene skupine, npr. osobe s invaliditetom, starije osobe i osobe ženskog spola. Međutim, određeni učinci plivanja na zdravlje još uvijek nisu dovoljno dobro istraženi. Plivanju se u znanstvenoj literaturi posvećuje znatno manje pažnje u odnosu na neke druge tjelesne aktivnosti, posebno trčanje i biciklizam. Voda posjeduje posebna fizička svojstva, stoga u poduzimanju određenih fizioloških mjerenja postoje i poteškoće. Određeni učinci plivanja na zdravlje počeli su se istraživati tek u novije vrijeme, stoga za neke učinke još uvijek ne postoje dokazi visoke razine. Plivanje ne donosi prednosti samo na individualnoj razini, već od aktivnosti i programa plivanja koristi mogu imati i čitave zajednice. Kako bi to bilo moguće, trebaju postojati određeni preduvjeti. Ovaj je rad ukazao na potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima učinaka plivanja na zdravlje, koja u današnje vrijeme mogu biti pospješena upotrebom suvremene tehnologije. Suvremena saznanja o učincima plivanja potrebno je uključiti u programe prevencije i rehabilitacije, kao i rekreacije jer je pozitivan utjecaj tjelovježbe na opće zdravlje dobro poznat. Potrebno je i osnažiti kapacitete zajednice kako bi uopće postojali preduvjeti za bavljenje plivanjem kao tjelesnom ili sportskom aktivnosti. The paper presents various health effects of swimming. Swimming has positive effects on lung health, cardiovascular and cardiometabolic system, musculoskeletal system, neurological health, etc. in the general population. Swimming also brings benefits to certain social groups, such as people with disabilities, the elderly, and women. However, certain health effects of swimming are still not well researched. Swimming is given much less attention in the scientific literature compared to some other physical activities, especially running and cycling. Water has special physical properties, so there are difficulties in taking certain physiological measurements. Certain effects of swimming on health have only recently begun to be investigated, so for some effects there is still no evidence of high levels. Swimming does not only bring benefits at the individual level, but entire communities can benefit from swimming activities and programs. In order for this to be possible, there must be certain preconditions. This paper pointed to the need for further research into the health effects of swimming, which today can be enhanced by the use of modern technology. Modern knowledge about the effects of swimming should be included in prevention and rehabilitation programs, as well as recreation, because the positive impact of exercise on general health is well known. It is also necessary to strengthen the capacity of the community so that there are prerequisites for swimming as a physical or sporting activity.

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti koliko roditeljsko bavljenje sportom i njihovi stavovi utječu na tjelesnu aktivnost djece te definirati razlike u stavovima roditelja o tjelesnoj aktivnosti s obzirom na status uhranjenosti. U svrhu istraživanja primijenjen je standardizirani upitnik (PPPAS) (Kimberley Lakes i sur.). Anketu je ispunilo 97 ispitanika, većinom roditelji čija su djeca polaznici organiziranih kinezioloških aktivnosti udruge „Plesaonica“ u dobi od četiri do 14 godina. Ovaj rad usmjeren je na prednost redovite tjelesne aktivnosti kod djece i njihove razvojne karakteristike. Potaknut je društvenom kongnitivnom teorijom kako pojedinci uče ponašanja promatrajući ponašanja drugih, naročito onih osoba koje u očima promatrača izazivaju poštovanje što su u ovom slučaju roditelji. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja pokazuju kako roditelji u velikoj većini imaju pozitivne stavove o uključivanju djece u organizirane tjelesne aktivnosti. T-test analizom za nezavisne uzorke testirana je značajnost razlika u stavovima roditelja s obzirom na nekadašnje bavljenje tjelesnom aktivnošću, s obzirom na trenutačnu uključenost roditelja u organiziranu tjelesnu aktivnost i njihov status uhranjenosti. Na temelju istraživanja zaključeno je kako se stavovi roditelja o tjelesnoj aktivnosti djece ne razlikuju s obzirom na njihovo sudjelovanje u tjelesnoj aktivnosti tijekom djetinjstva, status uhranjenosti niti aktivnosti sad. Razlog tome može biti uzorak ispitanika koji nije izvršen slučajnim odabirom, već je riječ o specifičnom uzorku roditelja djece koja su redovito uključena u tjelesnu aktivnost. The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which parents' participation in sports and their attitudes affect children's physical activity and to define the differences in parents' attitudes about physical activity with regard to nutritional status. For the purpose of this research, a standardized questionnaire (PPPAS) (Kimberley Lakes and associates) was used. The survey was completed by 97 respondents, mostly parents whose children are participants in organized kinesiological activities of the association "Plesaoncica" aged 4-14 years. This paper focuses on benefits of children's regular physical activity and their developmental characteristics. It is driven by a social cognitive theory of how individuals learn behavior by observing the behaviors of others, especially those persons who in the eyes of the observer evoke respect, which in this case are parents. The results of this research show that the vast majority of parents have positive attitudes about the inclusion of children in organized physical activities. T-test analysis for independent samples tested the significance of differences in parents' attitudes with regard to former physical activity, with regard to nutritional status and with regard to current involvement in organized physical activity. Based on this research, it was concluded that parents' attitudes about children's physical activity do not differ with regard to their participation in physical activity during childhood, nutritional status or activity now. The reason for this may be a sample of respondents that was not made by random selection, but is a specific sample of parents of children who are regularly involved in physical activity.

Uvod: Tjelesno samopoimanje, kao značajnu komponentu općeg pojma o sebi, većina autora definira kao subjektivnu prezentaciju tjelesnog izgleda popraćenu tjelesnim iskustvima uz utjecaj sociokulturnog okruženja, poglavito u adolescenciji (Majdak & Kamenov, 2011; Pokrajac-Bulian i ostali, 2004). Istraživanja su pokazala da je tjelesno samopoimanje važan moderator tjelesne aktivnosti i vježbanja (H. W. Marsh & Perry, 2005; Peart i ostali, 2005) te da ima značajan utjecaj na razvoj aktivnog i zdravog načina života (H. W. Marsh i ostali, 2006). Osim pozitivnog utjecaja na tjelesno samopoimanje, tjelesno vježbanje i sport predstavljaju bitne faktore u postizanju optimalnog stanja psihofizičkog zdravlja, što potvrđuju istraživanja širom svijeta (Jurakić & Andrijašević, 2007). Cilj: Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrditi generalne razlike u tjelesnom samopoimanju adolescenata istog spola u glavnim gradovima triju država: Hrvatske, Srbije i Bosne i Hercegovine. Pod-ciljevi rada bili su: ispitati da li postoje spolne razlike u tjelesnom samopoimanju adolescenata u različitim državama; utvrditi razlike u tjelesnom samopoimanju ispitanika s obzirom na sportski staž, odnosno da li se ispitanici bave sportom ili ne; ispitati da li postoje razlike u tjelesnom samopoimanju ispitanika ovisno o tome da li se bave individualnim ili timskim sportom. Metode: U svrhu prikupljanja podataka primijenjen je „Upitnik tjelesnog samopoimanja“ PSDQ (Marsh i ostali, 1994, prema Radisavljević-Janić, 1996) od 78 čestica. Anketiranje sudionika provedeno je na prigodnom uzorku od ukupno 1012 učenika osmih razreda u šest osnovnih škola, u Republici Hrvatskoj (n=298), Bosni i Hercegovini (n=321) i Srbiji (n=393). Rezultati su pokazali da između adolescenata s područja RH, BiH i Srbije postoje dosljedne i očekivane razlike u tjelesnom samopoimanju s obzirom na spol i s obzirom na (ne)bavljenje sportom. Tjelesno samopoimanje adolescenata je bolje od tjelesnog samopoimanja adolescentica. Tjelesno samopoimanje sportaša je bolje od tjelesnog samopoimanja nesportaša. Naposljetku, pokazalo se da se tjelesno samopoimanje sportaša koji se bave individualnim sportovima i sportaša koji se bave timskim sportovima ne razlikuje. Zaključak: Usporedba tjelesnog samopoimanja adolescenata s obzirom na državu u kojoj žive (RH, Srbija i BiH) pokazala je da u tjelesnom samopoimanju adolescenata iz pojedinih država postoje određene specifičnosti, ali i da ne postoje jasni trendovi na način da bi adolescenti iz neke od navedenih država svoje tijelo sustavno doživljavali lošije ili bolje od adolescenata iz preostalih država. Introduction: Physical self-concept, as a significant component of the general self-concept, is defined by most authors as a subjective presentation of physical appearance accompanied by physical experiences influenced by sociocultural environment, especially in adolescence (Majdak & Kamenov, 2011; Pokrajac-Bulian et.al., 2004). Research has shown that physical self-perception is an important moderatorof physical activity and exercise (H. W. Marsh & Perry, 2005) and that it has a significant impact on developing an active and healthy lifestyle (H. W. Marsh et.al., 2006). In addition to the positive impact on physical self-perception, physical exercise and sports are important factors in achieving optimal mental and physical health, which is confirmed by research around the world (Jurakić & Andrijašević, 2007). Goal: The main goal of this study was to determine the general differences in the physical self-concept of adolescents of the same gender in the capitals of three countries: Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sub-goals of the study were to examine are there gender differences in the physical self-concept of adolescents in different countries; to determine the differences in the physical self-concept of the respondents with regard to sports experience, ie whether the respondents engage in sports or not; and examine whether there are differences in respondents physical self-concept depending on whether they engage in individual or team sports. Methods: For the purpose of data collection, the „Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire” PSDQ (Marsh et.al., 1994, according to Radisavljević-Janić, 1996) of 78 particles was used. The survey of participants was proven on a suitable sample of a total of 1012 eighth grade students in six primary schools, in the Republic of Croatia (n = 298), Bosnia and Herzegovina (n = 321) and Serbia (n = 393). The results: The results showed that between adolescents from the territory of the Republic of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia there are consistent and expected differences in physical self-concept with regard to gender and with regard to (not) playing sports. The male adolescent's physical self-concept is better than the female adolescent's physical self-concept. The physical self-concept of an athlete is better than the physical self-concept of a non-athlete. Finally, it has been shown that the physical self-concepts of athletes engagedin individual sports and sports engaged in team sports do not differ. Conclusion: The comparison of adolescents' physical self-concept with regard to the country in which they live (Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) showed that there are certain specifics in the physical self-concept of adolescents from certain countries, but also that there are no clear trends their body is systematically perceived worse or better than adolescents from the remaining countries.

Cilj ovoga rada bio je analizirati trenutno stanje i trendove u natjecateljskom i rekreativnom sportu na Sveučilištu u Splitu. Uzorak ispitanika uključivao je studente i studentice Sveučilišta u Splitu koji su sudjelovali u rekreativnim i natjecateljskim aktivnostima Splitskog sveučilišnog sportskog saveza u akademskim godinama 2018./2019., 2019./2020., i 2020./2021. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na značajan pad učestalosti bavljenja tjelesnom aktivnosti uslijed pojave pandemije uzrokovane virusom COVID-19. Isto tako detektirana je značajna razlika među spolovima u varijablama rekreacija i natjecanja, a vezana za učestalost sudjelovanja u navedenim aktivnostima. Temeljem dobivenih nalaza zaključuje se da je potrebno nastaviti s analizom trendova u sveučilišnom sportu te su potrebne intervencije u programima koje će povećati broj studentica u natjecateljskim aktivnostima i s druge strane broj studenata u rekreativnim aktivnostima. The aim of this paper was to analyze the current situation and trends in competitive and recreational sports at the University of Split. The sample of respondents included students of the University of Split who participated in recreational and competitive activities in organization of the Split University Sports Association in the academic years 2018/2019, 2019/2020, and 2020/2021. The obtained results indicate a significant decrease in the frequency of physical activity due to the occurrence of a pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus. There was also a significant difference between male and female students in the variables of recreation and competition, related to the frequency of participation in these activities. Based on the results, it is concluded that it is necessary to continue with the analysis of trends in university sports and interventions are needed in programs that will increase the number of female students in competitive activities and on the other hand the number of male students in recreational activities.

Ovaj rad bavi se temom povezanost razine tjelesne aktivnosti s mogućnostima sudjelovanja i preprekama za provedbu kinezioloških aktivnosti. Prikazane su terminologijske odrednice slobodnog vremena, kako učenici mogu sudjelovati u različitim tjelesnim aktivnostima u izvannastavnim i izvanškolskim aktivnostima, te koje su moguće prepreke pri provođenju kinezioloških aktivnosti. Istraživanje je provedeno u OŠ Petra Preradovića Zadar i OŠ Domovinske Zahvalnosti Knin u kojem je sveukupno sudjelovalo 200 učenika i učenica trećih i četvrtih razreda. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi razinu tjelesne aktivnosti te koje su eventualne prepreke u bavljenju sportom i izboru preferirane aktivnosti djece u slobodnom vremenu kod učenika primarnog obrazovanja u osnovnim školama u Kninu i Zadru. Istraživanjem se željela utvrditi povezanost razine tjelesne aktivnosti i percipiranih prepreka. Nadalje, željelo se utvrditi postoje li statistički značajne razlike u razini tjelesne aktivnosti s obzirom na spol učenika i grad u kojem žive. Rezultati koji su dobiveni pokazuju da su učenici umjereno tjelesno aktivni te da im je najveća prepreka za provedbu tjelesne aktivnosti faktor motivacije te da postoji povezanost između nekih domena tjelesne aktivnosti i prepreka za provedbu istih. Utvrđeno je da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u razini tjelesne aktivnosti i percipiranim preprekama s obzirom na spol. Vezano za razinu tjelesne aktivnosti i ograničavajuće čimbenike s obzirom na grad, učenici zadarske škole su više uključeni u sportske aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme te su više tjelesno aktivni za vrijeme velikog odmora nego učenici u Kninu. Iako je prikazano da su učenici zadarske škole u slobodno vrijeme aktivniji od učenik kninske škole, učenici iz Knina su više tjelesno aktivni tijekom vikenda od učenika u Zadru. Također utvrđena je razlika za objektivne prepreke u kojima učenici kninskih škola zbog obiteljskih i nedostupnih objekata nisu u mogućnosti vježbati. This paper deals with the topic of the connection between the level of physical activity and the possibilities of participation and obstacles to the implementation of kinesiological activities. The terminological determinants of free time are presented, how students can participate in various physical activities in extracurricular and out-of school activities, and what are the possible barriers in carrying out kinesiological activities. The research was conducted in the Petar Preradović Elementary School in Zadar and the Domovinske zahvalnosti Elementary School in Knin, in which a total of 200 third and fourth grade students participated. The aim of the research was to determine the level of physical activity and what are the possible obstacles in playing sports and choosing the preferred leisure activities of children in primary school students in primary schools in Knin and Zadar. The aim of the research was to determine the connection between the level of physical activity and perceived barriers. Furthermore, the aim was to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in the level of physical activity with regard to the gender of students and the city in which they live. The obtained results show that students are moderately physically active and that the biggest barrier to the implementation of physical activity is a motivating factor and that there is a connection between some domains of physical activity and barriers to their implementation. It was found that there is no statistically significant difference in the level of physical activity and perceived barriers with respect to gender. Regarding the level of physical activity and limiting factors with regard to the city, students of the Zadar school are more involved in sports activities in their free time and are more physically active during the big holidays than students in Knin. Although it has been shown that students of the Zadar school are more active in their free time than students of the Knin school, students from Knin are more physically active during the weekend than students in Zadar. A difference was also found for objective obstacles in which students of Knin schools are not able to exercise due to family and inaccessible facilities.

Tjelovježba je tjelesna aktivnost jačeg intenziteta od svakodnevnog tjelesnog napora. Pojavom čovjeka pojavila se i vježba. Tjelovježba predstavlja jedan od bitnih faktora koji su uvjetovali diferencijaciju čovjeka od životinja. Oružja, oruđa i posebni crteži pronađeni u pećinama i na stijenama sa motivima iz lova i vjerskih obreda, predstavljaju značajne podatke o tjelesnim aktivnostima i tjelesnom vježbanju pračovjeka. Autor Deket (2003) definira tjelesnu aktivnost kao jednu od značajnih, ako ne i najznačajnijih karika u pravilnom razvoju djeteta. Prema Deket (2003) tjelesna aktivnost nema samo za cilj da zadovolji osnovne biološke potrebe djeteta, nego i da otkrije urođene potencijale djece kako bi se oni dalje kvalitetno razvijali i obogaćivali. Najznačajnija zadaća predškolskog odgoja je briga za zdravlje i pravilan razvoj djece. Djeci je igra prioritet, tako da je značajno da se tjelesne aktivnosti provode kroz igru i dječje aktivnosti. Osim što se igraju, djeca kroz tjelesne aktivnosti stimuliraju cjelokupni razvoj, zadovoljavaju esencijalne i egzistencijalne potrebe, razvijaju spoznaje, emocionalne, socijalne i radne mogućnosti. Uravnotežena prehrana je temeljni čimbenik koji omogućuje djetetu da se pravilno razvija, da bude zdravo te da odrasta u samosvjesnu osobu. U ovom radu se navode sva obilježja koja čine pravilnu prehranu u cjelini. Radom se ukazuje na važnost pravilne prehrane i uvođenje navike svakodnevnog tjelesnog vježbanja u djece od samog početka, kako bi se njome izbjegao mogući nastanak pretilosti te kako bi se spriječio njezin nastavak u odrasloj dobi. U predškolskoj ustanovi u Splitu proveden je projekt Sport i pravilna prehrana gdje su djeca kroz igru učila te usvojila nove spoznaje vezano za bavljenjem tjelesnom aktivnosti te o važnosti pravilne prehrane, ali i sama njena priprema. Exercise is a physical activity of greater intensity than daily physical exertion. With the appereance of man, exercise also appeared. Exercise is one of the essential factors that conditioned the differentiation of man from animals. Weapons, tools and special drawings found in caves and on rocks with motifs from hunting and religious rites, represent significant data on physical activities and physical exercise of prehistoric man. The need to restore psychophysical balance and health is subject to a series of procedures in which kinesiological science plays an important role. In preschool age, physical activity is one of the significant, if not the most important links in the proper development of a child. According to Deket (2003), physical activity not only aims to meet the basic biological needs of the child, but also to discover the innate potentials of children so that they can further develop and enrich themselves. The most important task of preschool education is to take care of the health and proper development of children. For children, play is a priority, so it is important that physical activities are carried out through play and children's activities. In addition to playing, children stimulate overall development through physical activities, meet essential and existential needs, develop cognition, emotional, social and work opportunities. A balanced diet is a fundamental factor that allows a child to develop properly, be healthy and grow into a self-aware person. This paper lists all the characteristics that make up a proper diet as a whole. The paper points out the importance of proper nutrition and the introduction of the habit of daily physical exercise in children from the very beginning, in order to avoid the possible development of obesity and to prevent its continuation in adulthood. In the preschool institution in Split, the project Sport and proper nutrition was implemented, where children learned through play and adopted new knowledge related to physical activity and the importance of proper nutrition, but also its preparation.

Prirodni oblici kretanja ili biotička motorička znanja spontani su načini kretanja koje dijete počinje nagonski realizirati u periodu od rođenja do treće godine života. Temelj su pravilnog rasta i razvoja te predstavljaju okosnicu tjelesnog vježbanja s djecom jasličkog uzrasta. Kretanjem, istraživanjem, manipuliranjem malo dijete upoznaje sebe, svoje tijelo kao i svijet oko sebe. „Prvi korak“ ključni je trenutak u životu svakog djeteta. Hodanjem dijete proširuje granice istraživanja prostora koji ga okružuje, a daljnjim motoričkim razvojem usavršavaju se drugi oblici kretanja kao što su trčanje, skakanje, provlačenje, bacanje, penjanje, guranje, vučenje... Stoga je važna uloga odgajatelja u jaslicama da potiče tjelesni razvoj, na način da djeci osigura mnoštvo prilika i situacija za usavršavanje ovih vještina koje se razvojno pojavljuju. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada jest ukazati na važnost provođenja tjelesnih aktivnosti i vježbi s djecom jasličkog uzrasta, a kojima se potiču i zadovoljavaju prirodni oblici kretanja. U radu je provedeno kratko istraživanje po principu anketnog upitnika kojim se željelo istražiti učestalost provođenja biotičkih motoričkih aktivnosti u svakodnevnom radu s djecom jasličke dobi. Uzorkom istraživanja obuhvaćeno je 120 odgajatelja. Upitnik je bio u potpunosti anoniman, a zbog specifične epidemiološke situacije (COVID – 19) ispitanici su ga popunjavali on – line, putem društvenih mreža. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako odgajatelji smatraju da je izuzetno važno poticati djecu na tjelesne aktivnosti od najranije dobi. Isto tako, smatraju da provođenje tjelesnih aktivnosti najviše ovisi o osobnoj motivaciji odgajatelja, potom o adekvatnom prostoru i kvalitetnoj opremi. Velika većina odgajatelja smatra se dovoljno kompetentnima za provođenje ovih aktivnosti, međutim jedan mali dio odgajatelja smatra kako bi bilo dobro imati pomoć stručne osobe na primjer kineziologa, kao i mogućnost dodatne edukacije. Natural forms of movement or biotic motor knowledge are a spontaneous way of movement that a child begins to realize instinctivily in the period from birth to the third year of life. They are the foundation of proper growth and development and represent the backbone of physical exercise with children of nursery age. By moving, exploring, manipulating, a small child gets to know himself, his body as well as the world around him. The „first step“ is a key moment in every child's life. By walking, the child expands the boundaries of exploring the space that surrounds him, and with further motor development, other forms of movement are perfected, such as running, jumping, dragging, throwing, climbing, pushing, pulling...Therefore, the important role of educators in the nursery is to encourage phycical development, by providing children with a multitude of opportunities and situations to improve these skills that emerge developmentally. The aim of this thesis is to point out the importance of conducting physical activities and exercise with children of nursery age, which encourage and satisfy natural forms of movement. The paper conducted a short research on the principle of a survey questionnaire which sought to investigate the frequency of biotic motor activities in everyday work with children of nursery age. The research sample included 120 educators. The questionnaire was completely anonymous, and due to the specific epidemiological situation (COVID – 19), the respondents filled it out on - line, via social networks. The results of the research show that educators belive that it is extremely important to encourage children to engage in physical activity from an early age. They also belive that the implementation of physical activities depends mostly on the personal motivation of educators , then on adequate space and quality equipment. The vast majority of educators are considered competent enough to carry out these activities, but a small part of educators belive that it would be good to have the help of a professional such as a kinesiologist, as well as the possibility of additional education.

Prekomjerna tjelesna masa i pretilost epidemije su s kojom se svijet bori već desetljećima, a značajno su povezane i s rizikom za razvoj kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti čija prevalencija i dalje raste. Dva od četiri najistaknutija rizična čimbenika u pojavi prekomjerne tjelesne mase i pretilosti, pa tako i pojavi kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti su neprimjerena prehrana i nedovoljna razina tjelesne aktivnosti. To su ujedno i dva čimbenika na koja možemo najviše utjecati. Prehrambene navike kompleksno su i još uvijek nedovoljno istraženo područje na koje utječe čitav niz čimbenika od kojih je znanje jedan od najspominjanijih. Adolescencija je razdoblje u životu kojeg karakteriziraju velike promjene, a iznimno je važno jer se upravo u tom životnom razdoblju oblikuju, razvijaju i dodatno učvršćuju navike koje se protežu kroz cijeli život. Ispitivanje prehrambenih navika i tjelesne aktivnosti prvi je korak u poduzimanju učinkovitih mjera stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio ispitati stupanj uhranjenosti adolescenata, njihove prehrambene navike, znanje o prehrani, razinu tjelesne aktivnosti i stil života, razinu samoefikasnosti i postojanje prepreka u eventualnom poboljšanju prehrambenih navika, znanje o sigurnosti hrane i higijenu prehrane te ispitati postoje li razlike prema spolu i uhranjenosti. Cilj je bio i ispitati povezanost znanja o prehrani s prehrambenim navikama, ali i s uhranjenosti i tjelesnom aktivnosti. Istraživanje je provedeno na 1520 učenika (od čega 646 djevojaka i 874 mladića) drugih razreda sedamnaest srednjih škola na području Grada Zagreba prosječne dobi 16,75 (0,47). Primijenjen je upitnik koji je korišten i validiran na adolescentima slične starosti u Italiji (Turconi i sur., 2003 i 2008). Upitnik se sastoji od devet segmenata. Prikupljeni podaci su obrađeni statističkim programskim paketom Statistica – verzija 13.3 i Microsoft Excel 2016. Nakon osnovne deskriptivne statistike upotrijebljen je Studentov t-test za utvrđivanje razlika između spola i univarijatna analiza (ANOVA) za utvrđivanje razlika između ispitanika različitih kategorija uhranjenosti, Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije za utvrđivanje povezanosti varijabli te regresijska analiza za utvrđivanje doprinosa pojedinih varijabli prehrambenim navikama. Razina statističke značajnosti postavljena je na p0,05. Mladići imaju veći indeks tjelesne mase od djevojaka, a u prosjeku je 7% pothranjenih, 76% normalno uhranjenih, 14% prekomjerne tjelesne mase i 3% pretilih sa većom pojavnošću pothranjenosti kod djevojaka, a prekomjerne tjelesne mase i pretilosti kod mladića. Zadovoljavajuće prehrambene navike pokazalo je manje od polovice ispitanih s nepostojanjem razlika po spolu i kategoriji uhranjenosti. Unutar segmenta navika razlike su utvrđene u određenim česticama upitnika. Djevojke statistički značajno rjeđe doručkuju i konzumiraju sva tri obroka u danu, dok im je istovremeno doručak koji konzumiraju zdraviji. Također konzumiraju manje alkoholnih pića i zaslađenih sokova, prehrana im sadrži manje masti, ali unose i značajno manje mliječnih proizvoda. Razlike unutar segmenta prehrane prema kategoriji uhranjenosti pronađene su kod konzumacije deserata nakon obroka, alkoholnih pića, sadržaja međuobroka, pića između obroka, mliječnih proizvoda i vode. Unos voća i povrća kod svih skupina je iznimno malen. Što se tiče tjelesne aktivnosti, manje od polovice živi zadovoljavajuće aktivno. Više od 43% ih provodi više od 3 sata dnevno ispred ekrana; mladići i normalno uhranjeni su statistički ipak značajno aktivniji. Većina je pokazala odlično i zadovoljavajuće poznavanje tj. razumijevanje osnovnih pojmova vezanih uz hranu i prehranu dok je razina detaljnijeg poznavanja hrane nezadovoljavajuća kod čak 42% ispitanih. Usprkos nižim razinama znanja o sigurnosti hrane higijenska praksa vezana uz sigurnost hrane je kod većine zadovoljavajuća. Statistički značajno višu razinu pokazale su djevojke u svim segmentima znanja, a razlike prema kategoriji uhranjenosti nisu pronađene. Visoku razinu samoefikasnosti pokazalo je više od osamdeset posto adolescenata. Djevojke statistički značajno višu. Kod gotovo sedamdeset posto ispitanih utvrđeno je postojanje vrlo malog broja prepreka vezanih uz ponašanja uz prehranu dok razlike po spolu i kategorijama uhranjenosti nisu utvrđene. Statistički mala, ali značajna povezanost znanja o prehrani i prehrambenih navika je utvrđena, a povezanost znanja i tjelesne aktivnosti i uhranjenosti nije. Znanje o prehrani, samoefikasnost, prepreke promjenama i higijena hrane pokazali su se značajnim prediktorom prehrambenih navika. Zaključak je da postoji potreba povećanja razina tjelesne aktivnosti, ali i znanja s obzirom da visoka razina znanja prevenira nezdrave navike. Zaključak je i da ispitani segmenti mogu značajno doprinijeti poboljšanju navika, no s obzirom da objašnjavaju tek mali dio tog kompleksnog ponašanja dodatna istraživanja su potrebna radi otkrivanja preostalih čimbenika i količine njihovog utjecaja na prehrambene navike. Overweight and obesity is an epidemic that the world has been battling for decades. They are also significantly associated with the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases whose incidence and prevalence in the world is still growing. Two of the four most prominent risk factors in the occurrence of overweight and obesity and in the occurrence of chronic non-communicable diseases are inadequate diet and insufficient level of physical activity. These two factors are also the two factors we can influence the most. Eating habits are a complex and still insufficiently researched area that is influenced by a number of factors, of which knowledge stands out as one of the most significant. Adolescence is a period in life characterized by great changes. It is extremely important because in this period of life different habits that last a lifetime are formed, developed and further strengthened. Examination of eating habits and physical activity is the first step in taking effective measures so the aim of this study was to examine the level of nutrition of adolescents, their eating habits, dietary knowledge, level of physical activity and lifestyle, level of self-efficacy and barriers to change in possible improvement of eating habits. The aim was also to examine food safety knowledge and hygiene practices and to examine whether there are differences according to gender and nutritional status. The aim was also to examine the connection between nutrition knowledge and eating habits, but also the connection between knowledge and nutrition and physical activity. The research was conducted on 1520 students (of which 646 female and 874 male students) of the second grade of seventeen high schools in the City of Zagreb an average age of 16.75 (0,47). A questionnaire was used and validated on adolescents of similar age in Italy (Turconi et al., 2003 and 2008). The questionnaire consists of nine segments. The collected data was processed by the statistical software package Statistica - version 13.3 and Microsoft Excel 2016. After the basic descriptive statistics, the Student's t-test for gender differences and univariate analysis (ANOVA) were used to determine differences between subjects of different nutrition categories, Pearson's correlation coefficient for determining the correlation of variables and regression analysis to determine the contribution of individual variables to eating habits. The level of statistical significance was set at p0,05. Male students have a significantly higher body mass index than female students. On average there is 7% thin, 76% normal weight, 14% overweight and 3% obese students in total. There is a higher incidence of thinness in girls, and overweight and obesity in boys. Satisfactory eating habits were shown by less than half of the respondents with no differences by gender or nutrition category. Within the segment, differences were found in certain questionnaire items. Girls are statistically significantly less likely to eat breakfast and consume all three meals a day, while at the same time the breakfast they consume is healthier. They also consume less alcoholic beverages and sweetened juices, their diet contains less fat, but they also consume significantly less dairy products. Differences within this segment by nutritional status were found in the consumption of desserts after meals, alcoholic beverages, snack content, beverages between meals, dairy products and intake of water. The intake of fruits and vegetables in all groups is extremely small. In terms of physical activity less than half of adolescents live a satisfactorily active life. More than 43% of them spend more than 3 hours a day in front of a screen; young men and normal weight are significantly more active. Excellent and satisfactory knowledge i.e. understanding of basic terms related to food and nutrition was shown by the largest number of adolescents, while the level of more detailed knowledge of food is unsatisfactory in 42% of students. Despite lower levels of knowledge on food safety, the hygienic practices of a large number of adolescents related to food safety are satisfactory. Significantly higher level of knowledge was shown by girls in all knowledge segments. No differences according to the nutrition status were found. A high level of self-efficacy was shown by more than 80% of adolescents. Nearly 70% of adolescents were found to have a very small number of barriers to change related to eating behaviors. Differences by gender and nutrition status were not found. A statistically small but significant association of dietary knowledge and eating habits was found. The association between knowledge and physical activity and knowledge and nutrition were not found. Dietary knowledge, self-efficacy, barriers to change, and food hygiene have been shown to be significant predictors of eating habits. The general conclusion is that there is a need to increase levels of physical activity and knowledge given that a high level of knowledge prevents unhealthy eating habits. The conclusion is also that the examined segments can significantly contribute to the improvement of habits, but since they explain only a small part of this complex behavior (10% variance), additional research is needed to identify the remaining factors and their impact on eating habits.

Više senzorni uređaji koji prate tjelesnu aktivnost i pri tome koriste akcelerometar u suradnji s ostalim fiziološkim podacima su dizajnirani da omoguće jednostavno praćenje tjelesne aktivnosti. Jedan od takvih uređaja trenutno na tržištu je popularna fitnes narukvica Fitbit Charge 2. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi valjanost mjernog uređaja Fitbit Charge 2 za praćenje intenziteta tjelesne aktivnosti uspoređujući ga s uređajem znanstvene razine Polar H7. Popratno je s kriterijskim uređajem uspoređen i uređaj istog proizvođača starije generacije, Polar OH1. Šesnaest mladih odraslih, tjelesno aktivnih sudionika, prosječne dobi 25 godina, mjereni su s tri uređaja za vrijeme trčanja proizvoljnim intenzitetom približno dva kilometra. Fitbit Charge 2 je u odnosu na Polar H7 podcijenio frekvenciju srca za 9,8% (Fitbit: 135,6±12,7 o/min, Polar H7: 150,3± 9,5 o/min, p=0,001), a opću kalorijsku potrošnju za 7,5% (Fitbit: 142,8±16,6 kcal, Polar H7: 154,3±18,7 kcal, p=0,053). Između originalno mjerenih frekvencije srca i kalorijske potrošnje između dva uređaja nije utvrđena značajnija pozitivna, niti negativna povezanost. Za usporedbu, između dva Polar uređaja nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike, a utvrđena je pozitivna povezanost između njihovih originalno mjerenih pokazatelja. Kod naknadno izvedenog metaboličkog ekvivalenta, koji ukazuju na relativni intenzitet i energetsku potrošnju, nije uočena značajna razlika između Fitbit Charge 2 uređaja i Polar H7 uređaja (Fitbit: 9,4±2 MET, Polar H7: 10,3±2,5 MET, p=0,043). Iz ovog istraživanja proizlazi da Fitbit Charge 2 nije adekvatno valjan za neposredno mjerenje frekvencije srca i kalorijske potrošnje. No, postoje naznake da bi se podaci prikupljeni Fitbit Charge 2 uređajem u istraživačkoj praksi mogli koristiti za praćenje intenziteta aktivnosti mladih, tjelesno aktivnih odraslih ljudi ukoliko se originalni podaci transformiraju u relativne jedinice poput metaboličkog ekvivalenta. Ipak, obzirom na određena ograničenja trenutnog istraživanja, buduće studije bi trebale potvrditi navedenu pretpostavku. Multi-sensor devices that monitor physical activity and use an accelerometer in conjunction with other physiological data are designed to allow easy monitoring of physical activity. One such device currently on the market is the popular fitness bracelet Fitbit Charge 2. The aim of this study was to determine the validity of the measuring device Fitbit Charge 2 for monitoring the intensity of physical activity by comparing it with a scientific level device Polar H7. The device of the same manufacturer of the older generation, Polar OH1, was compared with the criterion device. Sixteen participants, young adults, physically active, average age 25 years, were measured with three devices while running at an arbitrary intensity of approximately two kilometers. Fitbit Charge 2 underestimated the heart rate compared to Polar H7 by 9.8% (Fitbit: 135.6 ± 12.7 bpm, Polar H7: 150.3 ± 9.5 bpm, p = 0.001), and total caloric consumption by 7.5% (Fitbit: 142.8 ± 16.6 cal, Polar H7: 154.3 ± 18.7 cal, p = 0.053). No significant positive or negative association was found between the originally measured heart rate and caloric expenditure between the two devices. For comparison, no statistically significant differences were found between the two Polar devices, and a positive correlation was found between their originally measured indicators. In the subsequently derived metabolic equivalent, which indicates relative intensity and energy consumption, no significant difference was observed between the Fitbit Charge 2 device and the Polar H7 device (Fitbit: 9.4 ± 2 MET, Polar H7: 10.3 ± 2.5 MET, p = 0.043). From this research, it follows that Fitbit Charge 2 is not adequately valid for direct measurement of heart rate and caloric expenditure. However, there are indications that the data collected by the Fitbit Charge 2 device in research practice could be used to monitor the activity intensity of young, physically active adults if the original data are transformed into relative units such as metabolic equivalent. However, given certain limitations of current research, future studies should confirm this assumption.

Paget-Schroetter sindrom ili tromboza uslijed naprezanja, je pojava duboke venske tromboze gornjih ekstremiteta. Sindrom je u općoj populaciji relativno rijedak, no češće se pojavljuje u mlađoj populaciji sportaša i radnika, posebno kod aktivnosti koje zahtijevaju ponavljajuće pokrete podizanja ruke iznad glave. U literaturi se ne nalazi ciljani sistematičan pregled objavljenih radova koji prikazuju slučajeve ovoga sindroma u sportaša. Cilj rada je opis karakteristika Paget-Schroetter sindroma te pregled i sistematičan prikaz radova citiranih u bibliografskoj bazi Medline koji prikazuju slučajeve ovoga sindroma kod sportaša. Prikazano je 35 članaka, te su analizirani i sumirani sljedeći podaci: dob, spol i sportovi kojima su se opisani pacijenti bavili, simptomi zbog kojih su se javili liječniku, tj. klinička slika utvrđena pri liječničkom pregledu, učinjena dijagnostička obrada, provedeno liječenje i rezultat liječenja. Paget-Schroetter syndrome or effort thrombosis, is an example of deep vein thrombosis in upper extremities. This syndrome is relatively rare in the general population, but it occurs more often in younger population of athletes and workers, especially those that engage in activities that require repetitive overhead movements of the arm. There is no targeted systematic review of published articles with case reports of this syndrome in athletes. The aim of the thesis is to describe the characteristics of the Paget-Schroetter syndrome and to review and systematically describe articles cited in Medline that report cases of athletes with this syndrome. Thirty-five articles are analysed, and the following data are summarized: age and sex of the patients, the sports they practiced, symptoms that made them seek medical help, i.e., findings at physical examination, performed diagnostic tests, treatment and its results.

Svrha: Primarni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti i školskih postignuća kod adolescentica i adolescenata u kontekstu stupnja njihove opće uhranjenosti i abdominalne uhranjenosti. Metode: Uzorak ispitanika sačinjavali su 831 srednjoškolskih zagrebačkih učenica i učenika (425 dječaka i 406 djevojčica u prosječnoj dobi 15,5±0,2 godina) koji su izabrani nasumično i longitudinalno praćeni u sklopu CRO-PALS studije. Temeljem morfoloških karakteristika, uključujući tjelesnu visinu, masu i opseg struka, a koji su prikupljeni u prvoj godini projekta, 2014./15 šk. godini, ispitanici su za potrebe ovoga rada klasificirali prema četiri kategorije indeksa tjelesne mase u skupine pothranjenost, normalna uhranjenost, prekomjerna tjelesna masa i pretilost, te dodatno u dvije kategorije sukladno graničnim vrijednostima normalnoga opsega struka u skupine normalan opseg struka i abdominalna pretilost. Podaci o razini tjelesne aktivnosti učenika prikupljeni su i procijenjeni pomoću SHAPES upitnika temeljenoga na prisjećanju tjelesne aktivnosti i njenoga intenziteta tijekom prethodnih sedam dana, a podaci o ukupnom školskom uspjehu i završnoj ocjeni iz matematike dodatkom upitniku po završetku školske godine. Varijable koje su se promatrale te međusobno dovodile u odnos su: razina tjelesne aktivnosti, školski uspjeh, stupanj uhranjenosti te abdominalna pretilost. Rezultati: Analizom rezultata kod većine formiranih skupina utvrđeno je da nema značajnijih pozitivnih ili negativnih povezanosti između razine tjelesne aktivnosti i školskoga uspjeha, tj.; viša razina tjelesne aktivnosti nije praćena postizanjem boljega školskog postignuća. Negativna povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti sa zaključnom ocjenom iz matematike opažena je kod relativno malobrojne skupine abdominalno pretilih djevojaka. Zaključak: Iz rezultata ovoga rada se čini da povećanje razine tjelesne aktivnosti ne utječe negativno, a niti pozitivno na školska postignuća, neovisno o stupnju uhranjenosti adolescenata. Obzirom na pozitivne efekte tjelesne aktivnosti na mentalno i tjelesno zdravlje adolescenata utvrđeno ranijim istraživanjima, gradske politike bi trebale promovirati povećanje tjelesne aktivnosti kod adolescenata, s osobitim naglaskom na prekomjerno uhranjene. Dodatna istraživanja su potrebna da bi se dokazali pozitivni efekti tjelesne aktivnosti na školska postignuća adolescenata. Purpose: The primary goal of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity and school achievement in adolescents and adolescents in the context of the degree of their general nutrition and abdominal nutrition. Methods: The sample was consisted of 831 high school students from the city of Zagreb (425 boys and 406 girls with an average age of 15.5 ± 0.2 years) who were randomly selected and longitudinally monitored as part of the CRO-PALS study. Based on the morphological characteristics, including body height, weight and waist circumference collected in the first year of the project, 2014/15 school year, the respondents for the purposes of this paper are classified according to four categories of body mass index into groups malnutrition, normal nutrition, overweight and obesity, and additionally in two categories according to the limit values of normal waist circumference in the groups normal waist circumference and abdominal obesity. Data on the level of physical activity of students were collected and assessed using the SHAPES questionnaire based on recollection of physical activity and its intensity during the previous seven days, and data on overall school success and final grade in mathematics by supplementing the questionnaire at the end of the school year. The variables that were observed and correlated with each other were: level of physical activity, school success, level of nutrition and abdominal obesity. Results: Analysis of the results in already formed groups showed that there are no significant positive or negative associations between different physical activities and school success, ie., higher levels of physical activity are not accompanied by achieving better school achievement. A negative association of physical activity with the final grade in mathematics was observed in a relatively small group of abdominal obese girls. Conclusion: From the results of this work, it seems that increasing the level of physical activity does not negatively or positively affect school achievement, regardless of the level of nutrition of adolescents. Given the positive effects of physical activity on the mental and physical health of adolescents identified by previous researches, city policies should promote an increase in physical activity in adolescents, with particular emphasis on the overweights. Additional researches are needed to prove the positive effects of physical activity on adolescents ’school achievement.

Sedentarni način života je vrsta života koja uključuje malu ili nikakvu tjelesnu aktivnost. Dok se sjedilačko ponašanje odnosi na aktivnosti koje ne povećavaju potrošnju energije znatno iznad razine odmora i uključuje aktivnosti poput spavanja, sjedenja, ležanja i gledanja televizije (Pate i sur., 2008). Prema Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (WHO), od 60 do 85% populacije razvijenih i država u razvoju živi sjedilačkim načinom života, dok skoro dva miliona ljudi godišnje umire od fizičke neaktivnosti. Iz tog razloga sedentarni život može biti unutar deset glavnih uzroka smrti u svijetu (World Health Organization, 2002). Uz moderne izume kao što su: računalo, televizija i razne igrače konzole, ljudi se sve manje kreću, a sve više sjede doma. Ovakav stil života smatra se neovisnim čimbenikom rizika za nastanak raznih kroničnih bolesti kao što su: hipertenzija, šećerna bolest, pretilost, razne kardiovaskularne bolesti. Izradom kvalitetnog plana i programa sportsko rekreacijskog vježbanja, možemo na siguran i efikasan način utjecati na poboljšanje kvalitete života osoba koje žive sedentarnim načinom. Da bi plan i program bio kvalitetno napisan i prikladno proveden, treba biti osmišljen i realiziran od strane kineziologa ili druge stručne osobe. Cilj ovog rada je osvijestiti ljude o važnostima rekreacijskog vježbanja, kao i provođenju vremena u prirodi. Te približiti im osnovne smjernice o treniranju i prehrambenim navikama. A sedentary lifestyle is a type of life that involves little or no physical activity. While sedentary behavior refers to activities that do not increase energy expenditure significantly above rest levels and includes activities such as sleeping, sitting, lying down, and watching television (Pate and others, 2008). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60 to 85% of the population of developed and developing countries live a sedentary lifestyle, while nearly two million people die each year from physical inactivity. For this reason, sedentary life can be within the top ten causes of death in the world (World Health Organization, 2002). With modern inventions such as: the computer, television and various console games, people are moving less and less and sitting at home more and more. This lifestyle is considered an independent risk factor for the development of various chronic diseases such as: hypertension, diabetes, obesity, various cardiovascular diseases. By creating a quality plan and program of sports and rec-reational exercise, we can safely and effectively influence the improvement of the quality of life of people who live a sedentary lifestyle. In order for the plan and program to be well written and properly implemented, it should be designed and implemented by a kinesiologist or other professional. The aim of this paper is to make people aware of the importance of recreational exercise, as well as spending time in nature. Also to bring them basic guidelines on training and eating habits.

Svrha: primarni cilj rada bio je ispitati kako adolescenti procjenjuju vlastitu kvalitetu života, te je li to povezano s razinom njihove tjelesne aktivnosti i vremenom provedenim pred ekranima. Također, zanimalo nas je mijenjaju li se te relacije u periodu od 3 godine, tj. između dvije točke mjerenja (početak srednje škole 2014. g. i završetak srednje škole 2017. g.). U tu svrhu odredili smo tri podcilja. Prvi je bio ispitati je li došlo do promjene u vremenu provedenom pred ekranom, razini tjelesne aktivnosti i procjenama kvalitete života adolescenata različitog spola i tipa škole u periodu od 3 godine (2014.-2017.). Drugi cilj bio je ispitati povezanost vremena provedenog pred ekranom i razine tjelesne aktivnosti s procjenama kvalitete života adolescenata u svakoj točki mjerenja (2014. i 2017.).Treći cilj bio je ispitati postoje li razlike u vremenu provedenom pred ekranom, razini tjelesne aktivnosti i kvaliteti života s obzirom na spol sudionika i vrstu škole koju pohađaju u svakoj točki mjerenja. Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 916 sudionika, 444 učenice i 459 učenika polaznika srednjih škola Grada Zagreba, te je dio CRO-PALS studije. Metode: kvaliteta života procijenjena je hrvatskom verzijom upitnika KIDSCREEN-27.Vrijeme provedeno pred ekranom i tjelesna aktivnost procijenjeni su SHAPES upitnikom. Rezultati: pokazalo se da su adolescenti manje zadovoljni svojom kvalitetom života u završnom razredu. Djevojke su nezadovoljnije uspjehom u školi i školskim okruženjem, zdravstvenim statusom i količinom tjelesne aktivnosti, odnosima s obitelji i količinom slobodnog vremena, te se osjećaju manje tužno i osamljeno od mladića. Mladićima se smanjilo zadovoljstvo zdravstvenim stanjem, količinom tjelesne aktivnosti, te u završnom razredu imaju manje slobodnog vremena nego u prvom. Učenici strukovnih škola su manje zadovoljni školskim uspjehom i novčanim resursima. Nadalje, vidljivo je smanjenje vremena provedenog pred ekranom, a dobivena je visoka korelacija vremena pred ekranom s lošijim raspoloženjem, školskim uspjehom i zdravljem. Više vremena pred ekranom provode mladići općenito, učenici strukovnih škola, posebice djevojke u odnosu na gimnazijalke. Djevojke su općenito manje aktivne od mladića, te su mladići iz strukovnih škola aktivniji od gimnazijalaca. Djevojke su u prosjeku bile manje zadovoljne školskim uspjehom i slabije su mogle pratiti nastavu, kao i učenici strukovnih škola u odnosu na gimnazijalce. Djevojke su u prvom razredu nezadovoljnije svojim zdravljem, količinom tjelesne aktivnosti, emocionalnim stanjem i količinom slobodnog vremena od mladića. Učenici strukovnih škola su manje zadovoljni novčanim primanjima od gimnazijalaca. Aim:The primary objective of the study was to examine how adolescents assess their own quality of life, and whether this is related to their level of physical activity and time spent in front of screens. Also, whether these relations change in a period of 3 years, ie between two measurement points (the beginning of high school in 2014 and the end of high school in 2017.). To this end, we have identified three sub-goals. The first was to examine whether there was a change in the time spent in front of the screen, the level of physical activity and assessments of the quality of life of adolescents of different genders and types of school in the period of 3 years (2014-2017). The second objective was to examine the relationship between screen time and physical activity levels with adolescent quality of life assessments at each measurement point (2014 and 2017). The third objective was to examine whether there were differences in the time spent in front of the screen, the level of physical activity and the quality of life with regard to the gender of the participants and the type of school they attended at each measurement point. The research was conducted on a total of 916 participants, 444 students and 459 high school students from the City of Zagreb, and is part of the CRO-PALS study. Methods: quality of life was assessed by the Croatian version of the KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire. Time spent in front of the screen and physical activity were assessed by the SHAPES questionnaire. Results:adolescents have been shown to be less satisfied with their quality of life in the final grade. Girls are more dissatisfied with school performance and the school environment, health status and amount of physical activity, family relationships and amount of free time, and feel less sad and lonely than boys. The boys' satisfaction with their health condition decreased as well as the amount of physical activity and they had less free time in final grade than in first one. Vocational school students are less satisfied with school success and financial resources. Resaults show visible reduction in time in front of the screen, a high correlation of time in front of the screen with poorer mood, school success and health. More time in front of the screen is spent by boys in general, students of vocational schools, especially girls compared to grammar school girls. Girls are generally less active than boys, and boys from vocational schools are more active than grammar school students. On average, girls were less satisfied with school performance and were less able to attend classes, as were vocational school students compared to high school students. In the first measurement, girls are more dissatisfied with their health, amount of physical activity, emotional state and amount of free time than boys. Vocational school students are less satisfied with their income than high school students.

Stres je sastavni dio života koji bitno utječe na njegovu kvalitetu. I dok stres uobičajeno percipiramo kao nešto loše, hormoni stresa su zapravo našim davnim precima bili nužni za preživljavanje. Nailazimo na mnogobrojne definicije ovoga pojma, no summa summarum stres možemo definirati kao skup tjelesnih i psihičkih promjena koje nastaju kao posljedica vanjskih i unutrašnjih stresora koji remete homeostatsku ravnotežu organizma. Uzimajući u obzir da je stres nužan dio svakodnevice, od važnosti nam je shvatiti i savladati adaptaciju na stres, što je pod nadzorom tzv. stresnog sustava koji obuhvaća složene stanične, molekularne i neuroendokrine strukture i procese. Način nošenja sa stresorima pod velikim je utjecajem okolišnih čimbenika, kao i crta ličnosti te genetike. Reakcija na stresore nije uvijek negativna, odnosno postoji i pozitivna strana stresa koja potiče bolje adaptacijske procese u organizmu. S druge strane, negativna posljedica djelovanja stresa može biti maladaptacija, tj. bolest, što je i dio rasprave u ovome radu. Redovito umjereno vježbanje može biti važan čimbenik u ublažavanju negativnog učinka kroničnog stresa na zdravlje kroz optimizaciju fizioloških promjena izazvanih kratkotrajnim ili akutnim odgovorom na stres. Isto tako i intenzitet vježbanja pokazao se kao ključan faktor u subjektivnoj percepciji stresa osoba koje vježbaju umjerenim intenzitetom u odnosu na one osobe koje uopće ne vježbaju. Stress is an integral part of life, which significantly affects its quality. And while we usually perceive stress as something bad, stress hormones are precisely those that our ancient ancestors needed to survive. We come across many definitions of this term, but summa summarum stress can be defined as a set of physical and mental changes that occur as a result of external and internal stressors that disrupt physiological balance of the organism. Given that stress is a necessary part of everyday life, it is important for us to understand and master adaptation to stress, which is controlled by the so-called stress system that encompasses complex cellular, molecular, and neuroendocrine structures and processes. The way an individual will deal with stressors is heavily influenced by environmental factors, as well as personality traits and genetics. The reaction to stressors is not always negative, i.e., there is a positive side of stress, which has the task of causing better adaptation. On the other hand, the negative consequences of exposure to stress can cause maladaptation, i.e., disease, which is part of the discussion in this paper. Regular moderate exercise can be an important factor in mitigating the negative effect of chronic stress on health through optimizing physiological changes caused by short-term or acute stress responses. Likewise, exercise intensity has been shown to be a key factor in the subjective perception of stress by people who exercise at a moderate intensity compared to those who do not exercise at all.

Uvod. Važnost tjelesne aktivnosti u očuvanju psihofizičkog zdravlja dobro je utvrđena, a povećanje razine tjelesne aktivnosti nedovoljno aktivne studentske populacije bi trebao biti cilj javnozdravstvenih akcija. Kako bi one bile što učinkovitije, potrebno je prepoznati sve čimbenike, pa tako i psihološke, koji su pozitivno povezani s razinom tjelesne aktivnosti. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost razine tjelesne aktivnosti i psiholoških varijabli kreiranjem prediktivnog strukturalnog modela tjelesne aktivnosti studenata. Metode. Sudionici istraživanja su bili studenti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, njih ukupno 1304 s deset fakulteta koji pokrivaju 5 znanstvenih područja djelovanja. Od ukupnog uzorka, 857 je bilo studentica (65,7%), a 447 (34,3%) studenata. U provedenom istraživanju korišteni su sljedeći mjerni instrumenti: hrvatska verzija upitnika International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, dugačka forma), Upitnik Teorije planiranog ponašanja o bavljenju tjelesnom aktivnošću, hrvatska verzija Upitnika ciljne orijentacije u sportu, hrvatska verzija upitnika EMI-2, Skala lokusa uzročnosti za vježbanje, hrvatska verzija HEXACO – PI - R upitnika ličnosti. Rezultati. Tjelesna aktivnost u slobodno vrijeme se direktno može predvidjeti namjerom za bavljenje tjelesnom aktivnošću, lokusom uzročnosti za vježbanje, te društvenim motivima za vježbanje. Uspješnost predviđanja tjelesne aktivnosti na temelju prediktorskih varijabli sastavljenih od osobina ličnosti i motivacijskih varijabli ovisi o razini tjelesne aktivnosti. Rezultati su pokazali da, s obzirom na razinu tjelesne aktivnosti, postoji statistički značajna razlika u stavovima, subjektivnim normama, percipiranoj kontroli, namjeri, orijentaciji na zadatak i učenje, lokusu uzročnosti za vježbanje, ugodnosti, ekstraverziji, emocionalnosti te psihološkim i društvenim motivima za vježbanje. Što se tiče uspješnosti predviđanja tjelesne aktivnosti ovisno o spolu, pokazalo se da nema razlike u uspješnosti. S obzirom na spol, postoji statistički značajna razlika u stavovima, percipiranoj kontroli, orijentaciji na ishod i rezultat, orijentaciji na zadatak i učenje, lokusu uzročnosti za vježbanje, otvorenosti ka iskustvu, savjesnosti, ugodnosti, emocionalnosti, poštenju/poniznosti, zdravstvenim i društvenim motivima za vježbanje, te u razini tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme i ukupne tjelesne aktivnosti. Zaključak. Varijable proizašle iz teorije planiranog ponašanja pokazale su se najkonzistentnijim prediktorima tjelesne aktivnosti. Preostale varijable koje su se pokazale uspješnim prediktorima su lokus uzročnosti za vježbanje, skupine društvenih i psiholoških Introduction. Importance of physical activity in psychophysical health preservation is well established, and increasing physical activity level of insufficiently active student population should be goal of public health actions. For them to be efficient, it is necessary to determine all factors, including psychological, that are related with physical activity level. Combination of psychological factors which, in prior research, proved to be succesful in predicting different kind of behavior, including physical activity, and which are based on theories of planned behavior, self-determination, motivation of achievement and HEXACO personality theory, should result in optimal predictive solution. The aim of this study was to determine relationship between leisure-time physical activity level and psychological factors (motivation variables and personality traits) by creating predictive structural model of student physical activity. Methods. Participants were 1304 students from ten University of Zagreb colleges that covers five different scientific areas. There were 857 female students (65,7%) and 447 male students (34,3%). Measure instruments used in condacted research were as follows: Croatian version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, long form), Theory of planned behavior questionnaire regarding physical activity, Croatian version of Task and Ego orientation in sport questionnaire, Croatian version of EMI-2 questionnaire, the Locus of Causality for Exercise Scale, and Croatian version of HEXACO-PI-(R) personality measure. Results. Leisure- time physical activity can directly be predicted by intention to be physically active, by locus of causality for exercise and by group of social motives for exercise, with higher intentions, inner locus of causality and greater motivation by social motives leading to higher level of student leisure-time physical activity. Furthermore, student leisure-time physical activity level prediction by personality traits and motivation variables depends on student physical activity level. Final model solution created from sample of students who fullfil minimum leisure-time activity level recommendation explained 13,3% of student leisure-time physical activity variance, while final model solution created from sample of students who don't fullfil minimum leisure-time activity level recommendation explained 3,9% of student leisure-time physical activity variance. Results showed that, considering physical activity level, there is statistically significant difference in attitudes toward physical activity, subjective norms of physical activity participation, perceived control of physical activity, intention to be physically active, task goal orientation, locus of causality for exercise, agreeableness, exstraversion, emotionality, psychological motives for exercise and social motives for exercise. Considering gender, results showed that there is no difference in successfulness of predictive models, with final model solution created from male students sample explaining 16,5% of student leisure-time physical activity variance, while final model solution created from female students sample explaining 16,3% of student leisure-time physical activity variance. But, considering gender, there is statistically significant difference in attitudes toward physical activity, perceived control of physical activity, task goal orientation, ego goal orientation, locus of causality for exercise, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotionality, honesty-humility, health motives for exercise, social motives for exercise and, in the end, in leisure-time physical activity level and total physical ctivity level. Conclusion. Theory of planned behavior variables proved to be most consistent leisure-time physical activity predictor, with exception of perceived control, which, contrary to theory assumptions, predicted only intention of physical activity, not behavior itself. Other variables that proved successful in predicting students leisure-time physical activity, regardless of analysed sample, were locus of causlity for exercise, social motives for exercise, psychological motives for exercise, ego goal orientation and agreeableness personality trait. Relatively small percentage of explained student leisure-time physical activity variance by psychological factors indicates a need to include factors from other fields (sociodemographic, sociological) in predictive model with wich we would be able to detect those most efficient, so most successful interventions for increasing physical activity level could be created.

Današnji način življenja ne omogućava mnogo kretanja. Ljudi većinu svog vremena provode sjedeći u uredu, vozeći se automobilom ili sjedeći kod kuće. Sve manje se kreću što negativno utječe na njihovo zdravlje. Jedna od najugroženijih populacija su studenti, jer je to uzrast koji u svakodnevnom životu nije u prilici sudjelovati u tjelesnim aktivnostima, sjede na fakultetu, sjede dok uče i uz sve to većina ih ima automobile pa se i zbog toga manje kreću. Uz ne kretanje studenti su populacija koja često konzumira alkohol, to je dokazano čitavim nizom istraživanja. Jedno od takvih istraživanja autora V. Arambašića (2015. godina) koji govori o problemu alkohola kod studenta. Od 307 ispitanika njih je 93,2 % barem jedanput konzumiralo alkohol. Neka istraživanja kažu da populacija rekreativaca i sportaša konzumira više alkohola nego sjedilačka populacija. Postoje i podatci kako alkohol čini i do 5% dnevnog unosa rekreativaca. Podaci su vrlo varijabilni i ovise o sportu kojim se ispitanici bave, zemlji u kojoj žive. Unos alkohola pozitivno je povezan s timskim sportovima gdje se konzumacija alkohola često potiče kao komponenta timskih povezivanja i može biti povezana s ublažavanjem stresa. U ovom seminaru govorit ću o alkoholu, njegovom negativnom učinku i kako alkohol utječe na rekreativne aktivnosti. Želim prikazati mladima kako alkohol koji se sve više konzumira utječe na njihov svakodnevni život i mogu li napredovati u sportu ako konzumiraju alkoholna pića.

Kontinuirani tehnički i tehnološki napredak, informatizacija nastavnih procesa te modernizacija obrazovanja i društva općenito, stavljaju nove zahtjeve pred nastavničko zanimanje. Navedeni trendovi zahtijevaju od nastavnika svakodnevnu potrebu za usavršavanjem i prilagođavanjem, što zbog svoje složenosti učestalo rezultira pojavom stresa. Česta izloženost stresnim događajima može dovesti do izgaranja na poslu, čije se posljedice odražavaju na radnu učinkovitost ali i zdravlje pojedinca. Istraživanja provedena u razvijenim zemljama pokazuju jasnu negativnu vezu između razine tjelesne aktivnosti i pojave stresa na poslu. S obzirom na to da nisu poznata recentna istraživanja usmjerena na povezanost između razine tjelesne aktivnosti i pojave stresa nastavnika srednjih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj, koja je specifična zbog loše aktualne gospodarske situacije, uvođenja kurikularne reforme, poslijeratnog perioda te opće činjenice da se radi o zemlji u razvoju, ovo istraživanje predstavlja znanstveni ali i praktični doprinos u dobivenim spoznajama i boljem razumijevanju navedene teme. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su utvrditi povezanost razine i domena tjelesne aktivnosti (posao, prijevoz, domaćinstvo, slobodno vrijeme) s pojavom stresa na poslu i zadovoljstvom životom, te utvrditi relativni doprinos razine različitih domena tjelesne aktivnosti u objašnjenju stresa na poslu i zadovoljstva životom nastavnika srednjih škola. Uzorak sudionika činilo je 945 nastavnika srednjih škola Grada Zagreba, koji je bio stratificiran u skladu s vrstama škola i njihovom zastupljenošću na razini Grada Zagreba. Uzorak je bio zastupljen sa sedam gimnazija, dvanaest strukovnih škola te dvije umjetničke škole. Osim dijela upitnika koji opisuje uzorak, za procjenu razine tjelesne aktivnosti korišten je Međunarodni upitnik tjelesne aktivnosti (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ-LF) (International Consensus Group, Craig i sur., 2003). Stres na poslu procjenjivan je Upitnikom afektivne radne dobrobiti na poslu (Job Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) (Van Katwyk, Fox, Spector i Kelloway, 2000), Upitnikom tjelesnih simptoma stresa (Physical Symptoms Inventory,PSI) (Spector i Jex, 1997) te Upitnikom izgaranja na poslu za učitelje i nastavnike (Teachers Burnout Scale) (Seidman i Zager, 1986). Osim navedenoga, ispitano je i globalno zadovoljstvo vlastitim životom Upitnikom zadovoljstva životom - Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener i sur.,1985). Za potrebe statističke obrade podataka korišteni su programski paketi Statistica 12 for Windows i IBM SPSS Statistics 26. Korelacijskom analizom utvrđena je negativna povezanost opće razine tjelesne aktivnosti, te razine tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme s pokazateljima stresa na poslu, kao i pozitivna povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti u domaćinstvu s tjelesnim simptomima stresa povezanih s poslom. Također, utvrđena je i pozitivna povezanost opće razine, te razine tjelesne aktivnosti u domenama slobodno vrijeme, domaćinstvo i prijevoz sa zadovoljstvom životom. Hijerarhijskim regresijskim analizama utvrđeno je da najveći doprinos u objašnjavanju različitih indikatora stresa na poslu daje domena slobodnog vremena, koja se pokazala statistički značajnim pozitivnim prediktorom višestrukih kriterijskih varijabli: ukupne afektivne radne dobrobiti (JAWS), ugodnih emocija (JAWS) i tjelesnih simptoma stresa (PSI). Ostali prediktori statistički značajan doprinos pokazali su za sljedeće kriterije: tjelesna aktivnost u domeni posao za izgaranje u nastavničkom poslu vezano uz administrativnu potporu na poslu (TBS), domena prijevoza za ugodne emocije na poslu (JAWS), te domena domaćinstvo kao pozitivni prediktor prisutnosti tjelesnih simptoma stresa (PSI). Najveći doprinos u objašnjavanju zadovoljstva životom daje domena slobodnog vremena, zatim domena prijevoza, dok kod domena posao i domaćinstvo nije dobiven statistički značajan doprinos. Najveći postotak objašnjene varijance (5,2%) kriterija temeljem skupa prediktorskih varijabli, dobiven je kod kriterijske varijable zadovoljstva životom. Znanstveni doprinos ovog istraživanja očituje se u dobivenim spoznajama o povezanosti razine i domena tjelesne aktivnosti (posao, prijevoz, domaćinstvo i slobodno vrijeme) s pojavom stresa na poslu i zadovoljstvom životom nastavnika srednjih škola Grada Zagreba. Također, očituje se i u dobivenim spoznajama o relativnom doprinosu razine tjelesne aktivnosti različitih domena u objašnjenju stresa na poslu i zadovoljstva životom nastavnika srednjih škola, o čemu nisu pronađena recentna istraživanja. Jedini značajan doprinos u objašnjenju različitih indikatora dobrobiti srednjoškolskih nastavnika zapravo ima samo domena tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme, dok ostale domene pokazuju doprinos samo za neke prediktore. Praktični doprinos očituje se u dobivenim rezultatima (premda ne možemo sa sigurnošću govoriti o uzročno-posljedičnom slijedu) koji ukazuju na to da ima smisla (organizacijski, financijski i kadrovski) poticati tjelesnu aktivnost nastavnika u slobodno vrijeme, kako bi se povećala njihova osobna i radna dobrobit. Continuous technical and technological progress, informatization teaching processes, modernization of education and society in general, are placing constant demands on the teaching profession. These trends require from the teachers to have a daily need for improvement and adjustment, which due to its complexity often results in the appearance of stress. Frequent exposure to stressful occurrence can lead to burnout whose consequences are affecting the work efficiency and health of the individual. Studies carried out in developed countries are showing negative relationship between the level of physical activity and the occurrence of work-related stress. Given that recent studies focused on the correlation between the level of physical activity and the high school teachers stress occurrence in the Republic of Croatia are not known, which is specific due to the poor current economic situation, the curricular reform implementation, the post-war period, and the general fact that it is a developing country, this study is representing a scientific but also a practical contribution to the obtained knowledge and a better understanding of the topic. The aim of this study was to determine the level and domain of physical activity (work, transportation, housework, leisure-time) correlation with the occurrence of work-related stress and life satisfaction, and to establish the relative contribution of different domains of physical activity in explaining the work-related stress and life satisfaction of high school teachers. The sample was consisted of 945 high school teachers from the City of Zagreb, stratified according to types of schools and their representation at the level of the City of Zagreb. A sample of seven high schools, twelve vocational schools and two art schools was used. Among the part of questionnaire that describes the sample, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to estimate the level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ-LF) (International Consensus Group, Craig i sur., 2003). Work-related stress was estimated with questionnaire Job Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) (Van Katwyk, Fox, Spector, & Kelloway, 2000), Physical Symptoms (PSI) (Spector and Jex, 1997) and Teachers Burnout Scale (Seidman and Zager, 1986). Apart mentioned, global life satisfaction was estimated with Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener i sur.,1985). For statistical data processing, Statistic 12 Windows and IBM SPSS Statistics 26 were used. Negative correlation between general level of physical activity, level of physical leisure-time activity and work-related stress indicators was found using correlation analysis, as well as the positive correlation of physical activity in the housework with the physical symptoms of work-related stress. Positive correlation also was found between the general level and the level of physical activity in the domains of leisure-time, housework and transportation with life-satisfaction. Using hierarchical regression analyzes we determined that the greatest contribution in explaining different indicators of work-related stress, gives the domain of leisure-time, which proved to be a statistically significant positive predictor of multiple criteria variables: total affective work well-being (JAWS), pleasant/positive emotions (JAWS) and physical stress symptoms (PSI). Other predictors showed a statistically significant contribution in relation with: physical activity in the domain of burnout in teaching profession related to administrative support at work, in the transportation domain with pleasant/positive emotions (JAWS), and the domain of housework as a positive predictor of presence of physical stress symptoms (PSI). In explaining life satisfaction, the biggest contribution gives the leisure-time domain, then the transportation domain, while no statistically significant contribution was obtained in the domain of work and housework. Criteria variable of life satisfaction has the highest percentage explained variance (5.2%), based on a set of predictor variables. The scientific contribution of this study is reflected in the obtained knowledge about connection between the level and domains of physical activity (work, transportation, housework and leisure-time) with the work-related stress occurrence, and life satisfaction of high school teachers in the City of Zagreb. Also, it is reflected in the findings about relative contribution of the physical activity levels in different domains: in explaining work stress and life satisfaction of high school teachers, about which no recent studies have been found. The only significant contribution in explaining the various indicators of secondary school teacher’s well-being, actually has only the domain of physical activity in leisure time, while other domains are showing a contribution only for some predictors. The practical contribution is shown in obtained results (even though we cannot claim about the causal link) which are indicating that it makes sense (organizational-, financial-, and personnel-wise) to encourage teachers for physical activity in their free time, in order to increase their personal and work-related wellbeing.

Glavni cilj ovog rada je istražiti učinke treninga snage u kombinaciji s aerobnom aktivnošću na morfološki status te na razvoj nekih motoričkih sposobnosti kod jedne polaznice individualnog trenažnog programa. Trenažni program se odvijao tri puta tjedno unutar šestotjednog istraživanja te je odrađeno ukupno 18 treninga. Svaki trening je trajao u prosjeku 90 minuta gdje se prvih 60 minuta odrađivao trening snage, a ostatak vremena je bio predviđen za aerobni dio treninga. Od ispitanice se zahtijevalo, osim redovitih dolazaka na trening, i povećanje dnevne aktivnosti koje uključuje povećano kretanje tijekom dana kako bi se postigla veća ukupna potrošnja kalorija unutar svakog tjedna. Uz navedeno, korigiran je i način prehrane kod ispitanice s ciljem dugoročnog održavanja dobivenih rezultata, usvajanja zdravih navika te poboljšanja kvalitete života. Tijekom istraživanja pratile su se promjene u morfološkim i motoričkim varijablama. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali pozitivne promjene u svim navedenim varijablama. U rezultatima mase tijela došlo je do pozitivnog pada od 6,7 kg. Što se tiče mjera volumena tijela, opseg bokova se smanjio za 4,2 cm, a opseg struka za 7,88 cm. Nadalje, opseg nadlaktice se smanjio za 0,7 cm, a opseg natkoljenice se smanjio za ukupno 2,1 cm. Također, stupanj uhranjenosti kojeg određuje vrijednost indeksa tjelesne mase se također smanjio za jedan stupanj, odnosno ispitanice je prije procesa istraživanja spadala u kategoriju pretilosti tipa 1, a nakon procesa ispitanica je došla do stupnja uhranjenosti prekomjerna tjelesna težina. Inicijalna vrijednost indeksa tjelesne mase je iznosila 30,8 kg/v², a finalna 28,4 kg/v². Test korišten za procjenu repetitivne snage donjih ekstremiteta čučnjevi, pokazuje razliku od 21 ponavljanja, a test triceps propadanja ukazuje na razliku od 16 ponavljanja. Nadalje, test za procjenu izometrične snage čučanj u izdržaju ukazuje na napredak od 23 sekunde, a izdržaj u poziciji planka za 35 sekundi. Rezultati transformacijskog procesa ukazuju na povoljan učinak treninga snage kombiniran s aerobnim treningom, u svrhu smanjenja tjelesne mase, rekompozicije tijela i razvoja snage kod žena srednje životne dobi. The main goal of this study was to investigate impacts of power training and aerobic activities on certain morphological characteristics and development of some motor abilities in a middle-aged woman undergoing personal trainings. Trainings were done three times per week for six weeks. Altogether 18 trainings were performed. Average duration of each training was 90 minutes, 60 of which went on power training, and the rest of the time was used for aerobic activities. The participant was asked to attend each training, and to increase daily activities in order to increase total caloric consumption every week. Changes in morphological characteristics and motor abilities were assessed during the study. Results show the following: decrease in body mass by 6,7 kg, decrease in hip circumference by 4,2 cm, decrease in waist circumference by 7,9 cm, decrease in arm circumference by 0,7 cm, and decrease in thigh circumference by 2,1 cm. Also, body mass index decreased by 2,4 kg/v² at the end of the study. Test used to assess repetitive power of lower extremities (squats) showed an increase in number of repetitions by 21 more repetitions, as well as in triceps dips, with 16 more repetitions. Test for isometric strength shows an increase in duration time by 23 seconds, as well as duration time in plank which increased by 35 seconds. Results of the training process show a positive effect of power training combined with aerobic activities on decrease in body mass, changes in body composition and development of power in middle-aged women.

Bol u lumbalnom dijelu kralježnice je jedan od najučestalijih zdravstvenih problema modernog društva, uzrok je znatnim troškovima bolničkog liječenja i bolovanja. Tome uvelike pridonosi sedentarni način života kojemu sve češće pribjegavamo iz mnogobrojnih razloga, od modernizacije poslova do stvorene iluzije da čovječanstvo više nema toliku potrebu za kretanjem, ali i sve učestalijim prometnim traumatizmom uz posljedične ozljede kralježnice. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati detaljan opis uzroka koji su doveli i pridonose boli u lumbalnom području kralježnice i njihovih simptoma na jednom specifičnom slučaju te dati primjer individualiziranog kineziterapijskog plana i programa. Posljedično, nakon pojave boli u lumbalnom dijelu kralježnice, u nekim slučajevima dolazi i do upale ishijadičnog živca (nervus ishijadicus), što će također biti opisano u radu. Nadalje, bit će navedeni rizični čimbenici koji dovode do bolova u lumbalnom dijelu kralježnice i upale ishijadičnog živca te važnost tjelesne aktivnosti. Opisat će se anatomska specifičnost lumbalne kralježnice, organizacija živčanog sustava ljudskog tijela, testovi koji se primjenjuju u kineziterapiji i uvelike pomažu pri postavljanju dijagnoze te klinička slika pacijentice, kao i planiranja daljnjeg individualiziranog terapijskog pristupa. Pain in the lumbar spine is one of the most common health problems of modern society. It plays a major role in the significant costs of hospital treatment and sick leave. This is largely due to the sedentary lifestyle that we are increasingly resorting to for many reasons. Some of these include the modernization of jobs and the created illusion that humanity no longer has such necessity to move. Not to mention, the increase in traffic injuries with consequent spinal injuries. The aim of this thesis is to present a detailed description of the causes that led to and contribute to pain in the lumbar spine, their symptoms in a specific case, and to provide an example of an individualized kinesitherapy plan and program. In some cases, after the onset of pain in the lumbar spine there is inflammation of the sciatic nerve (nervus ishijadicus), which will be further explained in the paper. Furthermore, risk factors leading to lumbar spine pain and sciatica will be discussed, along with the importance of physical activity. The anatomical specificity of the lumbar spine, the organization of the nervous system of the human body, various tests used in kinesitherapy, which greatly helps with the diagnosis and clinical picture of the patient, and planning individualized therapeutic approaches will all be described throughout the paper.

Kako bi dijete imalo uspješan i kvalitetan razvoj trebalo bi biti tjelesno aktivno i posjedovati znanja koja prate njegovu razvojnu fazu. Osim razvoja koordinacije, razvitka i korištenja više mišićnih skupina, tjelesna aktivnost djeci može pomoći u socijalizaciji sa drugom djecom. Ova vrsta aktivnosti zahtjeva pripremu odgajatelja i kvalitetnu demonstraciju i učenje. Djeca najbolje uče igrajući se pa je osmišljavanjem raznih igrica, koje sadrže biotička motorička znanja, tjelesna aktivnost najučinkovitija. S obzirom da je predškolska dob vrijeme kada je djetetova radoznalost za nova iskustva velika, kreativna metoda odgajatelja nesumnjivo će unijeti promjene u njihov tjelesni život i potaknuti zdrav razvoj., In order for a child to have a successful and quality development, he should be physically active and have the knowledge that accompanies his developmental stage. In addition to developing coordination, developing, and using multiple muscle groups, physical activity can help children socialize with other children. This type of activity requires educator preparation and quality demonstration and learning. Children learn best by playing, so by designing various games, which contain fundamental motor skills, physical activity is most effective. Given that preschool is a time when a child's curiosity for new experiences is big, the creative method of educators will undoubtedly make changes in their physical life and encourage healthy development.

Glavni cilj ovoga rada je sinteza dosadašnjih spoznaja o utjecaju broja koraka na zdravlje i na temelju toga izrada preporuka o dovoljnom broju koraka za unapređenje i održavanje zdravlja kod djece, mladih i odraslih osoba. U djece i mladih preporučeni dnevni broj koraka razlikuje se s obzirom na spol i dob. Za dječake u dobi od 6-12 godina preporučene vrijednosti broja koraka su od 12 500- 14 999 koraka, a za djevojčice od 9500-11 999. Tijekom adolescencije (12-18 g.) dolazi do značajnog smanjenja razine tjelesne aktivnosti, a time i dnevnog broja koraka. U odrasloj dobi preporučene vrijednost dnevnog broja koraka su unutar raspona od 7500-10 000. Kao i u djece i mladih, navedene vrijednosti predstavljaju minimalnu razinu pri kojoj se mogu očekivati određene zdravstvene dobrobiti. Vrijednosti broja koraka iznad preporučenih imaju veći utjecaj na zdravlje u svih dobnih skupina. Zadovoljenje trenutnih preporuka broja koraka kod djece i mladih dokazano ima značajan utjecaj na prevenciju pretilosti i prekomjerne tjelesne mase. U odraslih pozitivan utjecaj broja koraka ogleda se prije svega u smanjenju rizika od ukupne smrtnosti kao i smanjenju rizika od kardiovaskularnih i malignih bolesti. Također, dokazan je i pozitivan učinak na različite kardiovaskularne rizične faktore, metabolički sindrom i dijabetes tipa 2. Navedene preporuke broja koraka u ovome radu iskazane su s ciljem nadopunjava postojećih preporuka temeljenih na intenzitetu i trajanju tjelesne aktivnosti. Pregledom dosadašnjih istraživanja utvrđeno je da postoje velike razlike u načinu mjerenja i uređajima kojima se registriraju koraci, pa je zato potrebno razviti određene kriterije i uvjete istraživanja broja koraka koji će omogućiti manje razlikovanje među podacima. The purpose of this thesis is to synthesize current knowledge about the effects of steps on health. Second goal is to, based on previous knowledge, create recommendation on the number of steps necessary for achieving the health benefits for children, adolescents and adults. The suggested number of steps differs among children and adolescents based on sex and age. For boys aged 6-12 the suggested number of steps is 12,500-14,999, while for girls the numbers are 9,500-11,999. During adolescence (12-18 years) there is a significant reduction in physical activity, and with it a reduction in the daily number of steps. For adults, the recommended daily number of steps is between 7,500-10,000. As for children and adolescents, these values represent a minimum at which certain health benefits are to be expected. Step number values that go over the recommended daily number of steps have a significantly larger impact on health in all age groups. Meeting the recommended number of daily steps has a significant effect in preventing obesity among children and adolescents. For adults, the positive effects are seen primarily in lowering the risk of mortality as well as lowering the risks of cardiovascular and malign diseases. There is also a proven positive effect on cardiovascular risk factors, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The recommendations in this thesis are given out to compensate current recommendations which are based on the intensity and duration of the physical activity. A summary of previous research concluded that there are great differences in the methods of step counting. Development of certain criteria and conditions for analysing number of steps could result in lowering inconsistence in measured data.

Suvremeno društvo upražnjava tjelesnu aktivnost sve manje i manje, zbog čega muskulatura pojedinca atrofira što može dovesti do određenih disbalansa pa čak i boli u kralježnici. Kronična križobolja predstavlja sve veći problem javnog zdravstva i kao takva nije više ograničena na osobe srednje životne dobi, već pogađa i mlađu populaciju u većoj mjeri nego prije. Bitno je za shvatiti da je etiologija križobolje raznolika i da nije samo tjelesne već i psihičke prirode. Čovjekova kralježnica svakodnevno je izložena različitim silama i stresovima. Gomilanje tog stresa može dovesti do kroničnog stanja koje se teško i sporo liječi. Tjelesno vježbanje dio je preporuka u liječenju križobolje. Problem rada očituje se u činjenici da nema opisanih programa vježbanja nordijskog hodanja za osobe s križoboljom. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je opisati kako nordijsko hodanje može djelovati na križobolju te prikazati primjer plana i programa vježbi nordijskog hodanja. Nordijsko hodanje je vrsta tjelesne aktivnosti u kojoj se koordiniranim radom ruku i nogu u normalnom obrascu pokreta i upotrebom štapova postižu simetrični i transformacijski učinci na čovjekovo tijelo. Uvidom u dosadašnja istraživanja može se zaključiti da pravilno osmišljen program nordijskog hodanja predstavlja dobar primjer tjelesne aktivnosti koja je primjenjiva za osobe koje boluju od kronične križobolje. Modern society exercises less and less, causing the individual's muscles to atrophy, which can lead to certain imbalances and even pain in the spine. Chronic low back pain is a growing public health problem and as such is no longer limited to middle-aged people, moreover, it also affects the younger population to a greater extent than before. It is important to understand that the etiology of low back pain is diverse and that it is not only physical but also mental in nature. The human spine is exposed to various forces and stresses on a daily basis. The accumulation of this stress can lead to a chronic condition that is difficult and slow to treat. Physical exercise is part of the recommendations in the treatment of low back pain. The problem of this research is the fact that there are no described Nordic walking exercise programs for people with low back pain. The aim of this thesis is to describe how Nordic walking can effect back pain and to show an example of a plan and program of Nordic walking exercises. Nordic walking is a type of physical activity in which symmetrical and transformational effects on the human body are achieved through coordinated work of the arms and legs in a normal movement pattern and the use of sticks. Based on previous research, it can be concluded that a properly designed Nordic walking program is a good example of physical activity that is applicable to people suffering from chronic low back pain.

Rad istražuje i nastoji utvrditi utjecaj društvenoga kapitala na uhranjenost studenata kasne adolescentne dobi u odnosu na tjelesnu aktivnost. U empirijskom ispitivanju sudjelovala su 1002 ispitanika, točnije tisuću i dvoje studentica i studenata kronološke dobi do 20 godina, koji pohađaju fakultete na području četiriju županija na istoku Hrvatske. Podaci su prikupljeni tako što su ispitanicima mjerene dvije varijable, tjelesna masa i visina, kao i podaci prikupljeni upitnikom koji su dobrovoljno popunjavali. Prema uhranjenosti, normalnu tjelesnu masu ima 738 ispitanika, pothranjen je 61 ispitanik, 180 ispitanika ima prekomjernu tjelesnu masu i 23 ispitanika je pretilo. Ispitivanje o učestalosti intenzivne tjelesne (sportske) aktivnosti kojom su se ispitanici bavili unatrag sedam dana pokazalo je najučestalije bavljenje košarkom. Kategorijski podaci predstavljeni su apsolutnim i relativnim frekvencijama. Razlike kategorijskih varijabli testirane su Hi-kvadrat testom. Normalnost raspodjele numeričkih varijabli testirana je Shapiro-Wilkovim testom. Numerički podaci opisani su medijanom i interkvartilnim rasponom. Razlike numeričkih varijabli između dvije nezavisne skupine testirane su Mann-Whitneyevim U testom, a između tri i više nezavisnih skupina testirane su Kruskal-Wallisovim testom. U svrhu provjere faktorske strukture društvenog kapitala te opravdanosti formiranja triju domena društvenog kapitala na temelju skupa odabranih čestica, (k = 20) provedena je eksploratorna faktorska analiza metodom glavnih komponenata uz oblimin kosokutnu rotaciju. Logističkom regresijom ocijenjen je utjecaj više čimbenika na vjerojatnost da će ispitanici biti prekomjerne tjelesne mase / pretili, pothranjeni ili tjelesno neaktivni. Sve P vrijednosti su dvostrane. Razina značajnosti postavljena je na Alpha = 0,05. Za statističku analizu korišten je statistički program MedCalc Statistical Software version 18.2.1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium). Postoje značajne razlike u tome koji je obrok najznačajniji i najobilniji tijekom dana u odnosu na uhranjenost (najznačajnija im je večera). Potvrđena je i pretpostavka da pretili ispitanici značajno više konzumiraju konzerviranu i polugotovu hranu te fast food, dok svježe kuhanu hranu značajno više konzumiraju ispitanici normalne tjelesne mase, a imaju i najmanji broj obroka dnevno. Prema učestalosti i vrsti namirnica, najviše ispitanika jede ugljikohidrate i bjelančevine. Rezultati također pokazuju da su ispitanici koji su s obzirom na ekonomske prilike niže na ljestvici društvenog kapitala, slabo aktivni ili nisu uopće tjelesno aktivni, odnosno da se ne bave nikakvom redovitom tjelesnom aktivnošću. Tjelesno aktivni ispitanici značajno manje provode sjedilački način života. Rezultati su pokazali da su tjelesno aktivni ispitanici ocijenili funkcioniranje svoje obitelji značajno višom ocjenom, značajnije češće djeluju i nastoje zajednički riješiti problem ako se pojavi. Ispitanici koji žive u kućanstvu s troje ili više od šest članova domaćinstva, značajno su neaktivniji, dok nema značajne razlike u tjelesnoj aktivnosti u odnosu na sredinu u kojoj žive. Društveni kapital susjedstva pokazao se na visokoj razini jer je većina ispitanika koji su tjelesno aktivni navela da značajno više sudjeluje u aktivnostima u susjedstvu u odnosu na tjelesno neaktivne ispitanike. Društveni kapital na fakultetu može se ocijeniti također visokom razinom na ljestvici društvenog kapitala jer rezultati pokazuju da se tjelesno aktivni ispitanici značajno više slažu s tvrdnjom kako studenti na njihovoj godini vjeruju jedni drugima te da studenti međusobno dobro surađuju u odnosu na tjelesno neaktivne ispitanike. Ovo je istraživanje jedini dosadašnji doprinos o utjecaju društvenoga kapitala na uhranjenost adolescenata kasne dobi na istoku Hrvatske. Tako je znanstveni doprinos ovog istraživanja u novim i važnim informacijama o utjecaju redovite tjelesne aktivnosti na način života studenata. Rad također ukazuje na problem neaktivnosti te doprinosi podizanju svijesti o mogućnostima razvoja programa za kvalitetniji život i pravilnu prehranu studenata. Rad sugerira i mogućnost daljnjih istraživanja te suradnju s nadležnim institucijama u svrhu poboljšanja suradnje u odgojno-obrazovnom sustavu, na način da se planira više redovite tjelesne aktivnosti u kurikulumu Ministarstva odgoja i obrazovanja, kako bi takva suradnja bila prepoznatljiva odgovornost za mlade ljude, posebno za njihovo tjelesno zdravlje. The paper investigates and seeks to determine the impact of social capital on the late adolescent students' nutrition in relation to physical activity. The empirical study involved 1002 respondents, students up to 20 years of age, attending faculties in four counties in the east of Croatia. Data were collected by measuring two variables, subjects' body weight and height, and through a questionnaire voluntarily completed by respondents. In relation to nutritional status, 738 subjects have normal body weight, 61 are malnourished, 180 are overweight and 23 are obese. Examination of the frequency of intense physical activity that the subjects had been engaged in for the past seven days showed the most frequent exercise in basketball. Categorical data are represented by absolute and relative frequencies. Differences of categorical variables were tested by Chi-square test. The normality of the distribution of numerical variables was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Numerical data are described by the median and interquartile ranges. Differences in numerical variables between the two independent groups were tested by the Mann-Whitney U test and those between the three or more independent groups by the Kruskal-Wallis test. In order to verify the factor structure of social capital and to justify the formation of three domains of social capital on the basis of a set of selected particles (k = 20), an exploratory factor analysis was performed using the principal components method with oblique angular rotation. Logistic regression assessed the impact of multiple factors on the likelihood that subjects would be overweight / obese, malnourished, or physically inactive. All P values are two sided. The significance level was set to Alpha = 0.05. Statistical program MedCalc Statistical Software version 18.2.1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium) was used for statistical analysis. There are significant differences in terms of nutrition as to which meal is the most important and the most abundant during the day (their most important is dinner). It was also confirmed that obese subjects consumed much more canned and semi-prepared foods as well as fast foods, while subjects of normal body weight consumed more freshly cooked foods and also had the fewest meals per day. Considering the frequency and type of foods, the most respondents eat carbohydrates and proteins. The results also show that the respondents who are lower on the social capital scale due to their economic circumstances, are poorly active or not at all physically active, that is, they do not engage in any regular physical activity. Physically active subjects have a much less sedentary lifestyle. The results showed that the respondents who were physically active rated their family functioning significantly higher, they are more likely to act and if the problem arises, they try to solve it jointly. Respondents living in a household with three or more than six household members are significantly more inactive, while there is no significant difference in physical activity compared to the environment in which they live. Neighborhood social capital has proven to be high because most of those who are physically active stated that they were significantly more involved in neighborhood activities than those who were physically inactive. Social capital in college can also be rated high on the social capital ladder because the results show that compared to physically inactive respondents, significantly more physically active respondents agree with the statement that students in their year of study trust each other and cooperate well with each. This research is the only contribution so far to the issue of the impact of social capital on the nutrition of late adolescents in eastern Croatia. New and important information about the impact of regular physical activity on students' lifestyles is a scientific contribution. The paper also points to the problem of inactivity and contributes to raising awareness of the possibilities of developing programs for a better quality of life and proper nutrition for students. It also suggests the possibility of further research and cooperation with relevant institutions in order to improve cooperation in the educational system, by planning more regular physical activities in the curriculum of the Ministry of Education, so that such cooperation would be a recognizable responsibility for young people, especially for their physical health.

„Down sindrom je najčešći genetski poremećaj koji nastaje uslijed viška jednog kromosoma ili dijela kromosoma u jezgri svake stanice tijela. Čovjekovo tijelo izgrađeno je otprilike od trilijun stanica koje uglavnom sadrže 46 kromosoma. Djeca rođena sa Down sindromom (DS) imaju u svim svojim stanicama jedan kromosom (broj 21) više“ (V.Čulić, S.Čulić, 2008). „Taj poremećaj značajno se uočava u svim područjima te time sprječava fizički i mentalni razvoj djeteta. Osobe s Down sindromom (DS), uz specifičan oblik lica prije svega karakterizira hipotoničnost kompletne muskulature što se kod djece s DS može uočiti već u najranijoj dobi. Nizak mišićni tonus, zajedno s reduciranom snagom i izdržljivošću znatno otežava savladavanje fundamentalnih oblika kretanja. Nadalje, takve osobe u ranoj dobi karakterizira hipermobilnost zglobova, prvenstveno uzrokovana dužim ligamentima u zglobnim sustavima, što se posebno manifestira na zglobovima ramena, kukova i stopala. Također, za djecu s DS tipičan je i nedostatak mišićne snage, no on se kao i kod svih drugih osoba može razviti vježbanjem“(Piteti, Baynard i Agiovlasitis, 2013). Upravo zato karakteristika i važnost tjelesne aktivnosti ključna je uloga u razvoju i napretku djece s DS. Kakav će ishod rezultirati ponajviše ovisi o pažljivom i primjerenom odabiru sadržaja. Tjelesna aktivnost kod osoba s DS iznimno je važna i neizostavna. Pošto je istraživanje provedeno u vrijeme pandemije virusa COVID-19 koji hara cijelim svijetom, cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj tjelesne aktivnosti na funkcionalan i psihomotorički razvoj djeteta s DS na osnovi analize slučaja djevojčice koja pohađa prvi razred OŠ Stanovi u Zadru prije pojave mjera donesenih sukladno sa pademijom COVID-19, gdje je dijete bilo uključeno u redovni program tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture u školi te pohađalo satove plesa i usporediti sa stanjem za vrijeme pandemije kada je djetetu bila smanjena tjelesna aktivnost, odnosno bilo je manje tjelesno aktivno, ne pohađa redovnu nastavu koja obuhvaća i satove tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture, te ne pohađa satove plesa. Rezultati istraživanja ukazali su kako postoje razlike između stanja prije pojave mjera pandemije COVID-19 i nakon pojave mjera. Iako razlike nisu velike, ipak postoje, i očituju se u motoričkim sposobnostima fleksibilnosti, koordinacije i repetitivne snage u korist stanja koje je bilo prije pojave mjera. Može se zaključiti kako je učinak tjelesne aktivnosti izuzetno veliki na cjelokupan psihomotorički i socijalan razvoj djeteta s Down sindromom. Stoga ga ne smijemo zanemariti već ga poticati kako na satovima tjelesnog i zdravstvenog odgoja tako i u izvanškolskim aktivnostima. „Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorder caused by resence of all or part a third copy of chromosome 21. The human body is made up of approximately a trillion cells that mostly contain 46 chromosomes. Children born with Down syndrome (DS) have one chromosome extra (number 21) in each of their cells. (V.Čulić, S.Čulić, 2008). This disorder is significantly observed in all areas and prevents the physical and mental development of the child. People with Down syndrome (DS), with a specific face shape, are characterized by hypotonicity of the complete musculature, which can be clearly seen at an early age. Low muscle tone along with reduced strenght and endurance significantly aggravates mastering fundamental formes of movemant. Furthermore, those people at an early age get the characterization of joint hypermobility, primarily caused by longer ligament in the joint system, which is especially evident on the joints of the shoulders, hips and feet. Also, what is typical for children with DS is lack of muscle strenght which can be developed trough exercise as with any other person. (Piteti, Baynard, Agiovlasitis, 2013.) That is why the characteristics and importance of physical activity are a key role in the development and progress of children with DS. What are going to be results mostly depends on careful and appropriate selection of content. Physical activity is extremely important and indispesanble for people with DS. Since the researce was conduced during pandemic time of COVID-19, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of physical activity on the functional and psychomotor development of a child with DS based on a case study of a girl attending first grade of primary school Stanovi in Zadar before the emergence of measures adopted in accordance with COVID-19 were the child was included in a regular physical education program at school and in addition attended dance classes, to compare it with the time of pandemic when the child physical activity was reduced, regarding to absence of regular classes which includes physical education and absence of dance classes. The results of the research indicated that there are differences between the conditions before of the appearance COVID-19 pandemic measures and after the appearance of the measures. Although the differences are not large, they do exist, and are manifested in the motor abilities of flexibility, coordination, and repetitive strength in favor of the condition that existed before the advent of the measures. We can conclude that the effect of physical activity is extremely important for the entire psychomotor and social development of children with DS. That is why we must not ignore it but encourage it both in physical education classes and extracurricular activities.

Bez obzira na vrstu tjelesne aktivnosti kojom se bavimo, u profesionalnom, ali i rekreativnom sportu, dolazi do mnogih adaptivnih promjena u našem organizmu. Uzimajući u vid biomehaničke strukture gibanja tijela, za vrijeme izvođenja hvatačkih i bacačkih pokreta, dolazi do koštanih, mišićnih, tetivnih i ostalih prilagodba kod ekstremiteta koji dominantno sudjeluju u vršenju pokreta. Cilj ovog rada je pregled i sistematična analiza znanstvenih radova objavljenih u bibliografskoj bazi Medline koji opisuju humeralnu retrotorziju kod sportaša u hvatačko-bacačkim sportovima. U pretrazi su korištene ključne riječi „humeral torsion AND/OR humeral retrotorsion AND/OR humeral retroversion“ i ograničenje Species: Humans. Pretragom je pronađeno 297 članaka. U detaljniju analizu uključena su 23 članka, koji su bili grupirani u četiri skupine i prikazuju rezultate istraživanja humeralne retrotorzije kod sportaša u hvatačko-bacačkim sportovima. Rezultati potvrđuju postojanje jasnih adaptivnih promjena na humerusu, jer su zabilježene u brojnim istraživanjima, dok povezanost humeralne retrotorzije s ozljedama, trajanjem sportskog staža i/ili karakteristikama treninga i dominantnosti ruke treba detaljnije istražiti zbog nedovoljnog broja provedenih studija. Regardless of the type of physical activity we do, in professional and recreational sports, there are many adaptive changes in our body. Taking into account the biomechanical structure of body movements, during the performance of catching and throwing movements, there are bone, muscle, tendon and other adaptations in the extremities, which dominantly participate in the movement. The aim of this research is to review and systematically analyze scientific papers published in the Medline bibliographic database that describe humeral retrotorsion in athletes in catch-and-throw sports. The keywords "humeral torsion AND / OR humeral retrotorsion AND / OR humeral retroversion" and the limit Species: Humans were used in the search. Search yielded 297 articles. A more detailed analysis included 23 articles, which were grouped into four groups and show the results of the studies of humeral retrotorsion in athletes in catch-and- throw sports. The results indicate clear adaptive changes in the humerus, as they have been reported in numerous studies, while association of humeral retrotorsion with injuries, duration of sports career and/or training characteristics, and arm dominance need to be confirmed in further studies.

Borilački sportovi su polistrukturalne acikličke aktivnosti u kojima je cilj stvarna ili simbolička destrukcija protivnika. Često se raspravlja potiču li borilački sportovi agresivno ponašanje ili upravo suprotno, djeluje li treniranje borilačkih sportova pozitivno na psihološko zdravlje osobe? Od samih početaka borilački sportovi su se smatrali isključivo muškim sportovima kao i ostale sportske aktivnosti, no kako vrijeme prolazi puno toga se promijenilo pa tako i prisustvo žena u sportu, uključujući i borilačke sportove. Sve je više žena u sportu, ali i dalje se prava u sportu nisu u potpunosti izjednačila, jedan od primjera su plaće žena i muškaraca u sportu. Dio ljudi još uvijek smatra kako borilački sportovi nisu za žene, dok ostali to prihvaćaju i ne vide ništa sporno u tome. Ljudi se bave sportom ili nekim oblikom rekreacije iz različitih razloga, dokazano je da bavljenje nekim oblikom tjelesne aktivnosti pozitivno djeluje na čovjeka u smislu relaksacije, povećava samopouzdanje, a ljudi su također zadovoljniji svojim izgledom. Bavljenje tjelesnom aktivnošću doprinosi socijalizaciji djece i odraslih osoba, a nekima je to i jedan od glavnih razloga odlaska na treninge. Treniranje borilačkih sportova kod osoba povećava samopouzdanje i samopoštovanje, osobe se osjećaju moćnije i snažnije, a osim toga, osobe koje treniraju borilačke sportove bolje kontroliraju svoje emocije zbog toga što je to od izuzetne važnosti u borilačkim sportovima. Combat sports are polistructural acyclic activities, in these activities the main goal is real or symbolic destruction of rivals. There are often doubts about effects of combat sports, there is question; does training combat sport lead to agressive behaviour or is it good for mental health? Combat sports have always been promoted like musculine sports reserved only for men just like others sports activities. But after long period of time there have been some changes, and today there are a lot of women involved in sport. There are more women involved in sport, but there is still inequality in that area, for example women are paid less than men. Some people still think that combat sports aren't for women, but there are people who do not see anything wrong about that. People are doing sports for different reasons, it is proved that physical activities lead to positive effects on person, it has relaxing effect on person, increase self–esteem and people are statisfied with their looks. Doing sports contributes socialization to children and grown ups, and for some people that is the main reason to do trainings. Doing combat sports may also increase self–esteem, self–respect, and people also feel more powerful and stronger. People who do combat sports are better in controlling their emotions because that is very important aspect in combat sports.

Provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem utvrđivanja postižu li se progresivnim kontinuiranim testom hodanja maksimalne vrijednosti primitka kisika (VO2), frekvencije srca (FS) i minutne ventilacije (VE). Osim maksimalnih, uspoređene su i vrijednosti navedenih parametara pri anaerobnom pragu u protokolima progresivnog kontinuiranog testa hodanja i trčanja. Uzorak ispitanika sastoji se od 20 ispitanica, prosječne dobi 24,06 ± 1,02 god., tjelesne visine 165,23 ± 6,15 cm i tjelesne mase 61,46 ± 8,95 kg. Analizom rezultata testiranja utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u parametrima relativnog primitka kisika pri anaerobnom pragu (RVO2anp, 40,02±4,38 mLO2/kg/min u KF1; RVO2anp, 37,13±4,79 mLO2/kg/min u H6, p

Specifičnosti populacije s Downovim sindromom uvjetovale su više sfernu prilagodbu društva u vidu formalne i neformalne prihvaćenosti te skupine ljudi u svakodnevnicu. Tjelesna aktivnost jedna je od brojnih stavki koju svakodnevno konzumira zdrava populacija, a koju je nužno omogućiti i prilagoditi populaciji s Downovim sindromom jer je neizostavna za pravilan razvoj i napredak. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati važnost tjelesne aktivnosti u radu s populacijom s Downovim sindromom i ukazati na provedivost aerobnih oblika treninga s elementima prevencijskih vježbi snage koji spadaju pod kategoriju ''Aerobike''. Nadalje, cilj je ukazati na specifičnosti tih programa i dodatne benefite koje oni pružaju. Kako obrazovna, tako i profesionalna organizacija imaju tendenciju povećanja osviještenosti i brige o integraciji takvih osoba u svoje sredine. Međutim, u nizu brojnih aktivnosti koje su dostupne, često se izostavljaju tjelesne aktivnosti, stoga su u ovom radu obrađene posebnosti ove populacije i važnost njihove uključenosti u takve aktivnosti. Također, istražen je i komorbiditet, a zaključno je prikazan i prilagođeni program aerobike za rad s osobama s Downovim sindromom u vidu prikaza njihove integracije u drugačiju vrstu aktivnosti. The specifics of the population with Down syndrome have conditioned a multispherical adjustment of society in the form of formal and informal acceptance of this group of people in everyday life. Physical activity is one of the many items that are consumed daily by a healthy population, and which is necessary to enable and adapt to the population with Down syndrome because it is essential for proper development and progress. The aim of this thesis is to show the importance of physical activity in working with the population with Down syndrome and to point out the feasibility of aerobic forms of training with elements of preventive strength exercises that fall into the category of "Aerobics". Furthermore, the aim is to point out the specifics of these programs and the additional benefits they provide. Both educational and professional organizations tend to increase awareness and concern for the integration of such individuals into their environments. However, in a number of numerous activities that are available, physical activities are often omitted, so this paper deals with the specifics of this population and the importance of their involvement in such activities. Also, comorbidity was investigated, and finally an adapted aerobics program for working with people with Down syndrome was presented in the form of a presentation of their integration into a different type of activity.

Nedovoljna upućenost o potrebi za tjelesnom aktivnošću, nezainteresiranost, manjak slobodnog vremena te užurbani tempo života u današnje vrijeme rezultirao je nedostatkom tjelesno aktivnog pučanstva. Posljedice po zdravlje su velike, od kardiovaskularnih i srčanih bolesti, pretilosti, psihičkih problema, dijabetesa, osteoporoze i drugih bolesti. Mnoge od ovih bolesti se mogu prevenirati tjelesnom aktivnošću, ili ako već dođe do njih, smanjiti progresiju bolesti. S tjelesnom aktivnošću treba početi u najranijoj dobi, prvenstveno kako bi se stekle pozitivne navike koje će se nastaviti primjenjivati do kraja života. Danas postoje mnoge lako dostupne tjelesne aktivnosti te svatko prema vlastitim afinitetima može prakticirati one koje mu najviše odgovaraju. U ovom radu biti će prikazani utjecaji tjelesnog vježbanja na psihofizičko zdravlje ljudi te specifičnosti vježbanja u svim životnim dobima.

Cilj rada bio je istražiti utjecaj svakodnevnih tjelovježbenih aktivnosti u učionici, provedenih s ciljem ostvarivanja aktivne pauze tijekom nastave na broj izostalih nastavnih sati učenika razredne nastave (2. - 4. razred). Ukupno je u istraživanju sudjelovalo 293 učenika iz dvije osnovne škole u dobi 7 - 10 godina. Iz eksperimentalne škole sudjelovali su svi razredni odjeli 2. - 4. razreda (186 učenika), dok su u kontrolnoj školi slučajnim odabirom izabrana od svih razrednih odjela dva razreda (107 učenika). U periodu intervencije učitelji su tijekom redovite nastave Hrvatskog jezika, Engleskog jezika, Prirode i društva te Matematike zaustavili nastavni proces i proveli petominutnu tjelovježbenu aktivnu pauzu uz pomoć multimedijalnih sadržaja. Eksperiment se provodio u drugom obrazovnom razdoblju (veljača – svibanj). Podaci su prikupljeni uvidom u dnevnik učenika, bez uzimanja osobnih podataka i uz dopuštenje ravnatelja. Koristile su se sljedeće varijable: (I) ukupan broj izostanaka tijekom prvog obrazovnog razdoblja, (II) ukupan broj izostanaka tijekom drugog obrazovnog razdoblja, (III) ukupan broj izostanaka tijekom cijele nastavne godine. Univarijantna analiza varijance (ANOVA) korištena je za utvrđivanje razlika u broju izostanaka s nastave između I. i II. obrazovnog razdoblja za kontrolnu i eksperimentalnu skupinu. Analiza kovarijance (ANCOVA) korištena je za utvrđivanje razlika između ukupnog broja izostanaka tijekom II. obrazovnog razdoblja između eksperimentalne i kontrolne skupine s ukupnim brojem izostanaka tijekom prvog obrazovnog razdoblja kao kovarijatom. Učenici iz obje skupine značajno su više izostali s nastave u drugom polugodištu (ES 27,12 vs. KS 28,16), međutim učenici eksperimentalne skupine ostvarili su manje povećanje broja izostanaka (ES 6,78 vs. KS 11,31). Nije utvrđena značajna razlika između eksperimentalne i kontrolne skupine u broju izostanaka tijekom II. obrazovnog razdoblja (p=0,333). Bez obzira što razlika u izostancima tijekom II. obrazovnog razdoblja nije statistički značajna, učenici eksperimentalne skupine su imali gotovo dvostruko manje povećanje broja izostanaka od kontronlne skupine u odnosu na I. obrazovno razdoblje. The aim of the paper was to investigate the impact of daily physical exercise activities in classroom, conducted in order to perform active breaks during classes, on the quantity of absent classes of classroom pupils (2nd to 4th grade). The total of 293 pupils from two primary schools aged 7 - 10 participated in the study. From the experimental school all the pupils from 2nd to 4th grade (186 pupils) took part in the study whereas in the control school two classes from each grade were randomly selected (107 pupils). During the period of intervention, while teaching classes of Croatian, English, Science and Math, teachers would stop the regular teaching process and carry out a five-minute active break with the help of multimedia content. The experiment was conducted in the second educational period (February - May). The data were collected by inspecting the student's grade book without taking their personal data and with the permission of the principal. The following variables were used: (I) the total number of absences during the first education period, (II) the total number of absences during the second educational period, (III) the total number of absences throughout the school year. Univariate Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences in the number of absences between educational periods I and II for both the control and experimental group. The covariant analysis (ANCOVA) was used to determine the difference between the total number of absences during the II educational period between the experimental and control group with the total number of absences during the first educational period as a covariate. Pupils from both groups were significantly more absent from classes in the second educational period (ES 27,12 vs. KS 28,16), but the experimental group pupils had less increase in absence (ES 6,78 vs. KS 11,31). There was no significant difference between the experimental and control group in the number of absences during the II educational period (p=0,333). Even though the difference in the absences during the II educational period is not statistically significant, the pupils of the experimental group had double the increase of the number of absences than the contorol group in relation to the I educational period.

Moždani udar u razvijenim zemljama po smrtnosti je na 4.mjestu, dok je u Hrvatskoj na 2. mjestu. Vrlo je visoka stopa smrtnosti u samom ishodu. Do moždanog udara može doći bez obzira na dob i spol te u novije doba se događa u sve mlađoj populaciji uz visok stupanj onesposobljenosti. Za nastanak ove bolesti odgovorni su brojni čimbenici koji se najčešće povezuju s „modernim“ načinom života i životnim navikama. Sve više se danas ulaže napora u prevenciju moždanog udara. Tjelesna aktivnost je veoma bitna u prevenciji bolesti i očuvanju zdravlja, a ukoliko dođe do moždanog udara temeljni je dio u liječenju i rehabilitaciji. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati slučaj terapije ograničenim pokretom na pacijentici koja je prije 7 godina doživjela moždani udar (kronični slučaj) te je došlo do hemiplegije cijele lijeve strane tijela. Doživjela je intracerebralno krvarenje te trebala ponovno učiti govoriti. Prikazat će se dinamika oporavka motoričke funkcije pacijentice te kako se kroz oporavak promijenila i kvaliteta života. In developed countries, stroke is at the 4th place, while in Croatia it is in second place in terms of mortality. There is a very high mortality rate at the very outset. Stroke may occur at any age, and recently an increased incidence was observed in the younger population. Many illnesses are responsible for the onset of stroke onset most commonly associated with modern life habits. More and more efforts are now being made to prevent stroke. Physical activity is very important in preventing disease and preserving health, and if it comes to stroke, it is an essential part of treatment and rehabilitation. The aim of this graduate thesis is to present a case of CIMT (Constraint – Induced Movement Therapy) to a patient who has had a stroke (chronic case) 7 years ago and has problems with the entire left side of body. She has experienced intracerebral bleeding and needed to learn how to talk again. The dynamics of motor functions recovery will be presented as well as the recovery-related changes in the quality of life.

Epilepsija je jedna od najčešćih neuroloških poremećaja čija je karakteristika epileptični napad. Uzroci nastanka epilepsije su raznoliki, od različitih mehaničkih trauma i oštećenja mozga, do metaboličkih ili prehrambenih poremećaja te velikih svjetlosnih i zvukovnih podražaja. Primjenom adekvatne dijagnostike stanja bolesnika, određuje se dijagnoza i daljnje liječenje. Najčešće je to farmakološko liječenje primjenom određenih antiepileptik kroz mono ili politerapiju. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj antiepileptika i ostalih parametara na razinu tjelesne aktivnosti kod osoba sa epilepsijom. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 40 osoba oboljelih od epilepsije, 21 muškarac i 19 žena prosječne dobi od 24 do 45 godina (35.15± 10.01), a istraživanje je provedeno u KBC '' Sestre milosrdnice'' na odjelu neurologije, u Zagrebu. Testiranje se provodilo putem IPAQ upitnika koji je sadržavao 5 varijabli : posao, prijevoz, kućanski poslovi i briga za obitelj, sport i sportska rekreacija, vrijeme provedeno sjedeći. Korištene su i varijable o trajanju bolesti, učestalosti napada, vrsti epileptičnog napadaja te vrsti liječenja koje su dio općih podataka iz dokumentacije ispitanika. Dobiveni rezultati prikazuju kako je najčešća niska razina TA kod osoba sa statusom nezaposlen, koji boluju više od 15 godina i imaju više od 15 napada tijekom godine. Kod osoba sa generaliziranim napadima također je zabilježena niska razina TA,a visoka TA kod osoba sa žarišnim napadima. Muškarci za razliku od žena više bilježe visoku razinu TA kao i zaposlene osobe. Bolesnici liječeni monoterapijom više prakticiraju višu razinu TA za razliku od onih koji koriste više od dva antiepileptika, politerapija, u svom liječenju gdje je zabilježena niska razina TA. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders whose characteristic is an epileptic seizure. The causes of adult onset epilepsy are very varied, ranging from mechanical traumas and brain damage, to metabolic or nutritional disorders and large-scale light and sound stimuli. Diagnosis is obtained upon the use of adequate diagnostic tests to evaluate patient condition and a further course of treatment is selected. It is most commonly pharmacological treatment through the use of specific antiepileptic drugs by resorting to mono or polytherapy. The specific objective of this graduate thesis was to examine the effects of antiepileptic drugs and other parameters on the level of physical activity in people with epilepsy. The sample of respondents comprised of 40 people suffering from epilepsy, 21 men and 19 women whose average age was from 24 to 45 years old (35.15± 10.01), while the research was conducted at Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Centre at the Department of Neurology in Zagreb. The tests were conducted through the IPAQ questionnaire that comprised of 5 domains: work, transport, household chores and care for the family, sporting activities and recreation, as well as sedentary time. Disease duration variable was also used, as well as variables on incidence of seizure, type of epileptic seizure and type of treatment, which are included in general information provided in medical record documentation. According to the findings, unemployed persons suffering from epilepsy for over 15 years with over 15 seizures throughout the year most frequently showed low levels of physical activity. Low levels of physical activity have also been identified in persons with generalised seizures, while persons with focal seizures show high levels of physical activity. Men and employed persons more frequently show high levels of physical activity, as opposed to women. Patients on monotherapy more frequently show higher levels of physical activity, as opposed to those using more than two antiepileptic drugs, i.e. those on polytherapy, who show low levels of physical activity.

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti odrednice tjelesne aktivnosti (sociodemografske, psihološke, životnog stila i socijalne podrške) kod pripadnika različitih rodova policije Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske. Istraživanje je provedeno na reprezentativnom uzorku policijskih službenika Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske. Ukupni uzorak je činilo 1820 ispitanika muškog spola, 33,5 % temeljne policije, 33,1 % prometne policije i 33,4 % kriminalističke policije. Podaci su prikupljeni metodom upitnika. Upitnik se sastojao od devet zasebnih cjelina. Za sve mjerne instrumente utvrđena je zadovoljavajuća pouzdanost, koja je provjerena metodom test-retest. Za obradu podataka korištene su sljedeće metode: regresijska analiza, Kruskall-Wallisova ANOVA i Hi – kvadrat test. U istraživanju je utvrđena značajna povezanost sociodemografskih i psiholoških čimbenika, životnog stila i socijalne podrške s tjelesnom aktivnošću pripadnika različitih rodova policije. Osim toga, utvrđene su značajne razlike u većem broju analiziranih varijabli kod pripadnika temeljne, prometne i kriminalističke policije. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za različitim pristupom promociji tjelesne aktivnosti kod pripadnika različitih rodova policije. Znanstveni doprinos ovog istraživanja očituje se prije svega kroz doprinos razumijevanju odrednica tjelesne aktivnosti policijskih službenika jer je ovo, prema znanju autora, prvo istraživanje provedeno na reprezentativnom uzorku policijskih službenika u kojem su utvrđene obuhvatne odrednice tjelesne aktivnosti u različitim domenama tjelesne aktivnosti. Introduction and objective Pursuant to the Act on Police Activities and Powers (Official Gazette NN 76/09, 92/14) police activities involve the protection of life, rights, freedom, safety and inviolability of a person; the protection of public peace and order, as well as the protection of property; prevention of felonies and misdemeanours; and other activities. Due to the specifics of their work, police officers are frequently exposed to elevated physical and psychological pressure during their working hours. Due to the nature of their job, the risk of developing various illnesses, such as the circadian rhythm disorders, inadequate sleeping, psychological disorders, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular illnesses, is higher in police officers than in the general population. As there are strong evidence about the influence of physical activity on the aforementioned disorders, the promotion of physical activity in police officers represents one of the fundamental measures implemented for the purpose of improving health and work efficiency. Efficient interventions for the promotion of physical activity should be based on scientific evidence, i. e. on factors that have an effect on undertaking regular physical activities, such as socio-demographic and psychological factors, lifestyle, social support. Therfore, the purpose of this doctoral thesis is to research into the correlates of physical activity in members of various police organizational units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Croatia. Methods The research was carried out on a representative sample of police officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Croatia. The total sample involved 1,820 subjects of male gender, 33.5 % belonging to the uniformed police, 33.1 % belonging to the traffic police and 33.4 % belonging to the criminal police. The sample was stratified according to the categories of police departments (1-4), followed by randomly selecting 12 out of 20 police departments. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire. The questionnaire involved nine separate units: Global Physical Activity Questionnaire – GPAQ, Questionnaire on general data, i.e. socio-demographic factors, The Barriers to Being Active Quiz 5 – BBAQ, Self-Efficacy Surveys for Exercise Behaviours, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale – PACES, Social support and exercise survey, Simple Lifestyle Indicator Questionnaire - SLIQ), Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 - EMI-2, Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire. Adequate reliability confirmed by the test-retest method was determined for all instruments. The following methods were used for data analysis: regression analysis, Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA, Hi – square test. Results According to the first partial research objective, a statistically significant relation between the set of socio-demographic variables and the level of physical activity of members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police was determined. Socio-demographic characteristics, age, length of service, number of children, number of household members, degree, monthly income, monthly household income, size of the place / town of residence and the number of night shifts per week represent correlates that share 1.9 to 6.3 % of common variance with physical activity in the domains of physical activity. The highest common variance shared with physical activity is the one in the domain of work, 4.4 – 6.3 %. According to the second partial research objective, a statistically significant relation between the physical activity barriers and physical activity in different domains was determined among members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police. The physical activity barriers – lack of time, social impact, lack of energy, lack of will, fear of injuries, lack of skills and lack of resources, share 1,3 % to 16.2 % of common variance with physical activity in different domains. The highest common variance is shared with physical activity in the domain of leisure time and recreation, 11.7 – 15.4 %. Lack of will as a physical activity barrier dominates in members of all police groups. A statistically significant relation of self-efficacy and workout habits with physical activity in all domains was determined among members of various police groups. The psychological factors self-efficacy and workout habits, readiness for consistent adherence to the workout programme and persistence in finding time for working out (Sallis et al., 1988) share 1,1 % to 10.6 % of common variance with physical activity in different domains among members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police. The highest common variance shared with physical activity is the one in the domain of leisure time and recreation, 5.9 – 10.6 %. A statistically significant relation between the enjoyment in physical activity and the overall level of physical activity was determined in all police groups. The strongest relation between the variable related to enjoying physical activity and the level of physical activity is in the domain of leisure time and recreation in all police groups. It is the strongest among the members of uniformed police and they share 10.9 % variance. According to the third partial research objective, a statistically significant relation between the set of variables lifestyle variables and physical activity in different domains was determined among members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police. The lifestyle variables – nutrition, alcohol intake, smoking and stress, share 1.0 % to 21.5 % of common variance with physical activity. The highest common variance is shared with physical activity in the domain of leisure time and recreation, 6.2 – 21.5 %, while the lowest common variance is shared with physical activity in the domain of transport 1.0 – 6.3 %. A significant negative relation of smoking and stress with physical activity was determined in all domains. According to the fourth partial research objective, a statistically significant relation between the set of social support variables and the physical activity in different domains was determined among members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police. The social support variables share 2.7 % to 17.9 % of common variance with physical activity. The highest common variance is shared with physical activity in the domain of leisure time and recreation, 10.0 to 17.9 %. According to the fifth partial research objective, statistically significant differences were determinend in motives for engaging in physical activity were determined among members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police. The first three motives for engaging in physical activity are health, refreshment and strength, followed by mobility, illness, stress, weight control, enjoyment and challenge. The results show the highest level of motivation in members of criminal and uniformed police, while members of traffic police show the lowest motivation for engaging in physical activity. According to the sixth partial research objective, statistically significant differences were determinend in the level of readiness for physical activity among members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police. The differences were determined in three out of five stages or phases of readiness for engaging in physical activity of police officers. In total, the lowest level of readiness for physical activity is among members of traffic police, i.e. the greatest share of aforementioned subjects belong to the phases: lack of intention (precontemplation) and forming intention (contemplation). Conclusion This research has identified a significant relation of socio-demographic and psychological factors, lifestyle and social support with physical activity of members of various police groups of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Croatia. Furthermore, significant differences were determined in a large number of analysed variables among members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police. The results point to the need for various approaches to the promotion of physical activity among members of different police groups. The scientific contribution of this research is primarily evident through the contribution to understanding physical activity correlates among police officers, as this is, to the best of author’s knowledge, the first research conducted on a representative sample of police officers that determines comprehensive physical activity correlates in various domains among members of uniformed, traffic and criminal police.

Cilj ovoga rada je prikazati dobivene rezultate sastavnica zdravstvenog fitnesa kod učenica od petog do osmog razreda jedne osnovne škole u Zagrebu u vremenskom intervalu od 1988. do 2014. godine. Uzorak ispitanika sastojao se od 4448 učenica od petog do osmog razreda osnovne škole Ivana Mažuranića u Gradu Zagrebu. Mjerene su sljedeće sastavnice zdravstvenog fitnesa: sastav tijela (indeks tjelesne mase), mišićni fitnes (testovima skok u dalj s mjesta, podizanje trupa u 1 min i test izdržaja u visu zgibom) te kardiorespiracijski fitnes (test trčanja 6 minuta). Zabilježen je godišnji porast indeksa tjelesne mase kod učenica petih i sedmih razreda, te smanjenje vrijednosti, kod učenica šestih i osmih razreda, uz statističku značajnost samo kod učenica osmih razreda (za -0,03 kg/m² godišnje, p=0,038). Kod svih su razreda zabilježeni niži rezultati testa skoka u dalj s mjesta (statistički su značajni kod petih, šestih i sedmih razreda, na granici značajnosti kod osmih razreda). Također, kod testa podizanje trupa u 1 minuti, statistički niži rezultat opaža se kod petih (p=0,002) i osmih (

Brojni su pozitivni uĉinci tjelovjeţbe na ljudski organizam, koji imaju kljuĉnu ulogu u funkcioniranju, odrţavanju, reguliranju, i prevenciji bolesti. Planirana, kontrolirana, i redovita fiziĉka aktivnost djeluje jednako i u razdoblju graviditeta, kada se javlja mnoštvo promjena u psihofiziĉkom stanju ţene. Rezultati tjelesne aktivnosti u trudnoći, koji će biti opisani u ovome radu, vidljivi su u adaptaciji na tjelesne promjene, zatim pri smanjenju komplikacija koje se mogu javiti tijekom gestacije i samog poroda, te u rastu i razvoju djeteta od zaĉeća do vremena postnatalne skrbi. Prije same provedbe vjeţbanja, trudnica treba proći kroz individualnu procjenu, pravila i smjernice koje osiguravaju optimalne uvjete rada, prikladne metode i tehnike te prilagoĊenu frekvenciju, tip, intenzitet i trajanje specifiĉne vjeţbe, definirane po odreĊenom tromjeseĉju. Zajedno sa rezultatima, bit će iznesene i razlike tjelesno aktivnih budućih majki od tjelesno neaktivnih, i prijedlog treninga koji se moţe provoditi u svakom tromjeseĉju. There are numerous positive effects of physical exercise on the human body, which play a key role in the operation, maintenance, management and disease prevention. Well planned, controlled, and regular physical activity is valid the same way in the period of pregnancy when there is a lot of change in the psycho-physical condition of women. The results of physical activity during pregnancy, which will be described in this paper, are shown in the adaptation to body changes, also by reducing complications that can occur during pregnancy and birth, then in the growth and development of the child from conception to the postnatal care. Before the exercise, a pregnant woman must go through an individual assessment, rules and guidelines, which provide optimal working conditions, appropriate methods and techniques, suitable frequency, type, intensity and duration of specific exercises defined for specific trimester. Together with the results, the differences between physically active and inactive mothers will be determined, and suggestions for training which can be conducted in every trimester.

Svrha: primarni cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje povezanosti komponenti školskog uspjeha s razinom uobičajene tjelesne aktivnosti kod učenika srednjih škola grada Zagreba. Sekundarni cilj je utvrditi postoji li relacija između razine neaktivnog – sjedilačkog ponašanja i školskog uspjeha. Metode: Istraživanje je dio CRO-PALS studije te uključuje 822 adolescenata. U svrhu procjene tjelesne aktivnosti i sjedilačkog ponašanja, korištena je računalna verzija SHAPES upitnika. Upitnik uključuje dvije stavke i zahtijeva prisjećanje tjelesne aktivnosti umjerenog intenziteta te aktivnosti visokog intenziteta tijekom prethodnih sedam dana. Sjedilačko ponašanje također je procijenjeno pomoću SHAPES upitnika kroz dvije stavke u okviru kojih se razmatralo vrijeme provedeno u prethodno određenom sjedilačkom ponašanju tijekom prosječnog dana u školi te prilikom tipičnog dana tijekom vikenda. Rezultati: Postoji slaba, ali značajna pozitivna povezanost sjedilačkog provedenog vremena s ukupnim prosjekom ocjena te negativna povezanost između vremena pred ekranom i zaključne ocjene iz matematike i ukupnog prosjeka ocjena kod djevojaka. Analize na dječacima upućuju na postojanje pozitivne povezanosti između tjelesne aktivnosti i ukupnog prosjeka školskih ocjena kod podskupine dječaka s najnižom razinom dnevne tjelesne aktivnosti. Purpose: The main aim of this study was to establish the associations of school achievement components with the level of physical activity with Zagreb high school students. The secondary aim is to determine whether there is a associations between the level of inactive - sedentary behaviour and school achievement. Methods: this investigation is a part of the CRO-PALS study. For the purpose of this investigation, 822 adolescents accessed the research. The SHAPES questionnaire was used to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviour. The questionnaire includes two items requesting seven-day recall moderate intensity physical activity and vigorous intensity physical activity. Sedentary behaviour was also examined by the SHAPES questionnaire, through two items examining time spent in pre-specified sedentary behaviours on an average school day and on a typical weekend day. Results: There is a weak but significant positive association between sedentary time with the grade point average, and a negative association between screen time and math grade and overall grade point average among girls. Analysis made on boys indicate that there is a positive association between physical activity and the grade point average in the subgroup of boys with the lowest level of daily physical activity.

Tjelesna aktivnost i različiti oblici tjelesne aktivnosti prakticiraju se još iz davnina. Njome su se ljudi služili svakodnevno, u različitim situacijama. Tjelesno vježbanje ima različite pozitivne učinke na zdravlje, kako na fizičko, tako i na psihičko stanje tijela. Ima pozitivan učinak na antropološki status i motoričke sposobnosti, spoznajni razvoj, socio-emocionalni razvoj. Tjelesnu aktivnost treba uključiti u svakodnevicu, čak i minimalna tjelesna aktivnost ima pozitivne učinke na zdravlje, pogotovo u današnje vrijeme gdje je prevladao sedentarni način života. Uz tjelesno vježbanje poželjno je obratiti pozornost na prehranu, jer i ona igra veliku ulogu u svakodnevnom životu. Različite udruge potiču na tjelesnu aktivnost, šire svijest o pozitivnim učincima tjelesnog vježbanja. Tjelesno vježbanje treba biti prilagođeno svakoj osobi, vremenu te intenzitetu aktivnosti. Svrha ovog rada bila je istražiti pozitivne učinke tjelesnog vježbanja na zdravlje, odnosno na motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti te morfološke karakteristike. Physical activity and various forms of physical activity have been used since ancient times. People used it every day, in different situations. Physical exercise has different positive effects on health, both physical and mental state of the body. It has a positive effect on antropological status and motor skills, cognitive development, socialemotional development. Physical actvity should be included in everyday life, even inimal body actvity has positive effects on health, especially in todays whereabouts of sedentary lifestyle. With physical exercise, it s desirable to pay attention to nutrition as it plays a big part in everyday life. Different associations inspire physical activity, wider awareness of the positive effects of physical exercise. Physical exercise needs to be adapted to each person, time and intensity of activity. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the positive effects of physical exercuse on health, motor and functional ablities and morphological characteristics.

Gojaznost, kompjuterizacija, manjak prostora za igru u prirodi sve su veći problemi današnjice. Djeca se sve manje kreću te gube interes za tjelesnom aktivnošću. Tjelesna aktivnost izravno utječe na kvalitetu i vijek života, to je počelo svega, primarna ljudska potreba. U ovom radu navedena je ideja koja bi mogla pokrenuti i zainteresirati učenike za bavljenjem sportom i tjelesnom aktivnošću. Ideja je kroz razne sportove i načine sudjelovanja u istima pobuditi svijest o važnosti tjelesne aktivnosti, te o sposobnostima koje svatko ima kojima može pridonijeti boljitku društva. Pravilnim pristupom, te zanimljivim i široko obuhvatnim aktivnostima postoji velika mogućnost uspjeha projekta poput ovoga. Obesity, computerization and lack of free space for playing outside are growing problems nowadays. Children movement is decreasing and they are losing interest in physical activity. Physical activity is the main factor on which depends quality and length of life, it is the beginning of everything, one of the fundamental human needs. In this model is given a concept which could help with animating children and making their interest in sport and physical activity bigger. The idea is to promote, through a different kind of attributing in sports activities, children's awareness of the significance of physical activity, as well as of abilities everybody has within with which they can give a lot for batter mankind and living. With the correct approach and also with interesting and wide range of activities there is a big chance of success in models like this.

U zadnjih 20-ak godina brojna znanstvena istraživanja ukazuju da se broj pretilih osoba diljem svijeta povećava i da pretilost postaje ozbiljan javnozdravstveni problem. Tjelesno vježbanje uz redukcijsku dijetu ima veliku važnost u prevenciji i liječenju pretilosti. Da bismo izradili kvalitetan plan i program vježbanja za smanjenje tjelesne mase nužno je pouzdano procjenjivati energetsku potrošnju kod pojedinih tjelesnih aktivnosti. Jedna od praktičnih metoda za procjenu energetske potrošnje kod različitih oblika tjelesne aktivnosti su metaboličke jednadžbe. Stoga je glavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio opisati mogućnost primjene metaboličkih jednadžbi (Američkog koledža sportske medicine) u programiranju vježbanja za osobe s prekomjernom tjelesnom masom i pretilošću. Sekundarni cilj ovog rada bio je opisati preporuke za programiranje vježbanja u svrhu redukcije tjelesne mase. Over the last 20 years, numerous scientific studies have shown that the number of obese people around the world is increasing and that obesity is becoming a serious public health problem. Physical exercise with a energy restrictive diet has great importance in preventing and treating obesity. To create a quality plan and exercise program to reduce body mass we need to be able to calculate the energy consumption for each physical activity. Metabolic equations are one of the practical methods for assessing energy consumption in various forms of physical activity. Therefore, the main goal of this master thesis was to describe the possibility of using metabolic equations (American College of Sports Medicine) in exercise programming for persons with overweight and obesity. Secondary goal of this thesis was to describe recommendations for exercise programming to reduce body mass.

Prekomjerna tjelesna težina, odnosno pretilost sve je veći zdravstveni problem kako u Hrvatskoj tako i u svijetu, a njezini počeci sežu u najraniju dječju dob. Uslijed toga dolazi do problema s porastom indeksa tjelesne mase kod djece školske dobi koje nadalje izazivaju brojne kronične bolesti tipa dijabetes tip 2, astme i apneje. Prevencija pretilosti stoga je izuzetno bita a ona se kao takva dijeli na primaru, sekundarnu i tercijarnu. Veliku ulogu u prevenciji pretilosti kod djece mlađe školske dobi imaju roditelji i općenito obitelj, zdravstveni sustav i obrazovni sustav. Da bi se indeks tjelesne mase smanjio, odnosno da bi se utjecalo na smanjenje prekomjerne tjelesne težine potrebno je biti tjelesno aktivan. Stoga će u radu biti prikazani podaci o tjelesnoj aktivnosti djece i odraslih u Hrvatskoj i svijetu te načini na koje tjelesna aktivnost može kao mjera utjecati na smanjenje pretilosti kroz vježbanje unutar obitelji te ekipne i individualne organizirane sportove za djecu školske dobi. Kao najvažniji projekt pri tome će biti opisana PETICA. Cilj rada je utvrditi utjecaj tjelesne aktivnosti na smanjenje pretilosti kod djece mlađe školske dobi stoga su u radu prikazane teorijske odrednice pretilosti. Također je provedeno pilot istraživanje na uzorku od 60 učenika osnovnih škola s područja Međimurske županije. Overweight or obesity is a growing health problem both in Croatia and in the world, and its beginnings reach the earliest childhood age. As a result, there is a problem with the increase in body mass index in children of school age who continue to cause numerous type 2 diabetes, asthma and apnea. Prevention of obesity is therefore extremely painful and it is, as such, divided into primary, secondary and tertiary. A major role in preventing obesity in younger children is parents and, in general, the family, health system and education system. In order to reduce body mass index, or to reduce overweight, it is necessary to be physically active. Therefore, data on physical activity of children and adults in Croatia and in the world will be presented in this paper, and the ways in which physical activity can, as a measure, affect obesity reduction through family exercise and team and individual organized sports for school children. PETICA will be described as the most important project. The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of physical activity on obesity reduction in younger school children, therefore theoretical determinants of obesity are presented in the paper. A pilot study was also conducted on a sample of 60 elementary school pupils from the Međimurje County.