74 results on '"principle"'
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2. اصول فلسفه و روش رئالیسم "- چند صفحات کا مطالعہ (1)'.
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Hadi, Abou
- Abstract
Knowledge is sacred in itself. And the reason for its sanctity is the efforts of man to achieve it, which have not been done to achieve anything else in the history of mankind. Also, the sanctity of knowledge is associated with its soundness and reliability. This is the reason that the more accurate, correct and reliable the knowledge, the more holy it will be. Ustad Muthari claims that there is a special feature in Islamic philosophy that it proceeds on the basis of evidence and does not settle for anything less than belief. This characteristic of Islamic philosophy has given it special importance and sanctity In this article, after explaining the importance and sanctity of knowledge and Islamic philosophy from the point of view of Professor Murtaza Mutahari, the subject of Islamic philosophy and these 6 great questions that are sought to be answered in Islamic philosophy have been introduced. In this context, Professor Murtaza Mutahari has described the history of philosophy and the history of philosophy in the world of Islam and has introduced Hikmat al-Mutaaliyyah (Transcendent Theosophy) with a characteristic. However, he has emphasized that Muslim intellectuals should introduce Islamic philosophy to the people of the world and not rely on Orientalists in this regard; Because in the understanding of Islamic philosophy, as well as in its introduction, the Orientalists have made gross mistakes. In the eyes of Professor Mutahari, the introduction of Islamic philosophy is also important because it has a clear superiority over European philosophy. In this article, the views of Professor Murtaza Mutahari on the above mentioned points are best interpreted. Of course, this article will be a source of knowledge for the lord of knowledge and wisdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
3. On Caring for Music Education in Troubled Times
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Jorgensen, Estelle R. and Hendricks, Karin S., book editor
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- 2023
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4. DEVELOPING ISLAMIC LEGAL PHILOSOPHY-BASED ASSURANCE OF JUSTICE.
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DIMYATI, Khudzaifah, RIDHO, Mukharom, WARDIONO, Kelik, ABSORI, Absori, and BUDIONO, Arief
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JUSTICE ,ISLAMIC law ,FREEDOM of information ,LAW enforcement ,JUSTICE administration - Abstract
Justice is the essence of law enforcement. Justice is importan in the legal system at various countries, The absensce of justice was problem because if legal system lack of justice there would be made public believe ruined and legal system would collapse. In the Islamic legal thought, justice was the essence. However, it cannot be denied that the development of Islamic legal thought cannot be separated from the conception of justice. Justice in the explanation is included in the category of substantive law. Justice is defined from a theological point of view, God's relationship with humans is vertical. Allah as the Most Just and Most Right knows the truth and ultimate justice. Humans must always find justice and truth given by God through the process of ijtihad. The principle of justice requires the use of ratios to make comparisons between one case that is not explained by the Word of God or the words of the Prophet with another case that has legal legitimacy. In that way, Islamic law develops and reaches a wider range of legal cases based on the principle of equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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5. 14 Evident Truths from the Organizational Genius of St. Thomas Aquinas: How 'Born Again Thomism' Can Help Save the West from Cultural Suicide
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Peter A. Redpath
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thomas aquinas ,thomism ,west ,enlightenment ,neo-thomism ,pope francis ,new evangelization ,culture ,end ,communication ,experience ,genus ,habit ,induction ,leader ,leadership ,nominalism ,organization ,part ,philosophy ,principle ,proportionality ,ragamuffin ,science ,sense ,species ,truth ,unity ,whole ,wonder ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
This paper is written to articulate in a summary form 14 evidently-known essential and personalistic principles from the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas needed, especially by Pope Francis, to understand a third period of neo-Thomism we are now in: Born-again, or Ragamuffin, Thomism. It maintains that, without application of these principles to the Church’s “new evangelization,” this movement will fail. With that failure the Church will be unable to halt the cultural suicide in which the West is presently engaged.
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- 2020
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6. L’indisponibile.
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MAZZER, STEFANO
- Abstract
The authors propose a reflection starting from the recent publication by Alessandro Clemenzia and Marco Martino on the theme of principle and freedom, with particular attention to the philosophical and theological approach that the book proposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
7. A Return to Pre-Modern Principles of Economic Science: Editors’ Introduction
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Peter A. Redpath, Marvin B. D. Peláez, and Jason Morgan
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economic science ,pre-modernism ,principle ,philosophy ,science ,economics ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
This edition of Studia Gilsoniana inaugurates submission of articles on economic science based upon pre-modern principles of philosophy/science. Today, many journals address the intersection of economics and philosophy. Their contributors include practicing economists, economic historians, economist-philosophers, philosopher-economists, and economic methodologists. Research in this interdisciplinary field began to appear in the 1970s and later took shape in the 1980s with the appearance of its specialized academic journals. Today, the intersection of economics and philosophy is a vibrant area of inquiry and research. Books and journal pages are replete with references to classical philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle and their contributions to economic science. However, stronger connections need to be made related to the application of economic principles from the past to the present based upon enduring pre-modern principles of science. This is precisely what this inaugural issue celebrates.
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- 2019
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8. ¿Es Filolao el oponente del De prisca medicina?
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Chauta Velandia, Andrés Felipe
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INQUISITION ,PHILOSOPHERS ,JOURNALISTS ,AXIOMS ,CRITICISM ,PHILOSOPHY of medicine - Abstract
Copyright of Escritos is the property of Escritos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
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9. ФИДАНА ДАСКАЛОВА ЗА ПЕДАГОГИКАТА.
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Колева, Маргарита and Колев, Йордан
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ORIGINALITY ,CHILD development ,NATIVE language ,MEMES ,SCIENTIFIC development ,SCIENTISTS' attitudes - Abstract
Prof. Fidana Daskalova, PhD is a proven and collegially recognized specialist in the teaching of native language in kindergarten – both with her original scientific aspects on the development of the child, for his early education, for school preparation, and with the applied in the national educational practice her copyrighted works. Her works contain original theoretical analyzes with experimental solutions of philosophical and psychological cases in scientific pedagogy. Synthesized, her creative innovations here are: the principle of dichotomous opposition and order; principle of balance of freedom and order; principle of positive upbringing, principle of positive discipline; “maturation”; “super gifted”; “memes” and others. For Bulgarian pedagogy a particularly valuable ideological heritage is her message that in scientific work the leading factor should be the understanding of the positive role of observation and the inevitable need for objective experimental conditions in theorizing the researched problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
10. Why Augustinian Apologetics and Logical Dialectic Are Not Enough to Defend the Reasonableness of the Christian Faith in an Increasingly-Fragmented World
- Author
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Peter A. Redpath
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Christian ,Christian philosophy ,Christian cultural whole ,culture ,psychology ,education ,identity ,organization ,organizational psychology ,principle ,philosophy ,self-understanding ,soul ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 - Abstract
From close to its inception, St. Augustine’s misunderstanding of the nature of ancient Greek philosophy, “Christian philosophy,” and the way the human soul essentially relates to human body caused formal Christian education to be (a) born in a somewhat unhealthy condition, (b) founded upon a devastating mistake of organizational self-misunderstanding, which essentially prevented it from comprehending how human reason could function both abstractly as a contemplative (or speculative) scientific intellect and concretely as a command and control prudential reason. This flaw in Augustinian psychology of the human person and Augustine’s misunderstanding of the nature of ancient Greek philosophy continued to influence Christian education from the start of the Christian West until the Christian and secular universities of today. For contemporary Christian education to preserve its identity in an increasingly fragmented world, a psychology of the human person adequate to explain the essential connection between the human soul and body and the nature of philosophy must replace this flawed Augustinian psychology that continues to plague the contemporary world.
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- 2018
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11. Metafizik'te İlke ve Neden Kavramları Bağlamında İlk Muharrik(ler)in Tekliği ve Çokluğu Sorunu.
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KARAKAYA, MEHMET MURAT
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PHILOSOPHERS ,METAPHYSICS ,PHILOSOPHY ,MULTIPLICITY (Mathematics) ,ETHICS - Abstract
Copyright of Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Beytulhikme: An International Journal of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Historicity as a Principle of Interpretation of Analytics of Human Being in Philosophy of M. Heidegger
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Irina Sidorenko
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language ,principle ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Philosophy ,factuality ,Temporality ,Fundamental ontology ,Existentialism ,Epistemology ,historicity ,Phenomenology (philosophy) ,Intentionality ,Historicity ,Hermeneutics ,temporality - Abstract
Analysis of the state and possible options for the development of modern humanities gives the grounds to assert the growing importance of the idea of historicity in culture and philosophy during the 20th and early 21st centuries. In this regard, both the disclosure of the concept of historicity and the substantiation of the significance of the principle of historicity, both for the methodology of historical and philosophical knowledge and for humanitarian knowledge in general become relevant. The author of this article carries out historical and philosophical reconstruction of historical issues in the philosophy of M. Heidegger and reveals the process of converting the idea of historicity into the principle of German existentialism. It is concluded that with the help of historicity M. Heidegger was able to present his own version of phenomenology on an existential basis. Seeing an existential achievement in historicity, M. Heidegger understood by it the direction of existence to the source, tradition, on the basis of this, the intentionality of consciousness was revealed as an essential property of existence: the direction of man as a finite being to its source, which allowed the German philosopher to interpret historicity as a tradition, the existential source of man, and how the temporality of human existence. The author of this article concludes that in the philosophy of M. Heidegger historicity was transformed from an idea into a principle on the basis of which the German philosopher revealed not only the historicity of Dasein, building a fundamental ontology and hermeneutics of factuality, but also tried to solve the problem of the history of being, going beyond the existential philosophy.
- Published
- 2021
13. The presence in the beginning: a gnoseological argument about the difference between Plato and Plotinus
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Raul Gutierrez
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Archeology ,History ,principle ,Visual Arts and Performing Arts ,Presencia ,Language and Linguistics ,Philosophy ,principio ,Presence ,eros ,Law ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,episteme ,Nous - Abstract
Resumo: La aceptación de la identidad de la Idea del Bien con lo Uno no necesariamente implica, como recentemente ha sostenido Gerson (2019), que Platón y Plotino comparten esa identificación en los mismos términos. Para insistir en esta diferencia me apoyo en un argumento gnoseológico. Si bien ambos filósofos sostienen la posibilidad de acceder a una presencia en el principio y para describirla recurren a una metáfora erótica, para Platón esa presencia implica la realización plena del Nous en la aprehensión noética del Bien y la generación de episteme, mientras que para Plotino implica el recogimiento no solo de la intelección, sino del deseo mismo de inteligir para acceder a una presencia superior a la episteme. Consecuentemente, Platón concibe al Bien/Uno como Idea - como Idea de Ideas - y cúspide del ser y lo inteligible, mientras que Plotino lo concibe como aneideon, amorfon y apeiron, y, por ende, como radicalmente transcendente al ser y al pensar. Abstract: The acceptance of the identity of the Idea of the Good and the One does not necessarily implies that Plato and Plotinus understand it in the same way, as Gerson has recently sustained. The difference, I intend to show, is supported by a gnoseological aspect of their philosophies. Even if both philosophers accept the possibility of arriving at a presence in the principle itself, and even if they use the same erotic metaphor to describe it, this presence means for Plato the flourishing of Nous and the generation of episteme, whereas for Plotinus it is superior to episteme and requires the complete retirement not just of intellection, but also of the desire to think the Good. Correspondingly, Plato considers the Good/One as a Form - as the Form of Forms - at the summit of being and the intelligible realm, while Plotinus conceives it as aneideon, amorphon and apeiron, and therefore, as radically transcendent to being and thinking.
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- 2022
14. ¿Es Filolao el oponente del De prisca medicina?
- Author
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Andrés Felipe Chauta Velandia
- Subjects
Pythagoreanism ,Pitagorismo ,Medicina ,Principio ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Subject (philosophy) ,B1-5802 ,Method ,Proposition ,P1-1091 ,Epistemology ,Treatise ,Characterization (mathematics) ,Método ,symbols.namesake ,Filolao ,Filosofía ,Principle ,Philosophy (General) ,Philology. Linguistics ,PN1-6790 ,Presocrática ,media_common ,Hippocratic Oath ,Tratado ,Philosophy ,Epistemología ,Pythagorean theorem ,Philolaus ,Doctrine ,Hypothesis ,Object (philosophy) ,Presocratic ,symbols ,Criticism ,Medicine ,Literature (General) ,Hipótesis - Abstract
RESUMEN La relación entre filosofía y medicina en la Antigüedad ha sido largamente tratada por comentaristas y estudiosos. El objetivo de este artículo fue determinar si es posible aseverar que el tratado hipocrático De prisca medicina (DM) sea una crítica dirigida a Filolao y, de ser posible, en qué términos podría estar planteada. Con esto en mente, me concentraré en la caracterización de la posición del oponente del autor de dicho tratado en DM § 1. 1521; en particular, me centraré en los términos "hipótesis" (ὑπόθεσις) y "principio" (ἀρχή). Así, a partir de cuatro posibles interpretaciones propuestas del primero de estos términos, a saber: una proposición postulada pero que no es afirmada tajantemente, una proposición cuya veracidad es supuesta, una proposición que debe ser probada y un objeto puesto a discusión o una finalidad, esbozaré, asumiendo cada una de estas, las críticas que podrían estar en juego en DM y las contrastaré con la doctrina del filósofo pitagórico que puede ser reconstruida a partir de los fragmentos atribuidos a él como auténticos y algunos testimonios acerca de sus planteamientos médicos y epistemológicos. Finalmente, se enunció a modo de conclusión que el tratado hipocrático que es tematizado en él puede ser, en diversos modos, concebido como una crítica a Filolao. No obstante, es necesario resaltar que esta inquisición sobre este tema no tiene la intención de ser conclusiva; más bien, pretende otorgar elementos pertinentes a este debate. ABSTRACT The relationship between philosophy and medicine in antiquity has been extensively discussed by commentators and scholars. The objective of this article was to determine if it is possible to assert that the Hippocratic treatise De prisca Medicina (DM) is a criticism directed at Philolaus and, if possible, in what terms it could be stated. With this in mind, the work concentrates on the characterization of the position of the opponent of the author of said treatise in DM § 1. 15-21. Particular emphasis will be placed on the terms "hypothesis" (ὑπόθεσις) and "principle" ¿Es Filolao el oponente del De prisca medicina? (ἀρχή). Thus, from four possible proposed interpretations of the first of these terms, namely: a proposition postulated but not affirmed sharply, a proposition whose veracity is supposed, a proposition that must be proved, and an object put to discussion or a purpose, the criticisms that could be at stake in DM in each of these will be outlined and then contrasted with the doctrine of the Pythagorean philosopher that can be reconstructed from the fragments attributed to him as authentic, as well as some testimonies about his medical and epistemological approaches. Finally, it was stated by way of conclusion that the Hippocratic treatise that is thematized in it can be, in various ways, conceived as a criticism of Philolaus. However, it is necessary to emphasize that this inquisition on this subject is not intended to be conclusive; rather, it seeks to provide relevant elements to this debate.
- Published
- 2022
15. "Das Eine, was der Philosophie Not ist": Reinhold's argument concerning the absolute principle of philosophy.
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Silva, Fernando M. F.
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HISTORY of philosophy , *CONSCIOUSNESS , *PHILOSOPHY of language , *HISTORY - Abstract
The present essay is devoted to analyzing Reinhold's contribution to one of the most relevant questions in German idealism, namely, the possibility of an absolute principle of all philosophy, as a task left open by Kant's critical enterprise. The main aim is to assess the extent to which Reinhold is the first to propose this philosophical problem as a question of language, and in doing so the possibility of an absolutely apodictic philosophical language, as it would be later resumed and developed by Fichte and other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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16. Vice in the Nicomachean Ethics.
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Nielsen, Karen Margrethe
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VICE , *ETHICS , *CONDUCT of life , *PHILOSOPHY - Abstract
This paper aims to articulate Aristotle's general account of vice, an account that applies to all special vices, regardless of their spheres of action and emotion, and whether they are states of excess or deficiency. Vice is ignorance in the decision (ἡ ἐν τῇ προαιρέσει ἄγνοια): the paper explains what this means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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17. Suárez y Leibniz sobre los principios
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Rubén Pereda
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Causa ,Scholasticism ,Philosophy ,Escolástica ,Razón ,Causation ,Suárez ,Principio ,Racionalismo ,Rationalism ,Principle ,Reason ,Leibniz - Abstract
G. W. Leibniz fue un lector frecuente de la obra filosófica de Suárez, lectura que dejó una huella profunda en su metafísica. En concreto, el uso que Leibniz hace de los principios se puede ver como una aplicación práctica del tratamiento que hace Suárez de los principios en las Disputaciones metafísicas.
- Published
- 2022
18. A principle-based approach to AI: the case for European Union and Italy
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Corea F., Fossa F., Loreggia A., Quintarelli S., Sapienza S., Corea F., Fossa F., Loreggia A., Quintarelli S., and Sapienza S.
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Human-Computer Interaction ,Philosophy ,AI Governance ,Artificial Intelligence ,AI Ethic ,Principle ,Values ,Recommendation ,Recommendations ,AI Ethics ,Principles - Abstract
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes more and more pervasive in our everyday life, new questions arise about its ethical and social impacts. Such issues concern all stakeholders involved in or committed to the design, implementation, deployment, and use of the technology. The present document addresses these preoccupations by introducing and discussing a set of practical obligations and recommendations for the development of applications and systems based on AI techniques. With this work we hope to contribute to spreading awareness on the many social challenges posed by AI and encouraging the establishment of good practices throughout the relevant social areas. As points of novelty, the paper elaborates on an integrated view that combines both human rights and ethical concepts to reap the benefits of the two approaches. Moreover, it proposes innovative recommendations, such as those on redress and governance, which add further insight to the debate. Finally, it incorporates a specific focus on the Italian Constitution, thus offering an example of how core legislations of Member States might contribute to further specify and enrich the EU normative framework on AI.
- Published
- 2022
19. Ahlâkta Tutarlılık ve Denge Modeli: Aşırılık ve Eksiklik Ortasında, Objektif ve Bütüncül Bir Yaklaşım
- Author
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Fatma Yüce
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din felsefesi ,principle ,consistency ,erdem ,Religious studies ,i̇lke ,lcsh:Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc ,morality ,Philosophy ,lcsh:BP1-610 ,ahlâk ,tutarlılık ,philosophy of religion ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,virtue - Abstract
Bu çalışmada ahlâkta Tutarlılık ve Denge Modeli (TDM) önerilmiş ve tanıtılmıştır. Model bağlamında felsefede olduğu gibi ahlâkta da tutarlılığın önemi vurgulanmıştır. Bu amaçla TDM ahlâkta tutarlılığı temin etmek için aklı ön plana çıkarmış; aklın yanında duygu, sezgi ve vicdanın da önemine dikkat çekmiştir. Aklın belirlediği ilkeleri insan davranışlarında görme hedefiyle aşırılık ve eksiklik ortasında tanımlanan erdemlerde iki türlü tasnif geliştirilmiştir. Bunlardan ilki dikotomi oluşturarak erdemlerin zıtlarını belirleyen ve yanlış varoluşlarına dikkat çeken erdemlerin üçlü tasnifidir. Diğeri ise erdemlerin birlikte düşünülmesini öneren iki ortanın dualitesinden hareket eden dörtlü tasniftir. İlk tasnif içerisinde zıtlık ikinci tasnif içerisinde bütünleşme merkezi kavram olarak ele alınmıştır. Ardından erdemlerin toplumsal, küresel ve teolojik bağlamlarda tutarlı bir şekilde değerlendirilebileceği önerilmiştir. Bununla birlikte aklın rehberliğinde evrensel ahlâki hakikatlere ulaşma hedefiyle objektif nitelikleri baskın ideal ahlâk ve subjektif nitelikleri içeren real ahlâk kavramları üretilmiş; bu iki ahlâk arasında tutarlılık ve bütünleşme önerilmiştir. Benzer bir tutarlılık ve bütünleşme çalışma boyunca ilke-erdem, soyut-somut, niyet-sonuç, evrensellik-yerellik, objektiflik-subjektiflik dualitelerinde de önerilmiştir. Son olarak tutarlılığın ahlâkta uygulanmasının makuliyetinin istisnaları beraberinde getirdiğine dikkat çekilmiştir.Özet: Felsefe, gerçekliğe ulaşmak için belirli sorular ve konular üzerine odaklanan mantıklı, sistemli ve tutarlı düşünmedir. Felsefenin bu temel eğilimi ahlaka uygulandığı zaman mantıklı, sistemli ve tutarlı eylemlerin ortaya çıkması beklenir. Bu bağlamda, bu makalede Tutarlılık ve Denge Modeli (TDM) adıyla yeni bir model önerilmiş ve tanıtılmıştır. Bu model kapsamında tutarlılığın önemi felsefede olduğu gibi ahlakta da vurgulanmıştır. Bu nedenle TDM düşünce, söz ve davranış tutarlılığını sağlamak için ahlakta aklı ön plana çıkarmıştır. TDM’ya göre erdemlerin belirlenebilmesi için aklın yanında nefsani değil insani duygu, ilahi sezgi ve sağlam vicdan gerekmektedir. İyi niyetle, aklın bir sentezi olan TDM akla uygun ve iyi eylemlerin oluşmasını hedefler. Holistik bir yapı arz eden TDM’ye göre bir kişi erdemi kendisine ilke edinip tüm yaşamı boyunca erdemi tüm davranışlarına yansıtabilirse tutarlı bir şekilde erdemli olarak tanımlanabilecektir. TDM iyiyi, tutarlılık ve denge kavramlarıyla tanımlar. TDM’ye göre iyi aşırılık ve eksikliğin ortasıdır. Bu bakımdan TDM Aristoteles’in orta düşüncesine dayanır. Bununla birlikte TDM orta referans noktasını alıp yeni bir içerikle geliştirme hedefindedir. Kötünün belirlenmesi sürecinde TDM iki önemli soru gündeme getirir: 1. Bir şeyin olmaması mı kötüdür? 2. Bir şeyin yanlış olması mı kötüdür? Eksiklik noktası yokluğu temsil eder ve aşırılık noktası varlıkta yanlışlığı temsil eder. Her ikisi de ahlakta kötüdür. Bunların ortası ise erdemi temsil eder. Aklın belirlediği ilkeleri insan davranışlarında görme hedefiyle aşırılık ve eksiklik ortasında tanımlanan erdemlerde iki türlü tasnif geliştirilmiştir. Bunlardan ilki dikotomi oluşturarak erdemlerin zıtlarını belirleyen ve yanlış varoluşlarına dikkat çeken erdemlerin üçlü tasnifidir. Tüm erdemlere uygulanabilecek boş bir şablon olarak dikotomi oluşturan üçlü tasnif erdemci-erdemli-erdemsiz şeklinde belirlenmiştir. TDM’de ortanın zıttı her zaman açık bir şekilde eksiklik noktasında ve örtülü bir şekilde aşırılık noktasında bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle erdemlerin aşırılık noktasını belirlemek önemlidir. Eksiklik noktası için kısaca erdemsizlik denilebilir. Aşırılık noktası için ise aslında erdemsizlik, mış gibi erdemler, maskeli erdemsizlik ve erdemcilik ifadeleri kullanılabilir. Diğeri ise erdemlerin birlikte düşünülmesini öneren iki ortanın dualitesinden hareket eden dörtlü tasniftir. Bu tasnifte iki erdemin birlikte düşünülmesiyle yeni ve daha iyi erdemlerin oluşabilmesi mümkündür. İlk tasnif içerisinde zıtlık ikinci tasnif içerisinde bütünleşme merkezi kavram olarak ele alınmıştır.İlke felsefede tutarlılığın teminatı olarak görülmektedir. TDM de benzer bir durumun ahlâkta da olması gerekliliğine işaret eder. Kant’a göre ahlâksal değerin belirlenmesinde eylemlerin görülmeyen iç ilkeleri eylemlerin kendilerinden daha önemlidir. İlke bireye ve şarta göre değişiklik arz etmez, aksine birey ilkeye göre şekillenir ve tüm bireyler ilkenin neticesinden eşit bir şekilde istifade eder. Böylelikle keyfi uygulamalarla ve çifte standartlarla bireylerin haklarının suistimal edilmesi önlenmiş olur, ilke çerçevesinde oluşan demokratik ortamda yalnız erk sahibi değil, her türlü hak sahibi hakkını alma salahiyetine ulaşmış olur. İlkeye bağlılık bu yönüyle kural ile özgürlük arasında bir denge kurarak hakların ve özgürlüğün teminatı olmaktadır.Aristoteles’in erdem ve Kant’ın ilke kavramlarını bütüncül bir şekilde ele alan bu çalışmada insan zihnindeki ilkelerle eylemlerindeki erdemlerin ayrı ayrı kendi içlerinde tutarlı olması ve nihayetinde ilke-erdem birliğinin sağlanabilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra bu çalışmada ideal ahlak ve real ahlak kavramları önerilmiştir. İdeal ahlâk, mutlak, evrensel ve herkes tarafından tartışmasız kabul edilebilecek iyi ve doğruların objektif zemininde gerçekleşir. Objektif nitelikleriyle ideal ahlâk kişilerin bildikleri ve ulaşmak istedikleri hedef olarak görülebilir. Real ahlâk ise kişilerin kendi gerçeklikleri olarak subjektifliklerini de barındıran olumlu ve olumsuz tüm yönleriyle insanda ya da toplumda şekillenen ahlâktır. Subjektif nitelikleriyle real ahlak hayatın içinde yaşayan bir ahlaktır. TDM ideal ahlak ile real ahlak arasında bir bütünlük ve tutarlılık hedefler. Bu makalede erdemler maddi ve manevi olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmış; erdemlerin ilkesel, bireysel, toplumsal, küresel ve teolojik bağlamlarda tutarlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesinin faydalı sonuçlara ulaştıracağı iddiası öne sürülmüştür. Bu kapsamda bir yandan ilkesel, bireysel, toplumsal, küresel ve teolojik erdemlerin kendi içlerinde tutarlılığı, diğer yandan ilkesel, bireysel, toplumsal, küresel ve teolojik erdemlerin birbirleriyle tutarlılığı hedeflenmektedir. Bu tasnifte ilkesel ve teolojik ahlak objektif niteliklere sahipken, bireysel ve toplumsal ahlak subjektif niteliklere sahiptir. TDM ilkesel, bireysel, toplumsal, küresel ve teolojik ahlakın tutarlılığı ve bütünselliği içinde subjektiflik barındıran bir objektiflik hedefler. TDM başlangıç noktası olan ilkesel ahlâk ile son noktası olan teolojik ahlakı birleştirerek nihai ahlâk ilkelerine ulaşmayı ve onları bireysel ve toplumsal ahlâkta belirginleştirmeyi hedefler. Netice olarak TDM aklın bulduğu ortayı vahyin sunduğuyla teyit eder. Başka bir deyişle Tanrının zaten orada ve hep sunduğu ahlakla, insan aklının burada ve şimdi bulduğu ahlak örtüşür. Makalede diğer tutarlılık ve bütünleşme ilke-erdem, soyut-somut, niyet-sonuç, evrensellik-yerellik, objektiflik-subjektiflik dualitelerinde önerilmiştir. Bununla birlikte makalenin merkezi kavramı olan tutarlılık muhtemel eleştirilerin zeminini oluşturabilir. Ama TDM’ye yöneltilebilecek muhtemel eleştirilerin dikkatle incelemeye tabi tutulmaksızın tutarlılık kavramını gerçeklikten koparan aşırı bir tutarlılık görüntüsünden gelebileceği öngörülebilir. Bunun için insan davranışlarında aşırı bir şekilde tutarlılık beklemenin ve real ahlakı ihmal ederek ideal ahlâkı mutlak kabul etmenin yanlış olduğu akılda tutulmalıdır. Bu açıdan son olarak makalede tutarlılığın ahlâkta uygulanmasının makuliyetinin istisnaları beraberinde getirdiğine dikkat çekilmiştir.
- Published
- 2019
20. A Return to Pre-Modern Principles of Economic Science: Editors’ Introduction
- Author
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Redpath, Peter A., Peláez, Marvin B. D., and Jason Morgan
- Subjects
lcsh:BD95-131 ,principle ,philosophy ,lcsh:B ,economic science ,pre-modernism ,economics ,lcsh:Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,lcsh:Metaphysics ,science - Abstract
This edition of Studia Gilsoniana inaugurates submission of articles on economic science based upon pre-modern principles of philosophy/science. Today, many journals address the intersection of economics and philosophy. Their contributors include practicing economists, economic historians, economist-philosophers, philosopher-economists, and economic methodologists. Research in this interdisciplinary field began to appear in the 1970s and later took shape in the 1980s with the appearance of its specialized academic journals. Today, the intersection of economics and philosophy is a vibrant area of inquiry and research. Books and journal pages are replete with references to classical philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle and their contributions to economic science. However, stronger connections need to be made related to the application of economic principles from the past to the present based upon enduring pre-modern principles of science. This is precisely what this inaugural issue celebrates.
- Published
- 2019
21. O thatsache na filosofia elementar de K. L. Reinhold
- Author
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Douglas William Langer
- Subjects
Philosophy ,Philosophie, Theologie ,ddc:100 ,Fato ,Princípio ,Fundamento ,Consciência ,Representação ,B1-5802 ,Fact ,Principle ,Ground ,Consciousness ,Representation ,Philosophy (General) ,Philosophy, Ethics, Religion ,Philosophie ,Humanities - Abstract
EnglishThis article aims to present the emergence and the problems which the concept of Thatsache or fact of consciousness attempts to solve in the development of elementary philosophy in its early years. To accomplish this task four texts will be analyzed in three steps. Primarily, the investigation focuses on the difference between internal and external conditions of representation in relation to the mere representation and the problems which it rises in his Essay on a new theory of the human capacity of representation (1789). Secondly, the article analyses how Reinhold tries to solve these problems through the concept of fact of consciousness proposing a definition to the representation as a proposition in his On the possibility of philosophy as rigorous science and New presentation of the chiefs moments of elementary philosophy, both present in the Contribution to the correction of previous misunderstandings of the philosophers (1790). Thirdly, how this concept works not only as a principle of consciousness, but also as a ground to elementary philosophy and the philosophy as well, especially in the On the foundation of philosophical knowledge (1791), known just as Fundamentschrift. portuguesO objetivo deste artigo e apresentar o surgimento e os problemas aos quais o conceito de Thatsache ou fato da consciencia busca solucionar no desenvolvimento da filosofia reinholdiana em seus anos iniciais. Para isso se utilizarao quatro textos chaves no desenvolvimento da Filosofia Elementar de Reinhold tratando-os em tres passos. Num primeiro momento o texto se debrucara sobre o problema da diferenciacao das condicoes internas e externas da representacao com relacao a mera representacao e os problemas surgidos a partir dessa empresa no Ensaio para uma nova teoria da faculdade de representacao humana (1789). Num segundo momento se analisara como Reinhold procura, por meio do conceito de fato, apresentar uma solucao para o problema da diferenciacao imediata supracitada nos textos Sobre a possibilidade da filosofia como ciencia rigorosa e Nova apresentacao dos momentos mais altos da Filosofia Elementar ambos presentes nas suas Contribuicoes para a retificacao dos mal-entendidos dos filosofos ate agora (1790) e num terceiro momento, como esse conceito funciona para alem disso, como um principio de toda a consciencia e por conseguinte, da Filosofia Elementar, especialmente em seu Sobre o fundamento do saber filosofico, conhecido popularmente apenas por Fundamentschrift de 1791.
- Published
- 2021
22. Pascal and Port-Royal
- Author
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Bouchilloux, Hélène, Nadler, Steven, book editor, Schmaltz, Tad M., book editor, and Antoine-Mahut, Delphine, book editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Uz metafizičko načelo uzročnosti - Bog kao temelj i uzrok bića
- Author
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Antonio Poljak
- Subjects
Philosophy ,Bog ,lcsh:B ,Religious studies ,uzrok ,bitak ,lcsh:Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,počelo ,biće ,Being ,cause ,God ,principle - Abstract
Rad razmatra temeljni aspekt načela uzročnosti jer odgovara na glavno pitanje metafizike: zašto jest biće, a ne radije ništa? Tematiziranje metafizičkog načela uzročnosti istovremeno podsjeća da je Bog prvi temelj, počelo i uzrok svekolikog bića. Poistovjećivanje bitka kao temelja bića s Bogom, Heidegger naziva »ontoteo-logijom«. On više puta ističe povezanost bitka bića s uzrocima. U daljnjem se promišljanju uzročnosti otkriva da razmatranje o uzrocima bitno pripada metafizičkoj temi o identitetu i razlici bića. Platon poistovjećuje tvoritelja kozmosa s uzrokom, a kozmos s učinkom toga uzroka. Na temelju učenja o četiri uzroka, Aristotel je pružio obuhvatan odgovor na pitanje o biću. Biće se u tijeku bivstvovanja neprestano giba te kao takvo postoji stalnim dokidanjem razlike između mogućnosti i zbiljnosti. Nijedno se biće iz mogućnosti ne može prevesti u zbiljnost, osim nekim bićem koje je već samo u zbiljnosti. Takvo načelo vrijedi za sva bića, osim za Boga koji sve pokreće, a da sâm ni od koga nije pokrenut. Stoga je »stožer« Aristotelove metafizike pojam o Bogu kao prvom nepokrenutom pokretaču koji kao čista zbiljnost i oblik te kao najviša svrha, čini zbiljskim, odnosno »pokreće« sve što na bilo koji način bivstvuje. Dosljedno tomu, Bog je počelo, temelj i uzrok svega bića. Na temelju svega što se razmatra unutar izloženih Aristotelovih promišljanja, izdvajaju se dva aspekta ontološkog načela uzročnosti: 1) djelatnost (zbiljnost) jest uvijek prije mogućnosti, i po bivstvu i po pojmu; 2) sve što se kreće, nužno se kreće od drugoga., This article examines the fundamental aspect of causality because it discusses the fundamental question of metaphysics: why a being is, rather than is nothing? The subject of metaphysical principle of causality completely reminds that, in the discussion about the Being and being within the metaphysics, God is the first and the last foundation, cause and principle of overall being. Identifying the Being as the foundation of being as God, Heidegger calls “onto-theo-logy”. On many occasions he emphasizes the connection of the Being beings with the causes. Because of this, the author of this article refers back to the beginnings of the western metaphysics where it is revealed that the contemplation about the causality belongs to the wider metaphysical subject of identity and difference. It is actually about the subject of the first being in relation to the multiplicity of things and movement (change). Plato identifies the maker of cosmos as the cause, and the cosmos as the effect of that cause. Based on this study of four causes, Aristotle proposed the comprehensive solution of the being. The being constantly moves in its existence, and it exists as the constant cancellation of the difference between the possibility and reality. Therefore, the two fundamental moments of being, the reality and the possibility, along with the hylomorphism as the study of the principles of being, represent Aristotle’s permanent contribution and heritage to the realistic concept of the being in its Being. However, the strongpoint of all Aristotle’s metaphysics is the concept of God as the first immovable mover, the reality itself, the pure form and the highest purpose of all being. God is therefore the foundation of the overall Being of being because, through His reality, he realizes all of which can only form the slightest possibility. Even though the movement and the matter are eternal, God is, as the first immovable mover, ontologically “before” the overall reality. Aristotle therefore says that the sky and nature is dependent on him. Based on all of Aristotle’s reflection, two aspects of the ontological principles of causality stand out: 1) the activity (reality) always comes before the possibility, both by concept and by Being; 2) everything that is in motion must be moved by something else that moves it.
- Published
- 2019
24. Normativity and Generality in Ethics and Aesthetics.
- Author
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Audi, Robert
- Subjects
- *
MORAL courage , *CULTURAL values , *AESTHETIC Realism , *PHILOSOPHY , *ETHICS committees - Abstract
Moral properties such as being wrong or being obligatory are not brute but based on other kinds of properties, such as being a lie or being promised. Aesthetic properties such as being graceful or being beautiful are similar to moral properties in being based on other kinds of properties, but in the aesthetic cases it may be impossible to specify just what these grounding properties are. Does any single property ground poetic beauty in the way promising grounds obligation to do the promised deed? If aesthetic properties do differ from moral properties in this way, may we conclude that, although ethics is like aesthetics in being a realm of intuitive and perceptual knowledge-or at least intuitive and perceptual sensitivity-it is unlike aesthetics because the latter lacks principles that connect grounding properties with aesthetic properties? Are there any such generalities in aesthetics, or even aesthetic generalities connecting aesthetic properties with other aesthetic properties? If there are, how much like or unlike rules and principles in ethics are they? This paper explores all these questions in the light of examples from the arts, with poetry as the main case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Extension Education: Myth or Reality.
- Author
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Kumar Das, Samares and Tripathi, Hema
- Subjects
- *
RURAL extension , *AGRICULTURAL extension work , *FORESTRY extension , *FISHERY extension work , *AGRICULTURAL extension workers , *AGRICULTURE , *AGRICULTURAL education , *FARM management - Abstract
Extension Education (popularly known as Agricultural Extension) is a science and art of 'helping people help themselves' in shaping their behavior in desirable direction based on the philosophy and principle of 'learning by doing' and 'seeing is believing'. There are several branches of Extension Education-veterinary and animal husbandry extension, fishery extension, home science extension, forestry extension, health extension and the like-depending on the field where the philosophy and principles of Extension Education is applied. As per the philosophy, an Extension Educator should be a teacher, guide, friend and philosopher to the villagers. But, there is a gap between the philosophy and practice, between what is and what ought to be. Mixed farming system based on the socio-economic and cultural considerations is the foundation of Indian agriculture. Under this traditional family farming system animal husbandry has a complementary and supplementary relationship with crop husbandry the significance of which is never realized in the practice of Extension Education. The crux of the problem lies in the practice of viewing crop and livestock separately at par with the western specialized farming. The tendency of perceiving Indian agriculture from the western perspective is not going to bring any desirable change in our countryside. It is high time to bring science down to the ploughman's doorstep to help him taking timely and wise decision to improve his farm and home in a sustainable manner. To achieve this we need a large number of philosophers in 'helping people help themselves' in shaping their behavior in desirable direction. This paper is an attempt towards that direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. On the Permissibility of Free-Riding on the Global Lingua Franca
- Author
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Siba Harb
- Subjects
Global justice ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,Lingua franca ,Political science ,050602 political science & public administration ,Production (economics) ,Political philosophy ,Linguistic justice ,computer.programming_language ,Law and economics ,05 social sciences ,Arts & Humanities ,06 humanities and the arts ,Public good ,Free-riding ,0506 political science ,Free riding ,Philosophy ,Global public good ,060302 philosophy ,FAIRNESS ,Fairness principle ,PRINCIPLE ,Law ,computer - Abstract
English today seems to be emerging as a global lingua franca. And a global lingua franca would be a global public good. Characteristically, being non-excludable, public goods are susceptible to free-riding: absent targeted distributive policies, some individuals can accrue a good’s benefits without having contributed to the costs of its production. In this paper, I make two arguments. First, I argue, against Philippe Van Parijs, that Anglophones are not unfairly free-riding on the efforts of non-Anglophones of producing English as a global lingua franca. I defend the view that instances of what counts as unfair free-riding should be limited to free-riding on public goods that are co-operatively produced. Second, I suggest an alternative claim that is available for Van Parijs to make. Van Parijs believes a global lingua franca is required by global justice. This is a highly controversial claim. But if he is right, then Anglophones' free-riding on the global lingua franca while not an instance of unfair free-riding, may be objectionable nonetheless.
- Published
- 2020
27. 'Plikt', 'borde' och 'kan'
- Author
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Sjölander Johansson, Jakob Andreas
- Subjects
Ethics ,Filosofi ,Can ,OIC ,Simple term ,Morals ,ought implies can ,Pro Tanto Obligation ,Complex Term ,Philosophy ,Obligation ,Principle ,Ought ,Intuition ,Implication - Abstract
This paper criticises the famous “”ought” implies “can”” on the grounds that its main claim - that there can be no unfulfillable obligations - is false. The first part of the paper investigates the use, history and previous literature on the topic, as well as the proper understanding of the principle. The second part presents the main argument, directed at the interpretation of “”ought” implies “can”” as a conceptual truth. It is argued that it must be possible to split the meaning of the term “ought” into component parts, parts that must each be quite capable of functioning on their own. The result is that we cannot conclude that one part of the term “ought” (such as whatever is its moral content) must disappear just because another part of it (such as “can”) does so. Finally, in the third part, we tackle some common arguments and intuitions in favour of the principle, and provides a few concluding words and a summary. Den här uppsatsen kritiserar den berömda “”bör” implicerar “kan””-principen, (här tolkad som “konceptuell implikation), på så vis att principens viktigaste punkt är falsk, nämligen idén att det inte kan finnas några ouppnåbara plikter. Uppsatsens första del undersöker användningen, historien och litteraturen bakom ämnet, samt formuleringen av principen. Den andra delen presenterar huvudargumentet, riktat mot ””bör” implicerar ”kan”” som en konceptuell sanning. Argumentet fungerar på så vis att det måste vara möjligt att dela upp meningen i termen ”borde/bör” i komponenter, komponenter som måste vara kapabla att fungera även på egen hand. Resultatet blir att vi inte kan dra slutsatsen att en del av termen måste försvinna (såsom dess moraliska innehåll) bara för att en annan del av termen (såsom ”kan”) gör det. Slutligen, i den tredje delen, så behandlar vi några vanliga argument och intuition som förs fram till principens försvar, och summerar texten.
- Published
- 2020
28. EL PENSAMIENTO COMO PRINCIPIO.
- Author
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López, Diana María
- Subjects
HEGELIANISM ,THOUGHT & thinking ,PRINCIPLE (Philosophy) ,CERTAINTY ,HISTORY of philosophy - Abstract
Copyright of Tópicos is the property of Asociacion Revista de Filosofia de Santa Fe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
29. Forensic science - A true science?
- Author
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Crispino, Frank, Ribaux, Olivier, Houck, Max, and Margot, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
FORENSIC sciences , *ACTIONS & defenses (Law) , *DAUBERT v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. , *JURISPRUDENCE , *JUDGES - Abstract
While the US jurisprudence of the 1993 Daubert hearing requires judges to question not only the methodology behind, but also the principles governing, a body of knowledge to qualify it as scientific, can forensic science, based on Locard's and Kirk's Principles, pretend to this higher status in the courtroom? Moving away from the disputable American legal debate, this historical and philosophical study will screen the relevance of the different logical epistemologies to recognize the scientific status of forensic science. As a consequence, the authors are supporting a call for its recognition as a science of its own, defined as the science of identifying and associating traces for investigative and security purposes, based on its fundamental principles and the case assessment and interpretation process that follows with its specific and relevant mode of inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. ŠV. BONAVENTŪROS MISTIKOS METAFIZIKA.
- Author
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Stančienė, Dalia Marija
- Subjects
MYSTICISM ,ORIGINAL sin ,GOD ,PERFECTION ,PHILOSOPHY - Abstract
Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
31. CARTOGRAFÍA EPISTEMICA CONCEBIDA POR TOMÁS DE AQUINO SEGÚN SU INTERPRETACIÓN DE LAS OBRAS ARISTOTÉLICAS.
- Author
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Mendoza, José María Felipe
- Subjects
- *
EPISTEMICS , *CONTEMPLATION , *THEORY of knowledge , *PHILOSOPHY - Abstract
This work contemplates how Aquinas's introductions to Aristotle's works present passages which are capable of combining themselves in a way that results in a map of Knowledge. This map establishes a hierarchy of sciences whose beginning is given in human contemplation, this is, the differences that Nature shows in itself for the basis for this hierarchical division. Therefore, from this map we can summarize three topics: the order of sciences, the Aristotle's works which sustain it and the contemplation of that order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
32. 2008 Paul Hanly Furfey LecturePrinciple: The Hummingbird and the Sloth*.
- Author
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HedgeCoke, A. A.
- Subjects
- *
CULTURE , *PHILOSOPHY , *FICTION , *INDIGENOUS peoples , *SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
The article discusses the narrative-based principles which thrive in story. It states that while story affects culture and the tenets of culture, culture also affects story and its creation/tradition. It mentions that Aristotle has made assertions that story has a beginning, middle and end. According to the article, traditional Aboriginal notions consider story as an entity which coexists with humans. It notes that traditional story is not just a linear trajectory but something which reveals itself through various points of view and contexts.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Osteopath Should Find Health.
- Author
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Höppner, Jean-Paul
- Subjects
OSTEOPATHIC physicians ,HUMAN anatomy ,MORPHOLOGY ,GESTALT psychology ,PHILOSOPHY of medicine - Abstract
Copyright of Osteopathische Medizin is the property of Elsevier GmbH, Urban & Fischer Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The Place of I 7 in the Argument of Physics I.
- Author
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Kelsey, Sean
- Subjects
- *
PHYSICS , *PHILOSOPHY , *PHILOSOPHERS , *THOUGHT & thinking - Abstract
Aristotle introduces Physics I as an inquiry into principles; in this paper I ask where he argues for the position he reaches in I 7. Many hold that his definitive argument is found in the first half of I 7 itself; I argue that this view is mistaken: the considerations raised there do not form the basis of any self-standing argument for Aristotle's doctrine of principles, but rather play a subordinate role in a larger argument begun in earnest in I 5. This larger argument stalls in I 6, which ends in aporia; I argue that the problem lies in the fact that Aristotle's reasoning in I 6 thoroughly undermines his reasoning in I 5 (on which I 6 is ostensibly supposed to build). I further argue that the materials necessary for resolving this problem, and thereby allowing the argument begun in I 5 to reach its proper conclusion, are supplied by the thesis that organizes the first half of I 7. Along the way I offer some remarks about Aristotle's doctrine of principles, arguing that it is about the principles of natural substance (as opposed to coming to be or change). I also offer some remarks about the thesis which organizes the first half of I 7. I argue negatively that it is not anything like a preliminary statement of Aristotle's doctrine of principles. I argue positively that it reflects Aristotle's idea that there are two distinct kinds of effect change has upon things (one constructive, the other destructive). One of these effects lies behind Aristotle's reasoning in I 5, the other comes to the fore in I 6; the achievement of the first half of I 7 is to reconcile these seemingly competing conceptions by finding a place for them both in a unified account of coming to be and its subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. RIGORISMO Y PLURALIDAD DE PRINCIPIOS EN ÉTICA.
- Author
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Salerno, Gustavo
- Subjects
- *
PHILOSOPHY , *ETHICS , *PLURALISM - Abstract
The problem of the applicability of moral principles is one of the most significant issues of practical reflection. With Kant's practical philosophy, the ethical demands of universality and individuality came to seem incompatible. After reviewing the outlooks of Apel and Simmel, who both offer paradigmatic answers to the "rigorism" of the categorical imperative, this article presents the issue from the perspective of Maliandi's "Convergent Ethics". It suggests that Maliandi's recognition of an "a priori of conflictivity" and of the bi-dimensional character of reason surmounts the shortages of both Apel's and Simmel's philosophies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
36. On the Origins of the Very First Principle as Infinite: The Hierarchy of the Infinite in Damascius and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
- Author
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Tiziano Fabrizio Ottobrini
- Subjects
Hierarchy ,principle ,apophatic ,Philosophy ,lcsh:Philosophy (General) ,Metaphysics ,Dionysius the Areopagite ,metaphysics ,Epistemology ,theology ,Melissus ,One ,Proclus ,lcsh:B1-5802 ,Articulation (sociology) ,Damascius ,infinite - Abstract
This paper discusses the theoretical relationship between the views of Damascius and those of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. While Damascius’ De principiis is a bold treatise devoted to investigating the hypermetaphysics of apophatism, it anticipates various theoretical positions put forward by Dionysius the Areopagite. The present paper focuses on the following. First, Damascius is the only ancient philosopher who systematically demonstrates the first principle to be infinite (traditional Greek thought tended to regard the arkhē as finite). Second, Damascius modifies the concept and in several important passages shows the infinite to be superior and prior to the finite (previously this assumption was held only by Melissus and, sporadically, by Gregory of Nyssa and Plotinus). Third, Damascius’ theory of being (infinite, endless and ultrarational) is the strongest ancient articulation of the nature of the One which is a clear prefiguration of the negative theology developed by Dionysius the Areopagite.
- Published
- 2019
37. El pensamiento como principio: Descartes según Hegel en las Lecciones de historia de la filosofía
- Author
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Diana María López
- Subjects
Pensamiento ,Principio ,Cogito ,Certeza ,Verdad ,Historia ,Filosofía ,Thought ,Principle ,Certainty ,History ,Philosophy ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
Nuestro trabajo se orienta a presentar lo desarrollado por Hegel sobre el pensamiento de Descartes en sus Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie, teniendo en cuenta tres momentos: 1) la opción de Hegel por los Principios; 2) el lugar de Descartes en la "historia de la filosofía"; y 3) algunas conclusiones en torno a la tesis de que "avanzar en el pensamiento" sólo es posible en la medida en que uno reconozca a la historia de la filosofía no como una "galería de opiniones" sino como una fuente inagotable de problemas y cuestiones.The aim of this paper is to present Hegel's developments on Descartes' thinking in the Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie, taking three moments into consideration: 1) Hegel's option for the Principles; 2) Descartes' position in the "history of philosophy"; and 3) some reflections concerning the thesis of "moving forward in thought", which is only possible if history of philosophy is seen not as a "gallery of opinions" but as a source of inexhaustible problems and questions.
- Published
- 2011
38. I. Kant and G. Hegel's Views on Subjectification of Cognitive Process
- Author
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Elena Rubanova, Yuliya Aleksandrovna Zeremskaya, and Vitalij Rubanov
- Subjects
субъективность ,cognition ,Subjectivity ,idea ,analysis ,media_common.quotation_subject ,законы ,Subject (philosophy) ,experience ,Subject ,subjectivity ,General Materials Science ,law ,mind ,media_common ,Subjectification ,principle ,идеи ,Philosophy ,Cognition ,Hegelianism ,Epistemology ,опыт ,анализ ,познание ,method ,принципы ,objectivity ,Philosophical theory ,Soul ,разум ,Objectivity (philosophy) - Abstract
The study is designed to form innovative cognitive technologies and processes from the analysis of classical philosophical ideas. The aim of the study is to analyze I. Kant and G. Hegel's philosophical theories of subjectification problem of general and scientific cognitive process. Methods of study are logical-historical method and method of comparative analysis. Kant's approach to past scientific experience is examined. The characteristic between a teacher and a student is given. Dynamic cognitive processes are expressed by some ways for material understanding: passive and active ways predetermining dogmatic and critical thinking. Different mindsets, such as ordinary, architectonical, brilliant ones are described. G. Hegel's approach to understanding of the concept “cognition” from its subjectivity and objectivity is examined. Hegel's understanding of theoretical actions discovered in the usage of analysis, synthesis and construction methods is analyzed. The principle of a theoretical cognitive method including objective reality/existence and progress is discovered. Hegel underlines the progress connecting past and present which is a “substantial core”, a product of mind and soul.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Normativity and Generality in Ethics and Aesthetics
- Author
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Robert Audi
- Subjects
aesthetic property ,organicity ,Generality ,principle ,Property (philosophy) ,Philosophy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,rationality ,moral property ,Rationality ,perception ,sensibility ,Epistemology ,reason ,cognitive penetration ,Aesthetics ,Realm ,Beauty ,consequentiality ,Sensibility ,Obligation ,Political philosophy ,media_common - Abstract
Moral properties such as being wrong or being obligatory are not brute but based on other kinds of properties, such as being a lie or being promised. Aesthetic properties such as being graceful or being beautiful are similar to moral properties in being based on other kinds of properties, but in the aesthetic cases it may be impossible to specify just what these grounding properties are. Does any single property ground poetic beauty in the way promising grounds obligation to do the promised deed? If aesthetic properties do differ from moral properties in this way, may we conclude that, although ethics is like aesthetics in being a realm of intuitive and perceptual knowledge—or at least intuitive and perceptual sensitivity—it is unlike aesthetics because the latter lacks principles that connect grounding properties with aesthetic properties? Are there any such generalities in aesthetics, or even aesthetic generalities connecting aesthetic properties with other aesthetic properties? If there are, how much like or unlike rules and principles in ethics are they? This paper explores all these questions in the light of examples from the arts, with poetry as the main case study.
- Published
- 2014
40. A 'RECENSÃO A AENESIDEMUS' E A GÉNESE DA DOUTRINA DA CIÊNCIA DE FICHTE
- Author
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Fernando Manuel Ferreira da Silva
- Subjects
principle ,language ,Fichte ,philosophy ,Philosophy ,Schulze ,B1-5802 ,princípio ,Reinhold ,filosofia ,linguagem ,Philosophy (General) ,Humanities - Abstract
RESUMO O presente ensaio aborda o período anterior às obras tidas como as diferentes reescrições da Doutrina da Ciência, de J. G. Fichte, e aí tenta não só perceber a origem da necessidade de um princípio da identidade, como ela surge aquando das primeiras ocorrências do mesmo, mas também discernir os primeiros passos de todo o problema da possibilidade (ou não) de um princípio absoluto de toda a filosofia, que sempre animaria a empresa. O foco em questão é a «Aenesidemus-Rezension», onde Fichte junta a sua voz ao aceso diálogo já anteriormente entabulado por K. L. Reinhold e G. E. Schulze, e, na necessidade de repensar o princípio da consciência do primeiro, e as críticas a este feitas pelo segundo, é trazido à convicção da necessidade de um novo princípio absoluto; mas onde, e é este o fulcro do presente ensaio, Fichte percebe a insuficiência filososófica do sistema reinholdiano como uma insuficiência de linguagem, e portanto todo o problema como um problema que depende intimamente de uma apoditicidade linguística, e daí parte para a proposta de uma nova terminologia nacional, uma linguagem filosófica sistematicamente certa e inequívoca, à altura de um sistema filosófico regido por um princípio absoluto – um problema que viria a ocupar as cogitações de toda a geração de jovens pensadores em torno do professor de Jena. ABSTRACT This essay approaches the period prior to the works considered as the different versions of the Doctrine of Science, by J. G. Fichte, and aims not only at discerning the origin of the need for a principle of identity, but also at retracing the first steps of the whole problem of the possibility of an absolute principle of all philosophy. The focus shall be the «Aenesidemus-Rezension», where Fichte joins his voice to the heated argument previously struck by K. L. Reinhold and G. E. Schulze, and, urged to rethink Reinhold's principle of consciousness and the criticism raised by Schulze, is brought to believe the necessity for a new absolute principle; but where, and this is the fundamental idea of this essay, Fichte realizes the philosophical insufficiency of Reinhold's system as a language-related insufficiency, and therefore the whole problem as one intimately dependent on a linguistic apodicticity, and moves on to propose a new national terminology, a systematically certain and unequivocal philosophical language, which might meet the demands of a philosophical system ruled by an absolute principle – a problem which would soon be in the agenda of a whole generation of young idealists around the Professor of Jena.
- Published
- 2015
41. Mechanical and Chemical Explanations in Du Clos' Chemistry
- Author
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Rémi Franckowiak, Sciences et Société, Historicité, Éducation et Pratiques (EA S2HEP), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, and École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)
- Subjects
17th century ,Natural philosophy ,Philosophy ,Principle ,natural philosophy ,Newton's laws of motion ,Epistemology ,[SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences ,History, 17th Century ,Chemistry ,Clos network ,England ,History and Philosophy of Science ,mecanism ,History, 16th Century ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Académie des Sciences ,Criticism ,Robert Boyle ,France ,Chemistry (relationship) ,Samuel Cottereau Du Clos - Abstract
International audience; Samuel Cottereau Du Clos (1598-1685) appears as the first French chemist to combine in chemistry – which is for him the science of substances, the physics of qualities – demonstrations using the laws of motion with demonstrations using the qualities of chemical principles, and in that way bringing to bear two different and complementary orders of explanations. According to him, the mechanical considerations represent a first approach, a stage towards the knowledge of “the truth of things” (la vérité des choses) in natural philosophy. He set out his chemistry at the Académie royale des sciences de Paris, especially through his criticism of Boyle’s Certain Physiological Essays in 1668-1669.
- Published
- 2011
42. Kant e a admiração da natureza
- Author
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Ulisses Razzante Vaccari
- Subjects
sentimento ,princípio ,Philosophy ,principle ,admiration ,conformidade a fins ,finality ,feeling ,admiração - Abstract
O parágrafo 62 da Crítica do Juízo, cuja função é definir o conceito de conformidade a fins objetiva (objektive Zweckmässigkeit), começa com uma declaração do filósofo segundo a qual todas as figuras geométricas se relacionam com uma conformidade a fins objetiva e admirável. Embora não seja aqui essencial para a definição do princípio dessa conformidade a fins, a afirmação de Kant de que ela é muitas vezes digna de admiração exerce um importante papel para a sua própria definição. O objetivo deste texto é tecer algumas considerações em torno dessa relação entre o princípio estritamente lógico da conformidade a fins e o sentimento em geral, seja de admiração da natureza, ou em todas as suas variações, tais como aparece na sequência do mesmo parágrafo 62: o entusiasmo, a alegria e a estupefação. Embora de antemão se reconheça que tais sentimentos não podem intervir no mecanismo estritamente lógico desse princípio, que, segundo Kant, é transcendental, pretende-se mostrar como o seu uso relaciona-se sempre e de algum modo com um sentimento. Para isso, é preciso mostrar que a afirmação de Kant segundo a qual o juízo teleológico não possui nenhuma relação com o sentimento de prazer e desprazer não implica necessariamente que esse tipo de juízo não possua relação nenhuma como nenhum tipo de sentimento. Paragraph 62 of the Critique of Judgment, which was designed by Kant to define the concept of objective finality (objektive Zweckmässigkeit), begins with a statement of the philosopher, which says that all geometrical figures relates itself to a admirable and objective finality. Even though it is not key to defining the principle of this finality here, Kant's declaration that more often than not it is worth admiration plays a significant role in its very definition. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the strictly logical principle of finality relates to general sentiment, either as admiration of nature or throughout the range of all of its variations, as subsequently shown in this very paragraph 62: Enthusiasm, joy, and stupefaction. Admittedly, such sentiments cannot intervene in the strictly logical mechanism of said principle, which is transcendental for Kant, still this paper will try to show how its usage relates to a sentiment at all times somehow. This requires showing that Kant's declaration that the teleological judgment holds no relation with the pleasure and displeasure sentiment does not necessarily imply that this type of judgment does not relate to any type of sentiment at all.
- Published
- 2009
43. Le corps platonicien, preuve et épreuve de la transcendance
- Author
-
Frédéric Fauquier
- Subjects
principle ,Religions. Mythology. Rationalism ,Philosophy ,General Medicine ,body ,BL1-2790 ,Christianity ,dualisme ,dualism ,principe ,Gnosticism ,transcendence ,platonisme ,corps ,Christianisme ,Platonism ,gnosticisme ,Humanities ,transcendance - Abstract
Dans un système dualiste qui hiérarchise les principes, quelle place accorder aux corps ? Les cartes des principes sont disposées de manière différente dans trois postures, platonicienne, gnostique et chrétienne. La spécificité du dispositif platonicien est de faire du corps l’épreuve et la preuve de la transcendance, ce qui lui confère un statut ambigu. D’un côté, il est ce qui barre l’accès à l’intelligible, par son obscurité, sa dispersion, d’un autre côté, il est ce qui le manifeste par sa forme. What is the place of the body in a dualistic system which organizes principles into hierarchy? Principles can be arranged into three postures: Platonist, Gnostic and Christian. In the Platonist posture, the body is, ambiguously, both a touchstone and a proof of transcendence. On the one hand, it bars access to the intelligible through its darkness and dispersion; on the other hand, it reveals the intelligible through its form.
- Published
- 2015
44. Chapter 5: Phlogiston and Chemical Principles: The Development and Formulation of Georg Ernst Stahl’s Principle of Inflammability
- Author
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Ku-ming Kevin Chang
- Subjects
Development (topology) ,Philosophy ,Phlogiston theory ,Principle ,Epistemology - Published
- 2015
45. Ahlaki ilke ve ahlaki değer problemi üzerine
- Author
-
Yönden, Hasan, Ağırman, Ferhat, and Felsefe Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Philosophy ,Felsefe ,Principle ,Moral philosophy ,Moral values ,Values ,Morality - Abstract
Bu çalışmada ahlaki ilke ve ahlaki değer problemi belirli evrensel ahlaki ilkeler ve görecelik-mutlakçılık tartışması kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Çeşitli ahlak ve değer kabullerinin varlığı ve ahlak ile değer kavramlarının dinamizmi, problemi ahlaki bağlamda temellendirme imkânının daha dar bir zeminde olduğunu salık vermektedir. Bu yüzden giriş kısmında ahlakın ve değerin göreceliği ve mutlaklığı üzerinde durulmuş ve bu, tezin iki bölümüne de taşınmıştır. Birinci bölümde ahlaki ilkeler, ahlakın kaynağı ve doğası, görece ve mutlaklığın yanında deontolojik ve teleolojik bakış açısıyla kısa bir değerlendirme yapılmış ve ahlaki kabulleri farklılaşan toplumlar ve kültürler bağlamında eylemin niyet temelli mi yoksa sonuç temelli mi olduğu üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde bunun üzerine, değerin kaynağı ve doğası ele alınarak ahlaki değer ya da değerin ahlakiliği problemi için, değerin farklı anlamları, olgu, eylem, anlam kapsamında değerlendirilmiş ve değerin özsel bir var oluşa sahip olup olmadığı öznelliği ve nesnelliği açısından tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ahlak, değer, değerleme, görecelik-mutlakçılık, teleoloji, deontoloji, aksiyoloji, ahlaki ilke, ahlaki değer. In this study, the problem of moral principle and moral value was evaluated within certain universal moral principles and within the discussion of relativity and absolutism. The existence of various moral and value acceptances and the dynamism of the concepts of morality and value prescribe that the possibility of basing the problem in a moral context offers rather a limited ground. Therefore, in the introduction part the relativity and absoluteness of moral and value were discussed and the discussion was also continued in both two chapters of the thesis.In the first chapter, a brief assessment was done on moral values, source and nature of morality within deontological and teleological perspectives beside the relative and the absolute, and it is questioned within the context of culture and societies with different moral acceptances whether the action is intentional or consequential. In the second chapter, by focusing on the source and nature of value, for the problem of moral value and the morality of the value the different senses of value were analysed within the frame of phenomenon, action and meaning and whether the value has essential existence was discussed in terms of its subjectivity and objectivity. Keywords: Morality, value, valuation, relativity-absolutism, deontology, teleology, axiology, moral principle, moral value. 116
- Published
- 2015
46. The Timaeus on the Principles of Cosmology
- Author
-
Johansen, Thomas K. and Fine, Gail, book editor
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. El conocimiento habitual como condición de posibilidad de la metafísica
- Author
-
Miguel Sánchez
- Subjects
Intelecto ,Puzzle ,Principio ,Philosophy ,Conocimiento habitual ,Knowledge by habits ,Objeto ,Aporía ,Conocimiento objetivo ,Object ,Intentionality ,Principle ,Knowledge of objects ,Cartography ,Humanities ,Intellect - Abstract
Para Polo la metafisica es un saber radical de principios. Se examina esta definicion y se la confronta con posibles objeciones inherentes a la nociones de ‘principio’ y de ‘conocimiento’. Se exponen cuatro posibles objeciones: 1) ?como puede ser algo un principio y no ser evidente sino necesitar de un saber sobre el? 2) Si son las cosas las que son primeras, ?como se ha llegado a tener un cierto conocimiento de ‘principios’? 3) Si nuestro saber es de cosas, ?como podria darse un saber discursivo sobre principios? Y 4) ?no obligaria un saber de principios a abandonar cualquier otro conocimiento previo? Para hacer frente a estas aporia se acude sobre todo a algunas propuestas desarrolladas en su Curso de Teoria del Conocimiento. En especial a la diferencia entre caracter intencional del conocimiento objetivo y el habitual del conocimiento de principios. According to Polo Metaphysics is a radical knowledge of principles. This definition is examined and confronted with some difficulties associated with the concepts of ‘principle’ and ‘knowledge’. There are four objections: 1) How can a principle be primary and not be at the same time manifest? 2) Why could one understand what are ‘principles’ if one have only experience of things? 3) If our knowledge and language are dealing always only with things, how would be possible a discursive science about principles? And 4) If there is a science of principles, why do not abandon the previous knowledge of things? In order to solve these problems we shall use some arguments in the Curso de Teoria del Conocimiento. The main argument is that there is a difference between the intentionality as a principal characteristic of the knowledge of objects, and the knowledge by intellectual habits in order to understand the principles.
- Published
- 2014
48. De la historia del pensamiento y de sus principios. Aproximación a M. Foucault
- Author
-
Díaz Marsá, Marco and Dávila Rojas, Jorge
- Subjects
philosophy ,actualidad ,principio ,Problématisation ,filosofía ,política ,historia ,crítica ,actuality ,principle ,Problematización ,ontología ,critique ,history ,ontology ,politics - Abstract
This study is defined and articulated on grounds of the question about the meaning, sense and structure of the notion of “history of thought” as it rises and functions from Foucault’s last declarations and interventions, in a particularly clear and illuminating way after the first version of the Préface à l’“Histoire de la sexualité” (1984), which we will mindfully approach along this work. Este estudio se define y articula a partir de la pregunta por el significado, sentido y estructura de la noción de “historia del pensamiento”, tal como ésta emerge y actúa desde los últimos pronunciamientos e intervenciones de Foucault, de un modo singularmente claro y revelador a partir de la primera versión del Prefacio a la “Historia de la sexualidad” (1984), texto del que nos ocupamos con atención prioritaria a lo largo de este trabajo.
- Published
- 2014
49. Crusius et la certitude métaphysique en 1762
- Author
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Tinca Prunea-Bretonnet
- Subjects
métaphysique ,principle ,analysis ,lcsh:History (General) and history of Europe ,lcsh:Philosophy (General) ,Philosophy ,analyse ,Metaphysics ,certitude ,General Medicine ,metaphysics ,principe ,méthode ,lcsh:D ,method ,lcsh:B1-5802 ,Humanities ,certainty - Abstract
L’article se propose d’analyser le rôle joué par la pensée de Christian August Crusius dans la genèse et l’articulation de la Preisschrift kantienne de 1762. Décidément anti-wolffien, Kant opte pour la méthode analytique comme seule capable d’assurer la scientificité de la philosophie. Dans un double mouvement de rapprochement et de prise de distance par rapport à certaines thèses crusiennes centrales, il entend démontrer que la certitude atteignable en métaphysique est suffisante pour la conviction, qu’elle est toute aussi « sûre » et « complète » que la certitude mathématique. Ne pouvant fonder cette certitude sur une simple conviction subjective, selon le principe de Crusius, Kant s’éloignera définitivement de ce dernier, non sans avoir intégré dans sa propre doctrine des éléments crusiens fondamentaux. This article aims to discuss the role played by Crusius’ thought in the genesis and the structure of Kant’s Preisschrift of 1762. Definitely opposed to Wolffian philosophy, Kant argues for the analythical method as the only method capable of ensuring a scientific status for philosophy. Simultaneously embracing and criticizing some central Crusian principles, he intends to demonstrate the possibility of a “sure” and “complete” metaphysical certainty, which would be as sufficient for conviction as the mathematical certainty. Kant refuses, however, to base metaphysical certainty on a simply subjective conviction, as Crusius suggests. That is why he ultimately rejects his predecessor’s philosophy, although not without making some fundamental Crusian elements part of his own doctrine.
- Published
- 2011
50. Aristoteles'te ilke sorunu
- Author
-
Kayar, Esma, Bıçak, Ayhan, and Felsefe Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Philosophy ,Felsefe ,Aristotle ,Logic ,Principle ,Science philosophy ,Metaphysical - Abstract
Bu tez felsefi anlamdaki ilke(arkhe) kavramının ortaya çıkısını ve sekillenmesini presokratikler, sofistler ve Platon'un ilke kavrayısları üzerinden kısaca inceledikten sonra Aristoteles'in kendinden önceki felsefenin kurdugu zemin üzerinde ortayakoydugu ilke anlayısı ve çesitleri ile bu ilkelerin nasıl elde edildigini aydınlatmayı amaçlamıstır. Klasik felsefe, sofistlerin elestirileri karsısında Sokrates ve Platon'un çabalarıyla bilimsel, kesin bir bilginin nasıl elde edileceginin yöntemini arastırmıstır. Aristoteles Analitikler ismini verdigi eserleri ile bilimsel bilgi veren yöntem olarak kıyas teorisini sunmustur. Bilimsel bilgiyi veren ispatçı kıyasın aksiyom, tanım, hipotez olmak üzere üç çesit ilkesi vardır. Kıyasın ilkeleri ayrıca lk Felsefe'nin de sorunu oldugu için bu bilim tarafından incelenir. Çelismezlik aksiyomu gibi ilkeler bu durumda sadece bilginin degil Aristoteles'in bilfiil varlık dedigi belirli varlıgın da ilkesidir. lkeler dolayımsızdır ve ispat edilemezler. Ancak onlar ispatçı bilimlerde ilk öncül olarak kullanılırlar. spatçı bilimler kesin bilgiyi verse de ilkeler de ispat dısında bir yöntemle kesin olarak bilinirler. Bu yöntemi bize tümevarım ve nous yetisi saglar. Diyalektik ise ilk ilkelerin saglamlıgını sınamada ek bir yöntem olarak karsımıza çıkmaktadır. This thesis aims to elucidate the perceptive of principle and its types postulated by Aristotle on the basis founded by the philosophy of his predecessors, and the means by which the principles are attained, after briefly investigating the emergence and formation of the philosophical concept of principle (arkhe) through the perceptions thereof by the Pre-Socratics, Sophists and Plato. Classical Philosophy investigated the method of how scientific, certain knowledge can be achieved by the endeavors of Socrates and Plato against the criticisme of the Sophists. Aristotle introduced the theory of syllogism as the method of obtaining scientific knowledge by his works named Analytics. Apodeictic syllogism, which provides scientific knowledge, has three types of principles: axioms, definitions, hypothesis. The principles of syllogism, being also the problematics of First Philosophy, are investigated thereby too. In that case, principles such as the axiom of noncontradictionare principles not only of knowledge, but also of definite being that Aristotle calls actual being. Principles are immediate and they cannot be proven. However, they are used as first premises in apodeictic sciences. Though these sciences present certain knowledge, principles are known certainly by a method but apodeixis. This method is provided by induction and the faculty of nous. Dialectics is an additional method encountered in trying the firmity of principles. 175
- Published
- 2011
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