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Bu çalışmada Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu ve Zn element ve bileşiklerinin K kabuğu doğal çizgi genişlikleri ile Kα1 ve Kα2 X-ışını çizgi genişlikleri yarı deneysel olarak, K kabuk flüoresans verimi değerleri kullanılarak hesaplandı. Numuneleri uyarmak için 75mCi şiddetinde ve 59. 5 keV enerjili gama ışınları yayınlayan 241Am radyoizotop kaynağı kullanıldı. Numunelerden yayınlanan K X-ışınlarını saymak için çözünürlüğü 5.96 keV'de 155 eV olan katı hal Si(Li) detektörü kullanıldı. Kimyasal yapıya bağlı olarak K seviyesi doğal çizgi genişliği ile Kα1 ve Kα2 X-ışını çizgi genişliklerinin değiştiği tespit edildi. Sonuçlar bileşiklerde ölçülen ΓK, ΓKα1 and ΓKα2 çizgi genişliklerinin saf element değerlerine göre % 5-48 kadar değiştiğini göstermektedir. Ancak, saf elementler için ölçülen deneysel sonuçlar, literatürdeki diğer araştırmacıların sonuçlarıyla hata sınırları dâhilinde iyi bir uyum içinde olduğu bulunmuştur., In this study, the K shell natural line widths with K1 and K2 X-ray line widths of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn elements and compounds were semi-experimentally calculated by using the values of K shell fluorescence yield. An 241Am radioisotope source, emitting in 75 mCi intensity and 59.5 keV energy gamma rays was used to stimulate the samples. A solid state Si(Li) detector have a resolution 155 eV at 5.96 keV, was used to count K X-rays emitted from the specimens. It was determined that the X-ray line widths of ΓK1 and ΓK2 and the natural line width of the ΓK K level vary depending on the chemical structure. The results show that ΓK, ΓK1 and ΓK2 line widths measured in compounds deviated up to 5-48% from according to values of the pure element. The present results, for pure elements, are in good agreement with the results of other researchers in the literature within the limits of error.

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing has great potential to be used in the field of electronic industry, precision optics and biological engineering. However, it is still a challenge to achieve a high scaling ratio for line patterns production by EHD jet printing technique, which can effectively prevent the needles to be blocked. In this paper, the influence of the key process parameters on the line width of EHD jet printing was investigated. The printing needle with the inner diameter of 890 μm was used, and the line with width of 3.02 μm was printed by optimizing the parameters. The scaling ratio between the needle inner diameter and the printed line width was up to 295 times. At the same time, the function model between the flow rate and printed line width of PVP/PEO composite was deduced. The error was found to be less than 1% by the verification of experiments. By utilizing this model, the printed line width can be predicted by controlling the flow rate, which will greatly improve the work efficiency. By controlling the flow rate, the goal of printing on demand can be realized. The proposed method and model can provide support for the fabrication of micro‐nano scale structure.

The influence of the spreading process of a resist on a decrease on a lateral resolution during its dry electron-beam etching is estimated. It is shown that the real line width cannot be explained by the scattering of electrons in the samples. Based on the profiles obtained using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, it is demonstrated that the spreading process can significantly affect the change in the line width. Simulation in the Surface Evolver program shows that the spreading process largely explains the broadening of the trenches formed by the dry electron beam etching of the resist (DEBER).

We experimentally observed a depression in the laser-induced cesium beam fluorescence spectrum. This paper describes the optical configuration we realized and proves that the hole can be used for laser frequency stabilization. The spectrum was recorded under different conditions. We theoretically analyzed the physical origin of this effect and found that the hole could have a sub-natural line width. This indicates that it could have great application prospects in atomic experiments and beam-type quantum precision instruments due to the simple construction.

We demonstrate applications of a novel setup which is used for measuring the relative phase difference between S and P polarization at an oblique incidence point in optically denser medium by analyzing the relative frequency shift of adjacent axial modes of S and P resonances of a monolithic folded Fabry-Perot cavity (MFC). The relative phase difference at a reflection point A in an optically denser medium is inferred to be around -167.4° for a confocal cavity and -201.1° for a parallel cavity. Given the n1, n3, φ1, φ3, λ, and Δ, the elliptic formula tan(ψ)exp(iΔ) = Rp/Rs is used to find a solution for thickness d and refractive index n2 of the thin film coated on point A, where Rs and Rp are total refractive index of s and p component of light related to two unknown values. Since it is hard to deduce an analytical solution for thickness and refractive index of the film, we firstly used exhaustion method to find the set of solution about thickness and refractive index when assumed there is no light absorption by the film and then Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to find a set of solution of thickness and complex refractive index which accounts the light absorption by the film.

Line width-tunable lasers have wide applications in the fields of high-resolution spectroscopy, optical communications, and other industry and scientific research. Here, manipulating plasmonic scat...

According to the geometric relationship of the thermal stable cavity of the intracavity pumped dual wavelength narrow line-width laser structure and fundamental mode, the temperature distribution inside two gain mediums were analyzed, the temperature on the end surface of Nd:GdVO4 laser gain medium is 295.51K, it means that the heat source temperature of the thermal temperature distribution of Nd:YVO4 laser gain medium in the cavity. The thermal temperature distribution of Nd:YVO4 laser gain medium in the cavity is obtained, the result shows that exist a relatively serious thermal effect in the quasi-three-level laser gain medium Nd:GdVO4, which restrict the improvement of intracavity pumped dual wavelength narrow line-width laser performance.

Directed self-assembly (DSA) is one of the candidates for next generation lithography. Over the past years, many papers and presentation have been reported regarding DSA, and Tokyo Electron Limited (TEL is a registered trademark or a trademark of Tokyo Electron Limited in Japan and /or other countries.) also has presented the evaluation results and the advantages of each1-10. Polystyrene-b-polymethyl methacrylate (PS-b-PMMA) has been used in many report because the polymerization technology is established and it is easy to form vertical patterns. In addition, the chemical epitaxy flow for PS-b-PMMA has established well to improve defectivity, line edge roughness and line width roughness. On the other hand, it is difficult to achieve less than 24nm pitch pattern by PS-b-PMMA because of the low chi parameter. In this paper, the combination process of DSA and SADP (self-aligned double pattern) is proposed for further small pitch pattern by PS-b- PMMA and latest results are reported.

Stability of the laser remelting (LRM) process was preliminary studied demonstrating an ability of the high-speed thermographic imaging to monitor the process conditions and estimate variations in the LRM line width., Lasers Applications Conference 2020, Oct 13-16, 2020, Washington, D.C.

We demonstrate fourth-order quantum beat between sunlight and single photons from a quantum dot. With a fast time-resolved detection system, we observed high-visibility quantum beat between the independent photons of different frequencies from the two astronomically separated light sources. The temporal dynamics of the beat oscillation indicate the coherent behavior of the interfering photons, and the raw visibility of two-photon interference shows violation of the classical limit with a frequency mismatch of three-times the line width. Postprint Postprint

This paper first describes a relation between the frequency and the diameter of columnar soft matter by using broadband ultrasonic single-probe testing. We found an inverse relation between the diameter (100–300 $\mu \text{m}$ ) and frequency (1.0–6.0 MHz) of the ultrasonic reflection waveform from columnar soft matter in water. This fact shows that we can determine diameters that are not possible to determine by the standard pulse-echo method. An ultrasonic wavelength with center frequency of 15 MHz is limited to measurements of less than 100- $\mu \text{m}$ thickness in water (wave speed: around 1500 m/s). However, the relation found in this paper enables us to determine these diameters by broadband ultrasonic testing with center frequency of 5.0 MHz, beyond the previous wavelength limitation. Second, this paper proposes a visualization method that uses the discovered relation. An image is produced by using particular frequency components derived via short-time Fourier transform. We employ a phantom consisting of two types of nylon lines, one with thin and the other with thick diameters. The experimental result clearly demonstrated line width and depth beyond the wavelength limitation.

A tunable external cavity diode laser (ECDL) system with narrow line-width emission at 410 nm is presented. Based on a commercially available laser diode and a Littrow arranged reflective holographic grating, a maximum output power over 500 mW with line-width of about 50 pm is achieved at the rated current. The power efficiency is over 85% and the threshold decreases over 20% compared to the free-running laser diode. Manual tuning range over 5 nm is achieved around threshold condition and over 2 nm at high injection currents up to 500 mA with side mode suppression ratio larger than 20 dB.

A novel cell processing tool to cut and section a cultured cell monolayer was implemented by the micro-projection of grid pattern onto a substrate functionalized with photo-acid-generating polymer. In adequate conditions of irradiation dosage and line width of grid pattern, Madin-Darby canine kidney cell monolayer was cut into cell clumps with similar size corresponding to the projected grid pattern. The sectioned monolayers were collected as cell clumps with the similar size from the substrate maintaining their viability enough to outgrow after subculture to the other dish. Also the influence of cutout size on the growth rate of collected cell clumps after subculture was also investigated. Further, passage of human induced pluripotent stem cells with size uniformity of the colonies was achieved by using this sectioning method without critical influence on their viability and undifferentiated state.

In this paper, the power spectrum resolution problem of dual-frequency coherent mixing signals is analyzed when the Doppler frequency difference is small. The power spectrum function formula of the four optical coherent mixing signals is obtained using statistical theory and the Wiener&ndash, Khinchin theorem. The influence of delay time and light source line width on the power spectrum of dual-frequency coherent signals is analyzed using this formula. The results show that delay time only affects the peak of the power spectrum of the coherent signal. An increase in the line width of the light source broadens the signal power spectrum and reduces the peak value. The necessary condition for distinguishing the Doppler frequency difference is that the theoretical Doppler frequency difference is greater than 1/5 times the line width of the light source.

The development of an EUV photoresist to support high volume manufacturing remains a challenging issue, No material currently meets the combined resolution, sensitivity, and line width roughness (RLS) requirements. Furthermore defectivity issues arising from stochastic effects are becoming increasingly critical as pitches decrease. Whilst traditional chemically amplified resists will likely support the initial insertion, a wide range of materials options are being examined for future nodes [1–3], aiming to identify a photoresist that simultaneously meets RLS and defectivity requirements. Irresistible Materials (IM) is developing novel resist systems based on the multi-trigger concept. In a multi-trigger resist multiple elements of the resist must be simultaneously activated to enable the catalytic reactions to proceed. In high dose areas the resist therefore behaves like a traditional CAR, whilst in low dose areas, such as line edges, the reaction is second-order increasing the chemical gradient. Effectively there is a dose dependent quenching-like behaviour built in to the resist, enhancing chemical contrast and thus resolution and reducing roughness, whilst eliminating the materials stochastics impact of a separate quencher. The multi-trigger material previously presented [4, 5] consists of a base molecule and a crosslinker, which represent the resist matrix, together with a photoacid generator (PAG). MTR2 showed 16 nm half pitch lines patterned with a dose of 38 mJ/cm2, giving a LER of 3.7 nm on the NXE3300 [4]. Since then, research has been undertaken to improve this resist. In particular we are focusing on improving resist opacity and present initial results for the MTR262Z(D) resist formulation here. We have demonstrated semi-dense 16.9 nm CD lines patterned using the NXE EUV Scanner in MTR262Z(D) at a halfpitch of 20nm, and dose of 13 mJ/cm2, and lines with a CD of sub-13 nm patterned at 22.5 mJ/cm2 on a 16 nm halfpitch. We also present work aimed at improving the LWR of the high opacity resist formulation at high resolution, particularly aimed below 16nm hp using dense lines when patterned using EUV lithography at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. The material shows 13.3 nm lines on a 14 nm half pitch, with an LWR of 2.97 nm and dose of 26 mJ/cm2. [1] Stowers, J. K., Telecky, A., Kocsis, M., Clark, B. L., Keszler, D. A., Grenville, A., Anderson, C. N., Naulleau, P. P., “Directly patterned inorganic hardmask for EUV lithography,” Proc. SPIE 7969, 796915 (2011). [2] Krysak, M., Trikeriotis, M., Schwartz, E., Lafferty, N., Xie, P., Smith, B., Zimmerman, P., Montgomery, W., Giannelis, E., Ober, C. K., “Development of an inorganic nanoparticle photoresist for EUV, e-beam, and 193 nm lithography,” Proc. SPIE 7972, 79721C (2011). [3] Cardineau, B., Del Re, R., Al-Mashat, H., Marnell, M., Vockenhuber, M., Ekinci, Y., Sarma, C., Neisser, M., Freedman, D. A., Brainard, R. L., “EUV resists based on tin-oxo clusters,” Proc. SPIE 9051, 90511B (2014). [4] Vesters Y., McClelland A., Popescu C., Dawson G., Roth J., Theis W., de Simone D., Vandenberghe G., Robinson A.P.G, “Multi-trigger resist patterning with ASML NXE3300 EUV scanner,” Proc. SPIE 10586, (2018). [5] Popescu, C., Kazazis, D., McClelland, A., Dawson, G., Roth, J., Theis, W., Ekinci, Y., Robinson, A.P.G., “High-resolution EUV lithography using a multi-trigger resist,” Proc. SPIE 10583, 10583-54 (2018)

In recent years, as represented by smart phone and head mounted device, high definition displays have been rapidly developed, and the importance of phase shift mask (PSM) to resolve high definition patterns is increasing. However, since the conventional PSM has high reflection characteristic, high reflection of PSM causes large line width distribution due to the influence of the standing wave on the resist pattern, which hinders the formation of high definition patterns. We have developed PSM with low reflectivity by using Cr and MoSi material. It has been confirmed that the developed PSM blanks show significant low reflection characteristics.

The purpose of pellicles is to protect reticles from particle contamination, thus reducing the number of defects and increasing yield. In this paper we show how recent progress in pellicle technology has succeeded in solving the main challenges in imaging with EUV pellicles. We demonstrate this using the recent results of imaging tests in scanner, EUV reflectivity measurements, and lifetime testing. EUV light reflectivity of pellicles is one of the effects that have negatively impacted imaging with pellicles in the past. Light reflected from pellicles leads to the overexposure of neighboring fields in the corners and edges. Tests with pellicles produced using a new process show EUV reflectivity within specification of 0.04%, and measured impact on critical dimension in the corners below 0.15nm for multiple pellicles. Lifetime performance was tested by exposing up to 3000 wafers with a pellicle while periodically assessing the stability of imaging metrics. The lithometrics studies include: critical dimension (CD) and critical dimension uniformity (CDU), and contrast (via line width roughness). DoseMapper, which is an EUV scanner application developed to improve CDU, was applied during the lifetime test. Here we show that it can successfully reduce the pellicle-induced CDU and CDU over lifetime (previously shown to be dominated by pellicle EUV transmission drift). Our results using DoseMapper show that whilst intrafield CDU 3sigma increases over lifetime, it stays comfortably within the 1.1nm NXE3400 ATP specification using DoseMapper.

To achieve the smallest line width of IC requires the spherical and coma aberration free lithography optics. Once the aberration of lens is formed, it is hard to amend the mask to original requirement, unless the light pattern figure is adjustable. A programmable UVLED array with a collimated lens as Fourier transfer lens forms an adjustable pattern as the intensity profile to amend the aberration of mask to form aberration free mask intensity pattern into wafer. A 25 X 25 UVLED array with collimated lens is applied to correct the aberration contained mask, is to form a corrected pattern under the requirement for reducing aberration mask to form a smallest line width.

We analyzed regular polygonal ring resonators based on multi-mode waveguide using finite-difference time-domain simulation. It consists of the regular polygonal ring waveguide, total internal reflection mirror, and MMI coupler. In general, multi-mode waveguide-based resonator is difficult to use as sensors because of poor output characteristics. By using the low reflectance of the higher-order mode compared to the fundamental mode in the TIR mirror, we designed a regular polygonal ring resonator that can be used as sensors even when a multi-mode waveguide is used instead of a single-mode waveguide. In fabrication, the multi-mode waveguide has a wider line width than the single-mode waveguide, which reduces the process cost and enables mass production. The width and height of the multi-mode waveguide are designed to be 2.5 μm and 2 μm, respectively using SU-8 polymer. The regular hexagon ring resonator shows the highest Q-factor of 1.03×104 among the various regular polygonal ring resonators.

By using a modified particle swarm optimization (M-PSO) design, a novel and blind modulation format identification (MFI) scheme was proposed for elastic optical networks (EONs) in this study. Compared with the traditional PSO algorithm, the sight of each particle in our M-PSO algorithm was strictly restricted to perform search of local extremum points (LEPs) on density distribution histograms (DDHs). In the experiment, the distributions of LEPs on DDHs depended on signals’ modulation formats, and then were regarded as the key identification metric. The proposed MFI scheme did not need prior information of optical signal noise rate (OSNR) in the identification processes, and showed a natural resistance to frequency offset and line width. The feasibility of the proposed scheme was verified by 28 GBaud polarization division multiplexing (PDM)-BPSK/QPSK/8QAM/16QAM transmission system, where the simulation results showed that the lowest OSNRs required to achieve 100% identification rate were all lower than their corresponding 7% forward error correction (FEC) thresholds (BER=3.8e−3). Furthermore, the tolerance of the residual chromatic dispersion (CD), differential group delay (DGD) and nonlinear effect were also verified under the simulation conditions. The study results manifest that the proposed MFI scheme showed interesting robustness to both linear and nonlinear impairments. Moreover, we also demonstrated a relatively simpler calculation complexity under the proposed MFI scheme.

We present a case study on Eu^(3+)-doped Y_2O_3 transparent ceramics in which high-resolution laser spectroscopy is used as a material characterization tool. By comparing the results from coherent and incoherent optical spectroscopy with other characterization methods, we show that optical techniques can deliver supplementary information about the local environment of the activator ions in materials. Thus, high-resolution spectroscopy may be of interest for the investigation of a wider range of rare earth doped optical materials beyond materials studied for quantum information technology. The refinement of optical spectroscopy for the study of narrow optical transitions in rare earth ion single crystals has demonstrated that these techniques are extremely sensitive tools for probing the local environment of the rare earth ion. These techniques, such as photon echo experiments, have been important in developing materials for quantum information technology and spectral filtering applications. Here, we apply these techniques to transparent ceramic samples and compare the results with information gained from conventional material characterization techniques. Our present study demonstrates the high sensitivity of laser spectroscopic methods to microstructural strain and the presence of defects. In particular, the sensitivity is sufficient to detect small changes introduced by different thermal treatments in nominally equivalent materials. The results of our work show that it is possible to relate high-resolution optical measurements to defects and microstructural strain.

A VUV absorption spectroscopy facility designed for ultra-high spectral resolution is in operation as a dedicated branch on the DESIRS beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL. This branch includes a unique VUV Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) and a dedicated versatile gas sample chamber. The FTS instrument can cover a large UV–VUV spectral range from 4 to 30 eV, with an ultimate line width of 0.08 cm−1on a large spectral window, ΔE/E= 7%, over which all spectral features can be acquired in a multiplex way. The performance can be considered to be a middle ground between broadband moderate-resolution spectrometers based on gratings and ultra-high-spectral-resolution VUV tunable-laser-based techniques over very narrow spectral windows. The various available gaseous-sample-handling setups, which function over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, and the acquisition methodology are described. A selection of experimental results illustrates the performance and limitations of the FTS-based facility.

In this paper, the authors compare and contrast the line/space patterning performance of direct print EUV to multipatterning schemes at equivalent pitch using a systematic unbiased PSD analysis approach for the 7nm and 5nm logic node critical BEOL layers. The authors highlight where innovation is needed to move forward with EUV in terms of line edge roughness (LER), line width roughness (LWR) performance.

The ultimate expressions for a self-generating magnetometer with modulated pumping technical line width calculation are presented.

The transparent conductive film (TCF) is the conductive material with higher light transmittance and good conductivity in the visible light range. Up to now, it is popular to print transparent conductive film with metal grid. From the perspective of making transparent conductive film by gravure printing, the printing effect of the fine lines on the TCF is analyzed by diverse gravure plate-making method. According to the requirements of the fine lines and conductivity for TCF, the two kinds of plate are made respectively by laser ablation method and laser engraving method, and applied respectively in proofing. The advantages and disadvantages of the two plate-making methods are evaluated, according to the analysis on the line width, conductivity and light transmittance of the TCF. The research results show that the laser ablation method can obtain the good electric conductivity and light transmittance of the TCF, but a relatively larger printing line width, the laser engraving method can get better relatively small line width, but the poor conductivity and light transmittance. So, the plate-making process needs to be improved.

This paper describes the results of the application of laser direct imaging (LDI) lithography for dimensional tolerance improvement through surface treatment of cutting edge in the flexible fine dies (FFD). Laser direct imaging lithography was successfully performed on AISI W1-8 substrates by a specifically designed laser system using UV 355 nm light source. The characteristics of patterned line width according to conditions such as scan speed and multi pass were investigated by optical microscope. The average line width of LDIed patterns was observed to be about 1 mm. The experimental results show that the line width of patterned samples was reduced with increasing scan speed and decreasing repetition number (R/N) of scanning. This conclusion proves the feasibility in the selectively application for manufacturing flexible fine die.

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful diagnostic technique in gas analysis. Based on a home-made narrow line-width high power violet external cavity diode laser and a parabolic sample cell, sensitive Raman gas analysis is achieved. A 3 σ limit of detection of 39.5 ppm is demonstrated for C2H4 with exposure time of 100 s.

This paper describes an optical system as the line beam shaper for an intra-oral scanning device. The line beam shaper needs to provide desired beam quality, including bean length, uniformity, line width and depth of focus while maintaining compact form factor. More specifically, the proposed optical system was demonstrated to use only the on-the-shelf lens element to resolve all the optical performance issue, and to lead to a versatile solution for varied specification.

A fiber Bragg grating based (FBG-based) Fabry–Perot (FP) sensor system utilizing multiple reflections between two strong FBGs with different reflectiveties to enhance the sensitivity is proposed. The different interference signals are obtained by using different multiple-path-matched Michelson interferometers (MIs). The system is lighted by the ultra-narrow line width erbium-doped fiber ring laser and the signal is demodulated by phase-generated carrier (PGC) scheme. The method to choose the optimal parameters of the FBG-based asymmetric FP sensor and the different matching MIs is analyzed. The experimental results show that each matching MI can steadily enhance the sensitivity of the demodulated signal in the bandwidth of 80–8000 Hz. The sensitivity of the system can be enhanced about 19.1 dB when the light reflects nine times between the two FBGs. Further more, this system can be used to extend the dynamic range and the effective working bandwidth and so on.

The solar low-degree low-frequency modes of oscillation are of particular interest as their frequencies can be measured with very high precision and hence provide good constraints on seismic models. Here we detect and characterize these valuable measures of the solar interior from a 22 yr Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network data set. We report mode frequencies, line widths, heights, amplitudes, and rotational splitting, all with robust uncertainties. The new values of frequency, rotational splitting, amplitude, and line width we provide will help place new constraints on hydrostatic and rotational structure, plus diagnostics of near-surface convection. Further to this, by assuming simple power laws, we extrapolate mode properties to lower frequencies. We demonstrate that the low-l low-frequency p modes have a low signal-to-noise ratio and that this cannot be overcome simply by continued observation. It will be necessary to observe the Sun in novel ways to ‘beat’ the intrinsic granulation noise.

Double fold reduction projection lithography objective lens with bi-telecentric configuration, consists of 6 lenses and the number aperture , is designed based on the optical design software Zemax. It uses the 405nm laser diode (LD) as light source. The spatial resolving capacity approaches to 5um. In a field of view of , its wave-front aberration is less than a quarter of wave-length and the distortion ratio is not more than. The imaging performance, in particular, the accurate modulation transfer function (MTF) value of the projection objective lens being fabricated by experiments is determined in this paper. Through analyzing the noise disturbance law in MTF tests, the result show that the projection objective lens has sub ten micrometer resolving ability.

In this work a novel technique for the definition of 15nm half pitch line/space grating structures by means of an electron beam double exposure approach using a Vistec EBPG 5200 e-beam tool is presented. The 1:1 line/space ratio grating is defined in two subsequent lithographic process cycles in which two 1:3 line/space grating shifted by twice the line width are exposed. This allows the definition of such dense 15nm half pitch gratings without the need of using salty development, hence in a CMOS compatible fashion. The main challenge of this approach, the overlay accuracy between the two subsequent exposures, is addressed by a sophisticated strategy regarding the fabrication of the markers used to align both exposures. Using this strategy overlay accuracy better than 5nm has been achieved for the majority of the fabricated structures.

Narrow line width and polarization independent multichannel filter based on one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC) containing negative index materials (NIMs) is proposed and theoretically studied. It is found that narrow transmission bands for 1D PC containing NIMs are merely centered at frequencies (wavelengths) satisfying Fabry–Perot resonating condition due to the existence of n ¯ -zero gap. Besides, we disclose that this PC is simultaneously characterized by polarization independence at normal incidence and that transfer characteristics of this 1D PC such as frequency spacing and line width could be adjusted by changing structure parameters of it. Finally, we devise an explicit multi-channel filter based on such 1D PC for DWDM system with 50 GHz channel spacing for verification.

A non-destructive observation technique for sub-surface voids in Cu interconnect is required to enhance the effectiveness of metallization process development. In this work, the feasibility of high beam energy SEM is investigated through a case study of 25nm wide Cu interconnects. Also an optimization of SEM conditions is carried out using a Monte Carlo method based three dimensional SEM simulating tool. The capability of SEM based method for sub-surface void observation is confirmed by comparing top-down SEM image with cross section analysis. According to the Monte Carlo based optimization, for interconnects with 20-35nm line width, it is clarified that BSE imaging with beam energy of 8-10keV leads optimum sub-surface void visibility. In addition, authors evaluated the possibility of void size expectation, and it is confirmed that void size is reflected as signal intensity in SEM images.

We report on transferring 1E-16-level fractional frequency stability of a "master laser" operated at 1.5 {\mu}m to a "slave laser" operated at 698 nm, using a femtosecond fiber comb as transfer oscillator. With the 698 nm laser, the 1S_0 - 3P_0 clock transition of 87Sr was resolved to a Fourier-limited line width of 1.5 Hz (before: 10 Hz). Potential noise sources contributed by the frequency comb are discussed in detail.

This study proposes a novel structure for designing a simple triple-band bandpass filter. This filter structure consists of two sets of coupled lines with the same line width plus two sections of open stubs and three transmission line sections of a single line width. The design and fabrication of the overall circuit structure are innovative and simple. The third resonance frequency (f3 of 8.9 GHz) was shifted to a lower frequency (6.5 GHz) by lengthening the two open stubs. The second resonance frequency (f2 of 4.2 GHz) can be adjusted using the transmission line gap size. The first resonance frequency (f1 of 2.4 GHz) can be adjusted using the coupled line length. These filters were simulated using the IE3D full-wave electromagnetic simulator, and the prototype of the bandpass filter was fabricated and measured. Comparisons of the simulated results and experimental data are presented. The findings show that the simulated results can match actual measured results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:970–975, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27475

The tremendous progress with optical atomic clocks asks for super-stable lasers to interrogate the best clock transitions with only a few mHz line width. Previously, we developed a cryogenic silicon Fabry-Perot resonator that demonstrated short-term instability below 1 χ 10−16. We have set up two independent updated systems with the goal of reaching a thermal-noise limited fractional frequency instability of about 5 χ 10−17. We report on the current progress.

The line shape of an absorption line from molecular oxygen enclosed in the pores of a ceramic material has been studied at different temperatures. By evaluating the line width it is feasible to extract temperature information of the gas inside porous scattering materials.

In this paper, we demonstrate a new method for fabrication centimetre-long, dense and vertical sidewalls silicon-on-insulator (SOI) mould using holographic method combine with crystallographic anisotropic etching. Holographic method can make narrow dense and multiple continuous lines in large area while crystallographic anisotropic etching could eliminate line-edge-roughness (LER) in sidewalls and make the sidewalls nearly atomic-scale smoothness. Therefore, the line width of the SOI mould will in a high uniformity and the sidewalls will be smooth and vertical over centimetre lengths. Compare to common NIL mould, the smooth and vertical sidewall of SOI mould provided an easier demoulding process after NIL. Multiple centimetre-long fluidic-channels with smooth and vertical sidewall fabricated by faithfully imprint of SU-8 and an optimised sealing process using free-standing SU-8 bonding film.

The influence of the operating mode of an X-ray diffractometer on the profile and integral width of instrumental lines was investigated. It was shown that the choice of a function for the best approximation of the instrumental line depends on an angular range of recording. The best approximation functions in different angular ranges were determined. It was shown that the main effect on the instrumental line width is exerted by the dimensions of the input vertical divergence and receiving slits. The criterion of choice of the maximum size of the receiving slit for X-ray tubes with different sizes of the focal spots was experimentally substantiated.

We demonstrate single-mode laser emission in single nanowires. By folding a 200 nm diameter CdSe nanowire to form loop mirrors, single-mode laser emission around 738 nm wavelength is obtained with line width of 0.12 nm and low threshold. The mode selection is realized by the vernier effect of coupled cavities in the folded nanowire. In addition, the loop structure makes it possible to tune the nanowire cavity, opening an opportunity to realize a tunable single-mode nanowire laser.

The line width of a tunable optical filter based on free-space optics was analyzed. The relationship between the line width and the Gaussian beam waist was theoretically derived and experimentally verified. The experimental results meet the theoretical analysis well, which is beneficial for the design of a tunable optical filter based on free-space optics.

Composite particles (CPs) formed by a homogeneous distribution of much smaller constituent metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in a host dielectric can be designed to exhibit two physically different types of resonances: (1) remarkably sharp localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and (2) equally narrow and strong localized dielectric resonances (LDRs). Preliminary results for spherical CPs show that the line width (fwhm) of both types of resonances can be as narrow as 100 meV. The values of fwhm are smaller than for spherical MNPs of the same size and comparable to the smallest reported values in isolated MNPs of arbitrary shape. LDRs can be tuned over a broad range of almost 1 μm, for instance, from below 650 nm up to telecommunication bands above 1450 nm, by mere adjustment of the volume filling fraction of the constituent MNPs. The tunability of the LSPRs, which can also be designed to lie within the “biological window” of high optical transmission in blood and tissue between 700 and 1100 nm, is an order ...