1. Apolipoprotein-1 risk variants and associated kidney phenotypes in an adult HIV cohort in Nigeria
- Author
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Aliyu Abdu, Paul L. Kimmel, Aisha M. Nalado, Faisal S. Dankishiya, Muktar H. Aliyu, Bryan E. Shepherd, Usman J. Wudil, Anna Burgner, Cheryl A. Winkler, Kabiru Abdussalam, Jeffrey B. Kopp, Mahmoud U Sani, Baba Maiyaki Musa, C. William Wester, Donna J. Ingles, Heather L. Prigmore, T. Alp Ikizler, Hamza Muhammad, Aima A. Ahonkhai, and Christina M. Wyatt
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Renal function ,Black People ,Nigeria ,HIV Infections ,Urine ,Kidney ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Genotype ,medicine ,Humans ,business.industry ,Odds ratio ,medicine.disease ,Apolipoprotein L1 ,030104 developmental biology ,Apolipoproteins ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Phenotype ,Nephrology ,Cohort ,Albuminuria ,Microalbuminuria ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Kidney disease ,Glomerular Filtration Rate - Abstract
HIV-positive adults are at risk for various kidney diseases, and apolipoprotein 1 (APOL1) high-risk genotypes increase this risk. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and ethnic distribution of APOL1 risk genotypes among a cohort of HIV-positive Nigerian adults and explore the relationship between APOL1 risk variant status with albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We conducted a cross-sectional study among 2 458 persons living with HIV who attended an HIV clinic in northern Nigeria and had received antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of six months. We collected two urine samples four-eight weeks apart to measure albumin excretion, and blood samples to measure eGFR and determine APOL1 genotype. The frequency of APOL1 high-risk genotype was 6.2%, which varied by ethnic group: Hausa/Fulani (2.1%), Igbo (49.1%), and Yoruba (14.5%). The prevalence of microalbuminuria (urine/albumin creatinine ratio 30 – 300 mg/g) was 37%, and prevalence of macroalbuminuria (urine/albumin creatinine ratio over 300 mg/g) was 3%. The odds of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria were higher for participants with the APOL1 high-risk genotype compared to those carrying the low-risk genotype ((adjusted odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.37-2.82) and (3.96, 1.95-8.02) respectively)). APOL1 high-risk genotype participants were at higher risk of having both an eGFR under 60 ml/min/1.73m(2) and urine/albumin creatinine ratio over 300 mg/g (5.56, 1.57-19.69). Thus, we found a high proportion of HIV-positive, antiretroviral therapy-experienced, and largely virologically suppressed adults had microalbuminuria. Hence, although the high-risk APOL1 genotype was less prevalent than expected, it was strongly associated with some level of albuminuria.
- Published
- 2020