36 results on '"Kenji Sakae"'
Search Results
2. Genetic and antigenic diversity among noroviruses
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Kuniko Shinozaki, Grant S. Hansman, Mineyuki Okada, Kazue Uchida, Tatsuo Miyamura, Naokazu Takeda, Kunio Kamata, Keiko Tanaka, Noriyo Nagata, Haruko Shirato-Horikoshi, Katsuro Natori, Nakao Sakurai, Satoko Ogawa, Tomoyuki Tanaka, Kenji Sakae, Tatsuya Miyoshi, Kazuhiko Katayama, Yoshiyuki Seto, Tomoichiro Oka, Shinichi Kobayashi, and Michiyo Shinohara
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Antigenicity ,Genotype ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Cross Reactions ,Antibodies, Viral ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,fluids and secretions ,Virology ,medicine ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Phylogeny ,Antiserum ,Phylogenetic tree ,biology ,Norovirus ,Virion ,Genetic Variation ,virus diseases ,Antigenic Variation ,Capsid ,Polyclonal antibodies ,biology.protein ,Capsid Proteins ,Antibody ,Sequence Alignment - Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) strains cause a considerable number of outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Based on their capsid gene (VP1) sequence, human NoV strains can be grouped into two genogroups (GI and GII) and at least 14 GI and 17 GII genotypes (GI/1–14 and GII/1–17). Human NoV strains cannot be propagated in cell-culture systems, but expression of recombinant VP1 in insect cells results in the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). In order to understand NoV antigenic relationships better, cross-reactivity among 26 different NoV VLPs was analysed. Phylogenetic analyses grouped these NoV strains into six GI and 12 GII genotypes. An antibody ELISA using polyclonal antisera raised against these VLPs was used to determine cross-reactivity. Antisera reacted strongly with homologous VLPs; however, a number of novel cross-reactivities among different genotypes was observed. For example, GI/11 antiserum showed a broad-range cross-reactivity, detecting two GI and 10 GII genotypes. Likewise, GII/1, GII/10 and GII/12 antisera showed a broad-range cross-reactivity, detecting several other distinct GII genotypes. Alignment of VP1 amino acid sequences suggested that these broad-range cross-reactivities were due to conserved amino acid residues located within the shell and/or P1-1 domains. However, unusual cross-reactivities among different GII/3 antisera were found, with the results indicating that both conserved amino acid residues and VP1 secondary structures influence antigenicity.
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- 2006
3. Epidemiological Study of Outbreaks and Sporadic Cases Due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus-Serotype O3: K6 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, during 1988 and 2001
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Kazuhisa Inuzuka, Reiji Hiramatsu, Kenji Sakae, Yoshio Miwa, Hironori Matsui, Yasumoto Suzuki, Mitsugu Yamazaki, Masakado Matsumoto, and Yutaka Miyazaki
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Serotype ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Veterinary medicine ,biology ,Vibrio parahaemolyticus ,Outbreak ,Food Contamination ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Thermostable direct hemolysin ,Disease Outbreaks ,Diarrhea ,Japan ,Seafood ,Vibrio Infections ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Squilla ,medicine.symptom ,General hospital - Abstract
Percentage of the outbreaks by O3:K6 Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. p) in Aichi Prefecture Japan increased from 3% (3/86) for 1988-95 to 75% (33/44) for 1996-2001. The percentage of the sporadic diarrhea cases caused by O3:K6 V. p in a general hospital in Aichi Prefecture also increased from 0% (0/253) to 61% (135/221) during the same periods. Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH)-positive O3:K6 were isolated from 95% (19/20) of the outbreak incidents and 100% (135/135) of the sporadic cases. Only one TRH (TDH-related hemolysin)-positive O3:K6 was isolated from one outbreak incident. Percentage of the outbreaks by O3:K6 V. p associated with the consumption of boiled shellfishes increased from 5% (6/117) for 1988-95 to 25% (15/59) for 1996-2001, in particular, boiled crabs and squillas associated outbreaks increased from 2% (2/117) to 17% (10/59) and from 2% (2/117) to 10% (6/59), respectively. From 1,548 raw sea foods sampled in the Nagoya Central Wholesale Market in Aichi Prefecture in 1995-99, one TDH-positive O3:K6 was isolated from one live squilla (1/30). Increase in the percentage of outbreaks associated with TDH-positive O3:K6 V. p after 1996 in Aichi Prefecture was revealed to correlate with the increase in the outbreaks associated with consumption of boiled sea foods, especially boiled crabs as well as squillas. Accordingly, it becomes clear that sanitary handling of these boiled foods is important to prevent outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhea caused by O3:K6 V. p infection.
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- 2003
4. Phylogenic Analysis of Echovirus Type 30 Isolated from a Large Epidemic of Aseptic Meningitis in Japan during 1997-1998
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Hiromu Yoshida, Zheng Hong, Tetsuo Yoneyama, Kumiko Yoshii, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Kozo Ota, Tsukasa Murakami, Nobuhiro Iritani, Misako Tsuchiya, Shinichi Takao, Kazue Uchida, Shigeki Yamanishi, Mitsuhiro Hamazaki, Shuji Yoshino, Mitsuaki Oseto, Katsuhiko Abe, Masako Hamano, Kenji Sakae, Hideaki Tsuzuki, Seizo Chiya, Hajime Onishi, Tsuguto Fujimoto, Tetsuya Munemura, Ayumi Kawamoto, Yoko Yokota, Shuji Ando, Hiromasa Sekine, Masayuki Akami, Setsuko Iizuka, Akio Hagiwara, and Tatsuo Miyamura
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Microbiology (medical) ,Echovirus ,viruses ,virus diseases ,Aseptic meningitis ,General Medicine ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Infectious Diseases ,Type (biology) ,Capsid ,medicine - Abstract
During 1997 to 1998, a nationwide epidemic of aseptic meningitis occurred in Japan. More than 4,500 isolates from patients with aseptic meningitis were identified as echovirus type 30. To investigate the character of these isolates, we examined the nucleotide sequences of thirty-seven geographical representatives and compared them with 50 strains isolated during the past 20 years. The phylogenic analysis used partial sequences from either the VP1 or VP4-VP2 region of the viral capsid. This analysis revealed that the isolates were divided into six genomic groups. All isolates identified during 1997-1998 belonged to only two genomic groups; these two groups are thought to be the causative viral agents involved in the recent epidemic.
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- 1999
5. Analysis of Prevalent Orientia tsutsugamushi in Aichi Prefecture
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Teruki Kadosaka, Teruo Yamashita, Hideaki Tsuzuki, Takayuki Morishita, Yasumoto Suzuki, Kenji Sakae, and Shiro Kasuya
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Antigenicity ,Orientia tsutsugamushi ,Indirect immunofluorescence ,biology ,Strain (chemistry) ,medicine.drug_class ,General Medicine ,Tsutsugamushi disease ,Cross Reactions ,biology.organism_classification ,Monoclonal antibody ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,Virology ,Mice ,Titer ,Japan ,Scrub Typhus ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Leptotrombidium pallidum ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans - Abstract
Orientia tsutsugamushi was isolated from one of 8 patients' sera in Aichi Prefecture, and was identified to have the same antigenicity with the KN-2 strain (KN-2 like) based on the reactivity with 13 types of strain-specific or cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies to Karp, Gilliam, and Kato strains. Four isolates from 4 unfed larvae and adult of Leptotrombidium pallidum were also classified as the KN-3 like strains. Using indirect immunofluorescence, sera from 20 patients with tsutsugamushi disease were tested for reactivity with KN-1, KN-2, KN-3, and GJ-1 strains, isolated from patients in Gifu Prefecture. Fifteen sera showed the highest titer against KN-2 strain in Immunogloburin M (IgM). Of the other 5, three were higher for KN-3 strain in IgM, and two were KN-1 or GJ-1, respectively. These results suggested that KN-2 like strains were prevalent in the region where the number of patients has been ranked the highest in Aichi Prefecture. KN-1, KN-3, and GJ-1 like strains were also existed in this area. KN-3 like strain was likely to be distributed in another area. Aichi Prefecture.
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- 1999
6. Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Genetic Organization of Aichi Virus, a Distinct Member of the Picornaviridae Associated with Acute Gastroenteritis in Humans
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Kenji Sakae, Naokazu Takeda, Tatsuo Miyamura, Teruo Yamashita, Naohisa Ishikawa, Yasumoto Suzuki, Shudo Yamazaki, and Hideaki Tsuzuki
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Echovirus ,Picornavirus ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Immunology ,Picornaviridae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Virus ,Virology ,Animal Viruses ,medicine ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Cloning, Molecular ,Peptide sequence ,Phylogeny ,Genetics ,Base Sequence ,biology ,Virion ,Nucleic acid sequence ,virus diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastroenteritis ,Microscopy, Electron ,Kobuvirus ,Insect Science ,Acute Disease ,DNA, Viral ,Aichi virus - Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of a novel enteric virus, Aichi virus, associated with nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans was determined. The Aichi virus genome proved to be a single-stranded positive-sense RNA molecule with 8,251 bases excluding a poly(A) tail; it contains a large open reading frame with 7,302 nucleotides that encodes a potential polyprotein precursor of 2,433 amino acids. The genome contains a 5′ nontranslated region (NTR) with 712 bases and a 3′ NTR with 240 bases followed by a poly(A) tail. The structure of the genome, VPg–5′ NTR–leader protein–structural proteins–nonstructural proteins–3′ NTR–poly(A), was found to be typical of a picornavirus. The VP0-VP3 and VP3-VP1 cleavage sites were determined to be Q-H and Q-T, respectively, by N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses using purified virion proteins. Possible cleavage sites, Q-G, Q-A, and Q-S, which cleave P2 and P3 polyproteins were found to be similar to those of picornaviruses. A dendrogram based on 3D pol proteins indicated that Aichi virus is genetically distinct from the known six genera of picornaviruses including entero-, rhino-, cardio-, aphtho-, and hepatovirus and echovirus 22. Considering this together with other properties of the virus (T. Yamashita, S. Kobayashi, K. Sakae, S. Nakata, S. Chiba, Y. Ishihara, and S. Isomura, J. Infect. Dis. 164:954–957, 1991), we propose that Aichi virus be regarded as a new genus of the family Picornaviridae .
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- 1998
7. Serotype Determination of Enteroviruses That Cause Hand-foot-mouth Disease
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Hiroaki Ishiko, Tadaomi Tokutake, Akio Hayashi, Kenji Sakae, Narisawa Tadashi, Naokazu Takeda, Yutaka Minohara, Yoshihisa Ashihara, Tatsuo Kato, and Akiko Kitamura
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Serotype ,biology ,viruses ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Neutralization ,Virus ,Blot ,Enterovirus 71 ,medicine ,Enterovirus ,Peptide sequence ,Southern blot - Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) are known to be major causative agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease prevalent in summer in Japan. Discrimination and identification of these viruses were often hampered by a nonneutralizable or nontypable virus. Therefore, a Southern blot hybridization that utilizes mixed probes specific to serotype was developed. Firstly, an approximately 650 bases spanning 5'-noncoding region to one third of VP2 including entire VP4 was amplified with a set of primers containing enterovirus common sequences and a genomic RNA as template. Secondary, the nucleotide sequences were determined using seven CA16 and eighteen EV71 strains including the standard strains, and the deduced amino acid sequences of VP4 were searched to find residues which are conserved in the same serotypes but diverged among different serotypes. Candidate positions for the mixed probes were defined at the carboxyl terminus of VP4. Thirdly, Southern blot analyses were carried out using thirty-nine enterovirus standard strains, seven CA16 isolates and sixty-six EV71 isolates previously identified by the neutralization test. The results revealed that each mixed probe exclusively bound to the homologous DNAs but not to the heterologous ones. In an attempt to determine serotypes without virus isolation, clinical specimens from hand-foot-and-mouth disease were examined. Of 78 throat swabs and 15 vesicular fluids, 71 (91.0%) and 13 (86.7%) specimens were clearly identified, indicating that the method described here offer advantages over the traditional neutralization assay: It is rapid, specific and less labor-consuming.
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- 1997
8. Cloning of a Novel Gene for Quinolone Resistance from a Transferable Plasmid in Shigella flexneri 2b
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Mami Hata, Masahiro Suzuki, Kenji Sakae, Masakado Matsumoto, Katsuhiko Sato, Shiro Ibe, and Masao Takahashi
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Molecular Sequence Data ,Microbial Sensitivity Tests ,Drug resistance ,Quinolones ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Shigella flexneri ,Microbiology ,Plasmid ,Mechanisms of Resistance ,Drug Resistance, Bacterial ,Escherichia coli ,medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Cloning, Molecular ,Gene ,Antibacterial agent ,Pharmacology ,Genetics ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Nucleic acid sequence ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,biology.organism_classification ,Enterobacteriaceae ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Infectious Diseases ,Mutation ,bacteria ,Plasmids - Abstract
A novel gene for quinolone resistance was cloned from a transferable plasmid carried by a clinical isolate of Shigella flexneri 2b that was resistant to fluoroquinolones. The plasmid conferred low-level resistance to quinolones on Escherichia coli HB101. The protein encoded by the gene showed 59% amino acid identity with Qnr.
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- 2005
9. Enteric viral infections in pre-school children in Karachi, Pakistan
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Mubina Agboatwalla, Dure-Samin Akram, Teruo Yamashita, Kenji Sakae, Yuichi Isihara, Shin Isomura, and Osamu Nishuo
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Diarrhea ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,viruses ,medicine.disease_cause ,Rotavirus Infections ,Adenovirus Infections, Human ,Rotavirus ,Enterovirus Infections ,medicine ,Humans ,Pakistan ,Prospective Studies ,Prospective cohort study ,Viral culture ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,virus diseases ,medicine.disease ,Poliomyelitis ,El Niño ,Case-Control Studies ,Child, Preschool ,Acute Disease ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Immunology ,Enterovirus ,Viral disease ,business ,Acute Poliomyelitis - Abstract
A prospective study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan on the virology of enteropathogens excreted by children with acute gastroenteritis and the results were compared with a control group of healthy children. Rotavirus and Adenovirus detection was done using ELISA techniques, while enterovirus isolation was done by virus culture. In 1990, 12.3% children with acute watery diarrhoea excreted rotavirus, as compared to 24.4% children in 1991. None of the healthy children excreted adenovirus 40 and 41. Preliminary results of 1992 revealed that rotavirus was seen in 13% of children with acute watery diarrhoea and adenovirus in 10% of children. Enteroviruses were isolated in the same frequency in all three groups i.e. children with acute watery diarrhoea, children with poliomyelitis and healthy children. Non-polio enteroviruses were excreted in 50-52% in all the 3 groups. The rate of enterovirus excretion is much higher than seen in other developed countries and is the same in children with diarrhoea and healthy children.
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- 1995
10. Viral Etiology in Travellers' Diarrhea
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Kenji Sakae, Yuichi Ishihara, Takayuki Morishita, Shinichi Kobayashi, Teruo Yamashita, and Takashi Miyake
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Adult ,Diarrhea ,Male ,Adolescent ,viruses ,medicine.disease_cause ,Group A ,Rotavirus Infections ,Sex Factors ,fluids and secretions ,Japan ,Age groups ,Rotavirus ,medicine ,Humans ,Child ,Viral etiology ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Travel ,Small Round Structured Viruses ,business.industry ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Virology ,Latex fixation test ,Female ,Seasons ,medicine.symptom ,Travellers' diarrhea ,business - Abstract
Virological examinations were performed on stools obtained from 1,264 overseas travellers with diarrhea at Nagoya International Airport between 1986 and 1991. Group A rotavirus was detected in 11 samples (0.87%) by latex agglutination method, but other viral agents such as atypical rotaviruses and small round structured viruses were not observed by electron microscopic analysis. Rotaviruses were detected in various age groups, but the positive rate of rotavirus in females (6/398) was higher than that in males (5/866). Seasonal variation in the detection of rotavirus was observed. Entero 71 was isolated from one of 11 rotavirus-positive cases, but the other 10 cases were not associated with enteroviruses. All rotavirus-positive cases were negative for isolation of enteropathogenic bacteria.
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- 1994
11. A Case of Craniocerebral Penetrating Injury Caused by a Pair of Scissors
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Tarumi Yamaki, Masahito Fujimoto, Takehiko Sakakibara, Toshiki Mori, Kenji Sakae, and Takashi Ishii
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine ,Surgery ,Neurology (clinical) ,business - Published
- 1994
12. Detection of human parechoviruses from clinical stool samples in Aichi, Japan
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Mariko Kawaguchi, Hiroko Minagawa, Akira Fujiura, Akiko Hasegawa, Yuka Kabashima, Miyabi Ito, Teruo Yamashita, Hideaki Tsuzuki, Shinichi Kobayashi, Satoko Nagaya, and Kenji Sakae
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Microbiology (medical) ,Serotype ,Male ,Genotype ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Cell Culture Techniques ,Parechovirus ,Sequence Homology ,Herpangina ,Feces ,Japan ,Neutralization Tests ,Virology ,medicine ,Cluster Analysis ,Humans ,Serotyping ,Respiratory Tract Infections ,Picornaviridae Infections ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Respiratory tract infections ,biology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Age Factors ,Infant, Newborn ,Respiratory infection ,Aseptic meningitis ,Infant ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Gastroenteritis ,Child, Preschool ,Etiology ,RNA, Viral ,Capsid Proteins ,Female ,5' Untranslated Regions ,Meningitis - Abstract
Between April 1999 and March 2008, a total of 4,976 stool specimens collected from patients with suspected viral infection through infectious agent surveillance in Aichi, Japan, were tested for the presence of human parechoviruses (HPeVs). We detected HPeVs in 110 samples by either cell culture, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), or both. Serotyping either by neutralization test or by nucleotide sequence determination and phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 region and 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) regions revealed that 63 were HPeV type 1 (HPeV-1), followed by 44 HPeV-3 strains, 2 HPeV-4 strains, and 1 HPeV-6 strain. The high nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of the Japanese HPeV-3 isolates in 2006 to the strains previously reported from Canada and Netherlands confirmed the worldwide prevalence of HPeV-3 infection. Ninety-seven percent of the HPeV-positive patients were younger than 3 years, and 86.2% younger than 12 months. The clinical diagnoses of HPeV-positive patients were gastroenteritis, respiratory illness, febrile illness, exanthema, “hand, foot, and mouth disease,” aseptic meningitis, and herpangina. Among 49 HPeV-positive patients with gastroenteritis, 35 were positive with HPeV-1 and 12 with HPeV-3, and out of 25 with respiratory illness, 11 were positive with HPeV-1 and 14 with HPeV-3. HPeV-3 seemed to be an important etiological agent of respiratory infection of children. While HPeV-1 was detected predominantly during fall and winter, the majority of the HPeV-3 cases were detected during summer and fall. A different pattern of clinical manifestations as well as seasonality suggested that there are different mechanisms of pathogenesis between HPeV-1 and HPeV-3 infections.
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- 2010
13. A 2-year survey of the prevalence of enteric viral infections in children compared with contamination in locally-harvested oysters
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Shin Isomura, Kenji Sakae, Teruo Yamashita, and Y. Ishihara
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Serotype ,Oyster ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,Reoviridae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Adenoviridae ,Polyethylene Glycols ,Microbiology ,Japan ,biology.animal ,Enterovirus Infections ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Animals ,Chemical Precipitation ,Humans ,Food microbiology ,Child ,Enterovirus ,biology ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Bivalvia ,Ostreidae ,Enterovirus B, Human ,Poliovirus ,Infectious Diseases ,Food Microbiology ,Viral disease ,Research Article - Abstract
SUMMARYWe studied, for two years, the prevalence of indigenous human enteric viruses in wild oysters gathered each month from the bottom of Mikawa Bay, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Viruses were detected periodically in 9 out of 54 oyster pools prepared by the acid or polyethylene glycol precipitation method although all these 9 pools met current national bacteriological safety standards. Since most of the serotypes of the enteric viruses detected in the oysters were identical with those of viruses isolated from sick children living in the area, it is suggested that contamination of enteric viruses in the oysters would depend on the prevalence of enteric viral infections in the local inhabitants.
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- 1992
14. The Relationship of Clinical Manifestations and Age Distribution in Enterovirus Infections
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Kenji Sakae
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Echovirus ,biology ,business.industry ,Aseptic meningitis ,General Medicine ,Disease ,Coxsackievirus ,medicine.disease_cause ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Group B ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Enterovirus ,Neutralizing antibody ,business - Abstract
We studied the epidemiology of enterovirus infection in Aichi Prefecture from 1985 to 1989. We examined the age distribution of aseptic meningitis patients (AM) and exanthematous disease patients (Ex) and a seroepidemiological study of echovirus type 7 (E7), E9, E18 and group A coxsackievirus type 9 (CA9), was performed. The results is as follows: 1) E7, E9, E18 and CA9 were isolated from AM and Ex but E6, E11 and group B Coxsackie viruses (CB) were isolated in fewer cases from Ex. 2) The AM was consistently increased from June to August. Whereas the Ex was seen in all seasons but a slight increase was noted between June to July, and enteroviruses (EV) isolation was increased in this season. 3) The AM occurred in 0 year olds and 4 year olds whereas the Ex was seen in 0 to 1 years. EV was mainly isolated from 0-1 year olds. 4) The relationship of clinical manifestations and age was very clear in E9 and E18, a higher proportion of children at 1 years or under were those of the Ex and most children of the latter part of 4 years were those of the AM. The Ex had the same results with E7 and CA9 but AM was increased in 0 years and 4 year olds. 5) We studied the age distributions of neutralizing antibodies against E7, E9, E18 and CA9. The positive rate of neutralizing antibody after prevalence rose between 2-5 years of age. There were few patients among the 2 to 3 year olds but the neutralizing antibody was raised in this age. I considered that reason the enteroviruses infected mainly the 2 to 6 year olds showing no clinical symptoms where as some of the 3 year olds had aseptic meningitis and some under 1 year had symptoms of exanthematous diseases.
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- 1992
15. Isolation of Cytopathic Small Round Viruses with BS-C-l Cells from Patients with Gastroenteritis
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Y. Ishihara, Kenji Sakae, Shinichi Kobayashi, Shin Isomura, Chiba S, Nakata S, and Teruo Yamashita
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biology ,Outbreak ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Microbiology ,Astrovirus ,Infectious Diseases ,Kobuvirus ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Enterovirus ,Viral disease ,Seroconversion ,Aichi virus ,Cytopathic effect - Abstract
Fecal extracts from 12 subjects in outbreaks of oyster-associated nonbacterial gastroenteritis were inoculated with BS-C-1 cells for isolation of the causative viruses. Cytopathic agents were isolated from 3 patients. No cross-neutralizing reactions were observed between the isolates and prototypes of human enteroviruses. The isolates were approximately 30 nm in diameter and had a distinct ultrastructure resembling that of astroviruses. Four polypeptide bands with molecular sizes of 42, 28, 27, and 22 kDa were seen on SDS-PAGE analyses. Seroconversion against the isolate was observed in 18 (31.6%) of 57 patients involved in five of seven outbreaks examined by neutralization test. A protein band characteristically reactive with the paired serum samples was detectable at 42 kDa by immunoblot assay. These results suggested that some small round viruses resembling astroviruses might show cytopathic effect in BS-C-1 cells and may be associated with an oyster-related gastroenteritis.
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- 1991
16. Ability of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. To Survive in a Desiccation Model System and in Dry Foods
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Kenji Sakae, Masakado Matsumoto, Yutaka Miyazaki, and Reiji Hiramatsu
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Paper ,Salmonella ,Sucrose ,Food Handling ,Population ,Colony Count, Microbial ,Biology ,Sodium Chloride ,medicine.disease_cause ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Models, Biological ,Microbiology ,Shiga Toxin ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Shiga-like toxin ,Refrigeration ,Food Preservation ,medicine ,Escherichia coli ,Animals ,Humans ,Desiccation ,education ,education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,Ethanol ,Temperature ,Shiga toxin ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,biology.organism_classification ,Enterobacteriaceae ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Food Microbiology ,Bacteria ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
In order to determine desiccation tolerances of bacterial strains, the survival of 58 diarrheagenic strains (18 salmonellae, 35 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli [STEC], and 5 shigellae) and of 15 nonpathogenic E. coli strains was determined after drying at 35°C for 24 h in paper disks. At an inoculum level of 10 7 CFU/disk, most of the salmonellae (14/18) and the STEC strains (31/35) survived with a population of 10 3 to 10 4 CFU/disk, whereas all of the shigellae (5/5) and the majority of the nonpathogenic E. coli strains (9/15) did not survive (the population was decreased to less than the detection limit of 10 2 CFU/disk). After 22 to 24 months of subsequent storage at 4°C, all of the selected salmonellae (4/4) and most of the selected STEC strains (12/15) survived, keeping the original populations (10 3 to 10 4 CFU/disk). In contrast to the case for storage at 4°C, all of 15 selected strains (5 strains each of Salmonella spp., STEC O157, and STEC O26) died after 35 to 70 days of storage at 25°C and 35°C. The survival rates of all of these 15 strains in paper disks after the 24 h of drying were substantially increased (10 to 79 times) by the presence of sucrose (12% to 36%). All of these 15 desiccated strains in paper disks survived after exposure to 70°C for 5 h. The populations of these 15 strains inoculated in dried foods containing sucrose and/or fat (e.g., chocolate) were 100 times higher than those in the dried paper disks after drying for 24 h at 25°C.
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- 2005
17. Close correlation of streptococcal DNase B (sdaB) alleles with emm genotypes in Streptococcus pyogenes
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Masakado Matsumoto, Junko Isobe, Kenji Sakae, Tadao Hasegawa, Shinnosuke Hashikawa, Keizo Torii, Chihiro Katsukawa, Kikuyo Ogata, Tadayoshi Ikebe, Daisuke Tanaka, Michio Ohta, Haruo Watanabe, Miyoko Endo, Toshinobu Horii, Rumi Okuno, Rieko Suzuki, Aki Tamaru, Shoko Murayama, Masaaki Tomita, and Kyoko Hirasawa
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DNA, Bacterial ,Genotype ,Streptococcus pyogenes ,Immunology ,Blotting, Western ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Statistics as Topic ,Gene Expression ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Virulence factor ,Virology ,Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ,medicine ,Nucleotide ,Allele ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Gene ,Alleles ,Phylogeny ,Genetics ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Nuclease ,Antigens, Bacterial ,Deoxyribonucleases ,biology ,Promoter ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,chemistry ,Amino Acid Substitution ,Genes, Bacterial ,Mutation ,biology.protein ,Carrier Proteins ,Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins - Abstract
DNase B is a major nuclease and a possible virulence factor in Streptococcus pyogenes. The allelic diversity of streptococcal DNase B (sdaB) gene was investigated in 83 strains with 14 emm genotypes. Of the 15 alleles identified, 11 alleles carried only synonymous nucleotide substitutions. On the other hand, 4 alleles had a non-synonymous substitution other than synonymous substitutions, resulting in the substitution of a single amino acid. The distribution of each allele was generally emm genotype-specific. Only sdaB7 was found in both emm2 and emm4. The promoter region was highly conserved and DNase B protein was similarly expressed in all alleles.
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- 2005
18. Expression and antigenicity of virus-like particles of norovirus and their application for detection of noroviruses in stool samples
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Katsuro Natori, Kunio Kamata, Kazuhiko Katayama, Kuniko Shinozaki, Koki Taniguchi, Shinichi Kobayashi, Kenji Sakae, Mineyuki Okada, Mitsuaki Oseto, Haruko Shirato-Horikoshi, Yoshiyuki Seto, Tomoyuki Tanaka, and Naokazu Takeda
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Antigenicity ,viruses ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,Microbiology ,Feces ,fluids and secretions ,stomatognathic system ,Virus-like particle ,Antigen ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Antigens, Viral ,Phylogeny ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Norovirus ,virus diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,Caliciviridae ,Recombinant Proteins ,Gastroenteritis ,Infectious Diseases ,Capsid ,Capsid Proteins ,Baculoviridae - Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs), members of the genus Norovirus in the family Caliciviridae, are the leading agents of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Human NoVs are currently divided into at least two genogroups, genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII), each of which contains at least 14 and 17 genotypes. To explore the genetic and antigenic relationship among NoVs, we expressed the capsid protein of four genetically distinct NoVs, the GI/3 Kashiwa645 virus, the GII/3 Sanbu809 virus, the GII/5 Ichikawa754 virus, and the GII/7 Osaka10-25 virus in baculovirus expression system. An antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with hyperimmune serum against the four recombinant capsid proteins and characterized previously three capsid proteins derived from GI/1, GI/4, and GII/12 was developed to detect the NoVs antigen in stools. The antigen ELISA was highly specific to the homotypic strains, allowing assignment of a strain to a Norovirus genetic cluster within a genogroup. J. Med. Virol. 76:129–136, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
- Published
- 2005
19. Molecular mechanisms of high level tetracycline-resistance in group A streptococcal isolates, T serotypes 4 and 11
- Author
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Michio Ohta, Masaaki Tomita, Kenji Sakae, Junko Isobe, Haruo Watanabe, Tomihisa Yasuoka, Chihiro Katsukawa, Rieko Suzuki, Kikuyo Ogata, Rumi Okuno, Tadayoshi Ikebe, Aki Tamaru, Kyoko Hirasawa, Daisuke Tanaka, Miyoko Endo, Masakado Matsumoto, and Shoko Murayama
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Serotype ,Genotype ,Sequence analysis ,Tetracycline ,Streptococcus pyogenes ,Biology ,Group A ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,Bacterial Proteins ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Typing ,Serotyping ,Gene ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Tetracycline Resistance ,General Medicine ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Virology ,Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ,Infectious Diseases ,DNA Transposable Elements ,Carrier Proteins ,Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The molecular mechanism of high level tetracycline resistance in T serotypes 4 and 11 group A streptococcal (GAS) isolates was examined in 61 tetracycline-resistant isolates in Japan. PCR and sequencing analyses revealed that the T serotype/emm genotype, T4/4 isolates carried tet(O) genes, which were genetically homogenous. The T11/11 and T11/89 isolates carried different subtypes of tet(M) genes, which were present on transposons Tn916 and Tn1545, respectively. In addition, these T11 isolates may have obtained the tet(M) gene after the 1990s, because resistance to tetracycline in T11 isolates was rarely found before then. These results strongly suggested that the T4 and T11 GAS isolates acquired tetracycline-resistance via different molecular mechanisms.
- Published
- 2004
20. Immunomagnetic capture rt-PCR for detection of norovirus from foods implicated in a foodborne outbreak
- Author
-
Naokazu Takeda, Shinichi Kobayashi, Katsuro Natori, and Kenji Sakae
- Subjects
Immunology ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Virus ,law.invention ,Disease Outbreaks ,Foodborne Diseases ,Feces ,law ,Virology ,medicine ,Humans ,Phylogeny ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Immunomagnetic Separation ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Norovirus ,Foodborne outbreak ,Outbreak ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,Immunomagnetic capture ,Capsid ,Recombinant DNA - Abstract
In February 2001, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to Norovirus (NV) occurred among employees of 11 companies in Aichi Prefecture. The illness was strongly associated with eating a delivered box-lunch. The use of magnetic beads coated with the antibody to the baculovirus-expressed recombinant capsid proteins of the Chiba virus (rCV) facilitated capture of NV from the food items implicated in the outbreak. Following immunomagnetic capture, NV bound to the beads was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of the nine food items tested, two were positive for a genogroup 1 NV. Sequence analysis of RT-PCR products indicated that the nucleotide sequences of NV strains from foods were almost identical to those of NV strains detected in stool samples of ill patients. As the immunocapture RT-PCR method is simple and easy to perform, this technique should be useful for the detection of NV from outbreak-implicated foods.
- Published
- 2004
21. Isolation and identification of a novel human parechovirus
- Author
-
Miyabi Ito, Naokazu Takeda, Kenji Sakae, Teruo Yamashita, and Hideaki Tsuzuki
- Subjects
Serotype ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Parechovirus ,Biology ,Cross Reactions ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Virus ,Japan ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Virology ,medicine ,Humans ,Paralysis ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Child ,Phylogeny ,Picornaviridae Infections ,Human parechovirus ,Nucleic acid sequence ,Infant ,biology.organism_classification ,Capsid ,Child, Preschool ,Enterovirus ,RNA, Viral ,Capsid Proteins ,Female ,Aichi virus - Abstract
A cytopathic agent (A308/99) was isolated using Vero cells from a stool specimen of a 1-year-old patient with transient paralysis. The agent was approximately 28 nm in diameter with a distinct ultrastructure resembling the virus particle of an enterovirus. It could not be neutralized by antisera against human picornaviruses such as human enterovirus, Aichi virus or human parechovirus. The virion contained three capsid proteins with molecular masses of 38, 30·3 and 30 kDa. Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of A308/99 revealed that the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were closely related to those of human parechoviruses. When 11 regions encoding the structural and non-structural proteins were compared, A308/99 had between 75 and 97 % and 73 and 97 % nucleotide identity with human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV-1) and type 2 (HPeV-2), respectively. The most distinctive divergence was seen in VP1, which had 74·5 % and 73·1 % nucleotide identity with HPeV-1 and HPeV-2, respectively. Viruses related to A308/99 were also isolated from three patients with gastroenteritis, exanthema or respiratory illnesses. A308/99 and these other three isolates had no arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) motif, which is located near the C terminus of VP1 in HPeV-1 and HPeV-2. A seroepidemiological study revealed that the prevalence of A308/99 antibodies was low (15 %) among infants but became higher with age, reaching more than 80 % by 30 years of age. These observations indicate that A308/99 is genetically close to, but serologically and genetically distinct from, HPeV-1 and HPeV-2 and accordingly can be classified as third serotype of human parechovirus.
- Published
- 2004
22. Isolation of Cytopathic Small Round Virus (Aichi Virus) from Pakistani Children and Japanese Travelers from Southeast Asia
- Author
-
Shinichi Kobayashi, Agboatwalla Mubina, Teruo Yamashita, Yuichi Ishihara, Shin Isomura, Takashi Miyake, and Kenji Sakae
- Subjects
Adult ,Diarrhea ,Veterinary medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Virus Cultivation ,Adolescent ,Isolation (health care) ,Immunology ,Southeast asian ,Microbiology ,Virus ,law.invention ,Feces ,Japan ,law ,Virology ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,parasitic diseases ,Quarantine ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Pakistan ,Child ,Socioeconomics ,Vero Cells ,Asia, Southeastern ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Travel ,biology ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,virus diseases ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastroenteritis ,Norwalk virus ,Kobuvirus ,Child, Preschool ,Viral disease ,business ,Aichi virus ,human activities ,HeLa Cells - Abstract
Aichi virus was isolated in Vero cells from 5 (2.3%) of 222 Pakistani children with gastroenteritis but none was found in 91 healthy children. Aichi virus was also isolated from 5 (0.7%) of 722 Japanese travelers returned from tours to Southeast Asian countries and complained of gastrointestinal symptoms at the quarantine station of Nagoya International Airport in Japan. Of 5 Japanese travelers, 3 were returning from Indonesia, and 2 from Thailand or Malaysia. These results indicate that Aichi virus or a similar agent is endemic in Southeast Asian countries and is a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in children in these areas or in Japanese travelers who visit there.
- Published
- 1995
23. VI, 3. Molecular biology and epidemiology of Aichi virus and other diarrhoeogenic enteroviruses
- Author
-
Kenji Sakae and Teruo Yamashita
- Subjects
biology ,medicine.drug_class ,viruses ,virus diseases ,Outbreak ,Monoclonal antibody ,biology.organism_classification ,Genome ,Virology ,Molecular biology ,Homology (biology) ,biology.protein ,medicine ,Antibody ,Aichi virus ,Gene ,Pathogen - Abstract
The virion of the Aichi virus contains a single-stranded RNA molecule as the genome. The homology of Aichi virus structural proteins (VP0, VP3, and VP1) with corresponding polypeptides of other picornaviruses varies between 19% and 32%. The epidemiology of the Aichi virus as a medically important pathogen has not been well defined. Stool samples from adult patients in six oyster-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks were examined for variation, based on their reactivity with a monoclonal antibody raised against the standard strain (A486/88) and on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) of three genomic regions. Antibody to the Aichi virus could be detected using a neutralization test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These methods were used for the identification of Aichi virus infection in paired serum samples. The chapter concludes with a discussion on other diarrheagenic enteroviruses.
- Published
- 2003
24. Differentiation between wild and vaccine-derived strains of poliovirus by stringent microplate hybridization of PCR products
- Author
-
Sakae Inouye, R Hondo, Kenji Sakae, Naokazu Takeda, M Agboatwalla, and Shin Isomura
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Serotype ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Virus ,Neutralization ,law.invention ,Nucleic acid thermodynamics ,law ,medicine ,Polymerase chain reaction ,DNA Primers ,Base Sequence ,Poliovirus ,Nucleic Acid Hybridization ,Virology ,Molecular biology ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated ,Capsid ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,Enterovirus ,Research Article - Abstract
Procedures for differentiation between wild and vaccine-derived strains of poliovirus are required, particularly in countries where wild and vaccine-related strains coexist. For this differentiation, we tested the method of Inouye and Hondo (S. Inouye and R. Hondo, Arch. Virol. 129:311-316, 1993) for discrimination of closely related viruses by using stringent microplate hybridization of PCR products. We used a pair of primers with enterovirus common sequences (between these primers there is a variable region for capsid proteins) for PCR using templates from wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus strains which were isolated in tissue culture and serotyped by neutralization assay. We also used the same primers for preparation of probes, which were labelled by incorporation of biotin-dUTP in the PCR, with the three original Sabin vaccine virus strains used as templates. The amplified DNAs from the isolates were immobilized on microplate wells and were then hybridized with the labelled probes. We found that, under the usual hybridization conditions, the Sabin vaccine virus strain probes hybridized with both wild and vaccine-derived viruses, but under stringent conditions, they reacted only with vaccine-derived viruses of the same serotype, clearly differentiating these from wild-type viruses.
- Published
- 1994
25. Construction of an infectious cDNA clone of Aichi virus (a new member of the family Picornaviridae) and mutational analysis of a stem-loop structure at the 5' end of the genome
- Author
-
Kenji Sakae, Yoshimasa Maeno, Yasuhiro Kusuhara, Koki Taniguchi, N Kobayashi, Jun Sasaki, Teruo Yamashita, and Naokazu Takeda
- Subjects
DNA, Complementary ,Transcription, Genetic ,Immunology ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Picornaviridae ,Replication ,Genome, Viral ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus Replication ,Microbiology ,Genome ,Virology ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,medicine ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Cloning, Molecular ,Peptide sequence ,Vero Cells ,Genetics ,Mutation ,Picornaviridae Infections ,Base Sequence ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Stem-loop ,biology.organism_classification ,Viral replication ,Kobuvirus ,Insect Science ,Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,RNA, Viral ,Aichi virus - Abstract
Aichi virus is the type species of a new genus, Kobuvirus , of the family Picornaviridae . In this study, we constructed a full-length cDNA clone of Aichi virus whose in vitro transcripts were infectious to Vero cells. During construction of the infectious cDNA clone, a novel sequence of 32 nucleotides was identified at the 5′ end of the genome. Computer-assisted prediction of the secondary structure of the 5′ end of the genome, including the novel sequence, suggested the formation of a stable stem-loop structure consisting of 42 nucleotides. The function of this stem-loop in virus replication was investigated using various site-directed mutants derived from the infectious cDNA clone. Our data indicated that correct folding of the stem-loop at the 5′ end of the positive strand, but not at the 3′ end of the negative strand, is critical for viral RNA replication. The primary sequence in the lower part of the stem was also suggested to be crucial for RNA replication. In contrast, nucleotide changes in the loop segment did not so severely reduce the efficiency of virus replication. A double mutant, in which both nucleotide stretches of the middle part of the stem were replaced by their complementary nucleotides, had efficient RNA replication and translation abilities but was unable to produce viruses. These results indicate that the stem-loop at the 5′ end of the Aichi virus genome is an element involved in both viral RNA replication and production of infectious virus particles.
- Published
- 2001
26. Molecular diagnosis of human enteroviruses by phylogeny-based classification by use of the VP4 sequence
- Author
-
Mari Yonaha, Kenji Sakae, Hiroaki Ishiko, Yasushi Shimada, Naokazu Takeda, Akio Hayashi, and Osamu Hashimoto
- Subjects
Serotype ,Genetics ,Phylogenetic tree ,Molecular epidemiology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,viruses ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Virus ,law.invention ,Monophyly ,Conjunctivitis, Viral ,Infectious Diseases ,Capsid ,law ,Phylogenetics ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Enterovirus ,Capsid Proteins ,Meningitis, Aseptic ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Phylogeny - Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs) are the major cause of a variety of acute and chronic illnesses. Virus isolation and neutralization tests are usually done to identify the causative virus, but these tests are labor intensive, time consuming, and sometimes require suckling mice from which certain viruses have been isolated. This study investigated a rapid and reliable method based on reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic tree constructed by neighbor-joining on the basis of the VP4 sequence from 66 prototypes grouped all human EVs into 5 distinct clusters. These clusters correspond closely to the 5 newly designated species-human EV A-D and poliovirus. The VP4 sequences of 89 isolates from 26 serotypes obtained over >30 years plus those of 66 prototype strains were analyzed. Each isolate formed a monophyletic cluster along with its respective prototype strain, allowing for serotype identification (with the exception of E-8). VP4-based classification appears to be an effective tool for the molecular epidemiology study of EVs.
- Published
- 2001
27. Outbreak of echovirus type 33 infection in Japanese school children
- Author
-
Kunio Otsuki, Masae Ohbuchi, Hirokazu Kimura, Makoto Kuwashima, Kenji Sakae, and Hisanori Minakami
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Serotype ,Male ,Echovirus ,MEDLINE ,Echovirus Infections ,Enterovirus B ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Japan ,medicine ,Humans ,Serotyping ,Child ,Viral Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Outbreak ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Meningitis, Viral ,Enterovirus B, Human ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,business ,Meningitis - Published
- 1997
28. Epidemiology of poliomyelitis in Karachi, Pakistan: prospective studies during 1990-93
- Author
-
Akhtar Ahmed, Yuichi Isihara, Akram Dure-Samin, Shin Isomura, Teruo Yamashita, Kenji Sakae, Agboatwalla Mubina, and Osamu Nishio
- Subjects
Serotype ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,viruses ,Virus isolation ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,medicine.disease_cause ,complex mixtures ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Epidemiology ,Medicine ,Humans ,Pakistan ,Prospective Studies ,Prospective cohort study ,Poliovirus type ,business.industry ,Immunoglobulin M Antibody ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Poliomyelitis ,Poliovirus ,Immunoglobulin M ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Enterovirus ,Seasons ,business - Abstract
Between October 1989 and September 1993, 245 cases of poliomyelitis visited the Department of Pediatrics, Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. The majority of them were between 6 months and 2 years of age and the epidemic occurred during the hot season. The dominant serotype was polio type 1. All of the polioviruses isolated from the patients were wild type. Virological studies also disclosed that enteroviruses other than polioviruses were prevalent among healthy children as well as diarrheal and polio patients. Serodiagnosis by poliovirus-specific immunoglobulin M antibody tests using the capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method were in good agreement with the results of virus isolation. The present study demonstrated that Pakistan is a region endemic for wild poliovirus and more aggressive preventive measures are needed to eradicate poliomyelitis from the region.
- Published
- 1996
29. Disappearance of arachnoid cysts after head injury
- Author
-
Tarumi Yamaki, Hiroshi Shin, Takehiko Sakakibara, Masahito Fujimoto, Toshiki Mori, Satoshi Ueda, and Kenji Sakae
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Remission, Spontaneous ,Poison control ,Spontaneous remission ,Hematoma ,Arachnoid cyst ,parasitic diseases ,Medicine ,Craniocerebral Trauma ,Humans ,Cyst ,Subdural effusion ,business.industry ,Head injury ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Subdural Effusion ,Surgery ,body regions ,Arachnoid Cysts ,Hematoma, Subdural ,Effusion ,Child, Preschool ,Drainage ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed - Abstract
The mechanism of the disappearance of arachnoid cysts is not fully understood. This article discusses the spontaneous disappearance of these cysts after head injury. Five patients underwent computed tomography and were diagnosed as having a subdural hematoma or effusion associated with arachnoid cysts. In four of the five patients, the cyst decreased in size or disappeared. These cases suggest a possible mechanism by which this type of cyst associated with subdural hematoma or effusion might disappear. For the arachnoid cyst to disappear, the rupture of the cyst wall appears to be essential, and after rupture, subdural effusion must develop around the cyst. As this effusion is absorbed, the fluid in the cyst drains away, after which the cyst becomes smaller and gradually disappears. This hypothesis supports the possibility of a "natural cure" for arachnoid cysts without surgical intervention.
- Published
- 1995
30. Virological and serological studies on poliomyelitis in Karachi, Pakistan. I. Outbreaks in 1990-91
- Author
-
Kenji Sakae, Yuichi Isihara, Agboatwalla Mubina, Shin Isomura, Akram Dure-Samin, Akhtar Ahmed, Teruo Yamashita, and Osamu Nishio
- Subjects
Serotype ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Serology ,Disease Outbreaks ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Humans ,Pakistan ,Serologic Tests ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,Antibody titer ,Outbreak ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Poliomyelitis ,Poliovirus ,Child, Preschool ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Enterovirus ,Seasons ,business - Abstract
Between October 1989 and September 1991, 124 cases of poliomyelitis visited the Department of Paediatrics, Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. The majority of them were between 6 months and 2 years of age and the epidemics occurred during the hot seasons. The dominant serotype was poliovirus type 1 during the epidemic season in 1990 and type 2 in 1991. All the polioviruses isolated from the patients were wild-type. Virological studies also disclosed that enteroviruses other than polioviruses were prevalent among healthy children as well as among diarrheal and polio patients. A serological survey to elucidate the serological efficacy of oral polio vaccine (OPV) showed that: (i) in 112 unimmunized children, after disappearance of transplacental maternal antibody during early infancy, antibody prevalence increased gradually and > 80% of the children were seropositive against all three types of polioviruses at 5 years of age; (ii) in 201 children immunized with full doses of OPV in their infancy, the decrease in antibody titer during infancy was less and seroprevalence rose sharply afterwards: at 2 years of age, > 80% of them were seropositive against all three types of the virus. The rapid increase of seroprevalence might be the effect of OPV administration. However, the prevalence was lower than that in developed countries.
- Published
- 1993
31. Adenovirus infection and specific secretory IgA responses in the intestine of infants
- Author
-
Yuichi Ishihara, Osamu Nishio, Kenji Sakae, Shin Isomura, and Sakae Inouye
- Subjects
Serotype ,Male ,Time Factors ,Immunology ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Microbiology ,Asymptomatic ,Adenovirus Infections, Human ,Feces ,Immune system ,Antigen ,Virology ,medicine ,Humans ,Adenovirus infection ,Antigens, Viral ,Adenoviruses, Human ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Adenoviridae ,Diarrhea ,Intestinal Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Immunoglobulin A, Secretory ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
We investigated adenovirus (Ad) infection of the intestine and Ad group-specific fecal IgA antibody responses in seven infants who were followed up from birth to 16 months to seven years of age. We isolated in tissue culture from fecal samples not only enteric Ad type 41 but also other Ads (types 2, 3, 5, 6, and 12). We also detected Ad antigens in the feces by ELISA at the times of infection with even non-enteric Ads, suggesting that a large amount of antigens were produced in the intestine. We found that repeated Ad infections with different serotypes were occurring and there were good fecal IgA antibody responses at each time. The infection seemed usually mild or asymptomatic: only one out of 23 occasions of the detected infections required hospitalization.
- Published
- 1992
32. A large outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a small round structured virus among schoolchildren and teachers in Japan
- Author
-
Shinichi Kobayashi, Takayuki Morishita, Kenji Sakae, Y. Ishihara, T. Miyake, Teruo Yamashita, Shin Isomura, and Osamu Nishio
- Subjects
Adult ,Diarrhea ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Abdominal pain ,Epidemiology ,Nausea ,Food Handling ,Vomiting ,education ,Virus ,Disease Outbreaks ,Foodborne Diseases ,Feces ,Japan ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,Child ,Schools ,business.industry ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Food Services ,Virion ,Outbreak ,Middle Aged ,Faculty ,Surgery ,Abdominal Pain ,Gastroenteritis ,Infectious Diseases ,El Niño ,Virus Diseases ,Acute Disease ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
SUMMARYIn March 1989 a large outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred simultaneously among schoolchildren and teachers at nine elementary schools in Toyota City, Japan. Illness was observed in 3236 (41·5%) of 7801 schoolchildren and 117 (39·4%) of 297 teachers. The main clinical symptoms were diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal pain. Gastroenteritis was significantly associated with the consumption of school lunch served by one particular lunch preparation centre. One food handler at the centre suffered from gastroenteritis during the outbreak.Small round structured virus (SRSV) was detected in 4 of 8 stool specimens from sick persons. The school lunch contaminated by the infected food handler is the most probable source of this outbreak due to SRSV.
- Published
- 1991
33. Fecal IgA antibody responses after oral poliovirus vaccination in infants and elder children
- Author
-
Yuichi Ishihara, Kenji Sakae, Osamu Nishio, Sakae Inouye, Sin Isomura, and Junko Sumi
- Subjects
Virus Cultivation ,Adolescent ,Immunology ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Microbiology ,Feces ,Immune system ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Child ,Vero Cells ,Poliovirus ,Vaccination ,Infant ,Immunoglobulin A ,Titer ,Child, Preschool ,Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ,Humoral immunity ,biology.protein ,Enterovirus ,Antibody ,Immunologic Memory - Abstract
We investigated fecal IgA antibody responses after oral polyvalent poliovirus vaccination. Infants were given vaccines twice with an interval of 6 weeks. Specific IgA antibodies in the feces were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and viruses were isolated in tissue cultures. We found that, after the first vaccination, antibody responses seemed to be elicited only against the serotypes of isolated viruses. After the second vaccination, however, antibodies were detected to all three serotypes with higher titers, suggesting that the first vaccination induced the immunologic memory. The IgA antibodies had virus-neutralizing activity, and existed in the feces as both intact 11S and fragmented 4S molecules. Next, children were given the third vaccination 3 or 9 years later. Fecal IgA antibody responses were found to be poorer in elder children, while they responded with high serum neutralization titers. The secretory IgA memory seemed to last much shorter the serum IgG memory.
- Published
- 1990
34. IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP A COXSACKIEVIRUSES BY IMMUNE ADHERENCE HEMAGGLUTINATION
- Author
-
Junko Sumi, Hiromasa Inoue, Kenji Sakae, Yuichi Ishihara, and Osamu Nishio
- Subjects
Serotype ,biology ,Hemagglutination ,business.industry ,Complement Fixation Tests ,Immune adherence ,Hemagglutination Tests ,Coxsackievirus ,biology.organism_classification ,Complement fixation test ,Virology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Neutralization ,Mice ,Titer ,Antigen ,Animals ,Medicine ,Serotyping ,Kaolin ,business ,Chlorofluorocarbons, Methane ,Enterovirus - Abstract
We investigated to find whether the immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test could be used for identification of group A coxsackieviruses (Cox. A). By using homogenate of suckling mouse torsos infected with each of nine prototype viruses (Cox. A 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 16) and 46 isolates as antigens and hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids to the prototype viruses, we compared IAHA with complement fixation (CF) for serotyping of these viruses. The results of identification tests by IAHA were the same as those by combined use of CF and neutralization tests on all the 46 strains. By CF alone, however, six of 46 strains were not identified because of lower antigen titers; IAHA antigen titers were generally higher by 16-fold or more than CF tests. Furthermore, IAHA had a higher type-specificity than CF; a weak cross-reaction was found by IAHA only between Cox. A 3 and Cox. A 8. Nonspecific reactions encountered in IAHA were reduced more readily by kaolin than fluorocarbon treatment of the torso homogenates. From these results, we conclude that IAHA is an alternative method to CF and neutralization for serotyping of Cox. A viruses.
- Published
- 1983
35. Sensitivity of Group A Coxsackieviruses and ECHO Viruses, and Isolation form Clinical Specimens by RD-18S Cells Derived by Clorning from RD Cells
- Author
-
Kenji Sakae, Yuichi Ishihara, Hiromasa Inoue, Takayuki Morishita, Osamu Nishio, and Junko Sumi
- Subjects
Virus Cultivation ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,business.industry ,Humans ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,Echo viruses ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Rhabdomyoma ,business ,Clone Cells ,Enterovirus ,Enterovirus B, Human - Published
- 1985
36. [Surveillance of the imported enterovirus]
- Author
-
Yuichi ISHIHARA, Kenji SAKAE, Teruo YAMASHITA, Osamu NISHIO, Takayuki MORISHITA, Takashi MIYAKE, Shin ISOMURA, Hiromasa INOUE, Yasuro FUKUI, Yasukazu MATSUMOTO, and Eiju SAEKI
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Travel ,Adolescent ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease_cause ,Antibodies, Viral ,Virology ,Geography ,Japan ,Population Surveillance ,medicine ,Enterovirus Infections ,Enterovirus ,Humans ,Female ,Child ,Asia, Southeastern - Published
- 1987
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