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Background: Hydrophilic Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix tablets are the standard role model of the oral controlled-release formulation. Nevertheless, the HPMC kinetics for the mechanistic understanding of drug release and hydrodynamic behaviors are rarely investigated. This study aims to investigate the release behaviors of both HPMC and paracetamol (model drug) from the hydrophilic matrix tablet. Methods: Two different viscosity grades of HPMC were used (Low viscosity: 6 cps, High viscosity: 4,000 cps). Three different ratios of drug/HPMC (H:38.08%, M:22.85%, and L:15.23% (w/w) of HPMC amounts in total weight) matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique. The release profiles of the drug and HPMC in a matrix tablet were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC and 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The hydrodynamic changes of HPMC were determined by the gravimetric behaviors such as swelling and erosion rates, gel layer thickness, front movement data,and distributive Near-Infrared (NIR) chemical imaging of HPMC in a matrix tablet during the dissolution process. Results: High viscosity HPMC tablets showed slower release of HPMC than the release rate of drug, suggesting that drug release preceded polymer release.Different hydration phenomenon was qualitatively identified and corresponded to the release profiles. The release behaviors of HPMC and drug in the tablet could be distinguished with the significant difference with fitted dissolution kinetics model (Low viscosity HPMC 6cps; Korsmeyer-Peppas model, High viscosity HPMC 4000cps; Hopfenberg model, Paracetamol; Weibull model) according to the weight of ingredients and types of HPMC. Conclusion: The determination of HPMC polymer release correlating with drug release, hydrodynamic behavior, and NIR chemical imaging of HPMC can provide new insights into the drug release- modulating mechanism in the hydrophilic matrix system.

Objective Tracheal granulation is one of the common long term complications in patients after tracheostomy. Hypertrophic tracheal granulation may cause airway obstruction and further operation may be required to recreate an airway. Distal tracheal granulation is clinically challenging because of its position and surgical field limitation. This retrospective case review study evaluated the outcomes of PEAK PlasmaBlade-assisted tracheal surgery in patients with distal tracheal granulation. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed patients with distal tracheal granulation following long-term tracheostomy. All patients received PEAK PlasmaBlade assistance tracheal surgery (PATS) between February 2013 and December 2019. The surgery was performed using the PEAK PlasmaBlade with TnA type tip, powered by a PULSAR Generator, and guided by a 45 ° rigid endoscope. Patients were regularly followed up for a minimum of 12 months. Results A total 21 patients had completed PATS. None of the patients experience immediate life-threatening complications during or after the procedure. All the 21 patients were free of recurrent obstructive granulation within 12 months after operation. Conclusion PATS is practical, effective, and safe for distal tracheal granulation and can be performed by single surgeon. Furthermore, it is technically less demanding than other surgical approaches and it has a rapid learning curve.

The pore structure in the high-temperature zone plays a leading role in the permeability of the sinter bed. However, few studies on the bed structure in the high-temperature zone of sintering are due to the difficulty of sampling. Pilot-scale sinter pot tests were conducted to investigate the flame front propagation properties and pore evolution characteristics under different granulation moisture in this paper. Liquid nitrogen was injected to quench the sintering bed. We use X-ray computed tomography to reconstruct the high-temperature zone sinter structures. Results show that the higher porosity of green bed under higher granulation moisture results in faster flame front and more likely channels formation. The porosity of the high-temperature zone increases from 48.40% to 51.50% and 55.68% with moisture increasing from 5.30% to 6.35% and 6.91%. However, the mean length of pores decreases from 1.60 mm to 1.38 mm caused by inadequate coalesce under high moisture conditions.

Contains fulltext : 248669.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) AIMS: To determine the effects of oestrogen or oestrogen deprivation on vaginal wound healing. Impaired wound healing following prolapse surgery may increase the risk of recurrent prolapse in the future. Vaginal oestrogen therapy may improve wound healing, hereby possibly improving surgical outcomes. METHODS: A systematic search of OVID MEDLINE, OVID Embase, and Web of Science was conducted up to January 28, 2020. We included original studies comparing wound healing-related outcomes of oestrogen exposed subjects (female animals and women) to hypo-oestrogenic subjects after vaginal surgery. Data on wound healing-related outcome measures were extracted. For each individual comparison, the standardised mean difference (Hedges' g; SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 1474 studies reviewed, 14 studies were included for review, and 11 provided data for meta-analysis. Oestrogen improves neovascularisation (SMD: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.67-1.60), microscopic wound closure (SMD: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.66-1.29), collagen synthesis (SMD: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.42-1.74), and tissue strength (SMD: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.53-1.99) in animals. Oestrogen increases granulation (SMD: 1.67, 95% CI: 0.54-2.79) and accelerates macroscopic wound closure (SMD: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.22-2.42) in women and animals. Oestrogen decreases the inflammatory response (SMD: -0.58, 95% CI: -1.14 to -0.02) in women and animals and reduces levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (SMD: -1.68, 95% CI: -2.52 to -0.83) in animals. All results were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Oestrogen therapy has a positive effect on vaginal wound healing. Future studies should determine whether oestrogen therapy has the potential to improve surgical outcomes.

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the scientific literature concerning the influence of grain physical characteristics on functional value of poultry feed. The review considers the role of grain feed particle size and its shape in ensuring optimal development and functioning of digestive tract and increasing productivity of birds. The results showed that compared to the feeding with smaller particles, the use of coarse feed increased stomach weight in broilers, enhanced enzymatic degradation of feed in digestive tract and improved nutrient bioavailability. The study found that increase in the level of coarse corn in the diet increased the number of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria spp. beneficial bacteria in digestive tract. Meanwhile, number of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms decreased. In birds which were given granular feed we found insufficient development of stomach, mainly due to the lack of mechanical stimulation. We assume that in order to improve stomach function and health of birds, it is necessary to apply a source of dietary fiber to their diet. The results of studies suggest that adding 2-3% of insoluble source of fiber to the routine diets of young chickens based on high-protein soy flour and corn can improve their digestive tract development and growth characteristics.

Thraustochytrium striatum was selected as a model protist to test the possibility of protist granulation for its good potential of organic waste valorization. Initially, only a selective settling velocity of 9 m h−1 was applied in a sequential batch reactor (SBR) with minimal granulation progress after three months. After the famine condition was introduced into the SBR with a feast-to-famine duration ratio of 0.2 by extending the cycle time and lowering the initial substrate concentration while keeping the selective settling velocity unchanged, protist granules with spherical shape and smooth surface formed and were dominated in the reactor after another month. The average particle size of protist granules was 728 μm, 90 times greater than its planktonic counterpart. This study evidenced the culture-independent phenomenon of aerobic granulation. Also, the combination of a low feast-to-famine duration ratio with a selective settling velocity was found to be required for inducing successful protist granulation.

Aims: This research was done to study the effects of types and concentrations of lubricants on the dissolution and disintegration profile of metronidazole tablets formulated using Sida acuta gum as a binder. Methodology: Sida acuta gum (SAG) was extracted from powdered dried leaves of Sida acuta. Metronidazole granules were produced by wet granulation technique using different concentrations (1 and 2%) of SAG as a binder and mixed with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) of magnesium stearate (MS) or sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as a lubricant. The granules/lubricant -mix was compressed into tablets and evaluated for hardness, weight uniformity, drug content, disintegration time, friability and in vitro drug release. Results: The hardness for the tablets was from 4.08 to 7.97 Kgf. The friability was from 0.02±0.45 to 3.40±0.43%. Tablets from formulations A1-A3, B2, and B3 failed the friability test. Formulations prepared with 1% SAG were more friable than those formulated with 2% SAG. Disintegration time for formulations A1-A3 (1% SAG + MS) ranged from 19.07 to 63.5 min, while that of A4-A6 (2% SAG + MS) was from 39.06 to 81.48 min. Formulations B1-B3 (1% SAG + SLS) had disintegration time that ranged from 4.22 to 6.8 min while that of B4-B6 (2% SAG + SLS) was from 9.35 to 15.90 min. The % drug release at 60 min for formulations that contained SAG and MS was 76.60-104.28% and SAG and SLS was 99.89-101.35% Conclusion: Metronidazole tablets formulated using SLS as lubricant disintegrated faster than those formulated using magnesium stearate as lubricant. Percentage drug release from tablets containing SLS was slightly higher than those that contained magnesium stearate. Higher concentrations of the lubricants produced softer tablets.

This study successfully recycled alum sludge with either lithium slag or bottle glass to make high purity zeolite LTA beads. The basic synthesis approach was to fuse the waste material with sodium hydroxide then complete hydrothermal crystallization. Separate fusion of individual wastes promoted zeolite LTA formation compared to combined fusion. Preferred synthesis conditions were: 10 Na2O:Al2O3:2.5 SiO2:300 H2O; hydrothermal temperature = 80 °C; time = 5 h. Zeolite LTA purity was between 80 and 85 wt% from the two waste combinations. Use of pseudoboehmite and carboxymethyl cellulose favoured granulation/extrusion/spheronization of zeolite LTA powder. However, the beading process decreased calcium exchange capacity (CEC) from 99.5 to 37 mg Ca2+/g for alum sludge + lithium slag and from 64.5 to 37 mg Ca2+/g for alum sludge + waste glass. Additionally, when using 20 wt% pseudo-boehmite as a binder the ion-exchange equilibrium time increased from 60 to 300 min. The importance of not only making zeolite powder from waste materials but also to extend studies to shaped forms was evident. It is recommended that future studies should also focus on making extrudates or beads as these are the forms used commercially.

Objective To determine whether 4 cytoplasmic granulation patterns of human metaphase II oocytes have a predictive value for in vitro fertilization outcomes. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting An academically affiliated private clinical infertility and research center. Patient(s) A total of 2,690 consecutive fresh autologous oocytes collected from women aged 41.2 ± 5.0 years between 2017 and 2019. Intervention(s) Determination of granulation pattern in every oocyte during intracytoplasmic sperm injection as fine, central, dispersed, and newly introduced uneven granulations. Main Outcome Measure(s) Fertilization outcomes (2 pronuclei [2PN], 2PN rates), pregnancy, and live birth rates for different granulation patterns at different ages. Result(s) Fine granulation produced the highest 2PN rate, followed by central, uneven, and dispersed granulation (91.8%, 83.9%, 77.9%, and 54.8%, respectively). Differences in fertilization were surprisingly relatively independent of age and other variables. Overall, compared with fine granulation, dispersed granulation resulted in lower pregnancy rates (4.6% vs. 10.7%) and known-outcome analysis (1.3% vs. 5.6%) as well as lower live birth rates (3.0% vs. 8.9%) and known-outcome analysis (0.6% vs. 5.6%). The known-outcome analysis demonstrated that uneven granulation had lower live birth rates than fine granulation (2.3% vs. 5.6%). Unexpectedly, the ooplasm granulation patterns were largely disassociated from embryo morphologic grades. Conclusion(s) We, for the first time, demonstrated that 4 distinct cytoplasmic granulation patterns in metaphase II oocytes had, largely independent of age and other variables, a predictive value for fertilization, pregnancy, and live birth outcomes in in vitro fertilization cycles of poor-prognosis patients. These data suggest that upstream ooplasm granulation patterns deserve closer attention in terms of embryo selection.

High shear wet granulation (HSWG) has been wildly used in manufacturing of oral solid dosage (OSD) forms, and process modeling is vital to understanding and controlling this complex process. In this paper, data fusion and multivariate modeling technique were applied to develop a formulation-process-quality model for HSWG process. The HSWG experimental data from both literature and the authors’ laboratory were fused into a single and formatted representation. A material database and material matching method were used to compensate the incomplete physical characterization of literature formulation materials, and dimensionless parameters were utilized to reconstruct process variables at different granulator scales. The exploratory study on input materials properties by principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the formulation data collected from different articles generated a formulation library which was full of diversity. In prediction of the median granule size, the partial least squares (PLS) regression models derived from literature data only and a combination of literature data and laboratory data were compared. The results demonstrated that incorporating a small number of laboratory data into the multivariate calibration model could help significantly reduce the prediction error, especially at low level of liquid to solid ratio. The proposed data fusion methodology was beneficial to scientific development of HSWG formulation and process, with potential advantages of saving both experimental time and cost.

Introduction: Starch is one of the ingredients that has many benefits, including in the pharmaceutical field, especially as a pharmaceutical excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. Aim: This study aims to isolate, characterise, and formulate the starch of banana fruit (Musa paradisiaca var. Troglodytarum) into tablet dosage forms. Methods: The characteristics of the perceived banana starch can be said to be comparable to that of corn starch so that it is expected to be used as a source of starch which can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient. The starch of isolated banana fruit was used as a filler, binder, and crusher in the wet granulation method tablet formulations with concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 5%. Results: The physicochemical characteristics of starch isolated from banana fruit are considered to meet the requirements of pharmaceutical excipients required in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition and the United States Pharmacopeia 32nd edition. Conclusion: Of the total formulas tested, tablets with binder content of banana starch 3%, 5% and 10% corn starch meet the tablet evaluation requirements.

Aims: The pharmaceutical world has been paying increasing attention to the extraction, development and use of natural gums as binders in the formulation of solid dosage forms. The use of natural gums as binders is more advantageous than the use of synthetic ones due to availability, low cost, biodegradability and biocompatibility. In this study, gum extracted from Grewia species was compared with that fromAcacia in metronidazole tablets. Study Design: Ten batches of metronidazole tablets were formulated with varied concentration of Grewiaspp gum and Acacia gum. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; between January and December 2019. Methodology: Five batches of metronidazole tablets containing 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5% w/w of Grewia gum were preparedby wet granulation. Resulting granules were characterised by measuring flow and packing properties. In other experiments, five batches of tablets were formulated using same concentration of gum, with Acacia gum substituted for Grewia gum. Both sets of granules were compressed into tablets using tableting machine at a load of 27 arbitrary units. Tablets so formed were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time, drug content and drug release profiles. Drug – excipient interaction was investigated with FTIR. Results: The resulting metronidazole tablets showed hardness of 5.46 kgF to 7.87 kgF (Grewiagum) and 6.06 kgF-8.20 kgF (Acacia gum). Friability percentages of all the batches were above 1% except for A3-A5 and B5 which are less than 1%. All formulations released more than 75 % of the drug content within 60 min. The FTIR analysis revealed no interaction between the metronidazole and Grewia species gum. Conclusion: Metronidazole granules and tablets were successfully prepared using Grewiagum and showed comparable pre-compression and post-compression properties with those formulated with Acacia.

Background: Tablets must be able to release the active drug in the gastrointestinal tract for absorption. The release profile of solid pharmaceutical dosage formulations can be quantified by assessing the disintegration and dissolution times tests. Binders are adhesives either from sugar or polymeric material that are added to tablet formulations to provide the cohesiveness required for the bonding together of the granules under compaction to form tablets.Objective: The objective of the study was to formulate and assess ibuprofen tablets using different concentrations of binders (Acacia and Gelatin).Methods: The granules were prepared using wet granulation method and analysed for flow properties based on USP/NF protocols. After granule compression, the tablets release profiles were thereafter assessed via the tablet dissolution and disintegration tests.Results: Weight variation, thickness and diameter were within the acceptable values for all batches indicative of a uniform flow. Batches with binder concentrations of 10 % and 20 % failed disintegration test due to a disintegration time above 15 min while the release rate for batches 1 and 4 was about 88 % in 60 min as against the other batches whose release rate was less than 50 % in 60 min as a result of increasing their binder concentrations.Conclusion: The study concluded that increasing the concentration of acacia and gelatin above 5% led to a decrease in percentage of drug released and an increase in disintegration time above 30 mins because 5% batches gave the best release profiles.

AIM: To establish the necessity of silicone tube intubation in acute dacryocystitis (AD) patients undergoing endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (En-DCR). METHODS: Patients presenting with unilateral AD were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. En-DCR procedures were performed following lacrimal abscess formation, with the operation being performed with silicone intubation for patients in group B but not group A. Functional success was defined by an absence of additional AD episodes, no epiphora, and ostium patency as established via endoscopic evaluation or fluorescein irrigation. Operative success rates and demographic variables were compared between treatment groups. RESULTS: In total, 66 patients were analyzed in the present study (33 per group), with complete postoperative data having been successfully collected from 27 and 22 patients in group A and group B, respectively. All patients exhibited complete resolution of acute inflammation. Upon follow-up, granulation tissue was detected around the ostium at higher rates in group B (9/22, 40.9%) relative to group A (4/27, 14.8%). At the 12-month follow-up time point, patients in group A exhibited higher success rates (25/27, 92.6%) relative to patients in group B (20/22, 90.9%), but this difference was not significant. Cases of lacrimal passage reconstruction failure in both groups were attributed to excessive fibrous and/or granulation tissue formation proximal to the intranasal ostium. CONCLUSION: Given that these two operative approaches are associated with similar rates of operative success and in light of differences in granulation tissue formation, cost, and operative duration, these data do not support the routine silicone intubation of AD patients following En-DCR surgery.

Metoclopramide HCl are used to reduce vomiting and nausea. The availability on the market in the form of tablet, syrup and injection. Patient tend to prefer take drugs by oral use because it was easier. Chewable tablet is the new product as the alternative ways to treatment children and adult patient who had difficulity problem of swallowing drugs. Objectives: This research aims to formulate the chewable metoclopramide HCl tablets using diluent variations to get a better physical quality test. Chewable tablets of metoclopramide HCl are made using diluent variations, they are mannitol, sucrose, lactose. Formula I mannitol, formula II sucrose, and formula III lactose. Chewable tablet preparations are made by the wet granulation method. Data collection was performed on physical characteristics including organoleptic, weight uniformity, uniformity of size, tablet hardness, tablet fragility, disintegration time, metoclopramide HCl levels. Physical quality test results were statistically analyzed to determine the effect of variations in the diluent on the characteristics of chewable tablets. The results of this research have an influence on the physical quality and uniformity of contents of various types of diluent variations between each formulation. In this research, fillers have an important role in the preparation of chewable metoclopramide tablets to determine the physical quality of the tablets and the uniformity of their contents. The variation of diluent that gives better results is mannitol. This is because formulas that use mannitol have uniformity in content that meets the requirements, faster disintegration time, and physical quality of tablets that still meet the requirements, when compared to the first and second formulations. The variation of diluent that gives better results is mannitol.

Introduction.The recurrent course of an ingrown toenail remains a serious problem to this day, despite the centuries-old history of its study. Among outpatient patients, the incidence of this disease reaches 10% and does not tend to decrease, and among the population, the incidence of ingrown toenail is 3.4%. Theaimof the work was to study the causes of recurrent ingrown toenail and the effectiveness of using a laser beam in the treatment of this pathology.Material and methods.The authors analyzed the causes of recurrent ingrown toenail in 66 patients after various surgical interventions for the period from 1990 to 2020.Results and discussion.The following causes of relapse of the disease were identified: removal of the entire nail plate not according to indications, carrying out marginal resection of the nail on the affected side with the preservation of the nail plate matrix, performing removal of granulations in the nail roller area with the preservation of the nail, underestimating the importance of anti-inflammatory drug treatment in the postoperative period, as well as the importance of correcting metabolic processes in patients with concomitant pathology. A clinical case is presented: a patient with a non-healing wound after four surgeries due to an ingrown toenail with a recurrent course. The patient underwent a Schmiden surgery with resection of the “ingrown edge” of the right first toe nail and removal of infected granulations using laser irradiation of the wound and careful treatment of the matrix area in the projection of the removed part of the nail. In the postoperative period, bandages with ointment based on chloramphenicol and methyluracil were used for local treatment. Recovery occurred on the fourteenth day.Conclusion.In order to reduce the number of relapses of the disease, it is recommended to perform a matrixectomy of the bed of the removed nail plate using laser or radio wave radiation.

Pharmaceutical tablets are robust, flat, or biconvex dishes, according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Depending on a range of medicinal substances, they vary in shape and differ greatly in size and weight. In the era of increasing health awareness and strict standards set by regulatory authorities such as the US FDA, WHO, and globalization, it has become mandatory for the producer to launch a product cost-effectively. In the tablet dosage form, two classes of drugs are administered orally. Narrow extensions of the parietal peritoneum that suspend the diaphragm's liver are the right and left coronary ligaments. To produce an effective and reliable product, the drug must have a fine particle size and a large surface area. The tablet coating takes place inside a perforated rotating drum in a controlled atmosphere. Tablets are lifted and turned into the center of the drum from the sides. To make the tablet surface easier to swallow, every tablet surface is exposed to an even amount of deposited/sprayed coating. The purpose of the present investigation is to formulate a tablet of Metadoxine, which improves cognitive impairment and the main psychological symptoms due to occasional or prolonged alcohol abuse, such as aggressiveness, agitation, mood, and behavioral disturbances. The tablets were prepared using direct compression, dry granulation, and wet granulation method and a comparison of the same with an innovator’s product. Keywords: Tablets, Metadoxine, Dry granulation, direct compression, wet granulation.

Diabetes mellitus, especially type II, is one of the most common chronic diseases. Its first-line oral treatment is metformin, commonly in combination with another agent such as sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. The commercial combination is Janumet XR 50/500 mg, in which the extended-release metformin core tablet is coated with an immediate-release layer of sitagliptin. However, the coating process with solvents and a high temperature might affect the sitagliptin properties and product quality. Hence, the present study aimed to develop bilayer matrix tablets incorporating both drugs into two separate layers, a sustained-release metformin layer, and an immediate-release sitagliptin layer. Wet granulation and direct compression methods were used for the metformin and sitagliptin layer, respectively. The optimal formulation was selected and characterized based on the design of experiments method. In vitro release and in vivo bioequivalence studies were also conducted to compare with the reference Janumet XR 50/500 mg. The optimized formulation immediately released sitagliptin (> 95%) within 30 min at pH 1.2 and sustained the release metformin for 10 h at pH 6.8. The in vivo behaviors of the bilayer tablets were bioequivalent to the commercial product, Janumet XR 50/500 mg. The bilayer tablets could provide an alternative approach for combination therapy of type II diabetes.

Introduction: Adhesive systems make it possible to perform aesthetic and minimally invasive restorations, being the subject of research to circumvent the problems that arise in the restorative procedure. Objective: Evaluate in vitro the bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system, and modified with extractive grape seed solutions. Methodology: Two extractive solutions were prepared with powdered grape seed extract dissolved in acetone and ethanol. From them and an adhesive, six experimental self-etching adhesive systems were prepared, differing in terms of the solvent used and the proportions between pure adhesive and extractive solution, ranging from 7.5%, 15% and 30%. Seventy healthy bovine incisors had their roots removed with carborundum disc and the vestibular faces were worn with sandpaper with granulation water 120, 240, 600 and 1200 under refrigeration until the superficial dentin was exposed. The teeth were randomly assigned to seven different groups: Control; A7.5; A15; A30; E7.5; E15; and E30, containing 10 elements each. The application of the adhesives was carried out according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the control adhesive. The restoration was performed with a silicone matrix with dimensions 2 mm high and 4 mm in diameter and the restorative material was inserted in a single increment and light cured for 40s. After three months stored in distilled water, the specimens were submitted to the bond strength test. The statistical method Parametric Test Anova 1 Factor and Tamhane post-test (p

This study was conducted to determine the comparison of re-epithelialization, granulation and the number of inflammatory cells infiltration between topical application of chicken yolk oil and bioplacenton on white rat (Rattus norvegicus) skin that has induced with second degree burn wound. This research was a laboratory experimental study using 18 male white rats divided into control positive (K+) group, bioplacenton (P1) and chicken yolk oil (P2). Observation of the re-epithelialization, granulation and inflammatory cells infiltration were carried out 14 days after the rat were induced with second degree burn wound. The necropcy was performed on the 14th day and then the skin organs were treated with HE staining and observed under a microscope. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis followed by Mann Whitney. The results of the analysis showed that K + had significantly different results (P 0.05). In this study, it can be concluded that chicken egg yolk has a comparable effect with bioplacenton toward the score of re-epithelialization, granulation and the number of inflammatory cell infiltration.

Objective: Losartan potassium is one of the widely prescribed antihypertensive drugs administered orally and its extended-release tablet formulations are essentially required for the long-acting effect at reduced dosage frequency. The present research was aimed for the development and optimization of an extended-release tablet of losartan potassium, exploring natural gums, i.e., xanthan gum and guar gum as drug release modifiers. Methods: The tablet formulation was prepared by wet granulation method and the formulation optimization was done by D-optimal mixture design using Design Expert® software. The independent variables studied were xanthan gum (X1), guar gum (X2) and lactose (X3) taking various combinations of the total amount of gum and ratio of xanthan gum to guar gum under the given constraint range. The dependent (response) variables studied were % drug release in 1h (Y1), 4h (Y2), 7h (Y3) and 10h (Y4). The developed tablets were evaluated for physical properties, i.e., hardness, friability, weight variation as well as the in vitro drug release profiles. For optimization studies, the polynomial equations and response surface plots were generated and the optimized formulation was selected on the basis of maximum desirability value. Results: The developed tablet formulation was found to possess all physical properties within the desired range and showed sustained release profile with ~80% drug release in 10 h duration. The model fitting studies demonstrated best fit in the zero-order model and the slope value of Korsmeyer–Peppas plot was ˃0.89, suggesting case II transport as a drug release mechanism. Conclusion: The findings suggested that natural gums-based matrix tablets of losartan could be successfully developed and natural gums can be explored as platform technology as release retardants and in the development of sustained-release matrix tablets of other drugs.

The purpose of this research was firstly to prepare solifenacin succinate functional particles embedded in a gelling-swelling layer (PEGS) so as to achieve both taste-masking of the unpleasant taste of the drug and rapid drug elution, and secondly to incorporate these PEGS into orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). In in vitro dissolution tests, initial drug release from the prepared PEGS could be suppressed to less than 1% after 2 min and increased to more than 85% after 30 min by adjusting the composition of the PEGS, in particular the thickness of the outer water-penetration control layer which contains a water-insoluble polymer. For the preparation of ODTs containing PEGS, a semi-direct compression method was adopted in order to prevent damage to the PEGS by processes such as granulation or compaction. The use of a fibre-shaped microcrystalline cellulose with poor fluidity improved the content uniformity of the ODTs, as the crystal fibres became entangled with the PEGS and other additives. The use of spherical mannitol with a hollow structure produced by spray drying imparted relatively high hardness and rapid disintegration properties to the final ODTs containing PEGS, which were tableted using a low compression force. There was no significant difference in the drug-release profiles of the optimally formulated ODTs containing PEGS tableted at different compression forces. The ODTs containing PEGS maintained a drug-release lag time sufficient for taste-masking of solifenacin succinate.

Objective of the study was an assessment of the degree of contamination of cholera chemical vaccine at the stages of preparation and determination of the ways to reduce it.Materials and methods. Liquid and lyophilized components of the cholera chemical vaccine used in the study: cholerogen-anatoxin and O-antigens of Vibrio cholerae 569B and V. cholerae M-41 strains, as well as auxiliary substances (sucrose, talc, calcium stearate, starch). Granulation was carried out in a device that works on a fluidized bed principle, GPCG 2 (GLATT, Germany). Subsequent tabletizing of the mixture was performed using MiniTabT compression machine (LUXNER, Germany). Studies were conducted on the evaluation of “microbiological purity” at the stages of manufacturing of the cholera chemical vaccine, tablets coated with an enteric coating. Positive or negative growth of microorganisms on Petri dishes with nutrient media was determined on visual inspection.Results and conclusions. The dynamics of changes in microbial contamination at certain technological stages of vaccine production has been revealed. It is shown that the solutions of antigens in the process of separation are subject to microbial contamination which is associated with the use of ammonium sulfate during precipitation and non-sterile water at the stage of dialysis. Sterility of semi-finished products has been achieved through twophase filtration of choleragen-anatoxin and sterilization of O-antigens of V. cholerae 569B and V. cholerae M-41 strains with flowing steam at (100±1) °C for 30 minutes. In order to decrease microbial contamination at the stage of granulation additional fine filters were installed in the air-supply system. Further on comparative assessment of microbial purity of vaccine batches obtained using both, direct compression and preliminary granulation, was carried out. It has been experimentally demonstrated that granulation of the components of a tablet mixture of cholera vaccine leads to a decrease in the level of bacterial contamination and improves the microbiological purity of the finished dosage form.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical features and outcomes of patients with middle-ear granulation pathologies associated with attic retractions.MethodThe clinical records of adult patients with middle-ear granulation pathologies and attic retractions confirmed via computed tomography and surgical exploration between January 2012 and January 2019 were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsA total of 59 patients were included. Endoscopic examination showed a normal pars tensa but retraction of the pars flaccida in all patients. No granulation tissue or debris were observed. Low-pitched tinnitus was the principal complaint of 55 patients (100 per cent), followed by ear fullness (14 patients, 23.7 per cent). Of the 59 patients, 52 patients (88.1 per cent) underwent canal wall up mastoidectomy and 7 patients (11.9 per cent) underwent endoscopic endaural atticoantrotomy. No ossicular chain destruction was evident. All patients were followed up for 12 months. Tinnitus disappeared completely in 48 patients (81.4 per cent), improved significantly in 9 patients (15.3 per cent) and improved mildly in 2 patients (3.3 per cent).ConclusionA granulation tissue pathology should be considered when a patient complains of low-pitched tinnitus and exhibits retraction of the pars flaccida. Computed tomography and surgical exploration should be scheduled.

Hydatid disease occurs in most areas of the world and currently affects about one million people. Albendazole is an orally administered broad spectrum anthelmintic drug approved by US FDA in 1996. Literature review suggests Albendazole is low solubility compound and most of the studies were performed to improve the solubility with traditional approach of product development. The present study was aimed to apply Design of Experiments (DoE) in the development and optimization of drug release from new Albendazole tablets using three factor two level (23) full factorial designs with integrated Quality be Design (QbD) approach. New Albendazole tablets were formulated using micronized grade of the Albendazole active and excipients were selected inline with market reference product. Quality target product profile (QTPP) and Critical quality attributes (CQAs) were designed. Risk assessment was used to identify the Formulation variables impacting CQA dissolution. The amount of Formulation variables were optimized on the basis of drug release profiles at 15 minutes and 30 minutes of different formulation batches manufactured based on 23 full factorial design. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique and evaluated for various physicochemical parameters and in vitro drug release. Formulation trials dissolution results at 15 minutes and 30 minutes were evaluated to derive the concentration of Formulation variables which will achieve the release of more than 80%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis, Pareto chart and Contour plot were used to predict the values of formulation variables and their effect on dissolution. Updated risk assessment of the Formulation Variables was performed and justification was provided for reduction of risk from medium to low level. Optimized formulation from DOE had comparable dissolution profile with market reference tablet. Stability studies of new Albendazole tablets 200 mg were conducted at ICH accelerated conditions and found to be stable. Thus studies revealed that full factorial experimental design could efficiently be applied for optimization of formulation variables affecting drug release. New Albendazole tablets 200 mg successfully formulated with application of the integrated quality by design (QbD) and design of experiment (DOE) approach and thereby achieved comparable release profile with market reference product.

In the present study the Suitable analytical methods were developed for the drug using UV – visible spectrophotometer. From the Preformulation study and thermal analysis (DSC), the interference was verified and found that the drug did not interfere with the excipient use.Core tablet was successfully prepared by wet granulation using Polyethylene oxide WSR N80, Mannitol 25C, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, Polyethylene WSR 303, sodium chloride, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E5), Iron oxide red. Isopropyl cellulose was found to be suitable granulating fluid for binder.Formulation of the drug coating was optimized by using 22 factorial design of experiment.The coated tablets were evaluated for various physicochemical parameter. About 79 to 95% of drug was released from the formulation A-E in 24 hr in 6.8 phosphate buffer.The in vitro drug release data were plotted in zero order kinetics and optimized batch were evaluated on the basis of regression coefficient.The in-vitro drug release from the optimized formulation in the dissertation was directly proportional to the concentration of plasticizer and concentration of cellulose acetate.The manufacturing procedure was standardized and reproducible

Weight loss Rattus norvegicus wistar strain can be done by a variety of chemical and traditional medicine. One of the traditional medicines used for weight loss is to use Placuna Placenta chitosan. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of Placuna Placuna Placenta granules as a weight loss agent for Rattus norvegicus. This study was an experimental study with 5 concentrations of 5%, 7.5% and 10% Placuna Placuna Placenta chitosan observed for 30 days. The positive control used weight loss drugs in the market, while the negative control used granule formulation without the addition of Placuna Placuna Placenta chitosan. The experimental research design posttest only control group design, treatment or intervention in the experimental group by comparing groups. Comparisons or differences were analyzed statistical tests using the ANOVA test. The optimal concentration of chitosan granule formulation of Placuna Placuna Placenta as a weight loss for Rattus norvegicus wistar strain was 10%.

Introduction Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy aims to establish a patent nasolacrimal fistula. Use of silicone stent is a preferred modification to achieve long term patency of neo-ostium, though it has been blamed for granulations, synechia and punctal erosion. Present study was done to evaluate and compare the outcomes of Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with and without stent. Materials and Methods 40 patients of with chronic dacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct blockage were selected for the study. Nasal endoscopy was done for suitability of surgical access and to detect any nasal pathology. Sac syringing was done to assess the site of blockage and Dacryoscintigraphy to confirm it. 20 patients in Group A underwent Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy without stent and remaining 20 in Group B with silicone stent. Success rates were determined by subjective relief from epiphora and by endoscopic visualization of rhinostomy opening, granulation tissues/ synechiae at rhinostomy site and by result of sac syringing. Results In Group A, complete relief was obtained in 75% patients, significant relief in 10% and no relief in 15% patients thus recording overall success rate of 85%; whereas in Group B complete relief of symptom was obtained in 70% patients, significant relief in 10% and no symptom relief in 20% patients thus recording the overall success rate of 80%. Cases in Group B were also found to have persistent epiphora (17.5%), stenosis of ostium (25%), granulation (35%) and synechia (37.5%). Conclusion Stenting does not significantly improve the success of Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy but is associated with more complications.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a ternary mixture of smart polymers comprised of Eudragit®E100, Eudragit®L100, and sodium alginate to serve as a carrier for sustained drug release for weakly basic drugs. The model drug chosen in this part of the study is Metronidazole. Methods: Matrix tablet formulations were prepared by either direct compression or by wet granulation. Dissolution studies were conducted using USP XXΠ rotating paddle apparatus in three different consecutive stages (pH 1.2, 4.8, and 6.8). Tablets made of low to intermediate proportions of sodium alginate and approximately equal proportions of Eudragit®E100 and Eudragit®L100 were found to have a significant modification of drug release rates. Results: Thus, indicating a potential for controlling the drug release for 12 hours depending on polymers ratios in the formulation. The ratio of sodium alginate to total Eudragit® polymers and the ratio of Eudragit®E100 to Eudragit®L100 within the ternary polymeric composition were found critical in determining the controlled release performance. Conclusion: Results of swelling studies were in agreement with the dissolution behaviors of the tablets. The findings suggest the significance of the ternary polymeric compositions in controlling the release of a weakly basic drug, Metronidazole.

The present work involves the formulation development, optimization and In-vitro evaluation of bilayer tablet containing Lansoprazole in the immediate release layer and Amoxycillin in the sustained release layer, using sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant for the immediate release layer and the hydrophilic matrix HPMC K100M, hydrophobic matrix Ethyl cellulose are used in the sustained release layer. Bilayer tablet showed as initial burst effect to provide dose of immediate release layer Lansoprazole to control the acid secretion level and the sustained release of Amoxycillin for 24 hours. Immediate and sustained release tablets were formulated by wet granulation method because of the poor flow property of the blends. The prepared bilayer tablet was evaluated for their precompression parameters, physical characteristics like hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, uniformity of drug content, swelling index, In-vitro floating studies and In-vitro drug release. The release of the lansoprazole from the immediate release layer was found to be 97.46 ± 0.15% in 15minutes. The release of Amoxycillin Trihydrate for the sustained release floating layer was found to be 98.25 ± 0.14% in 12 hours. Lansoprazole potentiate the effect of Amoxycillin. Hence the bilayer tablets of Lansoprazole and Amoxycillin were used to improve patient compliance towards the effective management of ulcer. Keywords: bilayer tablet, Lansoprazole, and Amoxycillin, sustained release

Introduction: Modifying natural polymers have imparted desirable properties making them suitable as pharmaceutical additives. Aim: This research work was to prepare pre-gelatinized breadfruit starch using acetone to reduce drying time and energy expended. The modified starch was evaluated as a disintegrant in paracetamol oral compacts. Methods: Starch from unripe mature bread fruit was pre-gelatinized, precipitated with acetone to reduce drying time. Native and pre-gelatinized starches were characterized for micromeritics, compatibility studies with test drug using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) and water interaction properties (viscosity, swelling power and hydration capacity). Paracetamol granules formed by wet granulation were compacted incorporating starches as disintegrant intragranularly, extragranularly and combining both methods. Disintegration and dissolution studies done. Results: Pre-gelatinization did not alter the native starch chemically and their pH were within pharmaceutical limits. The disintegration efficiency ratio (DER) for the P2 and P3 (tablet batches with pre-gelatinized starches) compared favourably with that of corn starch. Also, the dissolution kinetics of the breadfruit starches followed the Hixson Crowel’s model while that of reference corn starch was best described by the Higuchi kinetic model. Conclusion: Breadfruit starch is edible and the properties of its pre-gelatinized form as a disintegrant compares favourably with corn starch BP. It could be an good alternative as pharmaceutical excipient.

Evaluating the potential of gross Linum usitatissimum L. seed mucilage to be used as a drug release retardant. In order to do so, seeds were subjected to a simple and scalable extractive process comprising few stages, without alcohol-based precipitation. Matrix tablets based on hydrophilic polymers are one of the simplest forms of developing modified release systems. Flaxseeds were added to distilled water at a flaxseed:water ratio of 1:13; the suspension was continuously stirred at room temperature, for 24 h. Flaxseeds were sieved and the gross linseed mucilage was freeze-dried. Subsequently, the sample was analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IV-TF) at wavelength ranging from 650 to 4000 cm−1. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy analysis has suggested the presence of flaxseed mucilage polymers in the extracted product. Tablets presenting mucilage or HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) and tablets without polymer were prepared based on the wet granulation technique. Matrix tablets presenting mucilage or HPMC have shown similar dissolution profiles, as well as similar potential in drug release control. The product extracted from flaxseed under simple conditions, even without undergoing purification process, can have high technological value in the pharmaceutical industry because it has excellent potential to be used as excipient for matrix tablet manufacturing.

In the sintering of iron ores, the partial substitution of anthracite for coke breeze has been considered to be an effective way of reducing pollutant emissions and production cost. In this study, the basic characteristics of anthracite and coke breeze were compared and the sintering performance at different substitution ratios of anthracite for coke breeze was investigated. The porosity of anthracite is lower than that of coke breeze, but its density and combustion reactivity are higher. The substitution of anthracite for coke breeze has no influence on the granulation effect of the sintering blend. As the anthracite proportion increased, the sintering speed and productivity increased and the sintering yield and tumbler index decreased. As the substitution ratio increased from 0 to 60%, the melting temperature duration and the melt quantity index decreased from 2.59 to 2.03 min and from 3218.28 to 2405.75 °C·min, respectively, leading to insufficient sintering mineralization and bad sintering indexes. For an anthracite substitution ratio of 40%, the sintering speed, sintering productivity, sintering yield and tumbler index were 22.34 mm min−1, 1.49 t·(m2 h)−1, 71.65% and 63.59%, respectively, which entirely satisfies the production requirements. Furthermore, hematite (Fe2O3), calcium ferrite (CaO–Fe2O3), and compound calcium ferrite (CaO–SiO2–Fe2O3) were the major mineral phases, which were embedded with an interwoven structure.

The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate the gastro retentive floating tablets of ofloxacin and to improve its bioavailability. Ofloxacin gastroretentive floating tablets were prepared employing natural polymers using wet granulation method. Six formulations were prepared in different concentrations by using Tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) and pectin and evaluated for pharmaco technical parameters. FT-IR studies demonstrated that there is no evidence of interaction with drug, polymers and excipients. The prepared formulations were evaluated for the precompression parameters and were in the acceptable limits. Physical characteristics, in vitro drug release, buoyancy lag time and swelling index were performed. The in vitro drug release profile showed that formulation (F2) containing tamarind seed polysaccharide exhibited 95.4% of drug release at the end of 12 h. The in vitro drug release kinetics reveals that the formulation F2 followed zero order kinetics and the mechanism of drug release was found to be non fickian. Among all the formulations, F2 can be considered as the promising formulation in releasing the drug up to 12 h.

The oral delivery of drugs undergoing extensive first-pass metabolism is a tedious task, as the bioavailability of such agents is severely hampered, resulting in poor pharmacological response and compromised dose economics. Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity all over the globe, wherein nifedipine is such a prescribed drug with extensive first-pass metabolism and compromised bioavailability. In an attempt to alleviate the concerns of nifedipine employing simple materials and methods, orodispersible tablets (ODTs) of nifedipine were explored using various methods and materials. Out of various methods viz. lyophilization technique, wet granulation, dry granulation and cotton-candy process, the last method fetched with ODTs with acceptable disintegration time, wetting time and drug release profile over 10 minutes in Sorenson's buffer simulating saliva. The novel material used Calcium Cross-Linked Cassia Fistula gum offered substantially improved ODT product over the conventional material, i.e., Croscarmellose Sodium (CCS). The optimized ODT not only improved the bioavailability of the drug by decreasing the drug extraction at the liver site, as evident from in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies, but also offered substantial reduction in the systolic blood pressure in L-NAME antihypertensive studies in Wistar rats. The in-vivo performance of the selected ODT was far more improved than that the available marketed product as well as the plain drug, advocating the superiority of the developed system over the marketed one. The pharmacokinetic, biodistribution and pharmacological evidences coupled with the results from the in-vitro parameters like wetting time, disintegration time and drug release profile provide a ray of hope for a commercially viable ODT product for nifedipine to manage the hypertension related problems.

In this paper, eight zircon granules were prepared by granulation method, using zircon powders as raw material, α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 as additives and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as binder, respectively. Then, the influence of α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 addition on phase composition, lattice parameters, microstructure and physical characterization were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results reveal that Al2O3 could influence the Al2O3–ZrSiO4 system by reacting with SiO2 and dissolving into the zircon crystal lattice. The changing of the crystal lattice and the formation of mullite were the main influence factor. The zircon aggregate with 3.0 wt% γ-Al2O3 rendered an optimal apparent porosity of 25.2 %, a high cylinder compressive strength retention rate of 55.1 %, a relatively homogeneous pore size distribution and a smaller changing in lattice parameters.

The Indonesian pharmaceutical industries still rely on imports for more 90% of active raw materials and excipient raw materials. A research is needed to develop the production of pharmaceutical excipients, especially those derived from natural ingredients, to support the country's economy. One source of natural materials are widely available in Indonesia and can be developed is starch from Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L). Starch is often used as dilluent, disintegrat and binder in tablet formulation. Starch, including starch from Purple Sweet Potato, was an excipient tablet that had bad flowability and compressibility, so that the physical properties need to be improved. One way to improve the characterization of amilum is co-processing. The purpose of this study was to develop a co-process from Purple Sweet Potato Starch and combined with Avicel PH 101 as excipient fillers for tablets. The method used in the preparation of these co-process was wet granulation. The formula determination was caried out with Design Expert 10.0.1 software. Results obtained from experiments and recommendation formula from Design Expert 10.0.1 was verified with One Simple T-test with confidence level of 95%. Based on the results it can be concluded that the increased concentration of purple sweet potato starch increased moisture content and lowering compressibility and density. While the increased concentration of Avicel PH 101 increased compressibility and density; it could lower moisture content and the flowability time. The formula that gave the best characteristic of co-processed was obtained at a concentration of purple sweet potato starch and Avicel PH 101 on 62.493%: 37.507%. Based on One Simple T-Test, there is no significant difference between the experimental results with recommendation formula from Design Expert 10.0.1. From the FT-IR test results may indicate that the formation of the co-process did not change the form of the chemical structure of substances, but only changed the physical properties of substance. Based on the results of SEM, the morphology of the shape bond formation co-process so that the granules become larger and purple sweet potato starch forms a round and partly change shape after do the heating at 60°C. Keyword : Co-processing, Purple_Sweet_Potato, Starch, Avicel_PH101, FTIR

That term altered - discharge measurement manifestation is used to portray results that change the timing and rate for the arrival of the drug substance. A modified release measurement type will be characterized "as a particular case to which the pill arrival aspects for a period course or area need aid picked on finish restorative alternately comfort destinations not advertised by routine measurement structures, for example, solutions, ointments, alternately immediately dissolving dosages manifestations. xanthan gum, a polysaccharide, crude cashew gum, Diclofenac sodium powder, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, talc and magnesium stearate. Wet granulation, procedure of wet granulation in 6-Step. Every last one of batches of tablets passed that consistency and weight test and pill substance test the batches of tablets be that as clump 3 passed those pulverizing quality test every last one of batches and tablets yet batches 4 furthermore 10 passed the friability test. Tablets holding main xanthan gum similarly as arrival modifier attained the most astounding pulverizing quality friability proportion (CSFR) for the individuals clinched alongside clump 10 hosting those most reduced. Furthermore, the individuals for clump 3 required the most reduced swelling list. Those investigations need demonstrated that cashew furthermore xanthan gums utilized alone can't proficiently control medication regardless of discharge. Batches 7 and 8 holding xanthan gum also HPMC were capable on the result in supported medication regardless of discharge comparable to Voltaren retard.

Tablet merupakan salah satu bentuk sediaan farmasi yang sangat popular. Sediaan tablet dapat dibuat dengan berbagai cara, diantaranya dengan metode kempa langsung, granulasi basah, granulasi kering, fast melt granulation, dan foam granulation. Masing-masing metode tersebut memiliki kelebihan dan kelemahan. Metode kempa langsung memiliki kelebihan pada prosesnya yang cepat yaitu hanya membutuhkan proses pencampuran dan pengempaan. Tidak semua bahan aktif dapat langsung dikempa karena memiliki kelemahan pada sifat alirnya yang jelek dan tidak kompresibel. Proses kempa langsung memerlukan bahan tambahan atau eksipien yang disebut filler-binder. Artikel review ini akan mendiskusikan tentang perkembangan eksipien untuk pembuatan tablet secara kempa langsung. Saat ini banyak eksipien kempa langsung yang ditawarkan di pasar, dengan berbagai keunggulannya. Eksipien tersebut merupakan material co-processed yang dikembangkan dari material asal yang tidak dapat digunakan untuk eksipien kempa langsung. Berbagai co-processing yang dilakukan pada akhir akan menghasilkan material baru yang memiliki sifat-sifat yang lebih baik. Dengan tersedianya berbagai jenis eksipien kempa langsung, maka formulator memiliki pilihan yang beragam untuk diaplikasikan dalam formula yang dirancang. Hal ini akan memberikan keleluasaan dalam memilih eksipien untuk diaplikasikan pada berbagai zat aktif sehingga akan menghasilkan sediaan yang bermutu.

Introduction: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), is a potent antioxidant, and the human body cannot synthesis it, so ascorbic acid can be obtained from external sources as food and pharmaceutical products. Objective: This study was using formulation by design (FbD) concept to prepare effervescent granules of vitamin C with high quality and more patient compliance in less effort and cost. Methods: A 23 factorial design was used to study the physical and chemical characteristics of the granules (disintegration time (DT), taste of product (TP), carbon dioxide amount (CO2), and pH of the solution). Also the effects of and interaction between selected independent variables (citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate) evaluated, while, their concentrations were optimized by application of optimization model methodology for factorial design. Formulations were prepared by non-aqueous wet granulation method. Results: From the results of designed batches, the disintegration time ranged from 33±2.7 to 153±3.3sec while the amount of carbon dioxide ranged from 0.360±0.004gm to 1,512±0.002gm also the pH range was from 2.9±0.09 to 6.42±0.07 but the taste of product was coded numerically in proportional with acceptability from 1 to 5. According to the experimental design, both of studied independent variables have significant effect in determining the physicochemical characteristics of effervescent granules. Conclusion: FbD concept effectively was utilized for the development of vitamin C effervescent granules as per modern quality practices used in pharmaceutical industries.

Introduction: Kirinyuh leaf is a widely grown plant in Indonesia, containing alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Flavonoids are compounds that can capture free radicals or act as natural antioxidants. Effervescent granules can mask the bitter taste and simplify the dissolving process without involving manual stirring. Aim: The purpose of this study was to make and evaluate a formulation of effervescent granules of Kirinyuh leaf extract. Methods: The granule method was carried out by the wet granulation method. Granule evaluation included organoleptic test, water content test, dissolve time test, flow time test, pH test, and hedonic test. Results: Organoleptic test results showed similar granule size, slightly brownish colour, and characteristics of Kirinyuh leaf odour. When examining their quality, the granules produced met the requirements, with moisture content between 0.4% and 0.7%, dissolving time of 30-35 seconds, flow time test of 8-8.5 g/second, and pH of 5.6-5.8; the results of the hedonic test showed that the effervescent granule preparation was much preferred.

A differential spectrophotometry method for quantitation of the total flavonoid content of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) using aluminum chloride is developed. The following optimal conditions for extracting flavonoids from moringa plant material are established and substantiated: 70% ethyl alcohol as an extraction solvent, a 1 : 200 ratio of the plant material to the solvent, an extraction duration of 90 min, and a crude drug granulation of 1.0 mm.

Probiotic bacteria, such as different lactobacilli strains, have successfully been used to treat gingivitis and periodontitis or caries. By formulating probiotics as orodispersible tablet (ODT), the benefits of this dosage form could be utilized. Without any further measures, the probiotic bacteria will be eliminated too fast from the intended site of action, the oral mucosa. The use of mucoadhesive granules, composed of mucoadhesive polymer and probiotics, is a promising strategy to prolong the contact time between lactobacilli and oral mucosa without delaying disintegration. Three common mucoadhesive polymers, anionic Carbopol 971P NF, nonionic Metolose 65SH50 and cationic chitosan were included into tablets either by direct compression (DC) or after granulation with the probiotics. Disintegration, mucoadhesion of the tablets, and storage stability of the probiotics were characterized. By incorporating a sufficient amount of polymer superior probiotic mucoadhesion could be achieved. All formulations based on granulated probiotics and mucoadhesive polymer fulfilled the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acceptance level for disintegration of orodispersible tablets. These formulations exhibited excellent storage stability under refrigerated conditions over 30 months. Interestingly, ODTs including Carbopol 971P NF still proved superior mucoadhesion after long-term storage, whereas the mucoadhesive effect of Metolose 65SH50 and chitosan declined markedly. The results of this study suggest that Carbopol 971P NF was the most appropriate polymer for a probiotic mucoadhesive ODT.