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The surge of new words and phrases accompanying the sudden COVID-19 outbreak has created new lexical and sociolinguistic changes that have become part of our lives. The emergence of COVID-19s coinages has remarkably increased to establish a trending base of global neologisms. The present study attempts to investigate the nature of the new English words and expressions that emerged in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. It also identifies the type of word-formation processes that contributed to the emergence of these neologisms in the English language. The researchers compiled a corpus of 208 COVID-19-inspired neologisms from different sources, including social networking websites, search engines, blogs, and news articles. The analysis revealed that word-formation processes were so varied to cover all possible forms of derivation, including affixation, compounding, blending, clipping, acronyms, among others, along with dual word-formation processes, with compounding and blending being the most discrete. The findings showed that the flux of new terms demonstrates the creativity and vitality of the English language to respond to emerging situations in times of crisis. The study recommends that further research be carried out on the new terms that have been transferred to other languages as loanwords, loan-translations and loan-blends.

With the analysis of a textbook case, the inflectional category of dual in contemporary French, this article presents the hypothesis of a rise in morphology among the founding disciplines of grammar in written languages. Through a study of morphographies, this trend is considered here as a result of the emergence and development of so-called electronic dictionaries, with their lexicographical words as entries to access form / meaning associations. We know that these dictionaries, piloted by mixed teams of computer scientists and linguists, impose themselves step by step as major classificatory tools for the most general treatments, in theoretical and applied linguistics, now related in our modernity to the exploitation of large corpora that have become digitised.

Finnish-Russian dual citizens are the largest group of multiple citizens in Finland. Building on thematic interviews and drawing on Sara Ahmed’s work on cultural politics of emotions, this paper ex...

This article explores the duality of emergency powers and criminal law in old and new formations of empire. Set against the backdrop of the US “war on terror,” I link discussions around current articulations of empire and the treatment of “enemy combatants,” illuminating new connections between empire, emergency, and “enemy penology.” Focusing on Palestine/Israel, I explore the duality created by emergency powers and criminal law from the late British Empire to contemporary Israel/Palestine as an “imperial formation.” Through a genealogy of emergency legislation, military courts, and two case studies from the 1980s Israel, I show how emergency powers constitute a penal regime that complements ordinary criminal law through prosecutions of racialized enemy populations under a distinct exclusionary and punitive legality. Building on Markus Dubber's Dual Penal State, I demonstrate how the—openly illiberal—dual penal empire (i) suppresses political resistance (insurgency, rebellion, and terrorism) and (ii) institutionalizes enemy penology through emergency statutes and military courts. Thus, in imperial formations, such as Israel and the US—which deny their illiberal features—emergency powers are framed as preventive security and denied as part of the penal system, while enemy penology operates in plain sight.

The article presents an overview of the contexts and functions of using the names of mythological creatures found in the Samogitian daily discourse of the second half of the twentieth century, paying attention to the dual – rational or subconscious – nature of naming a mythological creature. The overview is based on the material provided by the Samogitian dialect dictionaries (see Aleksandravičius 2011, Vanagienė 2014–2015) and by the collection of authentic Samogitian speech texts (see Girdenis 1996). Special attention is paid to the types of expressions formed with the name of the devil. In the Samogitian daily discourse the name of the devil (or the name of another mythological creature subordinate to the devil) is used not only in cursing but also to show one’s ignorance (the type of constructions ‘the devil knows what’ is very popular), to convey comparisons, epithets, to reinforce the meaning of certain words. The word vel’(n’)s ‘the devil’ and some of its synonyms are chosen as a distinctive, but quite common substitute for a personal name or are used as an address (addressing a person). Usually, such descriptions are related to a person’s energy and otherness or changes in his/her behaviour patterns.

This study investigated the effects of four subtitle modes on the listening comprehension of TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) talks and academic vocabulary learning of intermediate (non-English major) and advanced (English major) English as foreign language (EFL) learners. A total of 272 Chinese college sophomore students were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups: Dual subtitles, English subtitles, Chinese subtitles, and no subtitles. The participants viewed four TED talks videos over a period of two weeks and were pretested (vocabulary) and posttested (vocabulary, listening comprehension). The results demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences among the four subtitle modes for intermediate learners. However, the findings showed significant differences among the four subtitle modes for advanced learners. Specifically, the no subtitle and dual subtitle groups performed significantly better than the English subtitle group on vocabulary learning. The Chinese subtitle group significantly outperformed the no subtitle group on listening comprehension. Taken together, the results for advanced English students indicated that the redundancy effect may exist in vocabulary learning and that adding dual subtitles may not impose high cognitive load. Accordingly, this study offered important implications for learning English through watching videos using different subtitle modes for Chinese students.

The purpose of this study is to expand satirical expressions that appear in a wide range of arts into fashion and to analyse and present satirical expressions that appear in contemporary fashion through the collections of Thom Browne. Theoretical examination of satirical concepts were made of domestic and foreign academic theses, dissertations, precious studies, and publications related to satire. Analysis was conducted on cases in which satirical expressions were applied in literature, painting, sculpture, and fashion. Based on these studies, analysis was conducted on satirical expressions appearing in Thom Browne’s work. Material was gathered from collection reviews, interview articles, professional books, and internet photo material from professional fashion magazines encompassing 16 years of Thom Browne’s collections officially recorded in the international fashion magazine ‘Vogue’, ranging from the 2006 S/S collection to the 2021 S/S collection. From this, a total of 1,753 photos were collected as data. Characteristics of satirical expression were analyzed and the results were as follows. A fluid reconstruction of ‘gender fluid’, dual meanings of metaphorical allegories, playful expressions of visual wit, constructions made of overlapped disassembled material, and borrowing of morphological distortion were all identified. Accordingly, satirical approaches as social aspects and objects in the flow of modern thought appear as positive forms based in humor that hope to be improved. This study anticipate the concept of satire will expand into a positive form as a new direction of fashion.

This article argues for understanding the reform of the Buddhist tradition in nineteenth-century Siam as a shift towards a secular conceptual grammar, and positions this shift within the dual imperial context of Siam. The binary conceptual structure that can be traced in the Nangsue Sadaeng Kitchanukit (Elaboration on major and minor matters, 1867) also included an opposition between Buddhism and Islam, documenting not only the epistemic marks of the Christian missionary encounter, but also the inner-political imperial context of Siam's hegemony over the Islamic sultanate of Patani.

The Treason Clause creates an individual right at a criminal trial that could have logically been placed within the Fifth Amendment rather than Article III: “No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.” It has effectively prevented expansive uses of the charge at the federal level. But states may also charge citizens with treason against state governments, and many such prosecutions have played important roles in American history. This article reviews the parallel histories of state and federal treason prosecutions. It then analyzes contemporary state treason laws, showing that many, but not all, states have analogues to the Treason Clause in their own constitutions. The article focuses on those states that provide fewer protections for defendants accused of treason, or define treason more broadly than the federal Constitution, asking whether the Treason Clause should be incorporated against the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. While the doctrine of incorporation is normally applied to the Bill of Rights, I argue that the Treason Clause creates an individual right that is “fundamental to our scheme of ordered liberty” and “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition.” Its similarities to the Bill of Rights with respect to its structure and purpose argue in favor of incorporation. I also consider whether treason remains relevant in the modern context, given the lack of recent significant treason prosecutions, concluding that it does.

Manuscript Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 12577 and ivory casket Musée du Louvre, OA 122, and are two of three extant fourteenth-century visualizations of Chrétien’s Le Conte du Graal, produced in Paris circa 1310-1330. Although the objects’ shared era of production suggests similarities of iconography, artistic influences, and production methods, little research has been conducted regarding visual and cultural connections between MS fr. 12577 and OA 122. Through iconographic and stylistic analysis of the scenes each artisan depicted within his respective medium, I elucidate how the casket and manuscript’s imagery personifies Perceval’s dual nature, a young knight symbolic of the secular and sacred. As visualizations of Chrétien’s most religiously-minded legend, MS fr. 12577 and OA 122 exemplify the intertwining of the sacred and secular within fourteenth-century French romantic art, specifically within illuminated manuscripts and carved ivory, materials that through their refinement, rarity, and expense, signified leisure, luxury, and nobility. By examining these two opulent objects, I provide insights into their purpose and significance in late medieval France, especially cultural crossover between the porous realms of sacred and secular medieval life. Manuscrito Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 12577 y cofre de marfil Musée du Louvre, OA 122, son dos de las tres visualizaciones existentes del siglo XIV de Le Conte du Graal de Chrétien, producidas en París alrededor de 1310-1330. Aunque la era de producción compartida de los objetos sugiere similitudes de iconografía, influencias artísticas y métodos de producción, se han realizado pocas investigaciones sobre las conexiones visuales y culturales entre MS fr. 12577 y OA 122. A través del análisis iconográfico y estilístico de las escenas que cada artesano representa en su medio respectivo, elucido cómo el cofre y las imágenes del manuscrito personifican la naturaleza dual de Perceval, un joven caballero simbólico de lo secular y lo sagrado. Como visualizaciones de la leyenda más religiosa de Chrétien, MS fr. 12577 y OA 122 ejemplifican el entrelazamiento de lo sagrado y lo secular dentro del arte romántico francés del siglo XIV, específicamente dentro de manuscritos iluminados y marfil tallado, materiales que, por su refinamiento, rareza y gasto, significaban ocio, lujo y nobleza. Al examinar estos dos opulentos objetos, proporciono ideas sobre su propósito y significado en la Francia medieval tardía, especialmente el cruce cultural entre los porosos reinos de la vida medieval sagrada y secular.

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the translator of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales into Afrikaans in the dual contexts of the ideological milieu that dominated the Afrikaans literary ...

The increase in Israeli emigration and Israeli dual citizenship over the past fifteen years has created growing expatriate communities and Hebrew literary production outside of Israel. The emigrati...

During development of the Standard Lithuanian language at the end of the 19th century, the dialectal basis was chosen first, and the orthography varied yet for another twenty years. This article analyses the dual orthography – of books and personal orthography of their authors. The study is designed to find out whether the books published during that period reflect the orthographic model chosen by their authors; what factors, in addition to the author’s choice, may have influenced the orthography of the books.The influence of printers on the orthography of books during that period was smaller than before, as many authors did the proofreading themselves. Thus, printers were able to change the orthography in cases where books were printed without the author’s knowledge or consent, such as prayer books. If the author chose unusual, rare, or even self-invented characters, a limited inventory of prints could be a serious obstacle to keep their orthography in the book. As the case of Jonas Basanavičius shows, even when the author offered to finance the acquisition of the necessary prints, this was not necessarily done.At the end of the 19th century, books were published as supplements to periodicals. The editors of newspapers Ūkininkas and Tėvynės sargas adapted the orthography of such books to their periodicals. Under the terms of the press ban, it was often important for authors just to print a book, and the spelling model was chosen by the publisher. However, authors such as Basanavičius, who considered themselves the creators of the standard language, took care to present their chosen or created model of orthography in their books as well.As the cases of Liudvika Didžiulienė, Dominykas Tumėnas and Basanavičius show, two orthographic standards emerged during the research period: correspondence was written one way and books were printed another. Hence, it is not always possible to judge the orthographic model chosen by the authors in books published at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century.

Literature is a dual discipline as it deals with human beings and their environment at monist and dualist levels. Duality in literature in this respect arouses considerable interest here. It is explored in West African writings with a particular focus on Achebe’s A Man of the People and Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel. Both authors’ use of duality for each is examined by attempting to measure the two literary works’ main characters and the leading themes. Achebe’s Chief Nanga and his antagonist, Odili, are compared to Soyinka’s Baroka and his rival Lakunle. Sidi the center of the conflict in Soyinka’s play is measured to Achebe’s Edna. Both writers’ works are examined under the plane of the conflict of generations. The two literary works exhibit the themes of tradition versus modernity depicted through their characters. The analysis revealed that a character in one genre may be different from or similar to another’s story character from a similar or different setting.

This article examines the dual and paradoxical conception of the Arabic literary canon in Orientalist and Nahḍa discourses in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—an era of great change and closer mutual cultural awareness between Europe and the Arab world. What Arabic literature had long signified to European scholars since Antoine Galland’s eighteenth-century translation of The Arabian Nights (mysticism, Romanticism and a platform to explore sexual taboos) was very different from how the nationalist-minded Nahḍa intellectuals wanted to reconfigure it as the hallmark of the rational “Golden Age” of Arab civilization. Sexuality became a site of contestation between certain Orientalists who praised Arab literary “frankness” and an anxious class of Arab scholars who wanted to “cleanse” the Arabic literary canon and reconfigure it in line with modern, European standards of “respectability” and “politeness.”

This article examines how UK, English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish unionisms and unionists are responding to the Brexit crisis in the state. The United Kingdom faces a dual territorial sover...

The mastery of morphological structure and vocabulary acquisition are significantly associated. However, the association between the abilities of L2 learners to manipulate morphological elements and develop vocabulary size with native Arabic speakers needs to be assessed. This study assesses the impact of morphological knowledge on lexical acquisition and processing among English-speaking learners of Arabic. The study focused on gender (masculine/feminine) and the complete number system (singular/dual/plural) by native English speakers. The error rates and error patterns were analysed carefully to provide insight into the learner’s interlanguage grammar through the experiment. The experimental study design was used. The study sample included 40 of L2 Arabic speakers from Arabic language courses at major universities in Northern Virginia and Maryland. These were native English speakers with no exposure to Arabic before their enrolment in the university. The sample was divided into three groups (Group I, individual in the second year of Arabic program, Group II, individual in 3rd or 4th year of the program, and Group III control group, five native speakers of Arabic). Different tasks were presented to the groups, where PsychoPy software was used for task presentation. Audacity Version 2.0 was audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded by the experimenter. The production and comprehension test revealed that morphological problems are prevalent at the advanced proficiency level. It showed the role of animacy for the morphological variability and higher agreement accuracy for human targets. It concluded that morphological variability in L2 Arabic remains a persistent problem even at advanced levels of proficiency, extending to comprehension.

The writing of literary history, generally speaking, is a matter of selecting and organizing literary works according to aesthetic judgement and historical values. If one writes the literary history of a foreign culture, however, at least if one wants to include samples of literary works, one must contend with the issue of translation, not only in the sense of having to choose which source texts to translate but also in that of choosing among existing translations or of translating oneself. The dual role of a historian and a translator is a challenging and complicated balancing act, as proven in the case of H.A. Giles (1845–1935), whose 1901A History of Chinese Literature is the first Chinese literary history ever written in English. As one of the then leading sinologists in Europe, Giles had contributed tremendously to the dissemination of Chinese literature by way of smooth translations that appealed to his English readers, but which also formed an obstacle for the reader’s proper understanding of the history of Chinese literature. The evidence for this comes from his misguided take on the dual aspects of visibility and invisibility of the translator’s identity in writing about a foreign literature.

Drawing on ethnographic data collected while working as a deckhand on two Scottish trawlers, this article analyses the spatialisation of social, religious, and economic inequalities that marked relations between crew members while they hunted for prawns in the North Sea. Moreover, it explores these inequalities as a wider feature of life in Gamrie, Aberdeenshire, a Brethren and Presbyterian fishing village riven by disparities in wealth and religion. Inequalities identified by fishermen at sea mirrored those identified by residents onshore, resulting in fishing boats being experienced as small floating villages. Drawing on the work of Rodney Needham, this article suggests that these asymmetries can be traced along a vertical axis, with greater to lesser wealth and religiosity moving from top/above to bottom/below. The article seeks to understand the presence and persistence of these hierarchies at sea and on land, by revisiting dual classification within anthropological theory.

This chapter analyzes speeches delivered by former Colombian President, Álvaro Uribe Vélez, between August 2002 and August 2009, which can be found on the official website of the presidency: ( http://web.presidencia.gov.co/discursos/ ). We attempt to identify the webs of meaning surrounding the concepts of ‘Democratic Security’ and ‘Communitarian State’ with awareness of the relationship between discourse, ideology and power. The aim is to better understand the political power of the plans, programs and projects developed by Uribe’s administration, and how this was affected by widespread deployment of the media. These policies are conditioned by a set of colonialist principles that are embodied in symbolic-discursive strategies that result in representations, by means of which mechanisms of marginalization, discrimination and polarized hierarchy are legitimized from the different social spheres. During the 7-year period analyzed there were controversial debates over the commission of crimes against humanity by national security agents, as well as corruption scandals over topics like ‘para-politics’, ‘false positives’, selective arrests, extrajudicial killings and violations of the sovereignty of bordering countries. Within this political context, we attempt to identify the inherent tensions and social conflicts. It is argued that the analyzed discourses reproduce colonialist thoughts, in relation to neoliberal principles and the application of global policies. Using the principles of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), we explore the strategies and resources used in Uribe’s speeches and how major themes are positioned to reproduce systems of beliefs, values and attitudes.

This article draws from historical treatises on Arabic grammar, alongside modern theories of untranslatability and translation ethics, to argue for both the practical feasibility and the ethical potential of accounting for the grammatical Arabic dual inflection in English translations of Arabic literature. It considers the dual to possess certain formal qualities—of sound, sense, affective impact, and ontological significance—that require a correspondingly material and embodied mode of engagement from the translator, which is described here with reference to my own published translation of a contemporary Lebanese novel. Ultimately, I propose that such an approach enables new and more ethical ways of reading from an Anglophone audience.

The foundation and institutionalisation of Austrian and Hungarian geography not only occurred in the same historical period but also within the confines of the same territorial unit, the Habsburg Empire, and then the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. Just as in the case of the population and the enterprises, science had no internal borders within the Monarchy either; still, the vast majority of scholars treat the two parts of the Empire separately. In this paper, my view of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy as a unified legal entity is applied for the development of the discipline of geography. In addition to the process of institutionalisation in the Empire’s two parts (in the form of the establishment of university geography departments and geographical societies), I also provide an overview of the scientific work done by the heads of geography departments of the universities of Vienna and Budapest, the two main centres of national scientific life. By doing so, not only the Dualism-era development of Austrian and Hungarian geography can be compared and their connections can be identified but the Monarchy’s geographical discipline can also be placed in an international context.

The purpose of this study is to identify language influence on students' performance. This study involves 55 undergraduate student who are taking the Economic Principles course at the Sultan Idris Education University. The specific objectives of the study are; to identify the choice of language for the examination, to determine students' exam performance in both languages, and lastly to measure mean score difference by language and by gender. The data are analyzed by using descriptive statistics, paired-sample-test, and one way ANOVA. Comparisons between the mean scores show students perform better in the exam conducted in Malay language compared to exams in English. The result of the paired-sample-test provides indication that there is a significant difference between the two mean scores. The one-way ANOVA test has recorded significant results in the exam conducted in English only. The findings provide two main implications. Firstly, there is a significant difference in students’ performance when the exam is conducted in Malay and in English languages. It is highly recommended the exams are prepared in dual languages (English and Malay) in order to maximize the opportunity of the good and the weak students in English to achieve their highest score in the examination. Secondly, the results also reflect that the level of English language proficiency of the students at this institution is not at competitive level, or is weaker than their level of understanding in Malay language. In relating to this, the institution may want to reconsider the structure of the English program provided for the weak. This is a correction program so that in the long run the English language program and courses at the university succeeded in producing quality students in English proficiency; equivalent to their skills in Malay language domination.

In this article, I outline and theorize about a series of three lessons on playwriting I conducted in a secondary English Literature classroom in Singapore using drama improvisation strategies that I name drama-based playwriting, or DBP. I advance the argument that this genre of creative writing is best taught through the medium of drama so as to sensitize students to the demands of the art form that are not normally made apparent through traditional literary analysis. After all, drama has a dual life on the printed page and the theatrical stage.

This reflection on the influence of Napoleon and the consequences of the wars on the major British poets of the Romantic era is meant to illustrate how the reactions of both nobility and commoners are recorded in literature and media. The dual perception of Napoleon as both hero and tyrant and the atrocious suffering of those at home and bloody battles are manifest in the works of the major poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelly, and especially George Gordon, Lord Byron. Even today, Napoleon transcends precise definition and he has inspired some of the greatest poets in British literature

The desert-god Ha had theologically integrated the ancient Egyptian religious beliefs from a veryearly period as he was mentioned in the main funeral corpus of the Pyramid and Coffin Texts aswell. This survey aims to shed more light on the different aspects of Ha and the roles he playedthroughout an analytical study of his formal and particular names and epithets from the OldKingdom (2647-2150 BC) to the end of the Greco-Roman period (332 BC-642 AD). Named «1A: HA, 1A-Imn-Wn-nfr: HA-Amon-Wen-nofre, 1A aA: Ha-the-Great, 1A-m-5tA: Ha in Sheta,1A-4pd: Ha-Soped, 1A-4kr: Ha-Soker and 1r-1A: Horus-HA », the desert-god Ha was describedas « Nb Imntt: Lord of the West », « aA pHty: Great of might », « wr Sfyt: Great of terror », « nbpHty: Lord of might », « nTr mnx: Potent god », « sxm dm pt: Puissance who touches the sky »and « qA-a: High of arm », whose invincibility was thought to provide protection not only forEgypt especially the western deserts and their oases from enemies such as desert nomads,invading Libyan tribesmen, Asiatic people and Bedouin tribes, but also for the Underworld. Forthe most part, the different names and epithets applied to Ha determine definitely his dual natureof hostility and protection: he appeared as a punisher of the foreign Lands and, at the same time,as a powerful protector and a funerary god.

This chapter examines the morphology and semantic interpretation of the dual in Standard Arabic and Syrian Arabic. In the evolution from classical Arabic to modern dialects dual agreement was lost entirely and only a few dialects such as Syrian Arabic have preserved productive dual marking on nouns. Even though the forms of dual agreement in Syrian Arabic are syncretic with the plural agreement forms the agreement pattern of duals remain clearly distinct from plural agreement with plural DPs and nouns modified by higher numerals. Furthermore, while the plural in Standard and Syrian Arabic allows inclusive readings, the dual expresses exact cardinality of two and does not allow the equivalent inclusive duals.

The article is dedicated to the study of the complex concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH in the naïve picture of the world within a framework of a new scientific direction – dual linguistics: scientific and naive interpretation of language in the English lexicography. The complex concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH, which is verbalized by nominative units extracted from English general lexicographic sources, is considered. The nuclear zone of the naïve picture of the world counts three lexemes (which together contain 42 sememes), among which 161 semes have been filtered by means of seme analysis method. The most common semanteme, present in all nuclear lexemes, is the idea of the bilateral nature of any communicative unit. All of the nuclear zone lexemes in the primary dictionary position contain the seme, which emphasizes the unity of content and form of the phenomena under consideration. The medial zone of the nominative field of the verbalized WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH complex concept is many times bigger and more variable in comparison with the nuclear zone. It includes more than 700 lexical units with semantic components language, speech, communication. According to the thematic principle, the collected material was divided into 6 sectors: communication; units of language, speech; discourse, text; phonetical, grammatical and stylistic phenomena; language / dialect / slang, speaker; linguistics. Our analysis showed, that the peripheral zone of the nominative field of the complex WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH concept in the naive picture of the world is verbalized by phraseological units of the English language: idioms, paremias and proverbs (a total of more than 800 dictionary articles). They highlight different ethical and linguocultural stereotypes of the English-speaking ethnic group.

This essay discusses Seamus Heaney’s ‘Route 110’, from Human Chain, as an example of life writing as embodied in the very specific genre of poetry. His use of Virgil’s Aeneid Book VI as a type of cultural unconscious is examined, and the connections between the two works are viewed as tesserae, which come together as type of mosaic. Heaney has described this poetic sequence as an attempt to translate parts of Book VI of the Aeneid. ‘Route 110’ is also read in the light of Heaney’s book-length posthumous translation of Aeneid Book VI, and all three texts cohere and combine to form the mosaic of significant aspects of his life, as seen from an older perspective. The sequence is read in terms of the connection between the two books as an attempt to explore aspects of Eros and Thanatos in his own writing Este ensaio discute "Route 110", de Seamus Heaney, publicado em Human Chain, como um exemplo de escrita da si incorporada no gênero específico da poesia. Seu uso do Livro VI da Eneida de Virgílio como um tipo de inconsciente cultural é examinado, e cada uma das obras é vista como tesserae, que são reunidas como uma espécie de mosaico por meio da tradução e de uma perspectiva dupla. Heaney descreveu essa sequência poética como uma tentativa de traduzir partes do Livro VI da Eneida. ‘Route 110’ também é lida à luz da tradução de Heaney do Livro VI da Eneida, e todos os três textos unem-se e se combinam para formar o mosaico de aspectos significativos de sua vida, visto da perspectiva da senioridade. A sequência é lida em termos da conexão entre os dois livros como uma tentativa de explorar aspectos de Eros e Thanatos em sua própria escrita.

A circular pendant found near Neble, Zealand is interpreted as a double-sided amulet, decorated respectively on one side as a shield and as a wheel on the reverse. This dual iconography is suggested as a material reference to the kenning shield-wheel, known from Snorri Sturluson´s Skáldskaparmál.

The article deals with usage of the pedagogical genre in the novels Oliver Twist by Victorian writer Charles Dickens and the story “The Gemini” by Ukrainian writer Taras Shevchenko. It demonstrates that in the novel Oliver Twist by Dickens and the story “The Gemini” by Shevchenko there are some distinct genre features of the pedagogical novel: in both works, one can observe the development of authors’ experiments—the main heroes are placed in specific pedagogical circumstances. Unlike Shevchenko, Dickens promotes the idea of “noble” heredity, which is important for further formation of personality with high moral and ethical principles of the character that is able to resist the negative impact. Despite the external similarities with biblical motifs and themes, the plot of the novels is based on archaic components: the motif of the amazing rescue of the infant and dual organization of the myth about brothers (twins), where the first represents consistency of Good and the other Evil. In both works, antagonists are infantile individuals who revolt against their loving mothers. The writers construct images of wise mentors without whom ideal characters would not form successfully.

While Pakistan is a country with dual national languages, English and Urdu, there are over 74 regional languages actively spoken by its citizens. A changing and post-colonial world is placing demands on students to communicate and do business in English; however, their pre-university preparation across regions does not always, or often, provide adequate English mastery prior to their tertiary schooling where English is required knowledge. This study explores English teaching and learning of Pakistani learners attending a tertiary level institution. To seek solutions to some of the challenges they face, the study posits the possibility of translanguaging as a culturally responsive pedagogical approach to provide a pathway through which instructors might promote and maintain the country’s linguistic diversity while simultaneously promoting greater mastery of English. The data used for analysis were obtained from 1) 15 faculty instructors of English at this university and 2) 15 student participants who speak five of the major languages spoken in Pakistan. Findings reveal faculty perceptions and ideas about translanguaging as a culturally responsive pedagogy to be open to new considerations for meaning-making but in need of scaffolding in order to understand these approaches for teaching English to university learners. Insights into prioritizing students’ mother tongue as a point of departure and a resource in their learning suggests potential for creating a cross-over with the target language (English) to arrive at greater student engagement and more meaningful mastery of English as an outcome.

Austin defines what makes Central Europe a distinct and unique region, providing an overview of Central European history up to the First World War. The chapter begins with a survey of contemporary monuments in Budapest, Prague, Warsaw, and Berlin, along with explanations of how Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Germany have grappled with their often dark pasts. After looking at the 1848 revolutions and the nation builders of the nineteenth century, Austin discusses the importance of German unification and the dual compromise that created Austria-Hungary. The chapter ends with a discussion of the First World War, where Austin argues the Habsburg Empire was not destined to collapse, but circumstances made it impossible for the Empire to continue.

The fiction of Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte (E.D.E.N.) Southworth is replete with haunted Southern houses tucked away in secluded vales set against sublime rural American backdrops, but the spirits haunting these homesteads are not all of the same type. On the one hand, Southworth gives us narratives in which seemingly spectral phenomena resolve into real-world causation. On the other hand, Southworth spins Gothic melodramas focused on the haunting legacies of racism and patriarchal violence. This chapter will focus on the four haunted house stories that comprise Southworth’s 1860 The Haunted Homestead: And Other Nouvellettes. Taken together, these tales exemplify Southworth’s dual approach to haunting: ghosts may not be real, but homes are haunted nevertheless.

The opposition of the opposites is also reflected in the myth of the nations and one of the main fields of the myth is the struggle of different forces. Myth is the mother of epic, and any nation that does not have a myth is also useless of epic, and the main background of the epic of any nation is its myth. So this fundamental concept has also found its way into the epic; But in the process of materialization of phenomena from myth to epic, mythical concepts are formed differently in the epic, and during this process, the confrontation of human beings or heroes with evil forces, the confrontation of two tribes and clans, The two heroes become one with each other. In general, it can be said that epic is the fruit of man's struggle with anything that is against his dreams and aspirations and in opposition to his will and action. Meanwhile, the contrast between the phenomena of nature such as night and day, darkness and light, drought and wet season, greenery and autumn and the like, had caused the human way of thinking and worldview based on the same contrast. And as a result, human mythology is full of these contradictions. Moreover, even in later periods, such a way of thinking has prevailed in the human mind and historical data have been analyzed and explained based on this approach. Another important factor in the existence of confrontation and contradiction in mythology is the existence of secondary ideas in these works; Because the important principle in the dual thought of the myths of ancient Iran is the conflict between the demonic forces and the Ahura forces, which considers the whole world as the place of these two opposing forces; Influenced by this idea, we always encounter confrontation and war between groups in Shahnameh. One of the important sources and a collection of myths and legends and even valuable historical contents of this region is Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, which is divided into three parts: mythology (from the time of Kiomars to the kingdom of Fereydoun), heroism (from the rise of the blacksmith to The assassination of Rostam and the reign of Bahman, son of Esfandiar) and historical (from the reign of Bahman and the birth of Alexander to the opening of Iran to the Arabs) has been divided.

Dasaĩ is a Yakthumba popular festival. The cult of Durgā legitimates the authority of the political headmen, the subbā, who appeared after the Gurkha conquest (having been delegated by the “kings”, called hang). The hang was in fact an ordinary head of house (tumyang) like any other. The subbās seem to have taken over from the former kings. But because he enjoyed the favor of Nahangma, the yakthumba goddess of the mountain, he was recognized as primus inter pares (tum tumyang) and was brought to power. Nahangma is not present at Dasaĩ but is replaced by another goddess called Yuma (the grandmother) with whom she has always been fighting. But this does not mean she is not still worshipped in each house on her own dates. And just as Durgā and Yuma legitimate the subbā’s monopoly of power over arms, Nahangma legitimates this same power for each household head under the subbā; thus a contradiction arises. And so we find the Yakthumba living under the twofold antagonistic power of the gods (Durgā and Nahangma), which is the foundation of the twofold antagonistic power of men (subbā and tumyang). If this hypothesis is correct, then the hang of the past, also a head of house, has not disappeared, which is what the author has shown. Dasaῖ chez les Yakthumba est une fête populaire. Le culte de Durgā rend légitime l’autorité de chefs politiques appelés subbā qui sont apparus après la conquête gurkha : ayant reçu délégation des pouvoirs du roi du Népal, ils auraient pris la succession d’anciens « rois » appelés hang. Ces hang étaient en fait des chefs de maison (tumyang) comme les autres. Mais par la faveur de Nahangma, divinité de la montagne yakthumba, ils étaient reconnus les premiers parmi leurs pairs (tum tumyang) et portés au pouvoir. Nahangma n’est pas présente à Dasaῖ, remplacée par une autre déité appelée Yuma (la Grand-Mère) avec laquelle elle fut toujours en guerre. Mais elle n’en continue pas moins d’être célébrée dans chaque maison, à des dates qui lui sont propres. Et de la même façon que Durgā et Yuma rendent légitime ce même pouvoir, Nahangma légitime ce même pouvoir pour chaque chef de maison qui dépend du subbā : il y a contradiction.On se trouve donc chez les Yakthumba dans une situation de double pouvoir antagoniste des dieux (Durgā et Nahangma) qui fonde le double pouvoir antagoniste des hommes (subbā et tumyang). Si cette hypothèse est fondée, alors le hang d’autrefois, chef de maison lui aussi, n’a pas disparu. C’est ce que montre l’auteur.

Although the Eastern Catholic Churches are seen by many today as obstacles to full communion between the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, history offers at least three possible ways for them to serve the cause of unity and become true bridgebuilders between East and West. First, the Eastern Catholic Churches could remain part of the Catholic Communion, but at the same time increasingly become “the Orthodox voice” within it. This, for example, was the role of both Melkite Patriarch Gregory II Youssef at Vatican I and Patriarch Maximus IV at Vatican II. Second, the Eastern Churches could continue to explore the possibility of a dual communion with both Rome and Constantinople, a state of affairs that appears to have existed in the Kyivan Church for several years prior to Brest. Third, the Eastern Catholic Churches could return to those Orthodox churches from which they originally sprang, serving within Orthodoxy as an antidote to the anti-Catholicism that currently poisons relations between East and West.

During the Asia-Pacific War (1931–1945), there were Nisei (in this context, second-generation Japanese Americans and Canadians) who used their language skills to serve in the Japanese war effort. In the 1930s, thousands of Nisei crossed the Pacific for education and employment in Japan. At the time of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, some had chosen to stay in Japan or were stranded there. They were recruited by the Japanese government to engage in language-related tasks. This chapter examines the backgrounds and activities of Nisei linguists within the Japanese war organizations and the consequences they faced in the postwar period. The discussion illuminates the nature of work assigned to heritage language speakers, the issue of dual citizenship and the visibility of interpreters in war.

This research aims to explore and describe the interpretation of the author’s ideology about anthology of Sumi dan Gambarnya by Ratna Indraswari Ibrahim. The interpretation was focused on the author’s socio-cultural background and the fact of humanity in each short story by Ratna Indraswari Ibrahim in this anthology. The approach used is a genetic structuralism approach. This approach was first introduced by Lucien Goldmann of Perancis. It is amount 5 short stories are used as the objects of study. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed the following. Ratna Indraswari Ibrahim is an accomplished woman who voices a lot about women’s issues in the fictional prose such as women who experience discrimination, subordination, have dual roles, receive negative labelling, also those who experience violence. In the fact of humanity, there were various variations of the female narrative that created her voice in ideology. The ideology is the author’s creative strategy to fight for gender equality that has remained deeply patriarchal and exclusions for women.

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a modern and powerful approach that has resulted in major improvements compared to traditional techniques of machine translation for translating one language into another. In the world, India is a very multicultural and multilingual country. People of India from various regions use their own regional communication languages, making India stand at the second position in the world to have maximum languages. In India, English is provided as the second extra official language. But the usage of English in India is very less forming a communication gap. To minimize this gap by translating one language into another language is almost impossible for humans. It can be achieved by a machine translation. This paper focuses on translating Indic languages using the translation technique of Neural technology. A Sequence to Sequence model with encoder-decoder attention mechanism of neural machine translation is proposed for Telugu language conversion into English and vice versa.

Book review: Sameth, Mark. THE NAME: A History of the Dual-Gendered Hebrew Name for God. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, 2020.

This thesis is a stylistic and typological study of coordinative nominal constructions in the Rgveda with a special focus on coordinative nominal compounds (dvandva). All coordinative nominal constructions from Rgveda 1.1-1.50 are analysed and compared with their parallel attestations in other mandalas of the Rgveda. Here the term "coordinative nominal construction" covers syntactic nominal constructions expressing a coordinative or copulative relationship, i.e. dvandva compounds, copulative nominal asyndeta, elliptic duals, and syntagms constructed with copulative conjunctions.The analysis of dvandva compounds is stylistic, typological, synchronic and diachronic and evaluates the typological criteria from the main sources of Rgvedic exegesis. The thesis examines to what extent dvandva compounds alternate with other coordinative nominal constructions related to dvandvas, i.e. copulative nominal asyndeta, elliptic duals, and syntagms constructed with copulative conjunctions, and identifies expressive paradigms that comprise these alternations. Special attention is given to grammatical and stylistic patterns of the so-called dual deities -- pairs of gods whose names are joined in several types of dvandva compounds or in other coordinative constructions. The differences between the coordinative nominal constructions comprising theonyms and those comprising nouns that do not signify deities are identified. It is shown that theonyms display specific grammatical and linguistic features: several types of syntagms are used to express a copulative relation between pairs of theonyms, whereas non-theonyms display hardly any such alternations.The thesis challenges the usually accepted internal chronology of the Rgveda: the coordinative nominal constructions examined display marked differences in distribution and style between theonyms and non-theonyms. It is demonstrated that the distribution and typology of all types of dvandva compounds and other syntagms signifying dual theonyms is a reflection of the style of Rgvedic language. This supports the main argument of the thesis, i.e. that linguistic research into any aspect of Rgvedic language ought to incorporate a stylistic analysis of the text, paying special attention to the specific grammatical and linguistic features of theonyms.

The article aims to study the phenomenon of the offbeat (selected both as a formal motif and as a thematic motif ) from both a rhythmic and an existential point of view. In the modern age, we are witnessing the emergence of a reflexive awareness, not only of the facts of the mind, but also of the movement of the body and its accidentals. After having clarified, with Rousseau in support, the notion of offbeat (in its dual meaning of ‘sense’ and ‘direction’), we propose to examine the various manifestations of this process in literature, theater, and music. Among the musicians figure Wagner and Debussy; among the playwrights, Beckett; among the poets Baudelaire; among the novelists, Flaubert and Proust, ATeM Archives Texte et Musique, No 5,2: Special issue 5,2 (2020): Poésie et musique

This article introduces the LITMUS-MAIN (Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings-MAIN) and motivates the adaptation of this instrument into Chinese languages and language pairs involving a Chinese language, namely Cantonese, Mandarin, Kam, Urdu. We propose that these new adapted protocols not only contribute to the theoretical discussion on story grammar and widen the evidential base of MAIN to include more languages in studying bilinguals, they also offer new methods of assessing language development in young children that have the potential to tease apart the effects of language impairment and bilingualism and improve the identification of Developmental Language Disorder. These new protocols are the first tools to be designed for the dual assessment of language skills in these particular languages, in particular narrative skills in bilingual children speaking these languages. By catering to under-researched languages and over-looked groups of bilingual children, these new tools could improve the clinical management for certain bilingual ethnic minority children such as Urdu-Cantonese and Kam-Mandarin bilinguals, as well as promote the study of these groups and their acquisition issues. Advances in understanding the theoretical and acquisition issues in childhood bilingualism can also be made possible using these new tools.

This paper offers an analysis of heterolingualism and translation in La grande drive des esprits by Gisele Pineau (1993) and its Spanish translation, Una antigua maldicion (1999). Based on the literary theories around Creoleness and on the theories of translation centered on a "new translation ethics", it analyzes heteroligualism and "writing-translation" in Pineau's work looking at the various mechanisms deployed in its Spanish translation, which privileges linguistic creativity. The paper has a dual goal: (1) to characterize the language of Pineau's work as deterritorialized in order to identify the ways in which the creole language is inserted in it and allows the author, along the lines of the creolists' ethical and aesthetic proposals, to offer a language of resistance against hegemonic colonial language uses; and (2) to examine the translation techniques employed and bring forth theoretical adaptations fitting to analyze this type of translation. The paper concludes with a reflection of the translator's possibilities to retain or "recreate" (marginalize?) the heterolingualism of the original work. Key words: heterolingualism; writing-translation; creole; linguistic recreation; marginalization

Pieces of information concerning the alleged anti-Semitism, racism and fascism of Rev. Stanislaw Wyszynski, who held the position of editor of a monthly periodical “Ateneum Kaplanskie” in the years 1932–1939, appear every now and again in the media. The latest wave of such information swept through internet portals and forums between 2012–2014, mostly due to activity of Janusz Palikot, a politician at the time, who wrote on his blog that “Primate of the Millennium, Wyszynski, when still an ordinary priest and theologist, was a proponent of Nazism and Hitler himself, which was clear from the articles he published”. Three months later seven quotations were posted on the forum.gazeta.pl website – quotations supposedly taken from Wyszynski’s articles, published in ‘‘Ateneum Kaplanskie”, with the purpose of proving the priest’s alleged anti-Semitic, racist and Nazi views. From that moment, the information took on a life of its own and began to appear on numerous forums, portals and in public television. In November 2013 in a TV program “Świat sie kreci” actor Jacek Poniedzialek accused Primate Wyszynski of anti-Semitic and pro-eugenics statements. This manipulation is of dual nature. Firstly, the quotations (which were, at times, distorted) do not come from articles by Stefan Wyszynski. They were written by Rev. Jozef Pastuszka and Rev. Pawel Tochowicz. The analysis of the actual source articles (including the quotations in their proper context) shows that the authors, while conducting a multifarious scientific analysis of racism, nationalism and politicism, criticized Hitler’s views from the catholic standpoint.

The Arawak language family is the largest in South America in terms of its geographical spread, from Central America (Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua) to as far south as Bolivia (and formerly Argentina and Paraguay). Within South America, Arawak languages are spoken in Lowland Amazonia and adjacent regions, covering Guyana, French Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Brazil, in at least ten locations north of the River Amazon, and at least ten to the south of it. There are over forty extant languages and a few dozen extinct ones. The genetic unity of Arawak languages was first recognized by Father Filippo Salvadore Gilij as early as 1783, based on a comparison of pronominal prefixes in Maipure, an extinct language from the Orinoco Valley, and in Moxo from Bolivia. The limits of the family were established by the early 20th century. Proposals to include Arawak languages in putative macro-groupings such as “Arawakan” or “Macro-Equatorial” have proved spurious and unsubstantiated. The heritage of Arawak languages survives in such common words as hammock, hurricane, barbecue, guava, and tobacco. Arawak languages are synthetic, predominantly head-marking and suffixing, with a closed and historically stable set of prefixes—bound pronouns on verbs, the relativizing prefix ka- and its negative counterpart ma-. Personal prefixes distinguish first, second, and third person, and also impersonal and indefinite forms. Prefixes mark the subject of a transitive verb and of an intransitive active verb, and the possessor on nouns. In at least two thirds of the languages, personal suffixes or enclitics express the object of a transitive verb (o), and the subject of stative verbs (s o) or the subject of non-verbal predicates. A few highly synthetic languages (including those from the Kampa subgroup in Peru) employ suffixes or enclitics to cross-reference the object and also the recipient or an oblique. There is typically a number of locative cases which can be stacked in one word. The majority of Arawak languages do not employ cases for marking core grammatical relations. The only exception is Tariana, from the multilingual Vaupés River Basin linguistic area. Here, core cases were developed under the influence of the neighboring Tucanoan languages. Inclusive–exclusive distinctions were developed in Resígaro and Palikur as a result of language contact. Open classes are verbs and nouns; adjectives tend to form an open class, and share some features with nouns, and some with verbs. Verbal roots tend to be exclusively monosyllabic. Noun roots can contain more than one syllable. Derivational processes include affixation, compounding, and various kinds of reduplication. Just a few languages have single-word serial verb constructions. The order of suffixes within a word can be variable, reflecting the scope of the morphemes. Nouns divide into obligatorily, or inalienably, possessed and optionally, or alienably, possessed. Obligatorily possessed nouns are body parts, kinship terms, and a few important possessions, for example ‘name’ and ‘house’. If the possessor is not specified, these nouns take an unpossessed form marked with a suffix, also used as a nominalizer on verbs in many languages. Alienably possessed nouns take a possessive prefix and an additional suffix (chosen based on the meaning of the noun). Most languages distinguish masculine and feminine genders in third person singular personal pronouns, demonstratives, nominalizations, and also as agreement markers on adjectives. More than half the languages have complex systems of classifiers on number words, and also on verbs, in possessive constructions, and on nouns themselves. They categorize the noun in terms of its shape, consistency, and animacy. Singular and plural numbers are fairly uniform across the family; dual has developed in Resígaro, as a consequence of language contact with the unrelated Bora. Other nominal grammatical categories include nominal tense, augmentative, diminutive, and approximative. The verb is the most complicated part of the grammar of every Arawak language, and the only obligatory constituent in a clause. Typical verbal categories include tense, aspect, evidentiality, numerous modalities (including a frustrative meaning ‘do in vain’), and valency-changing derivations—passives, reflexives, reciprocals, causatives, and applicatives. Some Kampa languages have up to six applicative derivations, including comitative, benefactive, goal, presential, separative, and instrumental. Highly synthetic languages, such as Kampa and Palikur, have patterns of noun incorporation. Many Arawak languages are located next to speakers of languages from other families. They take on their features, in grammar and sometimes also in lexicon. Tariana, the only Arawak language spoken in the multilingual Vaupés River Basin area surrounded by Tucanoan languages, has a distinct Tucanoan flavor to its grammar. Mawayana, Garifuna, and Palikur, in contact with Carib languages, have acquired a few Carib features. Resígaro has been affected by Bora, and Amuesha bears traces of contact with Quechua and other languages that are hard to identify. The interaction of genetic inheritance, language contact, and independent innovations makes Arawak languages dauntingly diverse.

The article analyzes the translational potentialities of Gates' (1988) literary concept of Signifyin(g). According to the concept, black literary production engenders dual vocality, which clarifies conversation between two black texts, by means of interracial and intrarracial connections. From the black double vocality – race A and race B talk – the translational double vocality is built – language A and language B dialogue. The concept of Negriticeness is responsible for the racial double vocality; the notion of Translatio accounts for the linguistic vocal duality.

This mixed-methods study explores English and Japanese learning motivations in a group of Japanese summer course participants at a university in Hong Kong. Sixty-one Cantonese-speaking students completed two questionnaire surveys on co-existing motivations for learning L2 English and L3 Japanese. Depending on the questionnaire results, eight participants were selected to take part in the two subsequent interviews. The findings revealed that the participants perceived L2 English learning as a school subject and a practical tool for academics and career. It was instrumentality, rather than integrativeness, that motivated the students to learn English. Contrary results were found for L3 Japanese language learning, as the learners had more cultural interest, positive learning experience, self-confidence, and positive attitudes. This study, therefore, argues that L2 and L3 motivations merit distinct status. There appears to exist a dual-motivation system amongst these multilingual learners. The study also provides insights into how geographical and psychological distances could impact language learning under the phenomena of globalisation.