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A slit structure consisted of two bending graphene membranes is built as a nano check valve theoretically. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the opening and closing of this check valve. The backflow through the valve are also studied. The results show that the check valve can maintain the unidirectional flow of fluid and prevent backflow within the appropriate pressure range. Specifically, the opening and closing pressure of the valve are 148.2 and 24.6 MPa, respectively. The maximum working pressure of the check valve should be lower than 197.6 MPa. Moreover, the water passing rate is larger at a higher pressure due to the larger slit width and water flux. This check valve is expected to have many potential applications in the nanofluidic field.

Two specimens of nonductile reinforced concrete (RC) frame (ND-1) and nonductile RC frame retrofitted by corrugated steel plate shear walls slotted with columns (ND-2) are established by finite element. These specimens have same dimensions and steel skeletons. Finite element models had been verified by the existing experimental results. The hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, ductility, and stiffness curves of Specimen ND-1 and Specimen ND-2 are compared. The results show that the reinforcement effect is significant. Twenty-four models are built to study the seismic behavior on different influence parameters. The parameters are slit width, thickness of corrugated steel plate shear walls, concrete strength of nonductile RC frame, and boundary conditions of corrugated steel plate shear walls at slotted parts. The results indicate that the strength is declined with the increase of slit width. With the increase of thickness and concrete strength, the strength and stiffness are enhanced. The strength is larger with the boundary than without. Slit width and thickness have an important impact on the stiffness. Concrete strength and boundary conditions have little impact on stiffness. The strengthened nonductile RC frames have enough ductility.

We proposed a promising method for fabricating elliptical microlens and microlens array with controlling morphology by slit-based spatially shaped femtosecond laser-assisted chemical etching on fused silica (SiO2). The major axis length and the ratio of major and minor axis were controlled by changing the slit width. The minor axis length was controlled by changing the energy. This method had good flexibility and high efficiency. The convex elliptical microlens and microlens array were also realized by mold replication.

In this paper, investigation on fiber laser cutting of CFRP was carried out through establishing a multi-physical finite element model and cutting experiment. A multi-physical field model of laser cutting of CFRP was established. Experiments on 1 kW fiber laser cutting of 1 mm CFRP was performed. The relationship between cutting quality (slit width, notch taper, and HAZ width) and laser process parameters such as laser power and cutting speed was investigated. The results show that the transfer of laser energy in CFRP is mainly along the direction of fiber laying, and the heat transfer speed in carbon fiber is much faster than that in resin. The width of the slit, HAZ and the notch taper all increase with the increasing of laser power. However, the width of slit and HAZ decrease as the cutting speed increase and the notch taper increased first and then decreased. When the laser power is 150 W and the cutting speed is 1 m/min, the cutting quality is better.

We study, in this paper, the physical properties of water confined between two parallel graphene plates with different slit widths to understand the effects of confinement on the water structure and how bulk properties are reached as the water layer thickens. It was found that the microscopic structures of the interfacial liquid layer close to graphene vary with the slit width. Water tends to locate at the center of the six-membered ring of graphene planes to form triangular patterns, as found by others. The narrower the slit width is, the more pronounced this pattern is, except for the slit width of 9.5 A, for which a well-defined two-layer structure of water forms. On the other hand, squared structures can be clearly seen in single snapshots at small (6.5 A and 7.5 A) but not large slit widths. Even at small slit widths, the square-like geometry is observed only when an average is taken for a short trajectory, and averaging over a long time yields a triangular pattern dictated by the graphene geometry. We estimate the length of time needed to observe two patterns, respectively. We also used the two-phase thermodynamic model to study the variation of entropy of confined water and found that at 8.5 A, the entropy of confined water is larger than that of bulk water. The rotational entropy of confined water is higher than that of bulk water for all slit widths due to the reduction of the hydrogen bond in the confined space.

We study the conformational behavior of spherical polyelectrolyte brushes in the presence of monovalent and trivalent counterions in a confined environment. The confinement is exerted by two parallel walls on the brushes. The enhancement of the confinement induces the extension of grafted chains. For the monovalent case, the increase of the charge fraction leads to extended brush conformation for different slit width (distance between two walls) but collapsed brush in the presence of trivalent counterions is observed. The confinement does not affect electrostatic correlation between trivalent counterions and charged monomers. However, it was found that narrow slit width contributes to stronger electrostatic correlation for the monovalent case. This is because more monovalent counterions are inside the brush at strong confinement, but almost all trivalent counterions are trapped into the brush independently of the slit width. The diffusion of counterions under the confinement is related to the electrostatic correlation. Our simulations also reveal that the brush thickness depends on the slit width nonlinearly.

Comprehensive investigations of electromagnetic enhancement and transmittance by a periodic array of gold nano-slits are presented. Rigorous numerical data can be well predicted by a simple Fabry–Perot model. By virtue of the model, the role of Fabry–Perot resonance that enables giant electromagnetic enhancement and high transmittance by a gold nano-slit array is studied. Distinct impacts of array period and slit width on electromagnetic enhancement and those on transmittance are explored. Numerical results imply that contributions of electromagnetic enhancement and transmittance should be considered together in determining the actual enhanced effect of sample signals in surface-enhanced Raman scattering application.

In order to solve problems that traditional mechanical wheat seed-metering device has defects such as poor seeding uniformity and consistency, instability and high seed-injuring rate, a kind of pneumatic wheat precision seed-metering device is designed. The seed-metering device with internal and external circular tube grip seeds in vertical slit of the external circular tube by the negative pressure of the internal circular tube. We optimized slit width, rotating speed and negative pressure of the seed-metering device by the orthogonal experiment. In the field, we did contrast experiment through contrasting the existing mechanical seeder for wheat and measured and analyzed seeding uniformity, seedling emergence rate, consistency of each line seeding quantity, stability of total seeding quantity and rate of damaged seeds of the seed-metering device. The experiment data shows its each seed distance variation coefficient increases more 20% than current domestic mechanical wheat seed-metering device and its seeding uniformity gains obvious improvement.

Understanding the translocation of soft, conformable single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) with intricate topology through nanopores and nanoslits is of great interest for several potential applications, including modern single-molecule analytical characterization methods. This work focus on the ultrafiltration of an elastic SCNP of size R through a cylindrical pore of diameter D « R or a rectangular slit of width H « R under an elongational flow field. Concerning SCNP ultrafiltration through nanopores of different diameter, we find a scaling law in qualitative agreement with recent results concerning the ability of soft conformable nanoparticles to translocate through pores at least tenfold smaller in size. Moreover, SCNP ultrafiltration through rectangular nanoslits provides a simple way to determine the elasticity parameter of a real SCNP based on its experimentally determined minimum slit width for effective ultrafiltration., Financial support by the Spanish Ministry “Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad”, MAT2015-63704-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), the Basque Government, IT-654-13, and the Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, Programa Red Gipuzkoana de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2017 (RED 101/17), is acknowledged. J.R.-C. is grateful to the Materials Physics Center MPC for his predoctoral grant. E. G. received funding from the “Fellows Gipuzkoa” fellowship of the Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia.

An experimental study on the thermal performance of slit-glazed collectors was conducted. Here, glass panes were used as slit glazing cover, and the air was blown continuously through the gaps between them by fan (slit glazing is an uncomplicated and economical process compared to glass perforation). In this study, the effect of the width of glass panes, the distance between the slits, and mass flow rates were studied on three slit-glazed collectors. A glass pane with the length of 131 cm and thickness 0.4 cm was studied for three different slit widths: 6, 5, and 4 cm. The experiments are conducted with four different gap distances between the glass panes (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mm) and three air mass flow rates (0.014, 0.022, and 0.029 kg/s). The experimental results indicated that the maximum thermal efficiency of 75% was obtained when the gap distance was 0.5 mm, slit width was 4 cm, and the mass flow rate was 0.029 kg/s. The maximum rise in air temperature was noted as 28°C when the gap distance and slit widths were 0.5 mm and 5 cm, respectively. Hence, the best thermal performance was achieved with the smallest slit width and gap distance parameter values.

We look into the electrostatic screening in ionic liquids through the calculations of structural profiles and surface forces inside the slit system with varying width. The strong ion-ion correlation is modeled with ion pair association using reaction-based classical density functional theory. The equilibrium densities and ion pair fraction are solved iteratively. For pure ionic liquids, the oscillation of charge density is damped over relatively short range while surface force decays exponentially in the long range. Pair fraction approaches the bulk value asymptotically with growing slit width. Different components of surface force are identified according to various types of interactions.

We investigate the demixing and the surface-induced population inversion of a binary Gaussian mixture, which exhibits the fluid-fluid demixing transition of the bulk system, in a nanopore. The result shows that the population inversion is the typical shift of the first-order fluid-fluid demixing transition due to the confinement effect. The population inversion line is affected by the crossinteraction between unlike species σ12, the mole fraction of species x2, and the slit width H. At a low cross-interaction between unlike species, the population inversion line for x2 xc. At a high cross-interaction, for x2 xc, it is shifted toward a lower density.

The results of investigations of the absorption of thermal radiation from a combustion site by a radial water shield are presented. The dependence of the screening coefficient on the scattering slit width has been established. It is confirmed experimentally that the screening properties of water depend on the composition of the combustion site products.

Aims: A simple RP-TLC Spectrodensitometric method was developed for determination of Hyoscine N-Butyl Bromide (HBB) and Paracetamol (PAR) either in bulk powder or in their pharmaceutical preparation. Study Design: Validation study. Methodology: In this method, HBB and PAR were separated on RP-18 W/ UV254 TLC plates using developing mobile phase consisting of methanol: citrate buffer (pH=1.5): triflouroacetic acid (70:30:0.1, by volume) at room temperature. Experimental conditions such as band size, slit width, different developing systems and scanning wavelength were carefully studied and the optimum conditions were selected. The obtained bands were then scanned at 210 nm. The two drugs were satisfactorily resolved with RF 0.60 ± 0.02 for HBB and 0.81 ± 0.02 for PAR. The validation of spectrodensitometric method was done regarding linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity. Results: Linearity of the proposed methods was evaluated and it was found to lie within the concentration range of 2.0-12.0 µg.band-1 for HBB and 2.0-14.0 µg.band-1 for PAR. Conclusion: The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of HBB and PAR in pure form and in their different pharmaceutical formulations. The method proved to be specific, accurate and selective.

X-ray diffraction analysis is a convenient and important route to investigate crystalline materials. With powder materials, calcium carbonate as target, the effects of scatter slit, soller slit and receiving slit of Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer on the diffraction pattern based on information, such as the background intensity, peak height, intensity and full width at half maximum, which provide the evidence for slits selection.

Theoretical simulation and experiments based on a prism beam expander and an echelle grating are conducted to study the dependence of linewidth and pulse energy on incidence angle and slit width. With a larger prism incident angle or narrower slit width, the linewidth becomes narrower while the laser pulse energy becomes lower. However, the pulse energy can be improved by optimally designing the prism beam expander. In addition, a subpicometer linewidth ArF laser is obtained with a double-prism beam expander and an echelle grating.

X-ray diffraction analysis is a convenient and important route to investigate crystalline materials. With mesoporous materials, Al-SBA-15 as target, the effects of scatter slit, soller slit and receiving slit of Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer on the small-angle diffraction pattern based on information, such as the background intensity, peak height, intensity and full width at half maximum, which provide the evidence for slits selection.

In this research, the process of slitting with an assumed residual stress distribution is simulated to calculate compliance functions of laminated composites. The primary aim of this article is to investigate different parameters influencing the calculation of compliance coefficients for laminated composites using a finite element model. First, using two- and three-dimensional finite element models, the process of slitting in isotropic materials for calculating the compliance coefficients is simulated. The results show a complete agreement between the two models. Also, the results of simulation show that in the modeling of slitting method for laminated composites, real slit width must be considered. That is because composite laminates are generally thin and slitting in these materials results in large slit width to thickness ratio. Finally, the developed simulation method is applied to calculate compliance coefficients for two carbon/epoxy- and glass/epoxy-laminated composites with quasi-isotropic and cross-ply lay-ups using a three-dimensional finite element modeling. For a better precision, a full three-dimensional model without symmetry assumption is considered. The presented method is capable of simulating slitting method in parts and specimens with complicated geometry as well as in orthotropic materials with any degree of orthotropy.

Miniaturisation of metallic structures has become a prime issue and to meet high demand, modern fabricators extensively use different micro machining techniques. Wire electrochemical machining (wire ECM) is such a process of removing excess material electrochemically. However, the process is still new and further research is needed. Hence, the present work aims in developing suitable wire ECM setup to find out the influence of wire feed rate at varying voltage settings on corresponding width of the generated microslits. For this, experimentations have been carried out with 50 μm dia tungsten wire and machined micro features have been carefully observed under optical microscope. Additionally, the experimental results have been represented graphically where the minimum average width of the microslit is found to be 83.117 μm with an aspect ratio of 1.2. Moreover, complex microfeature with varying width has been fabricated by changing corresponding feed values in a single run.

This study investigates the influence of slit positions on the microclimate temperature/humidity of garments. To design the slits, a market survey was performed to indicate the method to apply the slits, in addition to a literature survey about muscles and body surface variation through body movements. Based on the survey, three positions of slits were selected, shoulder slit, lowback slit, and midback slit, a slit width of 1cm and length to 30cm was used. The results showed that microclimate temperatures/humidity on the back according to the slit positions were in the order of, lowback, midback, and the shoulder. The lowback slit showed the highest effect on the temperature/humidity of a front trunk. Lowback slits affected on localized areas of the glutaeus maximus, erector spinae, and latissimus dorsi. Midback slits affected the back muscle and deltoid. Shoulder slits showed a more significant effect on the localized area of the deltoid versus other localized areas. In the subjective sensations, the lowback slit was cooler, dryer, and more comfortable than the other slits. For the subjective sensations by fabric characteristics, the slit positions correlated at |r| and were significant at p

The optical measurement of corneal thickness based on oblique viewing of the optical section of the cornea is complicated by the finite width of the incident slit beam. In this report the theoretical and practical aspects of the effect of the slit width on the thickness reading are analysed. In practice, it was not possible to make slit-width independent thickness readings which were reproducible from one observer to another. In addition, the observed slit-width error was found to vary from one patient to another. The lack of a reproducible estimate of the corneal thickness is attributed to difficulties associated with an exact definition of the edges of the visible bands of the optical section, which are determined by biological properties of the cornea as well as perceptive properties of the observer. Although inter-observer errors up to 0.02 mm were found, the intra-observer error amounted to only 0.005–0.006 mm (sd) between consecutive readings. Presumably this high intra-observer reproducibility is the result of the auxiliary pin-lights used. Changes in corneal thickness, measured by the same observer, can therefore be determined with great accuracy.

The wavelength shift of transmission resonance was achieved by a tapered metallic slit. We simulated the transmission and reflection of the tapered slit structure with the tapered slit width of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mm. The tapered slit angle shifted higher the resonance frequency, by which the cavity resonant length became shorter.

Metallic stents have now become an indispensable integral part in cardiovascular treatment of patients in the public hospital. Both bare metallic stents and drug eluting stents have been used in practise. Fine structures with slit width of 0.1 mm and pitch better than 0.2 mm created with sharpness and low roughness in the cut surface of such stents have now become a life saving structural part implanted in the body. This paper reviews and describes the current status on various fabrication techniques for metallic stents of length 20 mm and diameter 2.1 mm with an annular tube thickness of 0.1 mm, by classifying the use of short pulse Nd-YAG laser. Some features on improving the surface characteristics of the cut surfaces of the stent, as well as a few techniques on preventing restenosis are also discussed.

We present a new technique to analyze the absorption efficiency of the active medium for a LD side-pumped Nd:YAG laser. A detailed ray trace has been carried out to evaluate the route of the pump LD-rays propagating inside the diffusing chamber. The method, named the infinite convergence approach, is used to determine the total absorbed power of a Nd:YAG rod when random reflection takes place at the inner surface of the reflector wall. By reason of losses caused by slits milled the reflector wall, there is an optimum slit width corresponding to the maximum absorption efficiency. It has been theoretically determined that the absorption efficiency can be summarized by a convergent result for the infinite energy transfer process inside the diffusing chamber. The method is applicable to the cavity design for any LD side-pumped solid-state lasers.

Efavirenz inhibits the activity of viral RNA-directed DNA polymerase (i.e reverse transcriptase). The present work describes a simple, precise and accurate HPTLC method for its estimation as bulk and in tablet dosage form. The chromatographic separation was carried out on precoated silica gel 60F254 aluminium plates using mixture of chloroform: ethyl acetate (9:1 v/v) as mobile phase and densitometric evaluation of spots was carried out at 247 nm using Camag TLC Scanner-3 with win CAT 1.3.4 version software. The experimental parameters like band size of the spot applied, chamber saturation time, solvent front migration, slit width etc. were critically studied and optimum conditions were evolved. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed method was ascertained by evaluating various validation parameters like linearity (1000-5000 ng/spot), precision (intra-day RSD 0.66-1.44%, inter-day RSD 0.87-1.42%), accuracy (98.07 to 99.07 %) and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The proposed method can analyze eight or more formulation units simultaneously on a single plate and provide a faster and cost-effective quality control tool for routine analysis of efavirenz as bulk drug and in tablet formulation.

An attempt has been made to analyze the methods to improve the electromagnetic properties of a solid-rotor high speed induction motor. The slitting patterns of the solid rotor are examined. It is shown how the slitting parameters affect the produced torque. The paper considered the effect of variation of slit depth and slit width for two materials with different electrical properties, on the performance of 180 kW, 170 Hz 3-phase induction motor using Flux-2D Maxwell software package from ANSYS. It is found that deeper rotor slit gives better and higher starting torqueas well as maximum torque. Also a comparative study with a double cage rotor slot is presented which leads to further improvement of running performance of the high speed induction motor.

Raman analyses of the lifetimes of phonons in GaN and AlN crystallites of wurtzite structure are presented. In order to ensure the accuracy of the measurement of the phonon lifetimes, an experimental procedure to eliminate the broadening due to the finite slit width was performed. The lifetime analyses indicate that the phonon lifetimes in AlN as well as in GaN fall into two main time regimes: a relatively long time of the ${E}_{2}^{1}$ mode and much shorter times of the ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{TO})$ modes. The lifetimes of the ${E}_{2}^{1},$ ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ $A1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ modes of an high-quality AlN crystallite are 4.4, 0.83, 0.91, 0.76, and 0.45 ps, respectively. Moreover, the lifetime of the $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ mode found in this study is consistent with the current phonon-decay model of that mode in wurtzite structure materials. The lifetimes of ${E}_{2}^{1},$ ${E}_{2}^{2},$ $E1(\mathrm{TO}),$ and $A1(\mathrm{TO})$ of a GaN crystallite were found to be 10.1, 1.4, 0.95, and 0.46 ps, respectively. The $A1(\mathrm{LO})$ mode in the GaN was not observed and its absence is attributed to plasmon damping. The lifetime shortening due to impurities was also studied: the lifetimes of the Raman modes of an AlN crystallite, which contains about two orders of magnitude more Si and C impurities relative to the concentration of the high-quality crystallite were found to be 50% shorter.

There are a number of interesting articles1 that have discussed qualitative, quantitative, and other aspects of thermal expansion. A method to determine linear coefficient of thermal expansion using readily available materials is presented here. The design of the apparatus for this method allows for the width of a single slit to increase by the same amount as the thermal expansion of a length of a strip or a rod of a material. A laser is used to obtain a diffraction pattern for the single slit. The increase in the slit width, hence the linear expansion, can be measured by analyzing the diffraction pattern. The value of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the material can then be calculated.

The phenomenon of high optical transmission through periodic structure on base of metallic diffraction grating was provided for TE polarization. It is shown that resonant transmission occurs only as a result of waveguide effect. There is certain a slit width where possible waveguide effect and consequently high transmission.

We consider a liquid trapped in a narrow horizontal capillary, under the influence of gravity. As the slit is widened, the meniscus, separating the capillary liquid from gas, deforms and develops a long tongue extending along the bottom wall. As a critical slit width is approached, the length of the tongue diverges continuously, leading to the emptying of the capillary. We show that the critical singularities characterizing emptying are the same as those at short-ranged wetting transitions, but at a scale set by the capillary length rather than the bulk correlation length. These meso- or macroscopic versions of both complete and critical wetting are observable in the laboratory and are studied here using a colloid-polymer mixture.

An array of ring-shaped holes is prepared from silver thin films using electron beam lithography. The optimal conditions for high performance as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate are investigated. Either the diameter of the hole (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 µm) or the slit width (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 nm) is varied. 4-Aminothiophenol (ATP) adsorbed on the structures as a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is used as probe to evaluate the SERS performance of the generated structures. It is found that there is an optimal configuration for ring-shaped holes with a 3.0-µm diameter and 200-nm slit width. The SERS activity on this optimal lens configuration is found to be 13 times greater than that of the activity on the silver thin film. An array of these structures at this optimal configuration can easily be constructed and used in a range of SERS-based sensing applications. An array of ring-shaped holes is prepared from silver thin films using electron beam lithography. The optimal conditions for high performance as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate are investigated. It is found that there is an optimal configuration for ring-shaped holes with a 3.0-µm diameter and 200-nm slit with. The SERS activity on this optimal lens configuration is found to be 13 times greater than that of the activity on the silver thin film. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The transmission and diffraction properties of the interface between air and a periodic array of subwavelength slits are analyzed analytically and numerically within the paradigm of a perfect metal. The investigation includes determination of the transmittance, reflectivity, and diffraction efficiencies as functions of the period and the slit width, description of the Rayleigh-Wood anomalies, and also an analysis of the transitions to the single-slit and effective-medium cases. Comparison is made with the optical properties of periodic arrays based on real metals.

The aim of this method is to determine the thickness of a transparent medium, close to the corneal thickness, using the angle at the first and second Purkinje images are aligned for a specific optical slit width. An optical slit is projected in an oblique angle relatively to the transparent medium, producing two different reflections in each medium surface (first and second Purkinje images). The slit is then moved until the first and second Purkinje images of the slit are aligned in such a way, that look as if they were a continuous slit. The slit width, the angle between the illumination and observation, and the medium index are used, then, to calculate the medium thickness. This method was implemented in a slit lamp and the central thicknesses (CT) of nine gas-permeable contact lenses (CL) were measured, with this method and a mechanical gauge and the results were compared. The mean CT difference ± standard deviation, between the two methods was 0.004 ± 0.008 mm with minimum and maximum absolute values of 0.002 and 0.019 mm. This technique showed good precision to measure the CT of CL and should be tried in human corneas.

In order to enhance research in the field of low‐temperature photophysics or photochemistry, a convenient multiple‐purpose spectrophotometer system was constructed. This system enabled us to measure the emission (and/or its excitation) and absorption (even under steady‐state photolysis) spectra of liquid and solid samples at a temperature ranging from 10 up to 313 K. The spectral resolutions (or the peak separations) were estimated to be ∼0.10–0.31 and ∼1.0–7.3 nm for an emission and its excitation spectra, respectively, recorded at a slit width between 0.05 and 0.5 mm. For an absorption spectrum recorded at a slit width of 0.5 mm, the resolution was still better than that recorded by a commercial spectrophotometer with a bandwidth of 0.2 nm. By recording a number of emission spectra (normalized by the excitation‐light intensities at various excitation wavelengths), a contour mapping for the simultaneous intensity representation of the emission and its excitation spectra was also possible.

Relationship between the condition of the high pressure water jet and the produced powder was investigated to understand the mechanism of fine powder production by high pressure water atomization. The water flow rate and the slit width of water nozzle were directly measured in three different initially set nozzle configurations under various water pressures (up to 80MPa). Also, the suction pressure above the conical water jet and the staticpressure difference of the jet interior were investigated.The water flow rate and the configuration of the water nozzle increased comparably as the water pressure increased, but the suction pressure formed a peak. The shape and size of powders change up to the value of water pressure where the peak suction pressure appeared. The characterization of powders did not change considerably when atomized in the water pressure which exceed the value of Peak suction pressure.

Submitted to Physical Review E, The phase behavior of confined nematogens is studied using the Lebwohl-Lasher model. For three dimensional systems the model is known to exhibit a discontinuous nematic-isotropic phase transition, whereas the corresponding two dimensional systems apparently show a continuous Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless like transition. In this paper we study the phase transitions of the Lebwohl-Lasher model when confined between planar slits of different widths in order to establish the behavior of intermediate situations between the pure planar model and the three-dimensional system, and compare with previous estimates for the critical thickness, i.e. the slit width at which the transition switches from continuous to discontinuous. PACS numbers: 64.60Cn, 61.20.Gy, Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica under Grant No. MAT2007-65711-C04-04 Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación de la Comunidad de Madrid under Grant No. S2009/ESP-1691 and Program MODELICO-CM.

The flow of immiscible particles (A, B) through a porous medium with a vertical slit is studied by an interacting lattice-gas computer simulation on a discrete lattice. The source of the particles is connected to the bottom and particles are driven upward by concentration gradient and a pressure bias against gravity. Distribution of flowing particles around the slit is examined as a function of the slit width and bias at high and low porosity at a steady state. At the low bias, a sharp change in the densities (high in slit to low in adjacent porous media) of both constituents occurs as expected. Onset of an undershooting in the density and mobility of particle profiles appears at the interface of slit and the porous medium on increasing the bias, an unexpected correlated response. The competition between the faster flow in the slit and slower motion of the particles in the surrounding porous medium induces stronger correlations at higher bias; as a result, a well-defined density profile emerges with higher density in the porous matrix away from the slit interface. The range of correlation and therefore the response increases on increasing the bias. Lowering the porosity to near the percolation threshold leads to the onset of oscillation in the density profile and broadening of the mobility profile, a distinct difference from the response at high porosity.

We have proposed an integrated Fresnel lens with multiple slits in a Si slab waveguide. The slit width and the slit spacing were optimized and the integrated lens had a reflective loss of 0.38 dB.

Swelling and irradiation creep interaction occurs under irradiation in cylindrical tubing containing an internal heat source and external heat sink. The swelling and irradiation creep interaction can be measured by axially slitting the tubing while constrained and measuring the slit width change after the constraint is removed. Swelling and irradiation creep interaction data have been obtained from an EBR-II irradiation test. The test consists of encapsulated fuel pins wherein the capsules comprise the test samples and provide the swelling and irradiation creep interaction data. Slit tube data have been obtained on two 20% cold-worked AISI 316 stainless steel capsules irradiated to a peak fluence level of 7.0 × 10 22 n/cm 2 ( E ⩾0.1 MeV). An assessment of the slit tube data was made by comparing the data with performance calculations using empirical swelling and irradiation creep equations.

A confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope has been designed using a slit aperture. It employs an acousto-optic deflector for the laser scanning in the direction parallel to the slit. The slit width is effectively >10 times the diameter of the laser beam spot focused at the subject's retina. The slit aperture effectively reduces the stray light due to scatterers within the eye media and the retinal blood vessels are imaged clearly under red light illumination.

The variable proximity multi exposure technique in SR lithography is introduced. This technique provides to fabricate micro/nano gratings include Sub-wavelength gratings. The sub-wavelength gratings for antireflection were fabricated using this technique. Fresnel and Fraunhofer intensity distribution simulation for estimate the properly gap were performed. The simulation was done by the slit width of 150 nm and 250 nm, and the proximity gap was from 0 up to 100 mum. On the other hand, evaluation of proximity gap effect with conventional exposure was performed. We found the appropriate value of the gap for obtaining high contrast, and the gap for provide a taper. The experiment results were in agreement with the calculated result. T Then the multiple exposure with appropriate gap were performed and we were able to obtain the three dimensional sub-wavelength structures.

Diffraction from a single slit has been investigated both in the far-field and the near-field. The diffraction in the near-field is dominated by the surface plasmon generation, which shows a striking sinusoidal dependence on the slit-width. In contrast, the far-field transmitted intensity shows linear increase with the slit width.

The theory of optical transmission through a narrow slit in a thick metal screen was formulated previously for normal incidence [Y. Takakura, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5601 (2001)]. In this work, the theory is generalized to include the parallel angle dependence of the optical transmission for angles in the plane of the slit. A fully analytic formulation of the parallel angle-dependent reflection coefficient and transmission is provided. It is shown that the slit width has a strong influence on the angle tuning of the Fabry-P\'erot resonances, which is caused by the angle dependence of the reflection coefficient. The theory agrees quantitatively with recent experiments and predicts angle-dependent variations that may readily be observed in future experiments over a wider angle and wavelength range.

A multifunctional surface plasmon polariton disk device coupled by two metal?insulator?metal (MIM) waveguides is proposed and investigated numerically with finite-difference time-domain simulation. It can be used as optical switch and temperature sensor by filling disk with liquid crystal and ethanol, respectively. The simulation results demonstrate that the transmission characteristics of an optical switch can be manipulated by adjusting the radius of disk and the slit width between disk and MIM waveguides. The transmittance and modulation depth of optical switch at 1550?nm are up to 64.82% and 17.70?dB, respectively. As a temperature sensor, its figure of merit can reach 30.46. In this paper, an optical switch with better efficiency and a temperature sensor with better sensitivity can be achieved.