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Paper presents diagnostic analysis of automotive ignition system for various working and adverse conditions in laboratory. Description and importance of basic diagnostics of automotive ignition system are examined in the first part of the paper. In the second the focus is placed on the basic principles and solution of the spark plug model. The test laboratory device is proposed in the following and the specialized measurements were executed by the proposed measurement system. The faults were simulated by application of oil and gasoline between the electrodes and failing by the driver to make the ignition contact on the spark plug.

Electronic cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among middle and high schoolers and are the most popular alternative tobacco product among adults. High quality, reproducible research on the consequences of electronic cigarette use is essential for understanding emerging public health concerns and crafting evidence based regulatory policy. While a growing number of papers discuss electronic cigarettes, there is little consistency in methods across groups and very little consensus on results. Here, we describe a programmable laboratory device that can be used to create extracts of conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette aerosol. This protocol details instructions for the assembly and operation of said device, and demonstrates the use of the generated extract in two sample applications: an in vitro cell viability assay and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. This method provides a tool for making direct comparisons between conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, and is an accessible entry point into electronic cigarette research.

A technology based on multi-rectification coupling pilot and laboratory equipment was applied to prepare volatile oils from red or pink onions, which were cultivated in Shandong and Gansu province of China. In the present work, golden yellow, clear and sticky onion volatile oil with the yield of 0.033 mL/kg was prepared by rectifying the distillates collected from the pilot device two times in the laboratory device. GC–MS analysis of the onion oils indicated that the content of dipropyl trisulfide was the highest and changed from 10% to 21% with onion types and cultivation areas. Various kinds of sulfides occupied 53–62.1% of the oils. And the content of the sulfide compounds in the dry substances of onions was 0.244–0.306 g/kg. Red skin onion from Shandong province of China and red and pink skin onion from Jiuquan, Gansu province of China have the same components, only a minor discrepancy in relative content.

The designed laboratory device will solve the issue of test methods of tractor hydraulics, monitoring the lifetime of hydraulic components, and testing of various oil types. The results of experimental measurements of forces and pressures in the three-point hydraulic hitch of tractor with plough allow implementing the design and simulation of operational loads of the dynamic system of tractor three-point hitch (TPH) under laboratory conditions. Theoretical and experimental works were focused on tractors. The design of test device is based on load characteristics obtained from the operation of tractor with plough. Research was focused on the use of results obtained from operational measurements of the tractor with plough and their simulation by a hydrostatic simulator under laboratory conditions. The laboratory device will enable the TPH life tests while loading with forces in the horizontal and vertical direction so that it corresponds to a practical loading process

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a treatment method aiming at thorough, personalized eradication of skin cancers by mean of staged excision of tissues surrounding the tumor with complete (100%) histopathological examination of their margins. In many MMS laboratories, the excised tissue is divided, shaped, frozen in a cryostat with a heat extractor and positioned manually (with the block on the object disc) in an articulated cryostat chuck during cutting. However, these activities may be difficult, time-consuming and associated with the risk of imprecise tissue sectioning. Development of a laboratory device allowing for processing of large tissue specimens, with the function of mechanical, mathematically steered positioning of the tissue block surface directly to the microtome knife cutting place, eliminating the need for manual adjustment. The prototype device was designed and manufactured. Its functioning was tested on 513 histological slides produced during 212 operations of skin cancers using MMS. The depth of the first complete sections and the diameter of sections were measured. Complete sections were obtained at an average depth of 81.60 m (min. 20 m, max. 180 m, SD = 29.15), whereas the average diameter of sections was 18.11 mm (min. 4 mm, max. 42 mm, SD = 9.10). The histological processing of large specimens with mathematically based positioning of the tissue surface in relation to the cryotome knife cutting plane is precise, fast and easy. The device can be useful in those MMS centers which continue to employ manual setting of the cryostat chuck or share the cryostat with other users, which prevents fixing the chuck position (including large hospital settings). It may also be helpful in centers using a cryostat with a fixed chuck, for the correction of minimal inaccuracies of its preset position.

A new laboratory device is used to investigate the resistance to clast ploughing at the base of glaciers. In experiments in which a ploughing tip is dragged at different velocities and effective normal stresses through water-saturated sediment from Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, pore pressures above and below the hydrostatic level develop around the tip. The absolute magnitude of these nonhydrostatic pore pressures increases with the ploughing velocity but remains small compared to the sediment yield strength, so that the pore pressures do not significantly weaken the sediment. The shear stress on the tip is independent of the velocity but scales with the applied effective normal stress, in agreement with a Coulomb-plastic behavior of the sediment. The results indicate that, depending upon position close to the object, both sediment compaction and dilation can influence the pore-pressure distribution and thus the sediment yield strength. Comparison with other studies of clast ploughing suggests that the significance of sediment weakening in front of ploughing clasts may depend on the relative magnitudes of the non-hydrostatic pore pressures. Therefore, depending on the dominant pore-pressure response of the deforming sediment, clast ploughing may have the potential to either trigger ice-flow instabilities or stabilize glacier motion.

Latex immunoagglutination assay (LIA), also known as latex agglutination test or turbidimetric/nephelometric particle immunoassay, has been popular in clinical diagnostics due to its simplicity. Lab-on-a-chip, a miniaturized laboratory device made with semiconductor manufacturing technologies, has a strong potential in point-of-care testing (POCT). Demonstration of LIA in lab-on-a-chip format, both microchannel and microdrop types, has not been fully successful due to the mixing problem inherent in lab-on-a-chip. In this article, current technical hurdles for conducting LIA in lab-on-a-chip are addressed, such as mixing, optical detection, and device reusability, and possible solutions are suggested. In addition, potential applications are presented, including medical/veterinary diagnostics, detection of waterborne pathogens, and controlled environment agriculture.

Protection of the vineyard against diseases and pests may lead to pesticide residues in the wine. Traces of these active substances, even at concentrations below the legal limits, alarm the consumers and can compromise the potential to sale wines to some markets. A new oenological practice based on the use of selective vegetal fibres for the reduction of pesticide residues in wine is under evaluation by the International Organization of Vine and Wine. This technology, implemented on wine during filtration, is very effective for certain substances and impacts only little the wine quality. A laboratory pilot filtration device has been developed in order to confirm the efficiency of this treatment and its impact on the wine quality before its large-scale use in industrial conditions. This simple device is made of a peristaltic pump and a laboratory filter holder. Several wines with different fibre doses and filtration speeds can be rapidly tested, at bottle scale (75 cl). This pilot filtration device would be a quick and easy tool for the winemakers to evaluate the impact of a filtration on their wines using selective vegetal fibres in terms of efficiency to reduce the pesticide residues, chemical composition and of sensory quality.

The development of helium leak detectors was stimulated by the requirement for the detection of very fine leakages in vacuum devices. The idea of using a small mass spectrometer together with the choice of helium as a tracer gas turned out to be very successful. The helium leak detector—first a great hulking machine—developed into a variety of specialized units and, in the last few years, portable versions became possible. The basic specifications of leak detectors will be described in their relevance and how the so called counterflow technique revolutionized the performance by making liquid nitrogen dispensable will be discussed. The real industrial unit was finally possible because all the complicated jobs of tuning, zeroing, ranging and calibrating are nowadays done by the built-in microprocessor. As examples, a testing machine for semiconductor devices and a detection module for industrial testing are described. Looking at the future, two perspectives show up: for vacuum leak detection more specialized units with less or smaller pumps operating oilfree and in higher pressure regions are the developmental trend. For overpressure leak detection new principles without pumps and mass spectrometers (membrane techniques?) could be a possible direction of development.

The destructive laboratory device, generating half-period sinus-shaped magnetic field pulses of 0.15-2 ms duration is investigated numerically. The coil was placed into a steel reinforcement cylinder to resist magnetic forces, while influence of thickness of the reinforcement cylinder is considered in detail. The time-dependent non-linear magneto-mechanical model and the finite element software ANSYS are employed. On the basis of the mechanical analysis, reasonable explanation of the destruction nature is provided. The numerically obtained operation threshold value was in good agreement with experimental measurements.

A laboratory device for peanut skin removal was designed and constructed to give maximum blanchability with a minimum of split kernels. Skin removal was accomplished by directing a stream of air into a 250 g. mass of peanuts held in an inclined-screen container rotating inside a plastic cylinder. The mechanical, electrical, and pneumatic components that make up the sample blancher were described. The operational features were discussed and results were presented relative to the blanching factors, split kernels, unblanched kernels, whole blanched kernels, blanching loss, and preheating loss. The effects of air pressure, blanching time, and preheating time on the blanching factors provided a basis for selecting the proper pressure and time to give maximum blanchability with a minimum of split kernels. Virginia-type peanut breeding lines were evaluated for blanchability with this device.

An airborne flame photometer for the identification of large sodium-bearing aerosols from aircraft is briefly described. This instrument is a modified form of a laboratory device which has been used to count sodium particles. A rough calibration of the flame photometer, in terms of the total amounts of sea-salt in marine air, is discussed. Preliminary observations in trade-wind areas are given and an interesting concentration of sodium in cumulus clouds is indicated.

Pulsed power generators are capable of delivering as much as megajoules of energy in pulses of 100 nsec or less. A brief review of the technological approach to this problem is presented as well as the description of three different devices: Gamble II, AURORA, and a small laboratory device designed at NRL.

Use of the Digital Equipment Corporation DR8 digital input/output buffer for the PDP-8/E computer is common. However, by itself the DR8 has inadequate output-driving capability for even the smallest laboratory device. A flexible low-cost control network designed to enable a DR8 interface to control any of 12 pico-reed relays for output driving or 8 programmable amplifiers for auditory signal presentation is described.

A simple laboratory device is described which allows the double distillation of water in a continuous and automatic way in order to produce particularly pure water. The water thus obtained has a mean specific conductivity of 0.5 × 10-6 ohm-1cm.-1 at 25° c.

This paper presents the main results obtained on a solar prototype of an ice machine. A previous study on a laboratory device has demonstrated the physical-chemistry of the system using the pair LiCl/CH3NH2. The apparatus has a solid-gas reactor directly set in the solar collector, an air-condensor and a refrigerator box of 401. The ice production is 4.5 kg by day, so 2.5 kg/m2.day with a solar C.O.P. (energy stocked by ice to the whole incident energy) of 0.053.

The laser was considered little more than a fascinating laboratory device for at least six years following its initial development. All of the original laser safety guidelines and early standards were based solely on laboratory experience. Today, despite the wide use of lasers in industry, the potential for hazardous exposure to laser radiation is probably still greatest for the research worker who is experimenting with new laser devices and new laser applications. This is due to the need for flexibility in the arrangement of laser components and ancillary system components while studying new techniques. Also unenclosed, high-power laser beams will most likely be encountered in the research laboratory.

Twenty years ago, in 1943, there were no Electronic computers. Ten years ago, in 1953, a large number of Electronic calculators were in use, but the general purpose stored program electronic computer was still quite rare. The Coincident Current Magnetic Core memory which finally provided both reliability and speed at reasonable cost had only just been developed, and was still a laboratory device. A number of specially designed, mostly one of a kind, computers were in operation at Universities and government research centers. Commercially, a few Univac I computers had been delivered and were operating with great reliability at rather low speed. A few IBM 701's provided high speed but with very poor reliability. In 1953 most computing was being done by the Card-Programmed Calculator, an ingenious mating of an Electromechanical Accounting Machine with an Electronic Calculating Punch.

A laboratory device for operating transistors at selected, known temperatures in the 15-95-degrees C range is described. After a simple, one-time calibration no further temperature measurements are necessary. The unit is simple, rugged and easily constructed.