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According to the U.S. Supreme Court, the major questions doctrine requires “clear congressional authorization” for agencies to exercise delegated authority over “major policy decisions.” But where can the Court find constitutional authority to announce such a rule? That question divides originalist-oriented scholars and judges. Some have criticized the doctrine sharply as departing from a court’s obligation to apply a law’s textual meaning. Others have defended it as arising from congressional intent, ordinary linguistic conventions, or a constitutionally based rule against delegation of legislative power. This Article undertakes a broader originalist defense. First, it describes the major questions doctrine as a substantive canon—that is, an interpretive rule based not on linguistic conventions but on an extra-textual value of protecting the separation of powers. Second, it assumes that the major questions doctrine need not be derived from a direct constitutional command against delegation. It then argues instead that the major questions doctrine can be seen as part of a broader power of courts to read ambiguous federal laws narrowly to avoid erroneously undermining core founding-era structural assumptions. The article explores early post-ratification judicial practice in support. It concludes that the early judicial practice indicates a discretionary authority, uncontested at the time, to underenforce ambiguous laws in this manner. It thus links early interpretive canons such as the presumption against violations of international law and the presumption against civil retroactivity, with the modern Court’s longstanding presumptions protecting federalism and the present Court’s recent invocation of the major questions doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of a generalization of those dominant viewpoints on objectives of administrative law that are developed within Ukrainian administrative legal science, the author determined that they are united by the recognition of the following to be objectives of administrative law: (1) specifying and ensuring the implementation of human rights and freedoms in the public-legal sphere through the introduction of mechanisms administrative legal regulation and protection in the public administration domain; (2) determination of the standards for the exercise of public management functions by administrative authorities and the provision of administrative services by them, as well as the establishment and improvement of substantive and procedural tools for activities of administrative authorities, including the means of legal protection against violations on their part as well as mechanisms of civil control over their activities. According to the outcomes of the study of approaches to understanding of the tasks of administrative law in world scientific community, the article notes that according to the national tradition of the common law countries, which was adopted by many states that represent the civil law legal tradition, the fundamental objective of administrative law is recognized to be the determination of optimal (from the point of view of the rule of law and good governance) limits of the margin of appreciation of administrative authorities and providing private individuals with legal protection against abuse of administrative power. Moreover, it is particularly noticeable that a special emphasis is placed on guaranteeing the transparency and accountability of administrative authorities to civil society. Less important is the task of administrative law, which consists in establishing the principles, substantive rules and procedures for the performance of administrative functions by government authorities, as well as the accumulation in administrative practice and judicial case-law of the potential for increasing the effectiveness of administrative law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important initiative to ensure national food security and repair the ecological environment of the sea, marine ranching concerns the implementation of the major national strategy of constructing a strong marine power. It is related to the advancing of a Chinese modernization characterized by valuing harmony between humanity and nature, and it needs safeguards from the rule of law with compatibility and coordination with international law. Using literature analysis, this study sorts out China's current legislation on the construction and management of marine ranching and finds that: At the central level, a dispersed legislative structure has been formed, based on the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Sea Area Use released in 2001, supplemented by other searelated laws, regulations, rules, and other normative documents. Locally, most coastal provincial- and municipal-level administrations have followed the dispersed legislative structure model, while a few have adopted a model combining the provincial-level dispersed legislation structure with a comprehensive legislation structure at the municipal level. Furthermore, marine ranching has adopted a management system that combines comprehensive and decentralized management with local management as the mainstay and central and local co-management as a supplement. Employing logic and normative analysis methods and from the perspective of the 'four legislative characteristics' (i.e., systemic, holistic, synergistic, and timely characteristics), this study also analyzes the three existing legislative problems within China's current legislation on the construction and management of marine ranching: confusing external boundary standards of different types of sea areas set by different sectors, which have led to many problems in China's marine ranching; deficient legal documents and their provisions regulating marine ranching in the internal and territorial seas in terms of external form and internal system; and the lack of domestic laws regulating marine ranching in the EEZ and continental shelf. Finally, the study suggests paths for constructing a benign quality legal system for marine ranching that meets the requirements of the 'four legislative characteristics' : Administrative regulations, in particular those on the administration of marine ranching, should be formulated and used to harmonize the macro-level construction of the legal system of marine ranching; external boundary standards for different types of sea areas should be scientifically and comprehensively developed; scientific and complete management institutions and mechanisms should be established for marine ranching; and provisions concerning marine ranching should be made in the EEZ and continental shelf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aeronautical Science Bulletins / Repüléstudományi Közlemények is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the U.S. Supreme Court decision in West Virginia v. EPA and the adoption of the "major questions" doctrine. It argues against the adoption of this doctrine in Minnesota and discusses its potential impact on state regulatory actions. It also explores the history of administrative law at the federal and state levels, highlighting key concepts and statutes.

This article examines the enforcement process of the international rule of law benchmarks by the Government of Kosovo through their internalization into domestic legislation. Particular attention is paid to the legal benchmarks established in the Rule of Law Checklist adopted by the Venice Commission, which, among others, provides guidelines on the extent of delegation of the legislative powers from parliament to the government. More specifically, this article presents a legal analysis of legal measures taken by the Government of Kosovo to enforce legal benchmarks of the Rule of Law Checklist of the Venice Commission into domestic legislation. This has been done through the evaluation of compliance with its sub-legal acts with specific laws and abrogation of sub-legal acts that lacked specific legal authorization, and therefore did not comply with rule of law benchmarks. Overall, this article seeks to demonstrate the distinct practical value of the rule of law elements in the development processes, given the indispensable role of stable and predictable legal processes in the functioning of institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of e-Revista Internacional de la Protección Social is the property of e-Revista Internacional de la Proteccion Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the legal analysis of certain actions of the Russian Federation (RF), which have the factual nature of encroachment on the territorial integrity of Ukraine. The problem raised in the article is complicated by the fact, that until February 2014, when the temporary occupation of Crimea began, the issue of Russia’s encroachments on the territorial integrity of Ukraine was almost not considered in scientific publications. At the same time, even the prospect of a military invasion was considered impossible due to the existence of a whole set of security guarantees enshrined in international memoranda and bilateral agreements on friendship, cooperation, and partnership between the two states. Now, analysing the historical retrospective, we have the opportunity to trace the connection between the constant oppression of Ukraine by Russia and the ultimate goal of the aggressor State. The aim of the article is the international legal qualification of the actions of the Russian Federation on the territorial integrity of Ukraine, proving the presence in the actions of the Russian Federation in the period from 1991 to 2013 signs of planned targeted activity aimed at violating the territorial integrity of Ukraine and other principles of international law. The main results of the study are to qualify the chronological situations when the Russian Federation put pressure on Ukraine to weaken the latter, force it to take certain actions and remove obstacles to future military invasion of its territory. The conclusions state that in its efforts to force Ukraine to act according to its own plans, Russia is capable of using any tools and measures. In most cases, the pressure of the RF on Ukraine was carried out openly, the application of pressure measures was reported publicly by the political leaders of the Russian Federation, in addition, such pressure was accompanied by the approval of regulations and administrative decisions. In some cases, threats of pressure were passed on to minor officials and denied by the Russian leadership’s press services. Consistent pressure of the Russian Federation on important sectors of the economy, as well as various attempts to destabilize the sociopolitical life of Ukraine indicates clear, gross, and systematic violations of international law, including the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, respect for their territorial integrity and signs of aggression and preparation for largescale aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualidad Jurídica (1578-956X) is the property of Dykinson SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences / Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines Rome II, a regulation that establishes uniform conflict rules on the community level for non-contractual obligations and improves legal certainty on excluding harmful forum-shopping by "Europeanising" and unifying conflict of laws. It mentions that the regulation gives way to the 1971 Hague Convention on the law applicable to traffic accidents, which caused a loophole in the uniformity provided by Rome II. It notes that the law applicable is governed either by the Rome II Regulation or the 1971 Hague Convention, depending on which court in the Community exercises jurisdiction.

The article discusses the development of nanotechnology regulations based on international regulatory agencies, framework and arrangements. A government regulation on technology can build public and consumer confidence and help create an environment conducive to technology development. International regulations serve as lessons for the feasibility and design of future transnational approaches of nanotechnology regulations.

The purpose of these short comments is to shed some light on Polish new regulations concerning permits to search shipwrecks. Comments first provide brief description of the regulations and their enabling act, and second argue that the regulations lack the precision in determining their scope of application. As a result, this lack of precision leads to the inconsistency of the new regulations with the international law of the sea. Regulations provide jurisdiction to issue permits to search shipwreck, over all persons in Polish Maritime Areas, including exclusive economic zone, which is contrary to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, ratified by Poland. In that case, and in accordance with Polish law, international obligations prevail over national rule, and in consequence, the maritime administration cannot issue permits for search of shipwreck for aliens within Polish EEZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invaluable natural resources require special legal protection. Their protection often does not fully correspond with their unique character. The protection of invaluable natural resources should be modelled in such a way as to provide full protection of their uniqueness, regardless of unstable political and legal circumstances. The authors argue for the implementation of such a solution in the example of the Bialowieza Forest. Under Polish and Belarusian laws, international law and partially also European Union law, the Forest is entangled in a complex socio-economic turnover, which often proves controversial or even problematical. The Bialowieza Forest is a complete natural system, so it ought to be protected as a whole. A well-planned international regulation of a localised nature (with Poland and Belarus as well as countries and international organisations willing to assume co-responsibility for its good as its parties), supported by appropriate social education, are strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central to the legal acts' architecture designed in Lisbon is the concept of essential elements, defining the exclusive domain of legislation; derived acts are shaped as delegation and implementation. Recent case law suggests that two separate conceptions of the EU legal acts system lie at the heart of this construction, each of them tied to a different understanding of the essential elements. One may be called static: it is forged in the image of delegation in constitutional law, and conceives of essential elements as binding meta-norms contained in the basic act. The other may be called dynamic: arising from the Communities' institutional practice, it is grounded in the institutions' reciprocal political autonomy and refers to essential elements as stemming from a legal/political evaluation involving both the basic and the derived act, while pointing to the substantive legitimation of law-making. Though at odds as a matter of pure logic, both conceptions seem indispensable to enhance the legitimation of EU law-making; yet how this legitimation actually works is an open issue for debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the role and representation of framework focus contacts in private international law, and their function in collision regulation on determining the binding law in private law with an element of foreignness. The introduction provides a brief overview on the division of focus contacts and their representation in collision regulations in the contemporary private international law. It also lays out various solutions for the application of collision regulations in national legislations in certain European countries, such as: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Italy, Macedonia, Slovenia, as well as the solutions offered by the European Union regulations and international conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Pravni Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The term sovereignty conceived for a long period of time the idea of an ultimate and absolute authority in the political arena. At the end of the XIXth century and at the beginning of the XXth century international law scholars promoted a new concept of sovereignty, for example G. Scelle and subsequently Ch. Rousseau considered that sovereignty represents a sum of abilities which states can delegate in a higher or smaller degree to different international organisations. Although in essence it has a unitary character, within the content of the concept of sovereignty we can distinguish two component elements: external sovereignty and internal sovereignty. These two concepts realise the junction between municipal law and international law. From the international law perspective all states are sovereign and enjoy the same juridical capacities and functions. In principle each state can participate within international relations as equal partner, it can conclude treaties based on it's free will, it can exclude any other state from interfering in it's internal affairs, and it can govern the territory and control the boundaries. In fact, if we study carefully the international relations as a whole we will notice that not all states display the same degree of sovereignty. Highly developed states with robust institutions having a dominant position within the international plane are the ones enjoying the absolute behavioral sovereignty. The end of the XXth century and the beginning of the XXIst century was characterized by a scientifically and technical progress which created a unique informational space, deepen and diversified the international economical relations. These factors allowed the interrelation between states to extend to a global level, which entail us to question in what extent the content of the concept of sovereignty was affected. Can we interpret a treaty which imposes concessions for both parties as a restriction of their sovereignty? Or, can we consider that these treaties represent, in fact, a recognition and not a restriction of state sovereignty given that these treaties are voluntary creations In conclusion we can assert that the international law legal system is nothing else but a foundation for states behaviour, created by themselves, and that is why there are no reasons to talk about the restriction, the destruction or the absorption of state sovereignty by the international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author focuses on the criticism of Simon Whittaker on the paper regarding the reduction of an individual consumer's protection resulting from the adoption of an European contract law. The author says that the assumption of Whittaker on the application of Directive 93/13 has taken full account of neither the Directive nor the principles of the private international law of contracts. He adds that the argument of Whittaker is based on the assumptions on Directive 93/13 and Rome I Regulation.

The article presents information related to breaks in the intellectual property reforms of Russia and discusses the Soviet regulations on intellectual property. It further discusses the intellectual property law reform projects and attempts of harmonizing legislation through international norms. It also focuses on the normative approaches to laws and compares with the U.S. copyright laws related to fair use.

This article is the shortened version of the national report submitted to International Academy of Comparative Law. It summarizes and describes the present situation of the Hungarian Private International Law by analyzing the Law Decree No. 13 of 1979 on Private International Law (hereafter referred to as Code). The Law Decree is the first legal instrument in the history of the Hungarian PIL which has been modified significantly with the aim of harmonization with European Law since 2004. The major part of the article deals with defining the different aspects of theoretical approach which provides a profound interpretation of Hungarian PIL in scientific terms. On the other hand, the applied scientific approach serves as a guideline for filling legal gaps in the Hungarian PIL Code. In addition to this, the article gives an overview of the Hungarian judicial application of PIL rules emphasizing the eclectic and contradictory character of the jurisdiction in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the provisions of Article 6(3) of Rome II Regulation as a choice-of-law rules for use in claims based upon restrictions of competition in the European Union. It states that the drafting of private international law may affect the development of the legal actions which is the policy for each reform programme to promote. However, the provisions of the Article 6(3) do little to rebut the political concerns. It emphasizes that the drafting of Article 6(3) requires clarity or pragmatic flexibility for the claimant and for the court.

The article discusses the possibility to improve the Intellectual Property (IP) system in Estonia that will improve its innovation. It notes that the usage of IP is assisted if the subject matter of IP protection is defined and its legal validity is not challenged. It mentions that concerning the copyright system, there is a difficulty in challenging to protect a copyright work. Moreover, the consistency of Estonian to the IP regulations with the other private is important in achieving its goal.

The article analyses the developing practice of the European Commission pursuant to Article 21 European Commission Merger Regulation (ECMR) and suggests different ways to strengthen the effectiveness of the provision. It summarizes the Article 21 ECMR cases dealt with by the European Commission. It explores the procedural features associated with Article 21 ECMR and the prospects that they offer. It also explores the substantive analysis carried out by the Commission in Article 21 ECMR cases and reveals an evolution in the Commission's positioning vis-à-vis Member States' protectionist strategies.

The article discusses legal barriers on the enforcement of regulatory laws for consumer protection in a globalized world. It highlights the methods being used in the national consumer protection laws, including the provision of consumer education, regulation of suppliers and manufacturers and the development of administrative agencies. It stresses that the jurisdiction of the courts relies on both internal constitutional law and international law, which has separate bodies of rules and principles including private and public international laws.

The article discusses the essential issues of law and policy raised by the subject of multidisciplinary practice (MDP) in Nigeria. It is reported that the Nigerian regulator, in the light of the country's developmental needs, faces certain critical choices in its approach to the MDP question, related to the legal profession as an interest group and for the broader social and economic progress of the country. The section draws attention to the strategic policy considerations that influenced regulatory decisions on MDP in several authorities.

The article discusses the regulation of the notification service during court proceedings under Article 2 of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law regulations. A discussion on the significance of the regulation, services and principles are enumerated. Another discussion on the service's limitations is presented. As stressed, failure to apply the notification service, where the reason is unknown, the rules stipulates the requirement of making reasonable enquiry.

The main principle when sentencing children is that imprisonment should be a measure of last resort and only for the shortest appropriate period of time. However, contrary to international and foreign law in this regard, South Africa continues to sentence children to life imprisonment. The aim of this article is to contrast our current sentencing practices with regard to life imprisonment for children, with the sentencing principles set out in South African common law and in international law. Furthermore, the article sets out the negative effects of a mandatory life sentence in terms of the minimum sentences legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyzes article 12(3) of Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The qualification of a declaration should be determined "on a case-by-case basis" taking into account the "circumstances". According to the author, the lack of specification leaves a high degree of procedural uncertainty and a Pre-Trial Chamber may have to be constituted to act as a guardian to the proceedings.

The article focuses on the case of Trailer and Marina Ltd. related to human rights and regulatory undertaking. The appeal was brought by Trailer and Marina Ltd. against the dismissal of its claim for a declaration that sections 28-28Q of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, as amended by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, are incompatible with its rights under Article 1 of the First Protocol, article 1P1, of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Article 1P1 is in these terms: Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a state to enforce such laws, as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.

Abstract: Is California''s Imperial Valley a watershed? If so, at what level and by what topographic logic? Is it a region? If so, at what level and by what geographic logic? Are its boundaries natural, political, or multivalent on different scales? In short, this essay looks at the special (re)production of environmental conditions within a cyborg world. Here, the Valley is comprised of (a) Colorado River water; (2) migratory waterfowl; (3) the accidentally manufactured, but intentionally seeded food chain of the Salton Sea (3) the San Andreas Fault, (4) Mexican field labor; (5) public universities extension services; (6) global markets and supply chains; (7) international biotechnology, chemical and seed conglomerates, and (8) state and federal regulation of water rights, regulations and markets. The Valley is a cyborg, a historical entity comprised interdependently of nature, technoscience and humanity. This, characterization, however, raises problems with conceptions of the massive losses of migratory waterfowl from avian cholera at the Salton Sea, the agroecological devastation caused by the unintentional introduction of the Silver Leaf whitefly, and the “wastage” of constrained water rights as environmental crises of nature. The articulation of a cyborg perspective sees the environmental conditions of the Valley as the product of relations comprised of uneven and indeterminate ecological process, technoscientific trajectories, and human practices. Extending the cyborg''s integration of nature, technology and social agency, a relational reading of James O’Connor''s second contradiction of capitalism thesis is developed. O’Connor''s political ecology and Haraway material semiotics, while broadly operating at different levels of analysis, prove surprisingly resonant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

U.S. federal regulations require that an offshore oil and gas lease be cleared of all structures within one year after production on the lease ceases. Recently, the Minerals Management Service has begun to encourage operators to remove idle oil and gas platforms (known as "idle iron") on producing leases in a more timely manner. The purpose of this note is to quantify the amount of idle iron that exists in the Gulf of Mexico and to describe us geographic distribution and ownership patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the issues on jurisdiction over consumer contracts concluded online in the Member States of the European Union through analysis of the 1968 Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, which has been transformed into the Regulation recently. The changes brought by the Regulation to the régime of jurisdiction over consumer contracts in the European Union include the concept of the company ‘directing its activities towards particular Member State or States’ as a ground for a consumer to sue such a company in the country of his domicile. Since the list of criteria that could define the activity as directed to the particular Member State does not exist so far, the future effect of the Regulation remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International custody disputes involving parents and children from Islamic nations and the United States have yielded a spectrum of interpretation of Islamic Shari'a law and the best interests of the child. The lack of a determinative treaty between the United States and all but one Islamic nation has led to an inconsistency of criterion in determining whether to extend comity to a custody decree from a court of an Islamic nation. The domestic law statutes, which determine jurisdiction in these matters, have provisions for international application and recognition of foreign custody decrees. The recognition of custody decrees from the courts of Islamic nations is contingent upon the satisfying of procedural and substantive thresholds. Focusing on the substantive, the author opines that American courts have a responsibility to understand certain aspects of the law, culture, and religion of Islam in order to accurately determine if the threshold has been meet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the reach of regulation of international law and federalism. Reasons behind the proposed globalization of antitrust rules; Practical reasons for keeping competition rules out of the World Trade Organization; Significance of regulation with respect to the issue of federalism.

The article presents information about a framework of analysis with regard to problems of regulation in contemporary urban culture. It is achieved through utilization of contemporary social and cultural theory and through application with regard to central problems involved in the maintenance of order in that dominant cultural form. It would be obscene to describe the contemporary urban environment as subject to universal affluence in which, through the development of the capitalist mode of production, wealth has become equally distributed throughout all sectors. Massive inequalities in the distribution of wealth are maintained. However, what has emerged is the ethic of affluence which permeates all areas of contemporary existence. This ethic will be articulated in two ways. First, as the sovereignty of consumption and second, as a determining force in the transition to the economy of transgression. The differentiation between sub-groupings and individuals arising as a result of affluence produces both the psychological and sociological effects of anomie.

The article presents a speech by David J. Bederman, Gyr Professor in Private International Law at Emory University, delivered at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia on November 11, 2008, in which he discussed the law on private international legal regulation to contemporary regulation.

The article discusses the issues of legal documents in transnational drafting. After comparing the different styles of drafting, the author uses the GNU General Public License version 3 (the GPLv3) Revision Process as a case study for an open source process. He argues that an open process, such as the GPLv3 Revision Process, is the best way in developing international agreements where the parties involved can have legal, language, and cultural barriers.

The article focuses on the issues regarding the European Community Regulation on the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations (Rome II), a regulation that aims to draft new choice-of-law rules. Accordingly, Rome II provides foreseeable answers to choice-of-law issues. The exceptions to the regulation's rules create major predictability problems. Rome II also gets high marks for including time limitations and burden of proof within the scope of its rules.

The article discusses the call for the regulation of international law on the release of genetically engineered mosquitoes which may help lessen the number of dengue fever cases in different nations. It says that some nations may have reached different conclusions about the use of GM mosquitoes after assessing their risks and benefits. A robust framework is therefore needed to accomodate the differences to achieve the effective control of mosquito-borne diseases using regionally coordinated programs. However, international law is insufficient and that the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is considered to be more applicable. Included in the protocol are Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.

The article reports on the German decree, which is considered to unlikely secure any modification to the protests from the U.S. or any other neutral Power. Despite that this decree is not supported, it is asserted that it tries to institute a virtual blockade of German ports. The blockade of the German ports by the allies under the international law is regarded unquestionable. The decree gives compensation for the cargoes of the German ships and it will impose without danger to neutral ships.

The main purpose of the article is to identify ways to improve the trading system in the framework of the development of international commercial law. The object of research is the trading system and commercial law in Jordan. The scientific task is to form a model for improving the trading system in the framework of the development of international commercial law in Jordan. The main method used in the article is the IDEF3 method, which allows, through a system of flowcharts, to model the directions for improving the trading system in the framework of the development of international commercial law. As a result of the study, the key stages of improving the trading system in Jordan in the framework of the development of international commercial law were identified and characterized, including the use of digital technologies, the expansion of rights and freedoms in trade, and the use of smart contracts. The value of the obtained results lies in modelling and improving the efficiency of trade operations in Jordan taking into account the norms and rules of international commercial law. The limitations of the study concerned taking into account the specifics of trade and law only in Jordan because the author of the article belongs to this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past fifty years, domestic regulators have turned to standards developed by private organizations as a means of complying with international law commitments to eliminate barriers to trade. What impact does this phenomenon of parallel incorporation, in which regulators in different countries incorporate the same private standards, have on domestic administrative law and public law? Through a case study of US and Australian regulators' adoption of the same standards in aviation, the article exposes how parallel incorporation exacerbates existing accountability deficits of administration, contributes to the hollowing out of public capacity to review these incorporations, defies conventional understandings of delegation, and breaches basic understanding of rulemaking processes in both the United States and Australia. Using conventional administrative processes to implement solutions compelled by international commitments strains and transforms these processes. In this context, trade law imperatives result in accommodations from domestic public law not the reverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]