1. Improved discrimination of mortality with Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index 2.0 in HIV-positive individuals
- Author
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Tate, Janet P, Sterne, Jonathan AC, and Justice, Amy C
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Immunology ,Medical Microbiology ,Clinical Research ,Infectious Diseases ,Prevention ,Behavioral and Social Science ,HIV/AIDS ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Aging ,Albumins ,Anti-HIV Agents ,Biomarkers ,Body Mass Index ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Female ,HIV Infections ,Humans ,Leukocyte Count ,Longitudinal Studies ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Predictive Value of Tests ,RNA ,Viral ,Veterans ,albumin ,BMI ,cohort study ,comorbidity ,mortality ,prognostic index ,validation ,Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) and the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,Virology ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
ObjectiveDespite viral suppression and immune response on antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV infection experience excess mortality compared with uninfected individuals. The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index incorporates clinical biomarkers of general health with age, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA to discriminate mortality risk in a variety of HIV-positive populations. We asked whether additional biomarkers further enhance discrimination.Design and methodsUsing patients from VACS for development and from the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC) for validation, we obtained laboratory values from a randomly selected visit from 2000 to 2014, at least 1 year after antiretroviral therapy initiation. Patients were followed for 5-year, all-cause mortality through September 2016. We fitted Cox models with established predictors and added new predictors based on model fit and Harrell's c-statistic. We converted all variables to continuous functional forms and selected the best model (VACS Index 2.0) for validation in ART-CC patients. We compared discrimination using c-statistics and Kaplan-Meier plots.ResultsAmong 28 390 VACS patients and 12 109 ART-CC patients, 7293 and 722 died, respectively. Nadir CD4, CD8, and CD4 : CD8 ratio did not improve discrimination. Addition of albumin, white blood count, and BMI, improved c-statistics in VACS from 0.776 to 0.805 and in ART-CC from 0.800 to 0.831. Results were robust in all nine ART-CC cohorts, all lengths of follow-up and all subgroups.ConclusionVACS Index 2.0, adding albumin, white blood count, and BMI to version 1.0 and using continuous variables, provides improved discrimination and is highly transportable to external settings.
- Published
- 2019