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By recovering the dependent, often enslaved, laborers who helped to make European medicines commercially available in the New England colonies, this article offers a new history of early American pharmaceutical knowledge and production. It does so by considering the life and labor of an unnamed, enslaved assistant who was said to make tinctures, elixirs, and other common remedies in a 1758 letter between two business partners, Silvester Gardiner, a successful surgeon and apothecary in Boston, Massachusetts, and William Jepson, his former apprentice, in Hartford, Connecticut. Using strategies from slavery and critical archive studies, as well as from social history and the history of medicine, this article emphasizes the materiality and embodiment of pharmaceutical production and follows fragmentary evidence beyond the business archive to reverse the systemic erasure of enslaved and indentured laborers from the records of eighteenth-century manufacturers of medicines. The medicine trades of men like Gardiner and Jepson appear more reliant upon dependent laborers – named and unnamed – who not only performed rote tasks but brought their experience and judgment to their labors as well. Their contributions could be obviously medical (preparing remedies) or more ambiguous (stoking fires, shipping goods), but these actions together constituted early modern pharmacy, enabled the expansion of the transatlantic medicine trade, and laid the foundations for the more self-sufficient and industrialized pharmacy that developed in the nineteenth century. Centering the skill and knowledge among subordinated laborers in one facet of an emergent transatlantic care economy affirms the entanglement of slavery and science and underscores the necessity of asking new questions of old sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the reference of sources on slavery in Brazil and Piauí, we analyze how slaves were represented in Piauí periodicals of the 19th century. With regard to the survey of documentation relevant to the subject, we turned to the newspapers O Governista, O Echo Liberal, O Propagador, O Expectador, A Imprensa, O Piauhy, O Amigo do Povo, A Pátria and A Época. During the text we dialogue with Freyre (2010), Schwarcz (2017), Chalhoub (2011) and Gomes (1996). With regard to the methodology of the investigative process, we adopted descriptive historical research based on consultation and analysis of the documentary base. We hope that this work will help historiography in the study of slavery and contribute to the interest of new researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the re-elaboration of trauma through the autobiographical narratives of Françoise Ega and Carolina Maria de Jesus in Le temps des madras (1966) and Quarto de despejo (1986), respectively. The text starts with a brief reflection on the difficulties of genealogical reconstruction operated by the autobiographical writings of black authorship due to the absences experienced by the families of ex-slaved people in tracing their lineages. Based on this observation, linked with the African diaspora in the Americas and the Caribbean, the article analyzes how the narratives of Françoise Ega and Carolina Maria de Jesus resort to literary fabulation to restructure their genealogical lineages. Thus, it is concluded that literary fiction operates as a resilience factor in confronting the traumas of slavery and its consequences in contemporary times and as an element of rebuilding ancestral lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay seeks to speculate on the reception of de Anton de Kom's Wij slaven van Suriname (1934) within a very different context of political debates on race; decolonization; the politics of solidarity; and internationalist and anticapitalist struggles—all themes that De Kom's narrative tackles in unique ways—and on the question of time. The author attempts to displace De Kom's book away from its entanglement of political and intellectual connections and toward the diverse temporalities of Suriname's decolonial struggles, seeking to explore what could be called the "collateral effects" produced by the 1934 publication of Wij slaven by a Caribbean publisher and institution. The author then compares the 1981 Spanish translation of De Kom's work, Nosotros, esclavos de Surinam, with a different set of debates and texts addressed to diverse audiences and subjects entangled in distinct networks of political engagements and projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts an exploratory overview of African military slavery, which is marked by the unusual longevity of the phenomenon and by its surviving social legacy. Before the colonial period military slavery was not confined (as is often supposed) to the Muslim states of North Africa and the Sahel, but was also practiced in many non-Muslim sub-Saharan societies. In the late nineteenth century the colonial powers liberated, conscripted or purchased African slave soldiers for their own armies. Although the institution of military slavery died away during the colonial period, it has re-emerged in independent Africa as child soldiering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco, like other popular commodities, both reflected the rhythms of early modern empires and contributed to them. People, goods, and ideas crossing the Atlantic Ocean often traveled as freight in vessels bound upon other business, and much of that was tobacco business. Using a variety of historical examples, the current article explores tobacco's economic, cultural, and labor-related worlds to show how one plant shaped institutions of human enslavement, altered colonial ecologies, offered new sensory possibilities, and ruined fortunes. Although now perhaps better known within medical contexts as a significant, preventable cause of death, tobacco as it is understood today is also a highly political, economic, and cultural product, characteristics that have shaped human relationships to the commodity over the centuries. The 17th and 18th centuries, for example, saw a dramatic rise in tobacco consumption in Europe alongside an influx of colonial natural products across the continent. The tobacco trade offered power and profit to some, exploitation and enslavement to others. It underwrote the rise of prominent merchant and political families while shaping the daily routines of countless enslaved men, women, and children tasked with growing the plant. Tobacco leaves also offered hopes of medical treatment and trustworthy business dealings, as well as a moment of respite on a long voyage. At every stage of its evolution into a global commodity, tobacco's meanings and roles changed, becoming more fully integrated into European empire and its structures of power and profit in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a range of local and national examples, Kushner explores how Britain has dealt with difficult histories, especially relating to racism, slavery and antisemitism. By utilizing insights from the history of emotions and the senses, he explores how the murder of George Floyd in the Covid-19 summer of 2020 brought to the fore issues of commemoration and belonging that have never been confronted and contested so intensively and heatedly before. His article argues for a bold response that is not afraid, through due process, to remove heritage that is deeply offensive, while recognizing the importance of ambiguity and complexity in re-representing and confronting troubling pasts, including the representation of perpetrators. In working towards a post-Covid-19 world, Kushner argues against returning to the 'norm' and instead towards a heritage and history that is sensitive, critical and inclusive, recognizing the presence of migrants in Britain, past and present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article details the factors that enabled the creation and maintenance of a transatlantic trade in West African textiles (panos da costa). At the end of the eighteenth century, the transformation of slave and textile trading routes in the Bight of Benin, the granting of trading privileges as compensation for enslaved and freed African mariners who labored aboard slaving ships, and the emergence of a commercial infrastructure in Bahia based on a network of African and Afro-Brazilian shopkeepers and mobile vendors who provisioned Salvador's residents collectively generated this uniquely African commodity exchange. Through the purposeful circulation and consumption of West African textiles, enslaved and freed Africans in the city forged communal and cultural ties and inscribed their bodies with new meanings and social identities through dress, making these imported material goods a crucial site of black intellectual production in the early modern diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following is an account of an early Socialist approach to American historiography, including a biographical note on Fedor Kapelusz (1876–1945). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histories, memories, and legacies of slavery in Zanzibar have been rendered into words and images in autobiographies, novels, and films. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Zanzibar served as the main slave trading point in East Africa for the Indian Ocean slave trade, and its economy flourished on a slave-based plantation system. Memoirs by British missionaries and former slave owners from Zanzibar bear witness to the relational complexities of enslavement and the embodied realities of manumission, patronage, and (im)mobility. Postcolonial fiction writers from Zanzibar and the Sultanate of Oman have challenged the imposed silences around racialized and gendered violence in Zanzibar and Oman, and confronted the racism and Islamophobia inherent to the diasporic experience of Zanzibaris in Europe. In addition to the curation of former spaces related to slavery in Zanzibar, like the Slave Market, for tourist consumption, film has also emerged as a contested vehicle for representing Zanzibar's slave past and breaking the silence on this still taboo topic. In the absence of a coherent narrative or archive of Zanzibar slavery past and modern revolutionary present, memories of slavery, sexual labor, and resistance embedded in memoirs, fiction, and film reveal the contested imaginaries of ethno-racial-cultural-national-religious identities, the imperial underpinnings of abolition, and the dissociative dissonance of the diaspora in the wake of Zanzibar's revolutionary rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, Nigerian author Chika Unigwe discusses the challenges involved in writing the biographical novel The Black Messiah (currently published only in Dutch translation as De zwarte messias), which imaginatively retraces the life of Olaudah Equiano. Unigwe's first attempt to reimagine Equiano took the form of a children's book in the late 1990s. This project immediately drew her attention to the two primary, antithetical difficulties of writing biographical fiction: on the one hand, one needs to rely on historical information to recreate the past accurately but, on the other, fiction — being art — cannot impart a great deal of such information without becoming too didactic. Unigwe abandoned this early project but eventually took it up again in the form of an adult novel. Some of her creative choices in writing this book were guided by the imaginative spaces left in Equiano's autobiography — for example, he hardly mentions his white wife and remains vague about his time as a plantation overseer. This prompted a series of questions for Unigwe to explore: how did a black man experience an interracial marriage in the eighteenth century? How did Equiano handle "stubborn" slaves as an overseer? How could a twenty-first century writer recreate Equiano's state of mind without judging him by contemporary standards? There were additional challenges too. One pertained to the type of language to be used to recount Equiano's story, another to the constraints involved in writing about a real figure, many aspects of whose life and death are on the historical record. Ultimately, Unigwe tried to find a balance between fact and fiction, history and imagination, so as to highlight the magnitude of Equiano's accomplishments, while also exploring him as a human being whose story remains particularly relevant today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on Professor Steven T. Katz's position on the uniqueness of the Holocaust. Topics addressed are uniqueness as denial of the death of Jews in the Holocaust and other victims of genocide and cause of deaths of the native peoples of the Americas, collapse of the aboriginal population of the Americas with the Spanish assault on Tenochtitlan, and Katz's perspective on New World slavery.

According to historical records of transatlantic slavery, traders forcibly deported an estimated 12.5 million people from ports along the Atlantic coastline of Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries, with global impacts reaching to the present day, more than a century and a half after slavery's abolition. Such records have fueled a broad understanding of the forced migration from Africa to the Americas yet remain underexplored in concert with genetic data. Here, we analyzed genotype array data from 50,281 research participants, which—combined with historical shipping documents—illustrate that the current genetic landscape of the Americas is largely concordant with expectations derived from documentation of slave voyages. For instance, genetic connections between people in slave trading regions of Africa and disembarkation regions of the Americas generally mirror the proportion of individuals forcibly moved between those regions. While some discordances can be explained by additional records of deportations within the Americas, other discordances yield insights into variable survival rates and timing of arrival of enslaved people from specific regions of Africa. Furthermore, the greater contribution of African women to the gene pool compared to African men varies across the Americas, consistent with literature documenting regional differences in slavery practices. This investigation of the transatlantic slave trade, which is broad in scope in terms of both datasets and analyses, establishes genetic links between individuals in the Americas and populations across Atlantic Africa, yielding a more comprehensive understanding of the African roots of peoples of the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do we relate to our ancestors who did things that we would and do not do, for example hold slaves or express views about racial differences we find abhorrent? The impulse nowadays is to react to our ancestors who lived in the past and who produced us as unacceptable versions of ourselves —and to show this we frequently feel we must take down their statues and re-name buildings and institutions. This is a form of colonialism of time rather than place. The past is always different than the present, which is why we see it as the past, whether better or worse. Yet it is part of us and made us who we are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous people are often seen as static recipients of transatlantic encounter, influencing the Atlantic world only in their parochial interactions with Europeans, but the reality is that thousands of Native Americans crossed the ocean during the sixteenth century, many unwillingly, but some by choice. As diplomats, entertainers, traders, travelers, and, sadly, most often when enslaved, Indigenous people operated consciously within structures that spanned the ocean and created a worldview that was framed in transatlantic terms. Focusing on purposeful travelers of "Aztec" (Central Mexican) origin, this article uses the distinctive context of the 1500s to rewrite our understandings of the Atlantic world. In the turbulent waters of early empire, we can more easily see Native people as purposeful global actors who created and transformed social, economic, political, and intellectual networks, forging not one but many "Indigenous Atlantics." This is about more than "looking east from Indian country," or recovering the transatlantic journeys of Native people, important though both those things are. To find a truly "Indigenous Atlantic," we must reimagine the history of the ocean itself: as a place of Indigenous activity, imagination, and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author responds to the roundtable collection of reviews for Julius S. Scott's "The Common Wind: Afro-American Currents in the Age of the Haitian Revolution," found within this issue. Topics explored include Haiti and the Haitian Revolution, the Age of Revolution, Atlantic Studies, international recognition of Haiti after its revolution, slavery and the slave trade, and racism.

This article considers the crucial role that ideas about race and slavery played in the formation of the Early Republic. Instead of highlighting, as have others, the paradoxical emergence of race-based slavery in a society devoted to freedom and liberty, Jason Young instead envisions this conflict as merely a more recent iteration of a much larger trans-Atlantic concern. The central conflicts of citizenship and alienation that were at the heart of key Constitutional debates in the Early Republic were also playing out in West Africa and Western Europe. Instead of reflecting novel problems of state, these debates animated political formations and conceptions long before they arrived on American shores. In this way, viewing the Early Republic through an African Diasporic lens promises new ways of thinking not only about slavery and abolition but also about the processes of nation-building around the Atlantic rim at the turn of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African Americans continue to experience significant difficulty integrating into mainstream American society. Research literature demonstrates that after decades of legislation designed to address African American socialization issues, African Americans continue to seem to be unable to pull many of their communities out of academic disparities, high unemployment, crippling poverty, and endemic crime. There appears to be historical ramifications and etiological determinants that explicate the challenges that confront African American communities. However, few researchers seem to understand the actual culture of African Americans. As such, counselors, educators, and policymakers are seemingly unable to devise and implement effective intervention strategies that appropriately attend to these endemic challenges. Thereby, explication of the historical "roots" and legacy of African American culture seems critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the turn of the nineteenth century, the establishment of unauthorized U.S. consulates throughout the Spanish Empire transformed both the infrastructure of Spanish colonial rule and the diplomatic relationship between Spain and the Early Republic. In places such as New Orleans, Havana, and Santiago de Cuba, U.S. consuls exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction over national citizens without the authorization of Spanish imperial authorities, sparking intense diplomatic conflicts over the boundaries of national sovereignty. Invoking diplomatic reciprocity, Spanish colonial officials also made use of unauthorized consulates in Savannah, New Orleans, and Natchez in order to contain U.S. expansion, protect Spanish subjects and property, and police runaway slaves and Native Americans. Over the 1800s, these ad-hoc uses of unauthorized consulates challenged metropolitan designs and international diplomatic norms as they locked both U.S. state authorities and Spanish colonial governments in negotiations of state sovereignty, transnational migration, and reciprocity and created a new institutional framework of transnational governance in the Spanish Caribbean and the North American Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual linkages among Confederate monuments, slavery, and race suggest that Confederate monuments are relevant for explaining contemporary black–white inequality, yet we have little evidence on these relationships. I aim to further develop these possible connections. My analysis relies on a unique data set of Confederate monuments located in public spaces in the US South. I find that counties with Confederate monuments – specifically monuments inscribed with rhetoric glorifying either the soldiers as "heroes" or the cause as "pure" – have higher than expected levels of black–white poverty inequality. However, this relationship is stronger where the legacy of slavery is weaker, namely in counties with smaller historical concentrations of slaves. Confederate monuments are intertwined with a complex history, one that may continue to be reflected in the contemporary landscape of black–white inequality. The presented results are only suggestive, but they provide guidance for important avenues of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with E. Glissant's concept of History (Histoire, histoires), which is most notably expressed in his work Discours antillais (1997). I specifically examine the notion of history through a comparative study of two novels by René Depestre, Hadriana dans tous mes rêves (1988) and Eros dans un train chinois (1990), and of two poems Atibon-Legba (1964) and Cap'tain Zombi (1967). Similarly, I examine the notion of History/histories in the novel by Patrick Chamoiseau L'esclave vieil homme et le molosse (1997). The two "francophone" authors introduce the personification of a discourse which seeks to explore the relativity and plurality of the human experience of Creole slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A keynote address at the "Legacy and Mission: Theological Education and the History of Slavery" conference held at Princeton Seminary, April 8–9, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These remarks, shared at the "Legacy and Mission: Theological Education and the History of Slavery" conference at Princeton Theological Seminary, provide an overview of how Georgetown University is addressing its history with slavery and its afterlives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reissue of Orlando Patterson's Slavery and Social Death provides an opportunity to reflect on developments in studies of slavery, postcolonial sociology, and comparative-historical sociology since the book's initial release in 1982. In this special issue of Theory and Society, contributors from ancient history, anthropology, and sociology examine the book's broader intellectual significance by situating it in Patterson's corpus, covering a range of works including his fiction and scholarly publications, early work on Jamaican slave revolts, and private correspondence with key thinkers. The volume's ambit, then, is not a single book but rather a broader field of social thought. As the articles in this issue demonstrate, the concepts and theories introduced by Patterson are still vital. In some ways, we argue, a Pattersonian sociology has only recently come to its full fruition, thanks to ongoing developments in postcolonial studies, critical race studies, anthropological and historical study of slavery, globalization studies, and feminist theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December of 1811, enslaved blacksmith Gilbert Hunt helped save about a dozen white women from a horrific theatre fire in Richmond, Virginia, by catching them as they came out of a third-story window. This article examines this story of Hunt's heroism in the broader context of Euro-Virginians' changing understandings of race and slavery between 1811 and the Civil War. It also explores how Hunt has been remembered in Richmond and environs since emancipation and how historians have written about him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life of Ayuba Sulayman Diallo (also known as Job ben Solomon) receives a fresh examination in this article, based primarily on his own writings. The son of an Imam from Bundu in Senegambia, Diallo was enslaved in 1731 and transported to America. He survived to gain his freedom, make his mark in London society, and return to Africa in 1734. This article offers an analysis of documents from the British Library, including items that have not been previously analysed and are here translated into English for the first time. In addition, they bring together what is known of his archive, including the letters he wrote before, during, and after his time in London, the Qur'ans he scribed there, and the scraps and snippets created as he discussed the Arabic language with friends. A close analysis of Diallo's writings reveals new information about his life history; his relationships with the elites in both Bundu and London; his scholarly abilities; and the history of Bundu itself. Diallo used the technology of writing to direct the course of his own life and career, converting a disastrous course of events into favourable opportunities for himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this acticle is to discuss employment relationship in Indonesia, especially in the private sector, according to legalhistorical perspectives. The problem of labour relations in Indonesia has existed before the declaration of independence on August 17, 1945. The methodology used is qualitative descriptive with a historical-regulatory perspective approach. The results of the study shows that during the early stages of the history of employment relations in Indonesia, the workers were socially and economically vulnerable if compared to employers, thus they need to be protected by law to fight for their rights. The protection of the law on the workers and the employers basically is premised on two principles - the basis of governmental law and on human rights. All of this was not available to the workers before Indonesia achieved independence. When Indonesia achieved independence, new labour legislation was introduced to give protection to the workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legacies of slavery today are seen in structural racism that has resulted in disproportionate maternal and infant death among African Americans. The deep roots of these patterns of disparity in maternal and infant health lie with the commodification of enslaved Black women's childbearing and physicians' investment in serving the interests of slaveowners. Even certain medical specializations, such as obstetrics and gynecology, owe a debt to enslaved women who became experimental subjects in the development of the field. Public health initiatives must acknowledge these historical legacies by addressing institutionalized racism and implicit bias in medicine while promoting programs that remedy socially embedded health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public health professionals have long played a vital—albeit underappreciated—role in shaping, not simply using, US Census data, so as to provide the factual evidence required for good governance and health equity. Since its advent in 1790, the US Census has constituted a key political instrument, given the novel mandate of the US Constitution to allocate political representation via a national decennial census. US Census approaches to categorizing and enumerating people and places have profound implications for every branch and level of government and the resources and representation accorded across and within US states. Using a health equity lens to consider how public health has featured in each generation's political battles waged over and with census data, this essay considers three illustrations of public health's engagement with the enduring ramifications of three foundational elements of the US Census: its treatment of slavery, Indigenous populations, and the politics of place. This history underscores how public health has major stakes in the values and vision for governance that produces and uses census data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1822, the Russian czar resolved a dispute over compensation for slaves fleeing to British lines during the War of 1812. American observers have long asserted that this canonical decision favored the United States. But new debate has recently arisen among historians. Uncovering evidence from diplomatic archives, this Article concludes that the czar did indeed side with the United States. Moreover, the case demonstrates how nineteenth-century American statesmen pressed international law into service in support of slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral circulated through the everyday lives of antebellum women and men (free and enslaved) as beads, necklaces, bracelets, reef specimens, and other objects. And antebellum coral was almost always more than merely ornamental. Coral has captivated people, across many cultures and centuries, because of its unique physical nature that combines animal and plant, living and nonliving matter, and that grows continually and unpredictably from the interaction of many small and sometimes invisible forces. Coral's fluid, composite, indeterminate nature and growth set it apart from other natural materials, and it has historically raised new questions, prospects, and possibilities about the natural world as a whole. Yet the many prospects coral raised across centuries and cultures, I argue, share a central feature that enthralled antebellum Americans: coral provoked the recognition that there are limits to our capacity to know, describe, predict, classify, and rank nature, both human and nonhuman. "Antebellum Coral" assembles several written and visual reflections on coral beads and reveals how the cultural and natural history of these small everyday objects challenged the taxonomic thinking that increasingly structured antebellum life. Charting some of the challenges to knowledge, description, and classification raised by the polysemy of coral, I show that coral ultimately gave antebellum Americans new ways to imagine and evaluate an unpredictably fluid material world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reevaluates Phillis Wheatley as a theological thinker whose evangelical conception of disinterestedness informed her evolving position on slavery. By reading Wheatley's poetry and letters alongside her correspondent Samuel Hopkins's sermons and antislavery treatises, I argue that Wheatley's shift toward writing against slavery after 1770 reflects a similar change in her theology: that she, like Hopkins, stopped discussing slavery as an "advantageous sin" as she formulated an evangelical ethical theory of disinterestedness that anticipated Hopkins's philosophy of "disinterested benevolence." In contrast to the civic republican conception of disinterestedness, which argues that persons can only promote the general public's interests after they have set aside private passions, evangelical disinterestedness requires persons to radically abandon their individual will through conversion and work on God's behalf to alleviate others'—and particularly marginalized figures'—suffering. Departing from the scholarship that argues that she was apathetic about her own enslaved condition, this article posits that because evangelical disinterestedness allowed Wheatley to present herself as a devout subject who cared for others' needs more than her own, she was able to base her post-1770 critique of slavery entirely on accounts of other African persons' suffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts of slavery and freedom dominate the historiography of labour and social relations in nineteenth-century East and Central Africa. This article argues that such concepts oversimplify the complexity of other forms of servitude. It does so by analysing the position of people who referred to themselves as ngwana on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Ngwana translates from Swahili as 'gentlemen,' and it implies 'respectability' and 'freeborn' status. Yet most ngwana could not claim to be free, even if they had ceased being slaves. Rather than freedom, ngwana sought 'respect,' and in so doing blurred the lines between slavery and freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a new sample that links people and families across 1860, 1880, and 1900 census data to explore the intergenerational impact of slavery on black families in the United States. Slaveholding-the number of slaves owned by a single farmer or planter-is used as a proxy for experiences during slavery. Slave family structures varied systematically with slaveholding sizes. Enslaved children on smaller holdings were more likely to be members of single-parent or divided families. On larger holdings, however, children tended to reside in nuclear families. In 1880, a child whose mother had been on a farm with five slaves was 49 % more likely to live in a single-parent household than a child whose mother had been on a farm with 15 slaves. By 1900, slaveholding no longer had an impact. However, children whose parents lived in single-parent households were themselves more likely to live in single-parent households and to have been born outside marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of anti-slavery sentiment or abolition in Concord, Massachusetts, prior to the U.S. Civil War. Topics include abolitionist Sandra Gustafson, her use of town bells to send coded messages, and her use of locomotive trains to deliver ideas and information, both with passengers and freight.

Analyzing the social and economic relations in a specific society is extremely important for its comprehension. In this article the objective is to comprehend the surviving strategies used by the family of Antonio Augusto Bicalho Canêdo, the greatest owner of slaves of São Paulo do Muriahé parish. The utilized sources will be the baptism registers, weddings and the post-mortem inventory related to our character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article discusses the historical process shaping penal selectivity in Brazil, with a specific focus on the legal and social circumstances of the population of African descent, represented by hegemonic political and legal thought in a framework of moral and racial disqualification. We restrict our observations to the penal system within urban spaces, analyzing the penal legislations of the Imperial period and those of the early decades of the Republican regime, in light of the transition from the political regime (monarchy to republic) and the abolition of slavery. We locate the emergence of demands for greater penal repression to this period, in the light of an exploitation of a feeling of uncertainty and political fragility. The analysis is guided by a reading of Gaston Bachelard and research into the clash with hegemonic thought, by means of openings, cracks, and breaks in the absolutist and authoritarian thought that characterizes and governs the workings of punitive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an occasion on which moral judgement can, and should, take place. When the chief justice of the court of king’s bench - William Murray, first earl of Mansfield - was presented with the case of Somerset v Stewart in 1772, he was presented with choices that unveiled aspects of his character. By first establishing the ambiguity of the legal context and the multifarious political pressures that preceded Somerset’s case, this article identifies the extent of Lord Mansfield’s ‘room for manoeuvre’ with respect to three elements of his conduct: the delay and reluctance in making a decision, the choices regarding the substantive decision and the manner of expressing that decision. To what extent did Mansfield have freedom of action, and how did he exercise it? Are those free actions worthy of praise or condemnation? Through an essential questioning of previous historians’ assumptions and omissions, this article sharpens the strokes through which a complex portrait of Mansfield may be rendered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines opposition to the creation and presence of the West India Regiments in Britain’s Caribbean colonies from the establishment of these military units in the mid-to-late 1790s to the formal ending of slavery in the region. Twelve regiments were originally created amid the twin crises associated with Britain’s struggle with Revolutionary France and the horrendous losses to disease suffered by British forces in the Caribbean. Their rank-and-file were comprised mainly of men of African descent, most of whom had been bought by the British Army from slave traders or, after the abolition of the British slave trade in 1807, recruited from among people ‘liberated’ by the Royal Navy. While there was nothing new in using men of African descent, free and enslaved, in the service of the European empires in the Americas, such enrolments had tended to be for fixed or limited periods. Thus, the establishment of the West India Regiments as permanent military units, whose soldiers were uniformed, armed and trained along European lines, was unprecedented—and bitterly opposed by West Indian colonists. Indeed, although white West Indians were concerned about the protection of the colonies from both external and internal foes, they were highly sceptical about whether arming (formerly) enslaved people of African descent would serve to promote their security or might, in fact, imperil the system of racial slavery on which they relied. The tensions arising from the establishment of the West India Regiments have been examined by other historians. However, much of the previous focus has been on the political conflict between the British authorities and local colonial legislatures, and on legal challenges to the regiments, especially during the early years of their existence. In contrast, this article takes a wider view of opposition to the regiments over a longer period up to the formal ending of slavery. In so doing, it examines how the regiments’ rank and file were viewed by white West Indians and the deep anxieties this reveals among colonists. The article also considers the efforts made by the regiments’ proponents and commanders to promulgate more favourable images of black soldiers, images that became more prominent by the 1830s. The more general argument is that this struggle around how the West India Regiments’ rank and file should be viewed was part of a broader ‘war of representation’ over the image of ‘the African’ during the age of abolition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A primary port in the slave trade, the city of Savannah, Georgia, has but one public monument to slavery. As a text, therefore, Savannah's cityscape lacks a chapter on enslavement. The lone slavery monument's placement, content, and poetic inscription are the products of what was a bitter, decade-long fight over what to include and exclude, an editing process that activated competing interpretations about how and even whether to commemorate the city's participation in the trans-Atlantic slave economy. This article presents a case study on the ethics of remembering and how dominant authorities and marginalized groups, including Savannah's black community, negotiate even among themselves, for the social construction of local history, collective memory, and its visual representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1998 and 2006, the memory of slavery in France developed from a marginalized issue into a priority of the state. This article examines the process in which community activists and state actors interacted with and against one another to integrate remembrance and the commemoration of slavery and its abolitions into a Republican national narrative. It focuses on a series of actions from the protests against the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in 1998 to the creation of the 10 May National Memorial Day to Slavery and Its Abolitions in 2006. Basing its analysis on oral history interviews and various publications, this article argues that "memory activists"-and particularly new anti-racist groups-mobilized the memory of slavery to address issues of community identity and resistance within the context of twenty-first-century republicanism. In so doing, they articulated a new kind of black identity in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo se centra en la historiografía de la brasileña de 1964, golpe de estado. Diversos temas discutidos incluyen la historia de recuerdos, modernidad en Brasil, la ideología política de la historia de Brasil, país sociohistory, la historia de los movimientos sociales, la esclavitud allí, contemporáneo del trauma de esclavos y matanzas en el país.

Caribbean slavery on plantations perched on very small islands that could be only a few dozen acres in extent was likely very different from slavery on the major islands. This article considers the results from three years of excavation and survey on the 150 ac. island of Little Jost van Dyke, British Virgin Islands, focusing on a cotton-farming plantation occupied by both free and enslaved people from about 1720 to 1790. The questions of oversight and control, as well as access to resources—frequent topics in plantation archaeology that are somewhat different here—frame the discussion of the limits and advantages of small islands and the effects of these on daily life and the structure of communities. A particular focus is given to the data provided by the study of marine-shell ecofacts recovered in the excavations and what these data can reveal about foodways, economy, and movement around the landscape. The article concludes that those enslaved on such smaller islands often had certain opportunities for movement and economic improvement denied those on larger or landlocked sites, but also serves as a reminder that these opportunities could not counter the impacts of enslavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]