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BACKGROUND Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) is a newly identified low-grade brain tumor with frequent epileptic presentation. Despite the facilitated use of invasive electroencephalography owing to the growing availability of stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG), intracranial features of tumor-related seizures are still scarcely described. This report provides the first description of SEEG-recorded seizures in PLNTY to provide an insight into its surgical strategy. OBSERVATIONS Spontaneous clinical seizures were recorded with SEEG in a young adult patient with drug-resistant epilepsy associated with a PLNTY in the left lateral temporal cortex. The seizure onset was characterized by low-voltage fast activity (LVFA) and showed eccentric localization with respect to the tumor: LVFA was localized in the anterior portion of the tumor and spread toward the adjacent polar cortex. The language risks associated with the resection of the posterior temporal cortex could thus be minimized. LESSONS PLNTY can show a focal and eccentric seizure-onset zone around the tumor. The present findings serve to improve the functional and seizure outcomes using the staged invasive approach in PLNTY.

BACKGROUND Frontal disconnection surgery is a useful surgical option for patients with frontal epilepsy whose seizure onset zones are exceedingly large and thus are not amenable to conventional resective surgery. While it has the advantage of avoiding sequelae stemming from a large resection cavity, the impact of radical anatomofunctional disconnection of such a vast frontal region is not fully understood. OBSERVATIONS The authors have identified secondary degeneration in the striatum ipsilateral to the frontal disconnection surgery in two adult patients who had otherwise favorable postoperative outcomes following the surgery. On serial postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, the striatum showed transient restricted diffusion in the caudate head and rostral putamen around several weeks postoperatively and subsequent atrophy in the caudate head. The affected striatal regions (i.e., the anterior portion of the striatum) were congruent with the known fronto-striatal connectivity corresponding to the disconnected frontal regions anterior to the primary and supplementary motor areas. Both patients achieved 1-year seizure freedom without apparent disability related to the surgery. LESSONS The benign postoperative course despite the marked degenerative changes in the ipsilateral striatum supports the feasibility of the frontal disconnection surgery in otherwise inoperable patients with broad frontal epileptogenicity.

A new lobane-type diterpenoid, loba-8,10,13(15)-triene-14,17,18-triol 17-acetate (1), and 5 known compounds, lobatriene (2), (17 R)-loba-8,10,13(15)-triene-17,18-diol (3), loba-8,10,13(15)-triene-14,17,18-triol 14,17-diacetate (4), loba-8,10,13(15)-triene-14,17,18-triol 14-acetate (5), and lobatrienetriol (6), were isolated from a population of Okinawan soft coral Lobophytum sp. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopy, including nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of these compounds were tested using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells.

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders. However, there are currently no accepted biomarkers for ET. This report suggested that concentration of plasma glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and taurine could be biomarkers for ET.

The red alga Laurencia nipponica comprises various chemical races distributed relative to the ocean current in Japanese coastal areas. We investigated the chemical compositions and chemical races of L. nipponica distributed from the Kunashiri and Etorofu Islands, the confluence of the Soya warm current and Oya-shio cold current. Two new halogenated secondary metabolites, deacetylneonipponallene (1) and neopacifenol (2), along with four known compounds, deoxyprepacifenol (3), pacifenol (4), halo-chamigrene diether (5), and isolaurallene (6) were isolated from L. nipponica collected at Chikappunai, Kunashiri Island, while Zaimokuiwa (Kunashiri Island) and Sana (Etorofu Island) populations contained 3, 7-hydroxylaurene (7), 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-9-hydroxy-α-chamigrene (8), and (3Z)-laurefucin (9). The structures of 1 and 2 were established using spectroscopic methods. The chemical races of L. nipponica distributed in this area were divided into 6- and 9-producing races. Interestingly, both races contained 4 as an additional race-index, as well as its derivatives, 2 and 5. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a race comprising a mixture of two race-index compounds, suggesting that the convergence of two currents causes the production of new and diverse chemical races in this species.

The medicinal plant, Syzygium leucoxylon or commonly known as Obah found in North Borneo was considered as traditional medicine by local committee. Two new phenolics, leucoxenols A (1) and B (2) were isolated and identified as major secondary metabolites from the leaves of S. leucoxylon. Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data such as NMR and HRESIMS. Furthermore, these compounds were active against selected strains of fungi.

There are no specific radiologic features in MOG-Ab (autoantibodies directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein)-associated diseases. We present two MOG-Ab-positive patients with symmetrical lesions in the bilateral cingulate cortex of the frontal and parietal lobes. Those lesions showed hyperperfusion in acute phase and hypoperfusion in chronic phase on brain SPECT. In both patients, steroid therapy was effective in acute phase and for prevention of recurrence. High signal in the bilateral cingulate cortex on MR T2-weighted and FLAIR images might to be one of the unique findings considered MOG-Ab associated diseases.

A new sesquiterpene, capgermacrene H (1) was isolated together with 7 other compounds, capgermacrenes A-G (2-8), from a population of soft coral Capnella imbricata collected from Mantanani Island, Sabah, Malaysia. The structure of this metabolite was elucidated based on spectroscopic data such as nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Capgermacrene A (2) showed potent cytotoxicity against adult T-cell leukemia, S1T cells at half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.79 µg/mL., 論文

One new cembrane diterpene, 16-hydroxycembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene (1), along with three known compounds, 15-hydroxycembra-1,3,7,11-tetraene (2), sarcophine (3) and sarcophytoxide (4) were isolated from Sarcophyton sp. collected from Karah Island, Terengganu, West Malaysia. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. Activities of these compounds against antibacterial resistant clinical bacteria are reported. Only 1 exhibited inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus.

Three new cembranoid diterpenes, 10-hydroxy-nephthenol acetate (1), 7,8-epoxy-10-hydroxy-nephthenol acetate (2), and 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxy-10-hydroxy-nephthenol acetate (3), along with a known compound, 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxy-nephthenol acetate (4), were isolated from the Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. Antibacterial and anticancer activities were exhibited by compounds 1 and 2 against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538)/Escherichia coli (ATCC 13311) and Hela/MCF-7, respectively.

A new compound, chandonanol (1), along with four known compounds, chandonanthone (2), iso-chandonanthone (3), anastreptene (4), and (6R,7S)-sesquiphellandrene (5), was isolated from the MeOH extract of Bornean liverwort Chandonanthus hirtellus. The structure of the new metabolite was established by analyses of the spectroscopic data (1D NMR, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and IR). These compounds were tested for their activity against antibiotic-resistant clinical strains. Chandonanol (1) exhibited potent bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Two new halogenated nonterpenoids C15-acetogenins, nangallenes A-B (1–2), together with two known halogenated compounds itomanallene A (3) and 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-α-chamigrene (4), were isolated and identified from the organic extract of the marine red alga Laurencia nangii Masuda collected from the coastal waters in Semporna, Borneo. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic analysis including IR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS), and 1D and 2D NMR techniques. All these metabolites were submitted for the antifungal assay against four species of selected marine fungi. Compounds 1–4 showed potent activity against Haliphthoros sabahensis and Lagenidium thermophilum.

A new aaptamine-related alkaloid, 1,3-dioxolo [4,5- d] benzo [ de]-1,6-naphthyridine (methylenedioxyaaptamine, 1), was isolated from the organic extracts of the Bornean marine sponge Aaptos aaptos, together with a known aaptamine derivative, 8,9,9-trimethoxy-9 H-benzo [ de]-1,6-naphthyridine (2). The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by interpretation of its spectroscopic data. Two compounds were tested for their cytotoxic potentials against adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells, and compound 1 showed moderate cytotoxic potential.

A new cembranolide diterpene, sarcophytonolide V (1), along with 6 known compounds, isosarcophytonolide D (2), (4 Z,8 S*,9 R*,12 E,14 E)-9-hydroxy-1-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-8,12-dimethyl-oxabicyclo[9.3.2]-hexadeca-4,12,14-trien-18-one (3), (7 E,11 E)-3,4-epoxy-7,11,15-cembratriene (4), (1 S*,3 S*,4 S*,7 E,11 E)-3,4-epoxy-13-oxo-7,11,15-cembratriene (5), (-)-eunicenone (6), and 2-[( E, E, E)-7′,8′-epoxy-4′,8′,12′-trimethylcyclotetradeca-1′,3′,11′-trienyl]propan-2-ol (7) were isolated from the Bornean soft coral Sarcophyton sp. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high resolution electron spray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS). These compounds were evaluated for their biological activity against marine pathogenic fungi.

One new phenylbutenoid, (3 Z)-2′,4′,5′-trimethoxyphenylbutadiene (1) along with five known metabolites were isolated from aquatic galangal ( Alpinia aquatica Rosc.) and their chemotaxonomy importance in five populations of A. aquatica collected from Kota Kinabalu, Ranau and Kota Belut in Sabah, Malaysia. The antibacterial potential as well as the chemosystematics importance of this discovery is discussed.

We characterized two developmental mutants of Coprinopsis cinerea, Apa56 and Sac29, newly isolated from a homokaryotic fruiting strain, 326 (Amut Bmut pab1-1), after restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) mutagenesis. Both Apa56 and Sac29 exhibited slower mycelial growth than the parental wild-type strain and failed to initiate fruiting when grown on standard malt extract-yeast extract-glucose medium under 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. Both mutants exhibited unusual differentiation in aerial hyphae: differentiated hyphae lacked clamp connections and exhibited irregular shapes. The differentiated hyphae were similar to the component cells of hyphal knots, but did not form hyphal knots: they spread as dense mycelial mats. When the carbon source (glucose) in the medium was substituted with sucrose or galactose, both strains formed as many hyphal knots as the parental wild type. The hyphal knots formed, however, did not develop into fruiting-body initials, but developed into sclerotia. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that the gene, designated Cc.rmt1, is disrupted by REMI mutagenesis and is responsible for the phenotypes in both mutants. Cc.rmt1 is predicted to encode a putative protein arginine methyltransferase, some homologs of which have been shown to be involved in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes.

One new cembrane diterpene, (1 S, 2 E, 4 R, 6 E, 8 S, 11 S, 12 S)-11,12-epoxy-8-hydroperoxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-cembradiene (1) was isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral genus Sarcophyton collected from the coastal waters Bohey Dulang, Sabah, Malaysia. Its structure was elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis including NMR and HRESIMS spectra. Cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities were tested.

A new guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid, 10β-O-methyl-1αH,5αH-guaia-6-en-4β-ol (1) along with two known compounds, 10-O -methyl alismoxide (2) and alismoxide (3) were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Xenia stellifera. The structure of this metabolite was elucidated based on spectroscopic data such as NMR and HRESIMS. These compounds were evaluated for their biological activity against adult T-cell leukemia cell line., 論文

We identified 14 Coprinus cinereus variants defective in nuclear migration for dikaryosis after restriction enzyme-mediated integration mutagenesis. All the variants were able to donate nuclei but failed to accept nuclei in compatible matings. Of the 14 variants, six were due to single-gene mutations. We characterized num1, a gene responsible for one of the mutations. The num1 ORF interrupted by three introns is predicted to encode a protein of 217 amino acids. The Num1 protein has two leucine-zipper motifs, one at the N-terminal region and the other at the C-terminal region. Num1 is also predicted to form a coiled-coil structure in its C-terminal half. The num1-1 mutant allele is predicted to produce a truncated peptide with only one leucine-zipper motif at the N-terminal region. A plasmid carrying a sequence for the truncated peptide could inhibit nuclear migration when introduced into a wild-type strain, showing that the num1-1 mutant allele is dominant negative. The transcription of num1 is down-regulated when the pathway regulated by B mating-type genes is activated.

To remove nucleic acids from cellular products as drugs, cross-linked N,N-dimethylaminopropylacrylamide (DMP) particles with cationic functional groups were prepared. The particle's hydrophobicity and its anion-exchange capacity were easily adjusted by changing the cross-linking agent and the DMP ratio in the cross-linking, respectively. When divinylbenzene (DVB) was used as a cross-linking agent and the DMP ratio (in the cross-linking) was adjusted to 90 mol%, the particles (DMP-DVB, 90:10) showed the highest adsorbing activity of DNA (salmon spermary). Its adsorption capacity was 54 mg/ml adsorbent. On the other hand, the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the DMP-DVB extremely increased with increase in the adsorbent's pore size (molecular mass exclusions; M(lim)) from 2 x 10(3) to 1 x 10(4), but decreased with increase in the buffer's ionic strength (mu) to 0.2 or stronger. As a result, when the DMP-DVB (80:20) with M(lim) 2 x 10(3) was used as adsorbent by a column method at pH, 7.2 and mu = 0.17, it only selectively removed DNA from a BSA solution, including 1000 microg/ml of BSA and 10 microg/ml of DNA. The adsorbent decreased the concentration of DNA in the BSA solution to < 10 ng/ml, and the recovery rate of BSA was more 98%.

A Bornean red algal population of Laurencia simlis Nam et Saito was analyzed for its secondary metabolite composition. Seven compounds were identified: ent -1(10)-aristolen-9β-ol (1), (+)-aristolone (2), axinysone B (3), 9-aristolen-1α-ol (4), 2,3,5,6-tetrabromoindole (5), 1-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrabromoindole (6), and 1-methyl-2,3,5-tribromoindole (7). Compound 1 was identified as a new optical isomer of 1(10)-aristolen-9β-ol. Compounds 1, 4 and 5 exhibited good antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistant clinical bacteria and cytotoxic effects against selected cancer cell lines.

A new compound, schistochilic acid D (1) and two known compounds (2 and 3) were isolated from MeOH extract of Bornean liverwort Schistochila acuminata collected from Mount Trus Madi, Sabah. The structure of the new metabolite was established based on spectroscopic (1D NMR, 2D NMR, and IR). and HRESIMS data. In addition, another population of S. acuminata collected from Mount Alab (Sabah) yielded four known compounds, 2, 3, 4 and 5. These compounds were tested for their biological potential against the B16-F10 cell line. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited weak cytotoxic activity.

Two new lobane diterpenoids, prenyl-α-elemenone (1) and ent-prenyl-β-elemene (2), along with a known compound, α-murrolene (3) were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Sinularia sp. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic, including 2D NMR, and HR-MS data. These compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities against antibiotic resistant clinical strains.

In total, 111 revertants were isolated from the oidia of a heat-sensitive, β-tubulin mutant BEN193 (benA193) of the basidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus after mutagenesis by ultraviolet. Of the 111 revertants, 48 were genetically analyzed. In 15 of the 48 revertants, reversion was due to mutations at loci unlinked tobenA, whereas in the remaining 33 revertants, reversion was due to mutations withinbenA or at loci closely linked tobenA. The 15 extragenic suppressor mutations comprised three groups in terms of genetic linkage; two of them were designated asmipA andmipB. Suppressor mutations in the third group were found to bebenC, one of the four loci we have previously identified as genes conferring benomyl resistance. Biochemical analysis revealed thatbenC + is a structural gene for a major α-tubulin in vegetative hyphae.

We report the chemical composition of a population of Bornean Laurencia nangii Masuda. A new compound, neolaurene (1), along with five known metabolites, neolaurallene (2), 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-α-chamigrene (3), deoxyprepacifenol (4), cycloelatanene B (5) and intricatetraol (6), were isolated and their chemical structures elucidated based on spectroscopic data. In addition, their cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity were evaluated.

The TU25 mutant strain of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus grows well at 28 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. Microscopic examination revealed that TU25 exhibited swelling at hyphal apices after a shift-up from 28 degrees C to 37 degrees C. The temperature sensitivity and hyphal swelling co-segregated through meiosis as expected for a single Mendelian factor, designated hyt1 (hyphal tip). Both defects could be suppressed by the presence of osmotic stabilizers in the medium, suggesting that the hyt1 gene product is required for proper cell-wall function. Chemical analysis of the cell walls, however, failed to detect any clear difference in the composition of the cell-wall polysaccharides between the wild-type and TU25. A DNA fragment which complements the hyt1-1 mutation was cloned and sequenced. The predicted protein in the ORF essential for complementation of hyt1-1 is a novel protein.

In total, 404 variants resistant to the antimicrotubule agent benomyl were isolated from UV-irradiated oidia of the basidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus. Part of the variants showed, in addition to benomyl resistance, heat sensitivity or heat dependence. Fifteen variants selected on the basis of different phenotypes were subjected to further analyses. All of the 15 variations were due to single-gene mutations, and the mutations comprised four groups (benA, benB, benC, andbenD) in terms of genetic linkage. Some of the 15 mutations affected nuclear migration in dikaryosis and/or fruiting processes.

Temperature-sensitive variants defective in hyphal growth of the basidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus were isolated from oidia treated by UV orN-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In 23 out of 27 variant strains isolated, the temperature-sensitive variation was shown to be due to recessive single-gene mutation. All of the 23 mutants exhibited apparent interallelic complementation with one another, with the exception of one pair. The mutants were mated with their respective progeny to construct temperature-sensitive dikaryons carrying the mutant genes homozygously. Fruiting test of the respective dikaryons showed that eight mutations reduce stipe elongation during basidiocarp maturation at a restrictive temperature (37°C).

Cell-free extracts and cell wall autolysates prepared from the stipes of basidiocarp ofCoprinus cinereus were examined for (1→3)-β-glucanase activities. Gel filtration revealed two major peaks and a minor one of (1→3)-β-glucanases in both of the preparations, the former ones being designated as glucanase I and glucanase II. Glucanase I with a molecular weight of 300,000 had activity towardp-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucoside (pNPG) as well as laminarin, whereas glucanase II with a molecular weight of 70,000 had no activity toward pNPG. Both enzymes had only negligible activity toward pustulan. During stipe elongation, the level of glucanase-II activity remarkably increased with increasing rate of the elongation, whereas that of glucanase-I activity remained almost constant, in both the cell-free extract and the cell wall autolysate. Near the end of stipe elongation, both glucanase activities were lowered in the cell wall autolysate, but remained high in the cell-free extract.

A new bicyclogermacrene, capgermacrene C (1), along with a known compound, 1,4-peroxy-5-muurolene (2), were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Capnella sp. The structures of these metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including NMR, and HRESIMS. Both compounds were subjected to antibacterial activity tests against antibiotic resistant clinical bacteria, but produced only negligible inhibition.

One new cembrane, ent -sinuflexibilin D (1), along with seven known compounds (2-8) were isolated from a population of Bornean soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Cytotoxicity and antifungal activities of these compounds were evaluated in vitro. In addition, muurolene 7 was first isolates from a marine source.