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Chapter 45 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter deals with feeds and feeding livestock. It describes the chemical composition of the feed-stock. It also presents a discussion of the valuable feeding standards for farm animals including the Wolff-Lehmann Standards, the Armsby Standards and the Haecker Standard for Dairy Cows.

Chapter 52 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter offers a guide on the selection and improvement of the dairy herd. It discusses the values of pedigrees, breed differences and buying cows or raising calves. It also describes a method of housing for heifers over one year old.

Chapter 51 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter focuses on beekeeping and offers a guide for beekeepers on handling bees. It provides a preventive measure against swarming. Also discussed are the diseases of bees, particularly foul brood.

Chapter 50 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter focuses on the value of the farm flock or poultry. It cites the advantages of pure-bred poultry. It offers a guide on selecting and housing the breeding stock, as well as some brooding techniques.

Chapter 49 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter provides a guide for farmers on breeding sheeps and goats, marketing the lambs, and shearing the flock. It recommends to market the lambs at weaning time. It cites the factors to consider in determining the time of shearing, which include the weather, the season and the locality and equipment.

Chapter 48 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The article offers a guide for farmers on the breeding, housing and feeding of swine. It describes the characteristics of the two principal types of hogs, the lard and the bacon. It stresses the importance of the selection of a correct site for the location of the hog house.

Chapter 47 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter focuses on breeding, feeding and marketing of beef cattle. It discusses the methods of handling beef cattle, namely, breeding pure-bred cattle, producing stockers and feeders, grazing cattle and fattening cattle. It cites the factors to consider in the selection of cattle for the feed lot.

Chapter 46 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter offers information about horses and mules and their usefulness in the farm. It describes the characteristics of some horse classes such as the light horse, the draft horse and the stallion. It explains the proper management in feeding and caring for the horse.

Chapter 44 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter focuses on the breeding, care and management of livestock. It discusses the distinct lines of breeding that can be followed by the American farmer, namely, breeding of pure-breds, grading and cross-breeding. Also discussed in the chapter are the preparation of feeds and care of the breeding herds.

Chapter 43 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter explores the benefits and limitations of keeping livestock. Two of the advantages of keeping livestock are the production of livestock and livestock products for the home food supply and use of unproductive lands. Some of its disadvantages include the requirement for a larger capital, and the possibility that crop failures may cause loss on livestock.

Chapter 42 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter offers a guide on window gardening. It describes the characteristics of a good soil suitable for window gardening. A method for potting is detailed and gives an advice on the watering of plants.

Chapter 19 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter provides information on miscellaneous annual hay and forage crops. It offers an overview of varieties of cowpeas which differ in size, character of growth and maturity period. It describes common millet as drought resistant and a crop that thrives on poor soil.

Chapter 17 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter provides information on cultivating alfalfa. It says that the presence of too much alkali and over-irrigation may prevent the growth of alfalfa. It also notes that alfalfa hay is developed into meal for shipment to the eastern markets and is utilized in rations for dairy cattle and poultry.

Chapter 16 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It offers information on clovers, its use and harvesting methods. It says that red clover grows best on fertile, well-drained soil that consists of lime and organic matter and free from weeds. Sweet clover is said to contain high digestible protein and nutritious as feed.

Chapter 15 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It emphasizes the importance of meadow and pasture grasses to livestock. It cites the factors to consider in harvesting grasses for hay including the weather conditions at the period of maturity and digestibility and palatability of the product. Also stated is the use of Johnson grass for both hay and pasture.

Chapter 13 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It provides information on the production of oats, barley and rye in the U.S. It says that oats tend to grow best in a cool and moist climate. Also noted is the use of rye as a cover crop and for green manure.

Chapter 11 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It offers information on cultivating corn in the U.S. It emphasizes the importance of proper distribution of rainfall to corns. The ear row method is cited as the most satisfactory approach to corn improvement.

Chapter 10 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter discusses crop rotation and its importance to successful farming. Crop rotation is defined as a systematic succession of general classes of crops in order to produce great yields and provide pasture and forage on the farm. It cites the methods of planning and recording of rotations.

Chapter 9 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. It explains several ways of crop improvement or plant breeding. It suggests selecting a first-class variety in order to improve a crop. It emphasizes the need for every community to have farmers with specialty of producing and selling enhanced farm seeds.

Chapter 8 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter focuses on the art of soil management. It cites the main objectives of tillage which include improvement of the physical condition of the soil, control of weeds, and provision of a suitable seed-bed. It also discusses the appropriate time for and the depth of plowing.

Chapter 7 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter deals with soil moisture, its functions in agriculture and its practical conservation. It stresses the importance of the amount of rain in any region in connection with crop production. It describes the different forms of soil water, namely, gravitational water, capillary water, and hygroscopic water.

Chapter 6 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter offers information about lime and other soil amendments and the methods of application. It discusses the lime requirements of soils and crops. It also provides information about the amount of lime to be applied in soils, the time of applying and the frequency of application.

Chapter 5 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter offers information about barnyard, stable and green manures. It explains what crops and soils should manure be applied. It cites some of the principal crops grown in the U.S. for green manuring purposes such as red clover, alfalfa and cowpeas.

Chapter 3 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter focuses on soil fertility and discusses several farming techniques to maintain it. Several factors that affect the fertility of the soil include a sufficient supply of plant-food elements, adequate water supply, and sufficient warmth to promote growth. It explains the importance of deep plowing, tillage and crop rotations in maintaining fertility.

Chapter 1 of the book "Traditional American Farming Techniques: A Ready Reference on All Phases of Agriculture for Farmers of the United States and Canada," by Frank D. Gardner is presented. The chapter discusses the soil and its properties as related to the business of farming. It describes the characteristics of the two general classes of soil, namely residual soils and transported soils. It provides an overview of the soil adaptation of the 15 leading crops in northeastern U.S.