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Due to the heterogeneous nature of the crowd in online crowdsourcing, one key question discussed by academics and practitioners is whether participants are skilled enough to make valuable contributions. This research studies learning processes underlying idea generation in creative contests. Based on qualitative findings triangulating participants’ and brands’ perspectives, we identify six incoming and outgoing user skills which contribute to the development of valuable contributions and determine participation in future contests. Building on three types of brand instructions which emerge from the data, findings show how value is added by the collectivity and two complementary dynamics: (1) social learning and (2) learning from experience. From a managerial perspective, results provide guidance in designing successful crowdsourcing competitions by taking benefit from a multi-competent crowd. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's perspective on the gender role in the family and in marriage, through heavily referencing Hegal concept of ethical life and his book "Philosophy of Right." Hegel's philosopher of the family's relationship with civil society and the state, including in role to women's role in preserving the family, is discussed.

The article discusses on the contribution of non-ideality in the society. It cites on the Ideal Theory that focuses on constructing the best account of what justly should be done by whom and for whom. The article also discusses on the author's true story entitled "Philosophy and the Redistribution of Bone Marrow".

While shaping aesthetic judgment and choice, socially constructed authenticity takes on some very different meanings among observers, consumers, producers and critics. Using a theoretical framework positing four distinct meanings of socially constructed authenticity–type, moral, craft, and idiosyncratic–we aim to document empirically the unique appeal of each type. We develop predictions about the relationships between attributed authenticity and corresponding increases in the value ascribed to it through: (1) consumer value ratings, (2) willingness to pay, and (3) behavioral choice. We report empirical analyses from a research program of three multi-method studies using (1) archival data from voluntary consumer evaluations of restaurants in an online review system, (2) a university-based behavioral lab experiment, and (3) an online survey-based experiment. Evidence is consistent across the studies and suggests that perceptions of four distinct subtypes of socially constructed authenticity generate increased appeal and value even after controlling for option quality. Findings suggest additional directions for research on authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing debate in the metaphysics of dispositions regarding which type of modality governs their manifestation. This paper assumes as its default position the view that dispositions manifest by conditional necessity; that is, when in appropriate circumstances dispositions manifest necessarily. From this standpoint, the paper engages critically with an existing alternative in the literature, put forward most prominently by Mumford and Anjum, and known as dispositional modality. According to this latter view, even when in appropriate manifestation conditions, dispositions only merely tend towards their manifestation. By raising difficulties for this alternative, the paper offers indirect support for the conditional necessity view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on speaking honestly about raising a disabled child. The author relates his challenges of writing about his daughter who has Down syndrome. Experiences of people who are raising children with special needs are presented, including caring for a child with alobar holoprosencephaly (HPE) and adoption of children with Down syndrome. The author stresses the need to include grace, dignity and authenticity when writing on the subject of raising a child with special needs.

This essay examines several ethical and epistemological issues that arise when philosophers conduct empirical research focused on, or in collaboration with, community groups seeking to bring about systemic change. This type of research can yield important policy lessons about effective community-driven reform and how to incorporate the voices of marginalized citizens in public policy debates. Community-based reform efforts are also particularly ripe for philosophical analysis since they can demonstrate the strengths and shortcomings of democratic and egalitarian ideals. This type of research also raises unique ethical dilemmas that challenge central tenets of research ethics. We focus on two foundational questions: What does informed consent mean in the context of community-based research (CBR) when CBR may dissolve differences between researcher and research participant, and its parameters can be hard to delineate? And what ethical, democratic, and epistemic issues arise when conducting research with and on community groups, given potentially competing commitments to respect the epistemological contributions of all participants while also meeting research norms to warrant findings and conclusions? Our examination has two aspects: we grapple with these issues through examples from our work to reveal their significance in our own philosophic practice, and more broadly, to reveal their significance as problems within traditional research ethics. We believe that this approach will demonstrate the utility of philosophic engagement with dilemmas in research ethics as a reflective matter, and in the course of empirical research itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Méditerranée Infection Foundation's primary goal is supporting a research hospital for the treatment of infectious diseases in Marseille. The main objective of this innovative center is to understand the mechanisms of contagion and face them. The Foundation will include a committee on moral philosophy that will accompany and supervise biomedical research. This is not a conventional ethics committee, frequently giving rise to a board's bureaucratic excesses, which might slow down creative biomedical clinical research without necessarily restricting abuses. Moral philosophy, however, can handle contemporary biomedical issues. In all its diversity, this discipline is able to enrich the debate on medical issues, thanks to many philosophical currents such as deontological ethics and consequentialism. The purpose of this committee is therefore to advance reflection on the bioethical issues encountered in biomedical research in infectious diseases, while respecting the precepts of moral philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proposal for taking philosophy to alternative settings outside of the classroom by using mass media, starting with the conviction that this is indeed possible, and then sharing strategies and professional experiences from several years in which the author made use of a varietry of communication tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the contemporary comparative philosophy. It states that this philosophy is a kind of suicidal endeavor which strives to make itself necessary through the transformation of philosophy into a more inclusive field and is fundamentally about culture. It mentions that comparative philosophy two agenda, the genuinely agenda and the synthetic agenda that transform general field into less geo-culturally exclusive landscape.

Nowadays, the majority of the discussions with regards to moral responsibility are focused towards the debate between freedom and determinism. However, it is common that the same debate presupposes at least the possibility of attributing responsibility to the agent in terms of the result occurred. In fact, it is rare the discussion about the validity of the ends of the relation studied, these are: on one side, the volitional aspect of the agent (will, dolus, etc.); and on the other, the result occurred in the "exterior world" (reality, context, society, etc.). With this paper, the purpose is also to study the debate between determinism and indeterminism in the light of moral responsibility of the agent. Nevertheless, the focus is very sharp and will be given in a vast part by the debate between moral responsibility of actions or results. Basically, it is pretended to revaluate the discussion regarding determinism, when faced to the incongruence in the judge of imputation of results. It will defend the thesis according to which, be as it may the position adopted in the debate between determinism and indeterminism, the question for moral responsibility must be referred to the action, never to the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ethics has captured the attention of many today—for a variety of reasons. However, different conceptions and expectations of what is involved in addressing the ethical challenge have also arisen. Clarifying the nature of the ethical task, this essay argues for the need to think through the judgments we make and the decisions we take on ethical situations and to investigate more critically the basis of such judgments and decisions. Furthermore, it claims that in ethics, as well as in other areas of life, it is important to have an overall vision that should ground, inform and support any judgment or decision we make. Maintaining that ethics is a rational activity undertaken by rational agents, it shows how ethical thinking, particularly when it draws on philosophy, can help one to develop a moral sense and enable one to take a moral stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on the philosophical debate on abortion. The author focuses on the fetal moral standing of abortion which accordingly is one of the subproblems in the debate of abortion. The author argues that it should be understood that philosophical arguments is a tool for persuasion instead of as a means for discovering evidence of the morality of abortion. The author stresses that engaging to facts on fetus is ineffective strategy for the argument of the moral standing of fetus.

Dr. Alfonso Ibáñez. The utopian propheticism of "the civilization of poverty". In remembrance of the 20th anniversary of the assassination of Ellacuría (the Latinamerican Socrates), Alfonso Ibáñez shows the internal unity in the life and thought of Ellacuría. This is a moral life up until its ultimate consequences: First, for having exercised a radically philosophical thought and interdiscipline. Second, for its practice from which the civilization of poverty is offered as a real alternative to the worn out civilization of wealth. The project can be legitimately universalized for its prophetic departure point of questioning to the negativity of reality, for its utopian liberating horizon and for its transforming fruits. It is also an overwhelming response to the fatalism of a sole thought, sustained philosophically in an understanding of intelligence and reality as intrincically historical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I will try to show that Mexico was not strange to the presence nor to the influence of the Kantian Philosophy; that from an early stage, the ideas of the philosopher of Königsberg were relevant for the theory of law, pedagogy, psychology, ethics and the culture that Mexican intellectuals, educators and thinkers developed in general. Also, that his figure was present, even among those who manifested themselves as detractors of his philosophy. How and in what the Kantian thinking was felt in the life of the Mexico of the nineteenth century? This is the question to answer in the present essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the contribution of contemporary philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas to other philosophers. It reveals that his principles on ethics influence the philosophy of several Chinese philosophers on human value. It says that though Lévinas works under phenomenological tradition, analytic philosophers use other approach to study ethics and metaphysics. It stresses his influence on Kant's account of noumenon and presents articles that discuss Lévinas' philosophy.

Few studies have examined the theoretical underpinning of contextual theory. Using structural equation modeling, the relationship among relational ethics (recognized as the most important aspect of contextual theory), marital satisfaction, depression, and illness was examined. Data came from a national sample of 632 mid-life, married individuals. Results supported Nagy’s contextual theory. The total score of the Relational Ethics Scale was a significant predictor of marital satisfaction, and marital satisfaction was significantly associated with depression and health problems. Vertical and horizontal subscales of relational ethics also were significant predictors of depression and health problems through the mediating variable of marital satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ignacio Ellacuría is probably who has better understood Xavier Zubiri's philosophy, he prolongs Zubiri's thought in two directions. First he looks for a morality foundation based on the analysis of the self reality opening into the historical and natural reality. Later he thinks that this analysis is not enough to base the ethic and it is necessary a metaphysical sense; He will find this one in the historical dynamism. Joining these two approaches we find a personal hermeneutic of Zubiri's philosophy which integrates the biological, anthropological and moral reflection in a new category, the original object of the philosophy: the historical reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alain Badiou is described as a post-continental philosopher to distinguish his work from that of thinkers such as Derrida and Foucault. Indeed he is critical of key strategies characteristic of genealogical and deconstructive critiques, since he wishes to reconnect with fundamental metaphysical and ethical preoccupations of the western philosophical tradition. In Badiou's work metaphysical, ethical and socio-political concerns are interwoven. In this article I offer a critical evaluation of Badiou's philosophy, moving from an examination of his writing on ethics to the ontological positions which underlie his ethics and socio-political critique. In my critical evaluation I draw attention to the new work going on in metaphysics in analytical philosophy, but, more fundamentally, I draw upon Bernard Lonergan's critical realist thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What sort of connection is there between business ethics and philosophy? The answer given here: a weak one, but it may be getting stronger. Comparatively few business ethics articles are structurally dependent on mainstream academic philosophy or on such sub-specialities thereof as normative ethics, moral theory, and social and political philosophy. Examining articles recently published in the Journal of Business Ethics that declare some dependence, the author finds that such declarations often constitute only a pro forma gesture which could be omitted without detriment to the paper's content and conclusions. He also finds, however, that some authors do draw on solid philosophical work in ways that are establishing ever more meaningful interconnections between business ethics and academic philosophy. These cross-disciplinary studies, he concludes, are ground-breaking and invite creative imitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It became obvious in classroom case discussions in a required MBA course, Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics, that subjective opinion often prohibited complete and thorough case analyses. Over a two-year period an attempt was made to identify the parameters of situations involving corporate social responsibility in order to develop a methodology which would facilitate classroom learning. The model described in the following manuscript is the result of these efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter is presented from French writer and essayist Albert Memmi to Néméla, preferring to the meaning of philosophy which is the conflict to capture and retrieve solidarity and the foundations of true humanism.