265 results on '"Kaplan, Peter W."'
Search Results
2. Termination patterns of stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal patterns and spontaneous electrographic seizures.
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Johnson, Emily L., Kaplan, Peter W., and Ritzl, Eva K.
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BRAIN stimulation , *FAST Fourier transforms , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *ELECTRONOGRAPHY , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
Objective To investigate the ability of the evolution and termination patterns to distinguish stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal discharges (SIRPIDs) from spontaneous electrographic seizures, a challenge to the neurophysiologist and clinician. Methods We screened the prospectively collected database of patients undergoing continuous EEG (cEEG) and identified 25 cases of SIRPIDs. We compared patients with SIRPIDs to 25 patients with spontaneous seizures. Two experienced neurophysiologists graded the termination pattern of both on fast fourier transform (FFT) as “abrupt” or “sputtering.” Results The identification of a “sputtering” or cyclical tapering pattern accurately discriminated SIRPIDs from spontaneous seizures with 88% sensitivity and 87% specificity, yielding a positive predictive value of 82% for SIRPIDs when the pattern was present (negative predictive value 87% when the sputtering termination was not seen). Similarly, the identification of an “abrupt” termination pattern identified clinically determined seizures with 84% sensitivity and 88% specificity. Conclusions The termination pattern quickly and accurately distinguishes SIRPIDs from spontaneous seizures, suggesting that at least some SIRPIDs have an underlying mechanism distinct from that of spontaneous seizures. Significance If validated in other studies, the use of evolution and termination patterns to classify EEG patterns as epileptiform seizures versus SIRPIDs will help guide treatment of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Epilepsy.
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Cervenka, Mackenzie C. and Kaplan, Peter W.
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SPASM treatment , *DIAGNOSIS of epilepsy , *TREATMENT of epilepsy , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY - Abstract
The accurate diagnosis and classification of seizures is critical in informing prognosis and determining appropriate antiseizure treatments for patients with epilepsy. The electroencephalogram is the gold standard for diagnosis. Obtaining a thorough history, performing a careful physical examination, and selecting appropriate diagnostic studies are also essential in determining the underlying seizure etiology. The authors provide clinical pearls and pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
- Full Text
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4. CHAPTER 1: THE HISTORY OF NONCONVULSIVE STATUS EPILEPTICUS.
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Kaplan, Peter W.
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EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *HISTORY - Abstract
Chapter 1 of the book "Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus," is presented. The chapter explores the history of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Greek physician Hippocrates recognized that seizures and epilepsy are brain diseases that affect the speech, hand movements and lungs. Another Greek physician Galen described seizures as idiopathic and proposed that the condition is induced by a dyscrasia of the brain humors due to cold.
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- 2009
5. WEST SYNDROME.
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
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EPILEPSY , *INFANTILE spasms , *INTELLECTUAL disabilities , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *DIAGNOSIS , *SYMPTOMS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "West syndrome" is presented. It refers to an age-dependent epilepsy of infancy and early childhood with a triad of infantile spasms, mental retardation and hypsarrhythmia. It describes the clinical semiology of the disease and the manifestations shown by continuous videopolygraphic recording. The differential diagnosis of the disease is also discussed.
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- 2009
6. TEMPORAL LOBE SEIZURES/EPILEPSY.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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TEMPORAL lobe epilepsy , *EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *SYMPTOMS , *BRAIN diseases - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "temporal lobe seizures/epilepsy" is presented. It refers to the most common localization-related epilepsy in humans. Partial and complex partial seizures are often associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Mesial TLE usually occurs during early childhood. A childhood history of complex fibrile seizures, as well as status epilepticus may act as the substrate for mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Particular focus is also given to the semiology of TLE.
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- 2009
7. STATUS EPILEPTICUS.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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EPILEPSY , *DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities , *BRAIN diseases , *SPASMS , *NEUROLOGICAL emergencies , *CAUSES of death - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "status epilepticus" (SE) is presented. It refers to a common and life-threatening neurologic emergency that presents prolonged seizures. It notes that the most common type of Se is generalized convulsive SE (GCSE). In the U.S., 42,000 deaths are caused by SE while events total to 195,000.
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- 2009
8. MEMORY.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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MEMORY , *PEOPLE with epilepsy , *MEMORY disorders , *NEUROPSYCHOLOGY , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "memory" is presented. One of the most common complaints of people with epilepsy is disturbances of memory. Memory dysfunction is usually described as episodic, semantic, declarative and procedural in the field of neuropsychology. These areas control memory function such as data acquisition, retention and retrieval of recent memories.
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- 2009
9. CLASSIFICATION OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSIES.
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
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EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *CLASSIFICATION , *BRAIN diseases , *SYMPTOMS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for the "classification of seizures and epilepsies" is presented. Several classification systems for seizures and epileptic syndromes have been proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The advantages of the diagnostic syndrome-oriented five-dimensional and patient-oriented classification systems are cited. The symptoms of different types of seizures and epilepsies are also outlined.
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- 2009
10. ABSENCE EPILEPSY.
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
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PETIT mal epilepsy , *SYNCOPE , *SPASMS , *EPILEPSY , *BRAIN diseases - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "absence epilepsy" is presented. It offers clinical information on absence epilepsy, which refers to the prototype for the idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE). Absence seizure is characterized with an alteration in consciousness alone or with additional features. It is also described as having abrupt arrest of ongoing activities, stare, eye fluttering and brief impairment of consciousness.
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- 2009
11. The neurophysiologic types of nonconvulsive status epilepticus: EEG patterns of different phenotypes.
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Sutter, Raoul and Kaplan, Peter W.
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STATUS epilepticus diagnosis , *NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC monitoring , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *CHILDREN , *INFANTS , *SYNDROMES - Abstract
Proceeding from the proposed classification of status epilepticus syndromes by Shorvon in 1994, we performed a systematic search for reports presenting electroencephalography ( EEG) patterns of nonconvulsive status epilepticus ( NCSE) on all syndromes in the classification, where possible. Using the online medical search engine Pub Med for 22 different search strategies, EEG patterns supporting a diagnosis of NCSE were sought. From a total of 4,328 search results, 123 cases with corresponding EEG patterns could be allocated to underlying epilepsy syndromes. Based on the characteristic EEG patterns found for the different NCSE syndromes, we present a synthesis of the significant EEG morphologies and evolutions in the individual NCSE syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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12. Outcome predictors for status epilepticus —what really counts.
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Sutter, Raoul, Kaplan, Peter W., and Rüegg, Stephan
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STATUS epilepticus , *SPASMS , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *EPILEPSY , *ETIOLOGY of diseases , *DEATH , *PROGNOSIS - Abstract
In adult patients with status epilepticus (SE)—a life-threatening state of ongoing or repetitive seizures-the current evidence regarding outcome prediction is based on clinical, biochemical and EEG determinants. These predictors of outcome involve clinical features such as age, history of prior seizures or epilepsy, SE aetiology, level of consciousness, and seizure type at SE onset. The clinical risk-benefit calculation between the danger of undertreated persistent seizure activity and, conversely, the potential damage from unwarranted aggressive treatments remains a constant challenge. Improved knowledge of outcome determinants, as well as increased availability of reliable outcome prediction models early in the course of SE, is paramount for optimization of treatment of patients who develop this disorder. In this Review, we discuss the major prognostic determinants of outcome in SE. Through consideration of studies that provide measures of association between predictors of SE outcome and death, we propose a detailed–but as yet unvalidated–paradigm for assessment of these predictors during the course of SE. Such an algorithm could guide the organization of results from existing trials and provide direction with regard to the parameters that should be monitored in future studies of SE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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13. Electroencephalographic criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus: Synopsis and comprehensive survey.
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Sutter, Raoul and Kaplan, Peter W.
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DIAGNOSIS of epilepsy , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *PEOPLE with epilepsy , *NEONATAL anatomy , *GENE expression , *HEPATIC encephalopathy - Abstract
There have been many attempts at defining the electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) without a universally accepted definition. This lack of consensus arises because the EEG expression of NCSE does not exist in isolation, but reflects status epilepticus under the variety of pathologic conditions that occur with age, cerebral development, encephalopathy, and epilepsy syndrome. Current NCSE definitions include 'boundary conditions,' in which electroencephalographic seizure activity occurs without apparent clinical seizures. Furthermore, what appears to one interpreter as status epilepticus, is not to another reader, reflecting the 'art' of EEG interpretation. Seizures and epilepsy syndromes have undergone an evolution that has moved beyond a classification of focal or generalized conditions into a syndromic approach. It seems appropriate to make similar changes in the EEG analysis of the syndromes of NCSE. In effect, the literature on epilepsy classification has progressed to incorporate the different NCSE types with clinical descriptions, but the specific EEG evidence for these types is found largely in individual reports, and often by description only. NCSE classification of EEG patterns should derive from the aggregate of published EEG patterns in the respective clinical subtype, supported by an analysis of these EEG studies. The analysis that follows presents clinical descriptions and EEG patterns of NCSE in the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adulthood, and late adulthood from a syndromic perspective based on age, encephalopathy, cerebral development, etiology, and syndrome. Proceeding from the proposed classification of status epilepticus syndromes in 'Status epilepticus: its clinical features and treatment in children and adults' (published in 1994 by Cambridge University Press, New York), we have performed a systematic search for reports presenting EEG patterns of NCSE using the online medical search engine PubMed for 22 different search strategies. EEG patterns were reviewed by two board-certified epileptologists who reached consensus regarding presence of NCSE. From a total of 4,328 search results, 123 cases with corresponding EEG patterns could be allocated to underlying epilepsy syndromes. Typical characteristic, prominent electrographic patterns, and sequential arrangements are elucidated for the different NCSE syndromes. This compendium of patterns by NCSE syndrome classification with illustration of EEGs, and delineation of electroencephalographic features helps define the characteristics and semiologic borderlines among the types of NCSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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14. Obsessive–compulsive disorder in chronic epilepsy
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Kaplan, Peter W.
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OBSESSIVE-compulsive disorder , *TEMPORAL lobe epilepsy , *NEUROBIOLOGY , *HUMAN abnormalities , *FRONTAL lobe , *THALAMUS , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
Abstract: There is a long-recognized association between obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and chronic epilepsy, most notably refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The literature documents this association with case reports, patient series, and some larger controlled studies that reveal that almost a quarter of patients with TLE exhibit OCD features, which may go unrecognized. Obsession features with ordering, symmetry, exactness, handwashing, and religiosity occur more often in persons with right- or left-sided epileptic foci than in those with idiopathic generalized epilepsies or controls. Neurobiological and social factors suggest abnormalities of the frontal–thalamic–pallidal–striatal–anterior cingulate–frontal circuits stemming from the observation that certain diseases, damage, or surgery along these circuits may produce or, conversely, reduce OCD in TLE. This review explores the literature on case reports, case series, and larger retrospective controlled studies and looks at the associations of epilepsy with OCD. Contemporary speculation on the theoretical neurobiological underpinnings provides some basis on how and where to direct treatment. Invasive deep brain stimulation has triggered recent controversy on newer treatment modalities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2011
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15. Clinical correlates of frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA)
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Accolla, Ettore A., Kaplan, Peter W., Maeder-Ingvar, Malin, Jukopila, Sanja, and Rossetti, Andrea O.
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DIAGNOSIS of brain diseases , *DELTA rhythm , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *CONTROL groups , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *EPILEPSY , *HYPERVENTILATION , *BRAIN damage - Abstract
Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the clinical correlates of frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA). Methods: we prospectively assessed all EEG studies recorded in our center over 3months for the presence of frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA). The FIRDA group was compared with a randomly selected control group from among EEGs recorded during the same period. Comparisons among FIRDA and non-FIRDA groups were performed using uni- and multi-variate analyses. Results: We found 36 patients with FIRDA among 559 EEG recordings (6%); the control group consisted of 80 subjects. While epilepsy was more frequent in the control group, structural brain lesions and encephalopathy were independently associated with the occurrence of FIRDA, but we could not identify any specific etiology. Asymmetric FIRDA was associated with an underlying brain lesion. Occasionally, FIRDA was recorded in otherwise healthy subjects during hyperventilation. Conclusion: FIRDA appears more common than previously reported, and is associated with a wide range of lesions and encephalopathic conditions. Significance: FIRDA occurrence should prompt investigations for toxic-metabolic disturbances and for structural lesions (particularly if asymmetric), but does not suggest an epileptic predilection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2011
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16. Seizure Semiology: An Overview of the 'Inverse Problem'.
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Rossetti, Andrea O. and Kaplan, Peter W.
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SEIZURES (Medicine) , *INVERSE problems , *SYMPTOMS , *PSYCHOGENIC nonepileptic seizures - Abstract
In clinical practice, a classification of seizures based on clinical signs and symptoms leads to an improved understanding of epilepsy-related issues and therefore strongly contributes to a better patient care. The inverse problem involves inferring the anatomical brain localization of a seizure from the scalp surface EEG, a concept we apply here to correlate seizure origin with seizure semiology. The spheres of senso-rium, motor features, consciousness changes and autonomic alterations during ictal and postictal manifestations are reviewed, including several subdivisions used to better categorize particular features. Particular attention is given to behavioral features, as well as to features occurring in idio-pathic generalized epileptic syndromes and psychogenic nonepileptic spells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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17. Obstetric risks for women with epilepsy during pregnancy
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Kaplan, Peter W., Norwitz, Errol R., Ben-Menachem, Elinor, Pennell, Page B., Druzin, Maurice, Robinson, Julian N., and Gordon, Jacki C.
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OBSTETRICS , *PREGNANCY , *PREGNANT women , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
Abstract: Women with epilepsy (WWE) face particular challenges during their pregnancy. Among the several obstetric issues for which there is some concern and the need for further investigation are: the effects of seizures, epilepsy, and antiepileptic drugs on pregnancy outcome and, conversely, the effects of pregnancy and hormonal neurotransmitters on seizure control and antiepileptic drug metabolism. Obstetric concerns include preclampsia/eclampsia, preterm delivery, placental abruption, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and small-for-date babies in WWE whether or not they are taking antiepileptic drugs. The role of nutritional health elements, including body mass index, caloric and protein intake, vitamins and iron, and phytoestrogens, warrants further study. During the course of obstetric management, there is a need for a fuller understanding by neurologists of the risk–benefit calculations for various types and frequencies of fetal imaging, including CT, MRI, and ultrasound, as well as for the screening standards of care. As part of the Health Outcomes in Pregnancy and Epilepsy (HOPE) project, this expert panel provides a brief overview of these concerns, offers some approaches to management, and outlines potential areas for further investigation. More detailed information and guidelines are available elsewhere. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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18. VERSIVE SEIZURES.
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
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SPASMS , *EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *EYE , *DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities , *BRAIN diseases - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "versive seizures" is presented. This type of seizure is characterized by eye deviation involving the eyes (oculogyric seizures), with or without head involvement, with or without addition truncal rotation (gyratory seizures). Information is provided on gyratory seizures. It offers an overview of semiologic features of seizures which suggest a region of onset or propagation.
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- 2009
19. TREATMENT.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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THERAPEUTICS , *EPILEPSY , *ANTICONVULSANTS , *LAMOTRIGINE , *CARBAMAZEPINE , *DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "treatment," in relation to epilepsy, is presented. The treatment of epilepsy is intended to decrease seizures and improve the patient's quality of life. Treatment include antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), surgical intervention and vagal nerve stimulation. AEDs can suppress the frequency of seizures and treat them as a symptom. AED is recommended in patients with more than one spontaneous seizure. Valproate and lamotrigine- or carbamazepine-related AEDs may be effective therapies with selection based upon individual characteristics.
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- 2009
20. SPORTS.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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SPORTS , *EPILEPSY , *SPORTS events , *HYPERVENTILATION , *SPASMS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "sports" is presented. It notes that people suffering from epilepsy are encouraged to be active in sports. It asserted that participation in sporting events should be customized for an individual in order to maximize its benefits. On the other hand, hyperventilation may trigger seizures.
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- 2009
21. SLEEP AND EPILEPSY.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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SLEEP , *EPILEPSY , *SLEEP disorders , *SLEEP apnea syndromes , *BRAIN diseases , *SLEEP deprivation - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "sleep and epilepsy" is presented. It notes that sleep is a well-documented factor that affect the occurrence and morphology of seizures. It asserts that sleep disorders such as sleep apnea may result to seizures, as they cause sleep fragmentation and chronic sleep deprivation.
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- 2009
22. RASMUSSEN'S ENCEPHALITIS.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and PIERRE, JALLON
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CHRONIC encephalitis , *JUVENILE diseases , *ATROPHY , *COGNITION disorders , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "Rasmussen's Encephalitis" is presented. It is a rare childhood disorder of progressive hemispheric atrophy of the brain linked to cognitive dysfunction, hemiparesis and epilepsy. A proven effective treatment of seizures linked to the disorder is epilepsy surgery disconnecting and resecting the abnormal hemisphere.
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- 2009
23. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET).
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
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POSITRON emission tomography , *BRAIN imaging , *SPASMS , *EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *RADIOISOTOPES , *CYCLOTRONS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "positron emission tomography (PET) " is presented. It refers to a functional neuroimaging technique that has proven useful in the localization of seizure foci and in exploration of the underlying in vivo assessment of physiologic functions of epilepsy in humans. The PET scanning process usually involves interictal injection of a radioactive isotope tagged to a physiologic probe, which is taken up in a particular part of brain following preparation of the radioactive isotope by a cyclotron.
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- 2009
24. PREGNANCY.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and PIERRE, JALLON
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PREGNANCY , *EPILEPSY , *PREGNANT women , *HUMAN abnormalities , *ANTICONVULSANTS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "pregnancy" is presented. More than 1.1 million women in the U.S. have epilepsy, including pregnant women with epilepsy (WWE). Epileptic women conceive with increased frequency. Also, 40% of pregnancies are unplanned. Epilepsy serves as an individual risk factor for birth defects in the offspring of these women but does not appear to be linked with greater teratogenicity beyond those linked with antiepileptic agents (AED).
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- 2009
25. PHOTOSENSITIVITY.
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
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PHOTOSENSITIVITY disorders , *EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *SPASMS , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "photosensitivity" is presented. It refers to the triggering of clinical seizures or the demonstration of bursts of spontaneous interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) on the electroencephalogram (EEG) by light. Photosensitivity may less frequently be associated with some encephalopathic generalized epilepsies, and it may occur independent of clinical seizures.
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- 2009
26. PARTIAL (FOCAL) SEIZURES.
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
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SPASMS , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *EPILEPSY , *TEMPORAL lobe , *CONSCIOUSNESS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "partial (focal) seizures" is presented. Partial seizures which have a focal onset are associated with localization-related epilepsy and reflect seizures arising from neuroanatomic or functional neuronal activation restricted to part of one hemisphere. Most commonly originating in the temporal lobes, partial seizures are divided into three groups, including simple partial seizures without impairment of consciousness and complex partial seizures with impaired consciousness.
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- 2009
27. OCCIPITAL LOBE EPILEPSY.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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EPILEPSY , *OCCIPITAL lobe , *SPASMS , *VISION disorders , *CHILDHOOD epilepsy - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "Occipital Lobe Epilepsy" is presented. It offers clinical information on occipital lobe epilepsy, which is characterized with partial seizures that start with a sudden change in visual function. Such visual function changes may include unformed visual hallucinations, colored lights appearing and stereotypic hallucinations. Syndromes associated with occipital lobe epilepsy include benign occipital epilepsy of childhood, migraine and cryptogenic occipital lobe epilepsy.
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- 2009
28. JUVENILE MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and PIERRE, JALLON
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MYOCLONUS , *EPILEPSY , *SPASMS , *SYNDROMES , *DISEASES in teenagers - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "juvenile myoclonic epilepsy" (JME) is presented. It is considered an idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) syndrome with a polygenetic basis caused not by a single but by multiple genes and other factors and is characterized by myoclonic jerks, generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures, and sometimes absence seizures. The defining characteristic of the syndrome is myoclonic seizures, which usually starts in adolescence, typically between 8 and 18 years of age.
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- 2009
29. INTERICTAL EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGES.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and PIERRE, JALLON
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EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *SPASMS , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *BRAIN diseases , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "interictal epileptiform discharges" (IED) is presented. IED represents a distinctive group of waveforms that are characteristically seen in persons with epilepsy. The interictal electroencephalography (EEG) during epilepsy may reveal paroxysmal bursts or phase-reversals that are paroxysmal occurring as single events or in bursts and mimic abnormal IEDs. It notes on the important role of EEG in providing ancillary support for a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy.
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- 2009
30. FIRST SEIZURE.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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EPILEPSY , *AGE factors in disease , *CHILDHOOD epilepsy , *DISEASE incidence , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *PROGNOSIS , *DISEASE relapse , *ANTICONVULSANTS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "First Seizure" is presented. Age is an important factor in the specific incidence of a first seizure in children. Particular focus is given to results of studies on the risk of recurrence following an idiopathic first seizure. According to studies, electroencephalography (EEG) is a useful tool for prognosis and in predicting the risk of seizure recurrence. The prognosis of developing epilepsy is not affected by early treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).
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- 2009
31. EPILEPSY WITH CONTINUOUS SPIKE WAVES DURING SLOW SLEEP (ELECTRICAL STATUS EPILEPTICUS DURING SLOW SLEEP).
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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EPILEPSY , *SLEEP , *SPASMS , *COGNITION disorders , *COGNITIVE ability - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "epilepsy with continuous spike waves of slow sleep (CSWS)" is presented. This entry identifies CSWS as an epileptic encephalopathy with clinical features of cognitive and behavioral disturbances. It notes the clinical features of CSWS, including neuropsychological impairment that represents a global loss of cognitive milestones.
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- 2009
32. ELDERLY AND EPILEPSY.
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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EPILEPSY in old age , *DISEASES in older people , *AGE groups , *EPILEPSY , *BRAIN diseases , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *NURSING care facilities - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "elderly and epilepsy" is presented. It states that elderly people with epilepsy (PWE) are classified as those at least 65 years old. It notes that the number of elderly PWE has increased to make this population an important target for treatment. It adds that the elderly living in institutional settings such as nursing homes, have an increased prevalence of treatment targeted toward epilepsy.
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- 2009
33. EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY).
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *EPILEPSY , *ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY , *ELECTRODIAGNOSIS , *SEIZURES (Medicine) - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "EEG (electroencephalography)" is presented. It states that EEG has played a significant role in the evaluation of seizures and is composed of an amplified electrical signal derived from cerebral neuronal activity. It notes that EEG also offers information on the classification of the seizure type and syndrome as well as the characterization of seizures for the purposes of epilepsy surgery.
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- 2009
34. Diagnosing nonconvulsive status epilepticus: Defining electroencephalographic and clinical response to diagnostic intravenous antiseizure medication trials.
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Leitinger, Markus, Gaspard, Nicolas, Hirsch, Lawrence J., Beniczky, Sándor, Kaplan, Peter W., Husari, Khalil, and Trinka, Eugen
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INTRAVENOUS therapy , *STATUS epilepticus , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *DIAGNOSIS , *EPILEPSY , *RESPIRATORY insufficiency - Abstract
Objective: The Salzburg criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology 2021 include a diagnostic trial with intravenous (IV) antiseizure medications (ASMs) to assess electroencephalographic (EEG) and clinical response as a diagnostic criterion for definite NCSE and possible NCSE. However, how to perform this diagnostic test and assessing the EEG and clinical responses have not been operationally defined. Methods: We performed a Delphi process involving six experts to standardize the diagnostic administration of IV ASM and propose operational criteria for EEG and clinical response. Results: Either benzodiazepines (BZDs) or non‐BZD ASMs can be used as first choice for a diagnostic IV ASM trial. However, non‐BZDs should be considered in patients who already have impaired alertness or are at risk of respiratory depression. Levetiracetam, valproate, lacosamide, brivaracetam, or (if the only feasible drug) fosphenytoin or phenobarbital were deemed appropriate for a diagnostic IV trial. The starting dose should be approximately two thirds to three quarters of the full loading dose recommended for treatment of status epilepticus, with an additional smaller dose if needed. ASMs should be administered during EEG recording under supervision. A monitoring time of at least 15 min is recommended. If there is no response, a second trial with another non‐BDZ or BDZs may be considered. A positive EEG response is defined as the resolution of the ictal–interictal continuum pattern for at least three times the longest previously observed spontaneous interval of resolution (if any), but minimum of one continuous minute. For a clinical response, physicians should use a standardized examination before and after IV ASM administration. We suggest a definite time‐locked improvement in a focal deficit or at least one‐step improvement on a new dedicated one‐domain 10‐level NCSE response scale. Significance: The proposed standardized approach of a diagnostic IV ASM trial further refines the ACNS and Salzburg diagnostic criteria for NCSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. WILSON'S DISEASE.
- Author
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
HEPATOLENTICULAR degeneration , *COPPER metabolism , *EPILEPSY , *COPPER in the body , *SEIZURES (Medicine) - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "Wilson's disease" is presented. It refers to a disorder of copper metabolism with hepatic and neurologic sequelae. It relates that about 6% of patients with the disease experienced epilepsy. Seizures may herald the onset of the disease and appear more often while receiving treatment with the use of chelation treatment.
- Published
- 2009
36. WADA TEST (INTRACAROTID AMOBARBITAL PROCEDURE).
- Author
-
Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
WADA test , *DIAGNOSTIC use of amobarbital , *CEREBRAL dominance testing , *NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for the "Wada test" is presented. It refers to a procedure named after Doctor Juhn Wada that is used preoperatively to evaluate hemispheric lateralization of language and memory function in patients undergoing epilepsy surgery evaluation. It outlines the methods involved in conducting the test, including interventional radiology, neurology, and neuropsychology. It relates the steps in conducting the Wada test. Information is provided on the applications of Wada testing such as evaluation of patients for epilepsy surgery.
- Published
- 2009
37. WOMEN WITH EPILEPSY.
- Author
-
Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *DISEASES in women , *DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities , *WOMEN'S health , *MENARCHE , *MENOPAUSE - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "women with epilepsy" is presented. Challenges that involve seizures, treatment of seizures and developing as females in society are encountered by women with epilepsy. It describes the changes in seizures frequency that may be influenced by menarche and menopause. The importance of bone health and general health issues for postmenopausal women is also cited.
- Published
- 2009
38. VIOLENCE.
- Author
-
Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
AGGRESSION (Psychology) , *VIOLENCE , *PEOPLE with epilepsy , *TEMPORAL lobe epilepsy , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "aggressiveness" is presented. It refers to behavior with intent to damage, while violence represents aggressiveness with damage directed toward people or goods. It discusses the aggressiveness and violence among patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. It relates that research has found that cases of ictal or postictal aggression have occurred in patients with chronic medically intractable focal epilepsy of frontal or temporal lobe origin.
- Published
- 2009
39. VITAMINS.
- Author
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
VITAMINS , *DIETARY supplements , *PEOPLE with epilepsy , *EPILEPSY , *DEFICIENCY diseases , *VITAMIN B12 , *VITAMIN B complex - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "vitamins" is presented. It discusses the role of vitamins and dietary supplements in the treatment of persons with epilepsy (PWE). Replacement therapy is recommended for seizures caused by pyridoxine deficiency. It explains the need for vitamin B12 and folate supplementation in patients taking anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) since these nutrients may be depleted in AED therapy. It provides an overview of bone health issues in PWE.
- Published
- 2009
40. VIDEO-ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM MONITORING.
- Author
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *DIAGNOSIS of brain diseases , *DIFFERENTIAL diagnosis , *SPASMS , *EPILEPSY , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring" is presented. It relates the use of video-EEG monitoring in the differential diagnosis, classification, or presurgical characterization in patients with recurrent seizures. It discusses the use of telemetry and digital-EEG. It discusses the importance of video-EEG in the presurgical evaluation of patients with medically intractable epilepsy.
- Published
- 2009
41. VACCINES.
- Author
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
WHOOPING cough vaccines , *BACTERIAL vaccines , *EPILEPSY , *SMALLPOX vaccines , *ENCEPHALITIS , *VACCINATION complications - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "vaccines" in relation to epilepsy is presented. It relates the alleged role of pertussis vaccines in the occurrence of encephalopathy, refractory epilepsy, and cognitive and intellectual impairment. Encephalitis and epilepsy may also be caused by smallpox vaccines. It provides an overview of large-scale studies which investigated the role of pertussis vaccine in epilepsy.
- Published
- 2009
42. UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG DISEASE.
- Author
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Tatum IV, William O., Kaplan, Peter W., and Jallon, Pierre
- Subjects
- *
MYOCLONUS , *EPILEPSY , *BRAIN diseases , *CYSTATINS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "Unverricht-Lundborg Disease" is presented. The disease also known as Baltic myoclonus was first described in 1891 and serves as the protoype of the progressive myoclonus epilepsies. It relates the high incidence of the disease among people in the Baltic Sea and Mediterranean regions, as well as Estonia, Finland and southeast Sweden. It outlines the features of this progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME). It describes the impact of cystatin B on the disease.
- Published
- 2009
43. TUMORS OF THE BRAIN.
- Author
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
- Subjects
- *
BRAIN tumors , *EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *HISTOPATHOLOGY , *ASTROCYTOMAS , *GLIOBLASTOMA multiforme - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "tumors of the brain," in relation to epilepsy, is presented. Epilepsy is common in patients with brain tumors and cancer. Seizures are a major source of morbidity and reduced quality of life. Particular focus is given to the influence of tumor histology on seizure frequency. Lesions such as anaplastic astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme or metastatic lesions are also found to be associated with seizures.
- Published
- 2009
44. TRANSIENT PAROXYSMAL DYSTONIA IN INFANCY.
- Author
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
- Subjects
- *
DYSTONIA , *EXTRAPYRAMIDAL disorders , *EPILEPSY , *SEIZURES in children , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "transient paroxysmal dystonia in infancy" is presented. It refers to a disorder which consists of axial contraction and opisthotonos without impairment of consciousness. It mimics epileptic seizures with a frequency that varies from once a day to once a month. Seizures may remit spontaneously or may become worse between the 6th and 22nd months. Infantile spasms, tonic seizures and dystonia are included in the differential diagnosis.
- Published
- 2009
45. TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURE (GRAND MAL SEIZURE).
- Author
-
TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
- Subjects
- *
SEIZURES (Medicine) , *NEUROLOGICAL disorders , *EPILEPSY , *URINARY incontinence , *FACIAL muscles , *LOSS of consciousness - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "tonic-clonic seizure" is presented. It is the most feared of all seizures which is characterized by an evolution through three different phases. The tonic phase lasts 10-20 seconds and is associated with sudden tonic stiffening, elevation of the eyebrows and loss of consciousness. The clonic phase lasts about 30 seconds and gives way to rhythmic one-way contraction of the limbs and facial muscles. The postictal phase involves a brief tonic phase with urinary incontinence and deep breathing.
- Published
- 2009
46. SYMPTOMATOGENIC ZONE.
- Author
-
TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
- Subjects
- *
SPASMS , *EPILEPSY , *SYMPTOMS , *DEVELOPMENTAL disabilities , *BRAIN diseases - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "symptomatogenic zone" is presented. It refers to a site associated with behavioral seizures. It notes that the symptomatogenic zone maybe located at a distance from the precise location of the epileptogenic zone. It asserts that clinical features of seizures are stereotyped because of specific pathways.
- Published
- 2009
47. SYNDROMES (EPILEPTIC).
- Author
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
- Subjects
- *
EPILEPSY , *SYNDROMES , *SEIZURES (Medicine) , *ETIOLOGY of diseases , *SYMPTOMS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "epileptic syndrome" is presented. It consists of epilepsy characterized by a constellation of signs and symptoms, including type of seizure, etiology, anatomy and severity. Particular focus is given to the disadvantages of specifying epileptic syndromes. Proposals by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) to classify epilepsy syndromes included ictal semiology, seizure type, etiology and prognosis.
- Published
- 2009
48. SYMPTOMATIC EPILEPSY.
- Author
-
TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
- Subjects
- *
EPILEPSY , *BRAIN diseases , *SPASMS , *BRAIN tumors , *CEREBROVASCULAR disease , *ETIOLOGY of diseases - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "symptomatic epilepsy" is presented. It refers to an acquired kind of epilepsy caused by an underlying identifiable etiology. It notes that these epilepsy may be caused by lesions such as those obtained from trauma, brain tumor or stroke. It is also characterized by various seizure types.
- Published
- 2009
49. SURGERY FOR EPILEPSY.
- Author
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TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
- Subjects
- *
TEMPORAL lobectomy , *TEMPORAL lobe surgery , *SPASMS , *QUALITY of life , *ANTICONVULSANTS , *EPILEPSY - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "surgery for epilepsy" is presented. It is noted that people with epilepsy (PWE) gain more benefits from surgical therapy than taking antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The standard of care in the U.S. for common epilepsy surgery is temporal lobectomy. Palliative surgery lessens occurrence of seizure and improves quality of life.
- Published
- 2009
50. SUICIDE.
- Author
-
TATUM IV, WILLIAM O., KAPLAN, PETER W., and JALLON, PIERRE
- Subjects
- *
SUICIDE , *SUICIDAL ideation , *SUICIDAL behavior , *PEOPLE with epilepsy , *EPILEPSY , *ANTICONVULSANTS - Abstract
An encyclopedia entry for "suicide" is presented. It is noted that people with epilepsy (PWE) are ten times more likely to commit suicide than the general population. Risk factors associated with suicide include an axis 1 diagnosis, physical health problems, family issues and life stressors. The U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) warned against the connection between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and suicidal thoughts and behavior.
- Published
- 2009
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