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Krugman and King (2000) studied 14 magazines containing cigarette advertisements. Assuming one insertion in each of the magazines, they found that approximately 66.1% of teens would be reached by these magazines an average of 2.1 times. The current study shows that 41.4% of teens likely would see one or more of a typical cigarette brand's advertisements in these publications, and 2.7% would see three or more. Therefore, reducing cigarette advertising in these magazines would be likely to have little effect on teen smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research suggests that young adolescents' perceptions of smokers are strongly associated with smoking initiation. Thus, we experimentally investigated the effects of anti-smoking and cigarette advertising on nonsmoking youths' perceptions (evaluative judgments) of a peer who smokes. Results suggest that exposure to the anti-smoking ads made salient our seventh-grade subjects' preexisting beliefs that smokers foolishly endanger their health, which resulted in even less favorable evaluations of the smoker's common sense and personal appeal. Further, unlike subjects who saw unrelated (control) ads, those who saw the anti-smoking ads judged the smoker to be relatively immature and unglamorous. Exposure to the cigarette ads did not significantly affect scale ratings of, but resulted in more favorable thoughts about, the smoker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of advertising on primary demand for cigarettes is investigated. By employing annual, bimonthly, and monthly observations, the consequences of temporal aggregation can be studied. Independent of the level of temporal aggregation, advertising was found to have a statistically significant impact on industry sales, although the influence diminished over time. This contradicts the findings of a well-known study by Lambin (1976), which lends support to the assumption of reciprocal cancellation of brand advertising in saturated markets. With respect to the problem of temporal aggregation, the results confirm the empirical and theoretical findings of Clarke (1976), and Bass and Leone (1983). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author assesses young children's abilities to recognize cigarette brand advertising symbols and to identify adults as the appropriate target market for cigarettes. She used nonverbal measures in interviews with children three to eight years of age to assess how recognition of cigarette brand advertising symbols is related to age, cognitive developmental level, children's affect toward cigarettes, children's evaluation of cigarettes, and children's ability to identify adults as the appropriate target market for cigarettes. The results show that recognition of cigarette brand advertising symbols increases with age, as does overall recognition of brand advertising symbols in general. Regardless of age, cognitive developmental level, or recognition scores, children reported not liking cigarettes, believing cigarettes are "bad for you" and finding children to be an inappropriate target market for cigarettes. Findings are discussed in terms of social science and public policy, and in terms of the implications for cognitive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethnic segmentation of the cigarette market is currently controversial, but not a new phenomenon. A census of 540 cigarette ads from 1950-1965 Ebony magazines, compared to a matched sample from Life, reveals segmented and segregated advertising toward black consumers. The ads in Ebony eventually featured black models almost exclusively, primarily professional athletes. Despite endorsements from black athletes and musicians also famous to white audiences, none of these appeared in the Life ads. On average, the segregated advertising was two to three years tardy in offering filtered products to black consumers, suggesting that appeals to black pride were not without prejudice. Potential reasons for these historical results are discussed, as are current practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative econometric models of advertising-sales relationships for cigarettes were evaluated by 5 methods of estimation and 4 ways of specifying dependent variables. The criteria were the adjusted square of the multiple correlation coefficient and mean absolute percentage error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates the application of simultaneous equation regression methods in analyzing limited time series data for sales and advertising. In testing a model with sales and advertising relationships for filter and nonfilter cigarette brands, we could not reject a model in which the advertising elasticity for filter brands is substantially greater than that for nonfilter brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents information on legal developments in marketing relative to the regulation of unfair competition. In regard to advertising, the article discusses Federal Trade Commission v. Donald P. Carter et al. and the court's enforcement of U.S. Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) subpoenas for information from cigarette manufacturers and their advertising agencies as they relate to cigarette advertising and promotion. The court did not enforce subpoenas against two research firms. Regarding nonadvertising promotional methods, the article discusses U.S. FTC action against Fedders Corp. for a recall against defective products that "caused economic injury to consumers." This is the first FTC case dealing with economic injury, and the first to provide restitution for this reason.

This article studies the impact of the 1971 TV/radio advertising ban on the cigarette industry. Data indicate that industry advertising spending decreased sharply immediately following the ban but recovered and actually exceeded the preban level within five years. A dynamic oligopoly model of advertising is developed to incorporate two potential explanations. The estimated model fully accounts for the puzzling trend, with 74% of the postban advertising spending increase explained by industry dynamics, and 26% explained by learning. Furthermore, this article uses the new concept of nonstationary oblivious equilibrium to handle intractable state space and accelerate equilibrium computation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral panic, today, is one of the most important tool used by governments. Public is directed by media. To do this, fear is created on the basis of morality. Public spot is one of the methods of warning public. Public spots take place mandatorly in television and radio. The public spots about cigarette are watced by every individual and reivals different emotions in every individual. The most felt emotions are fear and panic. In this article, the misuse of public spots are analyzed by using discourse method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) between tobacco companies and forty-six states banned targeting youth through advertising and promotions, it did not designate specific visual imagery restrictions for magazine advertisements. While several studies have examined the MSA's effect on cigarette advertising expenditures in magazines and exposure of youth to such advertisements, this study provides a descriptive account of changes in the visually oriented content of cigarette advertisements in two popular youth magazines before and after the MSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. In 2002, the First Conference on Menthol Cigarettes brought together researchers from diverse backgrounds to summarize what is known about menthol cigarettes and the people who smoke them, and to identify areas of needed research on menthol cigarettes. Since the conference, PubMed reports 24 articles, including the conference proceedings, on menthol cigarettes and African Americans. Many of the articles address epidemiological or biomedical topics. While there has been some focus on social influences and marketing issues, more research and a greater focus on this topic are needed. Design. To stimulate research on a population disproportionately burdened by the health effects of smoking, we conducted small-group discussions in 2005 with adult African American smokers in Atlanta, Georgia. Each group discussion focused on a different topic: smoking behavior and preferences, perceptions of social influences, health effects and perceived harmfulness of menthol, quitting menthol cigarette smoking, or the influence of marketing and advertising of menthol cigarettes. Results. Themes emerged from the discussions: (1) emulation of black culture by white youth and racial integration of neighborhoods and communities may have modified the perception that African Americans smoke menthol cigarettes and whites smoke non-menthol cigarettes; (2) non-menthol cigarette smokers were thought to be 'hardcore' smokers with less interest in quitting; (3) switching to non-menthol cigarettes was discussed as a way of quitting cigarettes for habitual menthol smokers; and, (4) smoking menthol cigarettes was thought to lead to fewer negative health effects. Conclusion. Some topics suggested by the participants warrant further investigation. More research is needed to assess the pervasiveness of these beliefs and their potential utility for smoking cessation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs) have continued to enter the market during the 1990s and first part of the 21st century. Attempts by the tobacco industry to develop and market products with implied reductions in adverse health effects (i.e., harm reduction) are not new. Over the last half of the 20th century, the tobacco industry developed and marketed several products that purported to reduce the health risks associated with smoking cigarettes. Among these were filtered cigarettes in the 1950s and light and ultra-light cigarettes in the 1970s and 1980s. This review summarizes published and unpublished research that is directly relevant to the marketing, advertising, and communication about PREPs. The marketing strategies for these new products do not appear to differ from those used by the tobacco industry for light and ultra-light cigarettes. Although smokers report not using the new products in large numbers because of dissatisfaction with taste, they are interested in using products with reduced risk. Despite the absence of explicit health claims by the industry for PREPs, many smokers believe that these products are safer based on the advertising claims of reduced exposure and a belief that claims are approved by the government. No data are available to indicate that PREPs are useful for prevention or cessation of smoking, nor does specific research exist to suggest what health communication messages will provide smokers with accurate information about these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By creating a sense of familiarity with tobacco, cigarette advertising and bold packaging displays in stores where children often visit may help to pre-dispose them to smoking. A total of 605 ninth-grade students were randomly allocated to view a photograph of a typical convenience store point-of-sale which had been digitally manipulated to show either cigarette advertising and pack displays, pack displays only or no cigarettes. Students then completed a self-administered questionnaire. Compared with those who viewed the no cigarettes, students either in the display only condition or cigarette advertising condition perceived it would be easier to purchase tobacco from these stores. Those who saw the cigarette advertising perceived it would be less likely they would be asked for proof of age, and tended to think a greater number of stores would sell cigarettes to them, compared with respondents who saw no tobacco products. Respondents in the display only condition tended to recall displayed cigarette brands more often than respondents who saw no cigarettes. Cigarette advertising similarly influenced students, and tended to weaken students' resolve not to smoke in future. Retail tobacco advertising as well as cigarette pack displays may have adverse influences on youth, suggesting that tighter tobacco marketing restrictions are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate market power among cigarette manufacturers over 1952–1984, a period of uniform pricing. We apply the Bresnahan approach; adjust it to the firm level; employ a dynamic model with habit persistence; and add an advertising equation, which helps identify the parameters, increase degrees of freedom, and constrain parameters so we can interpret our results at the firm level, despite the fact that the equations conform to what we might see in a market model. We consider effects of government interventions upon demand and market power and find, for instance, that the 1971 broadcast advertising ban decreased market power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The retail outlet is the cigarette companies'' major marketing channel to reach present and future customers. Of the $11.2 billion spent by them to market their products in 2001, approximately 85% was spent on retailer and consumer incentives to stimulate sales. This study examines the extent of retailer participation in these incentive programs, and the relationship between participation and the amount and placement of cigarette marketing materials and products, and prices in stores.Methods. Observational assessments of cigarette marketing materials, products, and prices were conducted in 468 stores in 15 U.S. states. Telephone interviews were conducted with store owners or managers of these stores to determine the details of their participation in incentive programs.Results. Cigarette companies engaged 65% of retailers in an incentive program. Nearly 80% of participating retailers reported cigarette company control over placement of marketing materials in their stores. Stores that reported receiving over $3,000 from incentive programs in the past 3 months averaged 19.5 cigarette marketing materials, and stores receiving no money averaged only 8.2 marketing materials. In multivariate analyses, participation in incentive programs offered by Philip Morris and R.J. Reynolds was positively related to the number of cigarette marketing materials for each of these companies'' brands in stores and the placement of their cigarettes on the top shelf. The price of Newports was significantly lower in stores that received incentives; no price difference was found for Marlboro.Conclusions. Stores that participate in cigarette company incentive programs feature more prominent placement of cigarettes and advertising, and may have cheaper cigarette prices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Addresses the role of cigarette advertising and restrictions at the state level in the U.S. as of July 2003. Emphasis in the relationship between advertising and consumption in the cigarette industry; Effect of advertising on market power; Basis for advertising restrictions in advertising.

This paper estimates the effect of advertising expenditure on market shares of the seven leading firms in the Indonesian cigarette industry using recent advances in time series analysis, namely the error correction model. Own and rival's advertising elasticities for the short run and long run are estimated. In addition, the 'durability' of advertising effects is estimated. Empirical results show that the effect of advertising on market shares is relatively short-lived, appearing to be substantially depreciated within one year for all firms. It is also found that advertising is less effective for foreign firms in the Indonesian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Internal industry documents may shed light on how cigarettes are designed to promote youth smoking. Objective: To determine changes in the design of Camel cigarettes in the period surrounding the "Smooth Character" advertising campaign and to assess the impact of these changes on youth smoking. Data sources: Internal documents mode available through the document website maintained by RJ Reynolds, manufacturer of Camel cigarettes. Study selection: Electronic searches using keywords to identify relevant data. Data extraction: A web based index search of documents targeting "smoothness" or "harshness" and "younger adult smokers" ("YAS") or "first usual brand younger adult smokers" ("FUBYAS") in the 1 0 year period surrounding the introduction of the "Smooth Character" campaign was used to identify Camel related product design research protects. A snowball methodology was used: initial documents were identified by focusing on key words, codes, researchers, committees, meetings, and gaps in overall chronology; a second set of documents was culled from these initial documents, and so on. Data synthesis: Product design research led to the introduction of redesigned Camel cigarettes targeted to younger adult males coinciding with the "Smooth Character" campaign. Further refinements in Camel cigarettes during the following five year period continued to emphasise the smoothness of the cigarette, utilising additives and blends which reduced throat irritation but increased or retained nicotine impact. Conclusions: Industry competition for market share among younger adult smokers may have contributed to the reversal of a decline in youth smoking rates during the late 1980s through development of products which were more appealing to youth smokers and which aided in initiation by reducing harshness and irritation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the development, intent, and consequences of US tobacco industry advertising for low machine yield cigarettes. Methods: Analysis of trade sources and internal US tobacco company documents now available on various web sites created by corporations, litigation, or public health bodies. Results: When introducing low yield products, cigarette manufacturers were concerned about maintaining products with acceptable taste/flavour and feared consumers might become weaned from smoking. Several tactics were employed by cigarette manufacturers, leading consumers to perceive Filtered and low machine yield brands as safer relative to other brands. Tactics include using cosmetic (that is, ineffective) filters, loosening filters over time, using medicinal menthol, using high tech imagery, using virtuous brand names and descriptors, adding a virtuous variant to a brand's product line, and generating misleading data on tar and nicotine yields. Conclusions: Advertisements of filtered and low tar cigarettes were intended to reassure smokers concerned about the health risks of smoking, and to present the respective products as an alternative to quitting. Promotional efforts were successful in getting smokers to adopt filtered and low yield cigarette brands. Corporate documents demonstrate that cigarette manufacturers recognised the inherent deceptiveness of cigarette brands described as "Light" or "Ultra-Light" because of low machine measured yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an empirical model that identifies the influence of the 1971 ban on the behavior of both consumers and produces in the cigarette industry in the United States. Marginal effects of advertising during the pre- and post-ban periods; Decrease in competition that resulted from the elimination of television and radio advertising.

Objectives. This study examined among youth the extent of their perceived exposure to cigarette marketing and the relationship of their perceptions to their smoking behavior. Methods. Surveys measuring exposure to cigarette advertisements and promotions were completed by 571 seventh graders in San Jose, Calif. Results. Eighty-eight percent of these 13-year-olds reported exposure to cigarette marketing: the majority often saw ads in magazines, on billboards, and at stores and events, and one quarter owned cigarette promotional items. After social influences to smoke were controlled for, exposure to cigarette marketing was related to self-reported smoking behavior. Likelihood of experimenting with smoking was 2.2 times greater among those who owned promotional items and 2.8 times greater among those who had received mail from a tobacco company. Seeing cigarette advertisements in magazines increased this likelihood by 21%, and seeing tobacco marketing in stores increased it by 38%. Conclusions. Youth are daily and widely exposed to tobacco industry marketing efforts; this exposure is related to smoking behavior. More effective regulation is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the impacts of health warnings and advertising on the demand for cigarettes. It highlights the significance of the structure of the request for cigarettes to the anti-smoking campaign of the government of Great Britain. Results of the study showed that a growth in advertising generates a small but remarkable boost in cigarette consumption and that anti-smoking promotion through health scares cuts down cigarette consumption within the year and the subsequent year that the warning is released. The authors disclose that cigarette manufacturers do not increase their advertising outlay to offset the impact of health warnings on the demand for cigarettes in the country.

This article presents a study that examines children's awareness of cigarette brand sponsorship of sporting events in Great Britain. The interviews were conducted by interviewers experienced in market and social research. They were fully briefed beforehand and warned that post-interview checks would be made of a random 10% of their interviews. The most frequently mentioned brands and sports were John Player Special and motor-car racing, Embassy and snooker, Benson and Hedges and snooker, and Marlboro and motor-car racing. The study revealed that children learn about connections between cigarette brands and sports by watching television. Thus it seems that television sports sponsorship by cigarette manufacturers acts as advertising and therefore circumvents the law banning cigarette advertising on television.

Using a disguised, structured technique, the authors collected consumer judgments regarding an editorial advertisement entitled "Of cigarettes and science" sponsored by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Respondents were shown an actual newspaper section that contained different types of editorials and advertisements, including the "Of cigarettes and science" item. After the respondents indirectly classified each item as either an editorial or advertisement, they were asked to list at least two characteristics about the appearance or wording of the "Of cigarettes and science" item that caused them to classify it as they did. The majority of respondents thought the item was an advertisement because it looked different from editorial items, was sponsored by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and seemed to have a persuasive or promotional content. Over one-fourth of the respondents, however, identified the communication as an editorial because of its lack of direct sales information and its extensive wording. The authors contend that legal and regulatory bodies should consider the effects of both source and intent of the message when arguing consumer impact. INSET: `Of cigarettes and science'.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of the Federal Trade Commission in regulating cigarette advertising in the U.S. The problem which has plagued the effort of the government to regulate cigarette advertising has been the proper definition of public interest. Most of the regulations promoted by the Commission were aimed to eliminate deceptive advertising practices and improvement of information to the public. FTC established voluntary advertising guidelines for the industry in 1955 which prohibited cigarette companies from making any substantiated health claims about tobacco products. In 1960, FTC decided to apply these guidelines to advertisements about tar and nicotine content. After the Surgeon General's report in 1964, the FTC proposed a trade regulation which required a health warning on cigarette packages and advertising, leading to the 1965 Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act which mandated these health warnings.

Traditional moral theories help corporate decision-makers understand what position consumers, like Rose Cipollone, in Cipollone vs Liggett Group, will take against cigarette manufacturers who fail to warn of the dangers of smoking, conceal data about addiction and other dangers, from the public, as well as continue to neutralize the warnings on cigarettes by deceptive advertisements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates advertising conjectural variations within a simultaneous system that includes advertising and demand equations for cigarette manufacturers. Advertising decisions in an oligopoly; Effects of cigarette advertising on market share; Positive spillovers from advertising in the cigarette industry.

A number of abstracts are presented for articles pertaining to the field of advertising. They include "Variations In Unit Ad Costs For Cars Shown," by Al Stephanides, "Cigaret Makers' Ad Costs Vary Widely," by Robert Murray and "The Lasker Story...As He Told It."

We examined information on tar and nicotine yields on the packages of 160 cigarette brands, 58 percent of the 275 brands for which tar and nicotine yields were listed in a recent Federal Trade Commission report. The tar yield was indicated on 14 percent, the nicotine yield was indicated on 11 percent. As tar yield increased among brands, the yield was progressively less likely to be shown on the package and was not disclosed on the package of any cigarette yielding 11 mg or more of tar. (Am J Public Health 1990; 80:551-553.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents data on cigarette advertising expenditures in the U.S. for 1988. Comparison of data from earlier years; Cigarette advertising and promotional expenditures related to the sponsorship of sporting events; Rankings of cigarettes among all products and services by advertising expenditures.