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Allium cepa L. is a commonly consumed vegetable that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and contains nutrients and antioxidants in ample amounts. In spite of the valuable food applications of onion bulb, its peel and outer fleshy layers are generally regarded as waste and exploration of their nutritional and therapeutic potential is still in progress with a very slow progression rate. The present study was designed with the purpose of doing a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential of two parts of Allium cepa, i.g., bulb (edible part) and outer fleshy layers and dry peels (inedible part). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the onion bulb and peel extracts on rat intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase of porcine was also evaluated. The antioxidant potential of onion peel and bulb extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity. Total flavonoids and phenolic content of ethanolic extract of onion peel were significantly greater as compared to that of onion bulb. Ethanolic extract of onion peel also presented better antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity as compared to the ethanolic extract of bulb, while the aqueous extract of bulb presented weakest antioxidative potential. Onion peel extract’s α-glucosidase inhibition potential was also correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The current findings presented onion peel as a possible source of antioxidative agents and phenolic compounds that might be beneficial against development of various common chronic diseases that might have an association with oxidative stress. Besides, outer dry layers and fleshy peels of onion exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities, compared to the inner bulb. The information obtained by the present study can be useful in promoting the use of vegetable parts other than the edible mesocarp for several future food applications, rather than these being wasted. Resumo Allium cepa pertence à família Liliaceae e é rica em nutrientes e antioxidantes. Apesar das expressivas aplicações alimentares do bulbo da cebola, sua casca e outras camadas externas são geralmente consideradas resíduos, e seu potencial nutricional e terapêutico ainda é pouco explorado. O presente estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de investigar comparativamente o potencial antioxidante de duas partes de Allium cepa, por exemplo o bulbo (parte comestível) e camadas externas e cascas secas (parte não comestível). Além disso, o efeito inibitório dos extratos do bulbo de cebola e casca sobre a α-glucosidase intestinal de ratos e α-amilase pancreática suína também foi avaliado. O potencial antioxidante dos extratos da casca de cebola e bulbo foi avaliado utilizando-se 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), método de poder antioxidante de redução do ferro (FRAP), método 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico (ABTS) de eliminação de radicais, atividade de eliminação de radicais H2O2 e atividade quelante do Fe2+. Os flavonoides totais e os teores fenólicos do extrato de etanol da casca de cebola foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao do bulbo. O extrato de etanol da casca de cebola também apresentou melhor atividade antioxidante e eliminação de radicais livres quando comparado ao extrato de etanol do bulbo, enquanto o extrato aquoso de bulbo apresentou menor potencial antioxidante. O potencial de inibição da α-glicosidase dos extratos de casca de cebola correlacionou-se com seus teores fenólicos e de flavonoides. Os resultados encontrados identificaram que a casca de cebola é uma possível fonte de agentes antioxidantes e compostos fenólicos que podem ser benéficos contra o desenvolvimento de várias doenças crônicas que estão associadas ao estresse oxidativo. Além disso, as camadas externas secas e as cascas da cebola exibiram maior conteúdo fenólico e atividades antioxidantes, em comparação com o bulbo interno. As informações obtidas pelo presente estudo podem promover o uso de outras partes vegetais além do mesocarpo comestível para futuras aplicações em alimentos, ao invés de serem desperdiçadas.

The supplementation of Selenium-enriched probiotics is effective in reducing oxidative stress and maintaining meat quality stability in broiler chicken especially under heat stress. An experimental study was conducted to perform Comparative analysis of Selenium yeast with inorganic Se in broilers under heat stress. A total of 120 broilers chicks of one day were assigned to 4 groups each consisting 30 chicks fed on same basal diet but different selenium sources. The basal diet of group D1 was not supplemented with Se source (Negative control), group D2 basal diet was supplemented with inorganic selenium (Sodium selenite 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase), group D3 basal diet was supplemented with commercially available organic selenium (Seleno-methionine 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase) and group D4 basal diet was supplemented with self-developed organic selenium (Se-enriched yeast 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase). The performance parameters i.e. feed intake (FI), live body weight (BW) and FCR were not significantly (p>0.05) effected by selenium supplementation in the starter phase but were significantly (p 0,05) afetados pela suplementação de selênio na fase inicial, mas foram significativamente (p < 0,05) afetados na fase final. A suplementação de selênio afetou significativamente (p < 0,05) o nível de Se sérico em diferentes grupos suplementados. O maior valor de Se sérico (58,20 ± 0,06) foi registrado no grupo D4. Da mesma forma, valor de selênio significativamente menor foi registrado para D4 e maior foi registrado para D1 (11,36 ± 0,08). No entanto, um valor mais baixo de Paraoxonase (PON) sérica foi registrado para D4 (13,24 ± 0,01) e mais alto para D1 (13,33 ± 0,03). A levedura enriquecida com Se comparativamente autodesenvolvida aumentou o acúmulo de Se e melhorou o sistema antioxidante. A glutationa peroxidase (GPx) foi encontrada maior em D4 (12,333 ± 0,03) seguido por D3, D2 e D1 respectivamente. Enquanto a superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) em D4 (0,1437 ± 0,003) seguido por D3 (0,1457 ± 0,002). A suplementação de selênio aumentou a taxa de sobrevivência da ave. Aves alimentadas com levedura enriquecida com Se apresentaram maior deposição de Se e melhor capacidade antioxidante em comparação com outras fontes de selênio. A levedura enriquecida com Se apresentou um resultado melhorado na deposição de Se nos tecidos, capacidade oxidativa, maciez da carne e nível de resposta imune em comparação com outras fontes de selênio.

The quality of post-thawing goat sperm is critical to the success of artificial insemination protocols and may be influenced by extenders, cryoprotectants, and antioxidant substances. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antioxidant anethole on goat sperm diluted in preservation medium based on powdered coconut water (ACP-101c) and frozen. For that, each ejaculate was submitted to the following treatments: ACP-101c (control); control plus supplementation with 30, 300, or 2000 µg/mL anethole. The samples were thawed and evaluated for morphology, kinetics, membrane integrity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The addition of anethole increased morphological abnormalities (P < 0.05), however, it did not affect sperm kinetics. Flow cytometry analysis showed that sperm cells cryopreserved with 300 µg/mL anethole had lower acrosome integrity than those cryopreserved in other treatments. Evaluation of oxidative stress revealed that cells stored in the presence of 2000 µg/mL anethole had small amounts of ROS when compared to those preserved in the control medium alone or supplemented with 300 µg/mL anethole (P < 0.05). After cryopreservation of sperm with 2000 µg/mL anethole, the highest percentage of viable sperm without ROS was observed (P < 0.05). In conclusion, despite reducing ROS levels, the supplementation of anethole in ACP-101c did not affect sperm kinetics or membrane integrity post-thawing, however, it did cause morphological damage to sperm. A qualidade do espermatozoide caprino pós-descongelação é crítica para o sucesso dos protocolos de inseminação artificial e pode ser influenciada por extensores, crioprotetores e substâncias antioxidantes. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do antioxidante anetole sobre espermatozoides caprinos diluídos em meio de conservação à base de água de coco em pó (ACP-101c) e congelados. Para tanto, cada ejaculado foi submetido aos seguintes tratamentos: ACP-101c (controle); controle mais suplementação com 30, 300 ou 2000 ug / mL de anetole. As amostras foram descongeladas e avaliadas quanto à morfologia, cinética, integridade de membranas e espécies reativas de oxigênio. A adição de anetole aumentou as anormalidades morfológicas (P < 0,05), no entanto, não afetou a cinética dos espermatozoides. A análise da citometria de fluxo mostrou que as células de esperma criopreservadas com 300 ug / mL anethole tinham integridade acrosma menor do que aquelas criopreservadas em outros tratamentos. A avaliação do estresse oxidativo revelou que as células armazenadas na presença de 2000 ug / mL anethole apresentaram pequenas quantidades de ROS quando comparadas às preservadas em meio de controle isoladamente ou suplementadas com 300 ug / mL anethole (P < 0,05). Após a criopreservação de espermatozoides com 2000 ug / mL anethole, observou-se a maior porcentagem de espermatozoides viáveis sem ROS (P < 0,05). A população com espermatozoides viáveis sem ROS foi maior quando utilizado 2.000 ug / mL (P < 0,05). Em conclusão, apesar de reduzir os níveis de ROS, a suplementação de anetole em ACP-101c não afetou a cinética espermática e a integridade da membrana pós-descongelação, entretanto, causou danos morfológicos nos espermatozoides.

Climate change can cause imbalances in plants. Baccharis trimera is a specie usually found in harsh conditions and has medicinal and agricultural properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the biochemical and physiological responses of this plant under water restriction (WR) levels. B. trimera samples were identified and collected in Erechim/RS and propagated in a greenhouse. When acclimated, they were subjected to 0, 25, 75 and 100% WR, determined according to the water saturation in the soil by capillary action. After 30 days of treatment, the physiological responses: growth, and fresh and dry biomass; and the biochemical responses: activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GP) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes, proline, protein and hydrogen peroxide content, and lipid peroxidation, were determined. Data were submitted to regression analysis and Pearson correlation. The WR of 27.37%, on average, induced an increase in physiological parameters, but the root growth was impaired in conditions above 50% of WR. With the increase in WR there was an increase in the activity of SOD in the shoot and APX in the root. In low WR conditions, proline contents were maintained. Therefore, with low levels of WR, around 27%, B. trimera has increase in root growth and root and shoot biomass. Proline, and SOD and APX activity are a pathway that scavenging the stress generated by WR on B. trimera. El cambio climático puede provocar desequilibrios en las plantas. Baccharis trimera es una especie que se encuentra a menudo en condiciones adversas y tiene propiedades medicinales y agrícolas. Así, el objetivo fue evaluar las respuestas bioquímicas y fisiológicas de esta planta a niveles de restricción de agua (RA). Se identificaron y recolectaron muestras de B. trimera en Erechim - RS y se propagaron en un invernadero. Una vez aclimatados, fueron sometidos a 0, 25, 75 y 100% de RA, determinado según la saturación de agua en el suelo por capilaridad. Después de 30 días de tratamiento, se determinaron las respuestas fisiológicas: crecimiento y biomasa fresca y seca; y respuestas bioquímicas: actividad de las enzimas superóxido dismutasa (SOD), guayacol peroxidasa (GP) y ascorbato peroxidasa (APX), prolina, contenido de peróxido de hidrógeno y proteínas y peroxidación de lípidos. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de regresión y correlación de Pearson. La RA media de 27,37% indujo un aumento en los parámetros fisiológicos evaluados, pero el crecimiento de las raíces se vio afectado en condiciones de RA superiores al 50%. Con el aumento de RA hubo un aumento en la actividad de las enzimas SOD en el parte aérea y de APX en la raíz. En condición de RA baja, se verificó el mantenimiento del contenido de prolina. Por lo tanto, con niveles bajos de RA, alrededor del 27%, B. trimera tiene un aumento en el crecimiento de las raíces y en la biomasa de parte aérea y raíces. La prolina, SOD y APX son una vía de eliminación del estrés generado por la RA en B. trimera. Alterações climáticas podem causar desequilíbrios nas plantas. Baccharis trimera é uma espécie frequentemente encontrada em condições adversas e apresenta propriedades medicinais e para uso na agricultura. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as respostas bioquímicas e fisiológicas desta planta em níveis de restrição de água (RA). Amostras de B. trimera foram identificadas e coletadas em Erechim - RS e propagadas em casa de vegetação. Quando aclimatadas foram submetidas a 0, 25, 75 e 100% de RA, determinada de acordo com a saturação de água no solo por capilaridade. Após 30 dias de tratamento foram determinadas respostas fisiológicas: crescimento e biomassa fresca e seca; e respostas bioquímicas: atividade de enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GP) e ascorbato peroxidase (APX), conteúdo de prolina, proteína e peróxido de hidrogênio, e peroxidação de lipídeos. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de regressão e correlação de Pearson. A RA média de 27,37% induziu aumento nos parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados, porém o crescimento das raízes foi prejudicado em condições de RA acima de 50%. Com o aumento na RA houve o aumento na atividade das enzimas SOD na parte aérea e de APX na raiz. Em condição de baixa RA verificou-se a manutenção do conteúdo de prolina. Portanto, com baixos níveis de RA, em torno de 27%, B. trimera tem aumento no crescimento de raiz e na biomassa da parte aérea e raiz. Prolina, SOD e APX são uma via de eliminação do estresse gerado pela RA em B. trimera.

Introduction: High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a method that is widely used today. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of HIIT on markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in rats. Methods: The sample consisted of 60-day-old Wistar rats, divided into two groups: a control group (n=8) and an HIIT group (n=8). The training consisted of fourteen 20-second swimming sessions (loaded with weights equivalent to 14% of their body weight) with 10-second intervals between each session, performed for 12 consecutive days. Results: HIIT induced a reduction (−17.75%) in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (an oxidative stress marker) in hepatic tissue (p=0.0482). There was also a reduction (−31.80%) in the HIIT group in the level of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in the liver (p=0.0375). However, there were no differences between the groups in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, the total content of SH sulfhydryls, hydroperoxides, or carbonylated proteins in the hepatic tissue. No significant differences were found in any of these markers in the gastrocnemius muscle. The muscle damage markers creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were also similar between the groups in the gastrocnemius. Conclusion: The conclusion was that that short-term HIIT does not cause oxidative stress or muscle damage. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals. RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento en intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) es un método muy utilizado actualmente. Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del HIIT en corto plazo sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo y daño muscular en ratones. Métodos: La muestra consistió en ratones Wistar con 60 días de edad, divididos en dos grupos: grupo control (n = 8) y grupo HIIT (n = 8). El entrenamiento consistió en catorce sesiones de natación de 20 segundos (con cargas equivalentes a 14% del peso corporal) con intervalos de 10 segundos entre cada sesión, realizadas durante 12 días consecutivos. Resultados: El HIIT indujo una reducción (-17,75%) de las sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (un marcador de estrés oxidativo) en el tejido hepático (p = 0,0482). También hubo reducción (~31,80%) en el grupo HIIT en el nivel de enzima superóxido dismutasa en el hígado (p=0,0375). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre los grupos con relación a catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa, glutatión reductasa, tenor total de sulfhidrilos SH, hidroperóxidos o proteínas carboniladas en el tejido hepático. No fue encontrada ninguna diferencia significativa en ninguno de esos marcadores en el músculo gastrocnemio. Los marcadores de lesión muscular, creatinina quinasa y lactato deshidrogenasa también fueron similares entre los grupos en el gastrocnemio. Conclusión: Fue posible concluir que el HIIT de corta duración no causa estrés oxidativo o daño muscular. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorizado de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de información estrechos. RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) é um método muito utilizado atualmente. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do HIIT em curto prazo sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo e dano muscular em ratos. Métodos: A amostra consistiu em ratos Wistar com 60 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n = 8) e grupo HIIT (n = 8). O treinamento consistiu em quatorze sessões de natação de 20 segundos (com cargas equivalentes a 14% do peso corporal) com intervalos de 10 segundos entre cada sessão, realizadas por 12 dias consecutivos. Resultados: O HIIT induziu uma redução (-17,75%) das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (um marcador de estresse oxidativo) no tecido hepático (p = 0,0482). Houve também redução (-31,80%) no grupo HIIT no nível de enzima superóxido dismutase no fígado (p = 0,0375). No entanto, não houve diferenças entre os grupos com relação a catalase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa redutase, teor total de sulfidrilas SH, hidroperóxidos ou proteínas carboniladas no tecido hepático. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada em qualquer um desses mascadores no músculo gastrocnêmio. Os marcadores de lesão muscular, creatinina quinase e lactato desidrogenase, também foram semelhantes entre os grupos no gastrocnêmio. Conclusão: Foi possível concluir que o HIIT de curta duração não causa estresse oxidativo ou dano muscular. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de informação estreitos.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and it is one of the main causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is known that oxidative stress plays a role in its pathophysiology, therefore we investigated the effects of trans-resveratrol, a potent antioxidant, on the Nrf2/ARE pathway, nitric oxide (NO) production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in an in vitro model of PE. Plasma from PE patients increased ARE activity in endothelial cells compared with plasma from healthy pregnant (HP), and the addition of resveratrol was able to potentiate this increase only in PE. Resveratrol also decreased ROS levels in the cells incubated with plasma from PE. Based on these results, we performed a pilot clinical study to compare the effects of serum from PE women before and 1 h after ingestion of polyphenol-rich whole red grapefruit juice incubated on endothelial cells, since grapefruit contains large amounts of resveratrol. Serum from PE patients, obtained one hour after juice intake, decreased antioxidants markers in cells compared with the serum before juice intake, besides, it increased NO production. In conclusion, resveratrol and polyphenol-rich red grape juice have potentially beneficial effects on endothelial cells incubated with PE plasma/serum, which could aid in the management of PE. Department of Pharmacology Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Distrito Rubiao Junior Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto University of Sao Paulo (USP) Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Department of Pharmacology Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Distrito Rubiao Junior CNPq: #2014-5/305587 FAPESP: #2015/20461-8

Highlights Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent used malignant diseases. Cisplatin ototoxicity is generally bilateral, irreversible, and progressive. Genistein is a phytoestrogen. Genistein functions as antioxidant and cell cycle inhibitor by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase. Genistein showed positive effects on ototoxicity with its antioxidant. Objective Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent used in adults and children for the treatment of various malignant diseases. It can cause irreversible ototoxicity. Genistein is a phytoestrogen. Genistein functions as an antioxidant and cell cycle inhibitor by inhibiting the DNA topoisomerase and tyrosine protein kinase enzymes. The protective effect of genistein in preventing cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and levels of the oxidative stress was investigated. Methods 32 Sprague Dawley rats were used in 4 groups (control, cisplatin, cisplatin + genistein, genistein). Otoacoustic emission measurements of the distortion product were performed on the 1st, 2nd and 5th days of the test protocol. Serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index measurements were made. Results The hearing of the cisplatin + genistein group was found to be better than that of the cisplatin group. While the malondialdehyde, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index parameters decreased significantly in the cisplatin + genistein group compared to the cisplatin group, superoxide dismutase increased significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusion Genistein showed positive effects against ototoxicity with its antioxidant effect. Level of evidence Level 3. Resumo DESTAQUES A cisplatina é um agente antineoplásico usado em lesões malignas. A ototoxicidade da cisplatina é geralmente bilateral, irreversível e progressiva. A genisteína é um fitoestrógeno. A genisteína funciona como antioxidante e inibidor do ciclo celular ao inibir a topoisomerase do DNA. A genisteína apresentou efeitos positivos sobre a ototoxicidade com seu efeito antioxidante. Objetivo A cisplatina é um agente antineoplásico usado em adultos e crianças para o tratamento de diversas lesões malignas. Pode causar ototoxicidade irreversível. A genisteína é um fitoestrógeno que funciona como antioxidante e inibidor do ciclo celular ao inibir as enzimas DNA topoisomerase e tirosina-quinase. O efeito protetor da genisteína na prevenção da ototoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina e os níveis de estresse oxidativo foram investigados. Método Trinta e dois ratos Sprague Dawley foram usados em 4 grupos (controle, cisplatina, cisplatina + genisteína, genisteína). As medidas das emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção foram tomadas nos dias 1, 2 e 5 do protocolo do teste. Foram medidos os níveis séricos de malondialdeído, superóxido dismutase, catalase, glutationa peroxidase, estado antioxidante total, estado oxidante total e índice de estresse oxidativo. Resultados A audição do grupo cisplatina + genisteína foi melhor do que a do grupo cisplatina. Enquanto os parâmetros malondialdeído, estado oxidante total e índice de estresse oxidativo diminuíram significantemente no grupo cisplatina + genisteína em comparação com o grupo cisplatina, o superóxido dismutase mostrou aumento significantemente (p < 0,05). Conclusão A genisteína apresentou efeitos positivos contra a ototoxicidade com seu efeito antioxidante. Nível de evidência Nível 3.

The current investigation was carried out to estimate the protective effect of aqueous extract of Cheatomorpha gracilis (AEC) against High fat Diet (HFD) induced liver damage in mice. The results of the in vitro study showed that AEC have higher antioxidant capacities in the DPPH and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays. Indeed, many phenolic compounds (gallic acid, quercetin, naringenin, apigenin, kaempferol and rutin) were identified in the AEC. In the animal studies, during 6 weeks, HFD promoted oxidative stress with a rise level of malonaldehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls (PCOs) levels and a significant decrease of the antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Interestingly, the treatment with AEC (250 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced the effects of HFD disorders on some plasmatic liver biomarkers (AST, ALT and ALP) in addition to, plasmatic proteins inflammatory biomarkers (α2 and β1 decreases / β2 and γ globulins increases). It can be suggest that supplementation of MECG displays high potential to quench free radicals and attenuates high fat diet promoted liver oxidative stress and related disturbances. Resumo A presente investigação foi realizada para estimar o efeito protetor do extrato aquoso de Cheatomorpha gracilis (AEC) contra o dano hepático induzido por dieta rica em gordura (HFD) em camundongos. Os resultados do estudo in vitro mostraram que os AEC têm maiores capacidades antioxidantes nos ensaios DPPH e de eliminação de radicais hidroxila. De fato, muitos compostos fenólicos (ácido gálico, quercetina, naringenina, apigenina, kaempferol e rutina) foram identificados no AEC. Nos estudos em animais, durante 6 semanas, HFD promoveu estresse oxidativo com aumento do nível de malonaldeído (MDA), níveis de proteína carbonil (PCOs) e diminuição significativa das atividades de enzimas antioxidantes como superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase. Curiosamente, o tratamento com AEC (250 mg / kg de peso corporal) reduziu significativamente os efeitos dos distúrbios de HFD em alguns biomarcadores hepáticos plasmáticos (AST, ALT e ALP), além de biomarcadores inflamatórios de proteínas plasmáticas (reduções α2 e β1 / β2 e γ aumenta as globulinas). Pode-se sugerir que a suplementação de MECG apresenta alto potencial para extinguir os radicais livres e atenua o estresse oxidativo do fígado promovido pela dieta rica em gordura e distúrbios relacionados.

Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide used in agriculture and for controlling vector-borne diseases such as Zika. Humans can be exposed to malathion by means of ingestion of contaminated food. The juvenile and peripubertal periods are a large window of vulnerability to the action of toxic agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of low doses of malathion during the development of testes in the juvenile and peripubertal periods in rats. For this purpose, 45 male Wistar rats (postnatal day (PND) 25) were assigned to 3 experimental groups and treated for 40 days. The animals were exposed daily to malathion 10 mg/kg (M10 group) or 50 mg/kg (M50 group) diluted in 0.9 % saline via gavage. The control group received only the vehicle. On the 40th experimental day, the rats were anaesthetized and euthanized. The blood was collected for determination of testosterone concentration. The testes were removed and weighed. Spermatozoa from the vas deferens were used for sperm morphological analysis. The testes were used for evaluation of sperm count and oxidative stress status to determine the inflammatory profile and analysis of tissue constitution. The results showed that both malathion doses reduced the sperm count and increased the number of abnormal sperms. Furthermore, both doses altered the spermatogenetic process, delayed spermiogenesis, reduced the Leydig and Sertoli cell number and increased the thickness of tunica albuginea. The M10 group presented increased IL-10 levels and reduced GSH levels. These parameters did not change in the M50 group. However, the M50 group showed an increase in the number of abnormal seminiferous tubules, a decrease in plasma testosterone concentration and an increase in lipid peroxidation in the testes. In conclusion, the exposure to low doses of malathion during juvenile and peripubertal development resulted in testicular toxicity and compromised the testicular morphology and function.

We examined the effect of the NFκB inhibitor pyrrolidine-1-carbodithioic acid (PDTC) on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity, and oxidative and inflammatory kidney damage in alloxan-induced diabetes. Two weeks after diabetes induction (alloxan-130 mg/kg), control and diabetic rats received PDTC (100 mg/kg) or vehicle for 8 weeks. Body weight, glycemia, urea, and creatinine were measured. Kidney changes were measured in hematoxylin/eosin sections and ED1 by immunohistochemistry. Kidney thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide anion (O2−), and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels, and catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were analyzed. Also, kidney nox4 and iNOS expression, and NFkB nuclear translocation were measured by western blot, and MMP-2 by zymography. Glycemia and urea increased in alloxan rats, which were not modified by PDTC treatment. However, PDTC attenuated kidney structural alterations and macrophage infiltration in diabetic rats. While diabetes increased both TBARS and O2− levels, PDTC treatment reduced TBARS in diabetic and O2− in control kidneys. A decrease in NOx levels was found in diabetic kidneys, which was prevented by PDTC. Diabetes reduced catalase activity, and PDTC increased catalase and SOD activities in both control and diabetic kidneys. PDTC treatment reduced MMP-2 activity and iNOS and p65 NFκB nuclear expression found increased in diabetic kidneys. Our results show that the NFκB inhibitor PDTC reduces renal damage through reduction of Nox4, iNOS, macrophages, and MMP-2 in the alloxan-induced diabetic model. These findings suggest that PDTC inhibits alloxan kidney damage via antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Introduction: Nandrolone decanoate is a synthetic testosterone analogue considered one of the most widely used anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) among adolescents and athletes. Chronic ingestion of AAS increases the incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities in athletes, but the mechanism that causes these changes remains unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify the possible effects of the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on the morphology and oxidative metabolism of the heart in exercised and sedentary rats. Methods: This is a comparative prospective level II study. Twenty-four Wistar rats were distributed in groups that performed voluntary (TG) and sedentary (SG) running exercises, and used AAS: the Anabolic Training Group (ATG), and the Anabolic Sedentary Group (ASG). During the three months of the running protocol, the animals received an intramuscular injection of 5 mg/kg b.p. of AAS. After the training period, the rats were euthanized and the hearts were removed for evaluation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity, and for morphometric analysis. Results: The anabolic groups, ASG (0.3072 ± 0.0531) and ATG (0.2732 ± 0.0413), presented higher lipid peroxidation when compared to the non-anabolic groups SG (0.1705 ± 0.0224) and TG (0.1785 ± 0.0340). Conclusion: There was no change in total antioxidant capacity or in the thickness of the interventricular septum and left ventricular wall. Thus, the use of anabolic androgenic steroids did not cause morphological changes in the myocardium. However it did alter the oxidative metabolism. It was also verified that aerobic exercise had no protective effect against lipid peroxidation in the myocardium caused by the use of AAS. Level of evidence II; Prospective comparative study. RESUMO Introdução: O decanoato de nandrolona é um análogo sintético da testosterona, considerado um dos esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) mais utilizados entre adolescentes e atletas. Sua ingestão crônica aumenta a incidência de anormalidades cardiovasculares em atletas, porém o mecanismo que causa essas alterações ainda permanece desconhecido. Objetivos: O estudo teve como objetivo verificar os possíveis efeitos do uso de esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) na morfologia e no metabolismo oxidativo do coração de ratos treinados e sedentários. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo comparativo nível II. Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em grupos que realizaram exercícios de corrida voluntária (GT) e sedentários (GS) e faziam uso dos EAA, Grupo Treinado com Anabolizante (GTA) e Grupo Sedentário com Anabolizante (GSA). Durante os três meses do protocolo de corrida, os animais receberam injeção intramuscular de 5 mg/kg p.c. de EAA. Após o período de treinamento, houve a eutanásia e remoção do coração dos ratos para avaliação da peroxidação lipídica e capacidade antioxidante, além da análise morfométrica. Resultados: Verificaram-se que os grupos anabolizantes, GSA (0,3072 ± 0,0531) e GTA (0,2732 ± 0,0413), apresentaram maior peroxidação lipídica quando comparados aos grupos não anabolizantes GS (0,1705 ± 0,0224) e GT (0,1785 ± 0,0340). Conclusões: Não houve alteração na capacidade antioxidante total, assim como não houve alteração na espessura do septo interventricular e da parede ventricular esquerda. Portanto, o uso de esteroides anabólicos androgênicos não provocou alterações morfológicas no miocárdio, contudo alterou o metabolismo oxidativo. Verificou-se também que a prática de exercício aeróbico não teve efeito protetor contra a peroxidação lipídica no miocárdio provocada pelo uso dos EAA. Nível de evidência II; Estudo prospectivo comparativo. RESUMEN Introducción: El decanoato de nandrolona es un análogo sintético de la testosterona considerado uno de los esteroides anabólicos androgénicos (EAA) más utilizados entre los adolescentes y atletas. Su ingestión crónica aumenta la incidencia de anomalías cardiovasculares en atletas, aunque el mecanismo que causa esas alteraciones sigue siendo desconocido. Objetivos: El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar los posibles efectos del uso de esteroides anabólicos androgénicos (EAA) en la morfología y en el metabolismo oxidativo del corazón de ratones entrenados y sedentarios. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo comparativo nivel II. Fueron distribuidos 24 ratones Wistar en grupos que realizaron ejercicios de carrera voluntaria (GE) y sedentarios (GS), y hacían uso de los EAA, Grupo Entrenado con Anabolizante (GEA) y Grupo Sedentario con Anabolizante (GSA). Durante los tres meses del protocolo de carrera, los animales recibieron inyección intramuscular de 5 mg/kg p.c. de EAA. Después del período de entrenamiento, hubo la eutanasia y remoción del corazón de los ratones, para evaluación de la peroxidación lipídica y capacidad antioxidante, además del análisis morfométrico. Resultados: Se verificó que los grupos anabolizantes, GSA (0,3072 ± 0,0531) y GEA (0,2732 ± 0,0413), presentaron mayor peroxidación lipídica cuando comparados a los grupos no anabolizantes GS (0,1705 ± 0,0224) y GE (0,1785 ± 0,0340). Conclusiones: No hubo alteración en la capacidad antioxidante total, así como no hubo alteración en el espesor del septo interventricular y de la pared ventricular izquierda. Por lo tanto, el uso de esteroides anabólicos androgénicos no provocó alteraciones morfológicas en el miocardio, aunque alteró el metabolismo oxidativo. Se verificó también que la práctica de ejercicio aeróbico no tuvo efecto protector contra la peroxidación lipídica en el miocardio provocada por el uso de EAA. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio prospectivo comparativo.

Eimeriosis is a global poultry health problem. In the current study, we investigated the role of Salvadora persica leaf extracts (SE) against murine eimeriosis induced by Eimeria papillata. The infection induced an oocyst output of 6242 ± 731 oocysts/g feces. After treatment with 300 mg⁄kg SE, the oocysts expelled in feces decreased by approximately 3-fold. In addition, the total number of E. papillata in the parasitic stage decreased in the jejunum of mice after treatment with SE. In addition, SE significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells by approximately 2-fold in the infected jejunum. SE ameliorated the changes in glutathione, malondialdehyde, and catalase due to E. papillata infection. Finally, SE regulated the cytokine genes, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the apoptotic genes, B-cell lymphoma-2, Bax, and Caspase-3. SE protects the jejunum from E. papillata induced injury and may have potential therapeutic value as a food additive during eimeriosis. Resumo A eimeriose é um problema global de saúde avícola. No presente estudo, investigou-se o papel dos extratos de folhas de Salvadora persica (SE) contra a eimeriose murina induzida por Eimeria papillata. A infecção induziu uma produção de oocistos de 6242 ± 731 oocistos/g de fezes. Após o tratamento com 300 mg⁄kg SE, os oocistos eliminados nas fezes diminuíram em aproximadamente 3 vezes. Além disso, o número total de E. papillata no estágio parasitário diminuiu nos jejunos de camundongos após o tratamento com SE. Da mesma forma, o SE reduziu significativamente o número de células apoptóticas em aproximadamente 2 vezes no jejuno infectado. O estudo mostrou que o SE melhorou as alterações na glutationa, malonaldeído e catalase devido à infecção por E. papillata. Finalmente, o SE regulou os genes das citocinas, interleucina (IL) -1β, IL-6, interferon-γ e fator de necrose tumoral α, e os genes apoptóticos, linfoma-2, Bax e Caspase-3. Assim, o SE protegeu os jejunos das lesões induzidas por E. papillata e pode ter potencial valor terapêutico como aditivo alimentar durante a eimeriose.

RESUMO Objetivo: Nesta revisão sistemática, nós avaliamos o link entre indutores de estresse oxidativo e/ou nitrosativo (EO/EN) com atividade antifúngica, através de uma ação direta sobre a célula fúngica e/ou modulando a resposta de fagócitos contra fungos de interesse médico (incluindo Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp. e Aspergillus spp.). Ainda, foram avaliadas as implicações clínicas deste evento bioquímico, bem como as perspectivas quanto à busca por novos compostos com atividade antifúngica, principalmente, os provenientes de fonte natural e, que explorem a indução de um EO ou EN como parte de seu mecanismo de ação. Metodologia: Foram avaliados artigos, provenientes de diferentes bases de dados e publicados a qualquer período, acessados entre abril e junho de 2017, através da utilização de diferentes descritores. Resultados: Primeiramente, estabelecemos as definições de EO/EN, como sendo o aumento das concentrações de espécies reativas do oxigênio e/ou nitrogênio (ERO/ ERN) quantificado diretamente e, provenientes de fontes fúngicas mitocondriais, Reação de Fenton, retículo endoplasmático ou outras não definidas, e excedendo a capacidade de defesa antioxidante do microrganismo (avaliados por análises de perfis transcriptômicos ou proteômicos ou metabolômicos ou níveis de atividade enzimática). Este aumento de ERO/ERN causando EO/EN é definido por tempo e condições que conduzem a sinalização de apoptose ou reais danos a biomoléculas com perda de função (peroxidação lipídica ou oxidação proteica ou danos ao DNA) e, consequentemente, gerando morte fúngica ou outro efeito antifúngico associado. Portanto, 64 artigos (apenas um publicado antes do ano 2000 e 50 entre 2007-2017) abordam que a indução de EO ou EN na célula fúngica é parte do mecanismo de ação de clássicos agentes antifúngicos (22 publicações), tais como azóis (fluconazol, itraconazol e miconazol), polienos (anfotericina B [AnB]) e equinocandinas (mica-fungina), assim como tal modulação redox tem sido reportada como um importante alvo terapêutico na busca por novos e promissores compostos naturais com atividade antifúngica (32 publicações), que tem respaldo pela grande variedade de indutores que podem provir da natureza. Ainda, compostos que também induzem o burst oxidativo de fagócitos, incluindo AnB, são potencializadores do efeito antifúngico in vivo. Além do efeito antifúngico contra células planctônicas, os efeitos dos EO ou EN sobre biofilmes fúngicos, também têm sido reportados. Tem sido firmado na literatura recente um claro link entre EO ou EN e a atividade antifúngica, tanto para aqueles agentes antifúngicos já utilizados na terapêutica em humanos, quanto para possíveis candidatos a fármaco. Portanto, a indução do EO ou EN como parte do mecanismo de ação de antifúngicos demonstra ser um importante alvo terapêutico, com perspectivas favoráveis sobre os desfechos na prática clínica. resumen está disponible en el texto completo SUMMARY Aim: In this systematic review, we evaluated the link between inducers of oxidative or nitrosative stresses (OS/NS) and antifungal activity against fungi of medical relevance (including Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and Aspergillus spp.), through a direct action on the fungal cell or modulating phagocyte response. Moreover, the clinical implications of this biochemical event, as well as the perspectives, were examined, highlighting the search for new compounds with antifungal activity, mainly those from natural sources and, which explores the induction of OS or NS as part of the mechanism of action. Methodology: Articles from different databases and published at any time were evaluated, between April and June 2017, and using different descriptors. Results: First, a definition of OS and NS was established in which an increase in reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS/ RNS, quantified directly and from mitochondrial, Fenton reaction, endoplasmic reticulum or other fungal sources) should exceed the antioxidant defense capacity of the microorganism (evaluated by transcriptomic or proteomic or metabolomic profiles or enzyme activity levels). These events, by time and conditions delimited, can lead to the signaling of apoptosis or an actual damage toward biomolecules (lipid peroxidation or protein oxidation or DNA damage) and, consequently, they can cause cell death or other associated antifungal effect. Therefore, 64 articles were found, of these, only one was published before 2000 and 50 between 20072017, reporting the induction of OS or NS directly into the fungal cell via an increase in ROS or RNS as part of the mechanism of action of classical antifungal agents (22 publications), such as: azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, and miconazole), polyenes (amphotericin B, [AnB]), and echinocandins (micafungin). This redox modulation has also been reported as an important therapeutic target in the search for new natural compounds with antifungal activity (32 publications), which is supported for the great variety of inducers from nature. Compounds that also induce the oxidative burst of phagocytes, including AnB, promote a combinatorial antifungal effect in vivo. In addition to the antifungal effect against plank-tonic cells, the relation between OS or NS and antifungal activity against fungal biofilms has also been reported. It has been established in the recent literature a clear link between OS or NS and antifungal effect, during the action of anti-fungal agents already used in the therapy in humans as well as for possible drug candidates. Thus, the induction of OS or NS as part of the mechanism of action proves to be an important therapeutic target with favorable perspectives on the outcomes in clinical practice.

Excessive intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as, diclofenac sodium (DS) may lead to toxicity in the rats. In this work, we aimed to examine the protective impact of lentil extract (LE) and folic acid (FA) on the hematological markers, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal function against diclofenac sodium (DS) in male albino rats. The rats (120-150 g) were divided into four equal groups randomly, the first group kept as the untreated control. The second group was administrated with DS (11.6 mg/kg b.wt. orally once/day). The third group was received DS+FA (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+76.9 microgram/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. The fourth group was treated with DS+LE (11.6 mg/kg b.wt.+500 mg/kg b.wt.) orally once/day. After four weeks, the results revealed that DS produced a significant decrease in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and white blood cells (WBCs). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the platelets count. Also, DS induced a renal deterioration; this was evidenced by the significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, Na, Ca, Mg as well as the nitric oxide (NO) level in the kidney tissue. Also, there were a significant reduction in the serum levels of potassium (K) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney homogenates. Moreover, the findings in the rats treated by DS+LE or DS+FA showed a potential protection on the hematological markers, oxidative stress in the kidney tissue and the renal function disturbed by DS. LE and FA could play a potent role for the prevention the adverse hematological, the kidney tissue oxidative stress and the renal dysfunction caused by DS via their anti-oxidative and bioactive phytochemicals. Resumo A ingestão excessiva de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, como o diclofenaco de sódio (DS), pode causar toxicidade em ratos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos examinar o impacto protetor do extrato de lentilha (LE) e ácido fólico (AF) em marcadores hematológicos, no estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e na função renal contra o diclofenaco de sódio (DS) em ratos albinos machos. Os ratos (120-150 g) foram divididos em quatro grupos iguais aleatoriamente, sendo o primeiro grupo mantido como controle não tratado. O segundo grupo foi administrado com DS (11,6 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O terceiro grupo recebeu DS + FA (76,9 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). O quarto grupo foi tratado com DS + LE (500 mg / kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez / dia). Após quatro semanas, os resultados revelaram que o DS produziu uma diminuição significativa nos valores de glóbulos vermelhos (RBCs), concentração de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito (HCT) e glóbulos brancos (WBCs). Por outro lado, houve um aumento significativo na contagem de plaquetas. Além disso, o DS induziu uma deterioração renal; isso foi evidenciado pelo aumento significativo dos níveis séricos de ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, Na, Ca, Mg e também do nível de óxido nítrico no tecido renal. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa nos níveis séricos de potássio (K) e glutationa reduzida (GSH) nos homogenatos renais. Além disso, os achados nos ratos tratados com DS + LE ou DS + FA mostraram uma proteção potencial sobre os marcadores hematológicos, estresse oxidativo no tecido renal e função renal perturbada pelo DS. LE e AF podem desempenhar um papel potente na prevenção do estresse hematológico adverso, do estresse oxidativo do tecido renal e da disfunção renal causada pelo DS por meio de seus fitoquímicos antioxidantes e bioativos.

Our mini-review concerns the potential adverse pro-oxidant role of 5-aminolevulinic (ALA), the first protoporphyrin IX (PP-IX)/heme precursor widely used in commercial formulations for endogenous photodynamic therapy (PDT). Our account collates the two sides of (i) ALA aerobic oxidation as a source of H2O2 and radicals when accumulated in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1), and lead poisoning, thereby triggering similar biochemical damage and symptoms and (ii) the central role of PP-IX as the immediate precursor of the heme prosthetic group of key proteins and enzymes (hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, catalase, and others). Conversely, PP-IX induces skin photodamage when accumulated in sun-exposed erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) patients. Furthermore, we highlight the harnessing of such antithetical ALA and PP-IX properties to design efficient PDT and insecticidal strategies. Research on ALA-based PDT photosensitizers calls for more attention on the deleterious action of excess ALA, whose main target is the mitochondrion.

Introdução: A Doença Hepática Gordurosa Não Alcoólica (DHGNA) é caracterizada pelo acúmulo de gordura no fígado, superior a 5% dos hepatócitos, na ausência de ingestão alcoólica. Entre as doenças hepáticas a esteatose é considerada a mais frequente da sociedade. Um dos tratamentos dessa patologia é o uso da vitamina E, devido às suas propriedades antioxidantes. Objetivo: Investigar por meio da revisão da literatura o efeito da vitamina E, em monoterapia ou conjugada a outras terapias, como possível intervenção terapêutica para a DHGNA. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados: Science e PubMed, com os descritores < Hepatic steatosis > AND < antioxidants > AND < oxidative stress > AND < vitamin E >, encontradas no portal Descritores Em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), nos idiomas Português, espanhol, francês e inglês, entre 2015 e 2020. Resultados: Dentre os estudos compilados, demonstraram que a utilização da vitamina E como terapia antioxidante, foi eficaz para a redução da progressão da Esteato-Hepatite Não Alcoólica (EHNA), e com base nos demais artigos, apontou para a melhora do quadro clínico inflamatório entre os pacientes. Conclusão: Apesar dos achados, não foi possível fundamentar os efeitos benéficos ou prejudiciais na relação da vitamina E e a DHGNA, o que aponta para a necessidade de realização de mais estudos clínicos randomizados precisam ser testados para avaliar em qual condição clinica a vitamina E é mais eficiente, investigando também qual a dose e duração é mais adequada e segura, de forma que, possa ser utilizada como tratamento para a Doença.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by memory loss, cognitive impairment and behavioral abnormalities. Although there is no cure, several study strategies seek to elucidate mechanisms of the disease. Recent studies address the benefits of taurine. Thus, the present study aims to analyze neuroprotective effects of taurine in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), using an in vitro experimental model of oxidative stress induced by hydrocortisone. This work showed for the first time that taurine can promote neuroprotection in SH-SY5Y under oxidative stress caused by hydrocortisone. Cell viability was evaluated using crystal violet and the evaluation of cell morphology was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The viability of SH-SY5Y pre-treated with taurine and stressed with hydrocortisone was preserved, compared to the stressed only group, which was also morphologically observed. Therefore, taurine can represent a considerable therapeutic candidate in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es el trastorno neurodegenerativo más común, progresivo e irreversible, caracterizado por pérdida de memoria, deterioro cognitivo y alteraciones del comportamiento. Aunque no existe cura, varias estrategias de estudio buscan dilucidar los mecanismos de la enfermedad. Estudios recientes abordan los beneficios de la taurina. Así, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto neuroprotector de la taurina en el neuroblastoma humano (SH-SY5Y), utilizando un modelo experimental in vitro de estrés oxidativo inducido por hidrocortisona. Este trabajo demostró por primera vez que la taurina puede promover la neuroprotección en las células SH-SY5Y bajo el estrés oxidativo causado por la hidrocortisona. La viabilidad celular se evaluó utilizando cristal violeta y la evaluación de la morfología celular se realizó mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB). Se conservó la viabilidad de las células SH-SY5Y pretratadas con taurina y estresadas con hidrocortisona, en comparación con el grupo expuesto solo a hidrocortisona, que también se observó morfológicamente. Por tanto, la taurina puede representar un importante candidato terapéutico en la prevención de enfermedades neurodegenerativas como la EA. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é o distúrbio neurodegenerativo mais comum, progressivo e irreversível, caracterizado por perda de memória, prejuízo cognitivo e anormalidades comportamentais. Embora não haja cura, várias estratégias de estudo buscam elucidar os mecanismos da doença. Estudos recentes abordam os benefícios da taurina. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o efeito neuroprotetor da taurina em neuroblastoma humano (SH-SY5Y), utilizando um modelo experimental in vitro de estresse oxidativo induzido por hidrocortisona. Este trabalho mostrou pela primeira vez que a taurina pode promover a neuroproteção nas células SH-SY5Y sob o estresse oxidativo causado pela hidrocortisona. A viabilidade celular foi avaliada utilizando cristal violeta e a avaliação da morfologia celular foi realizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A viabilidade das células SH-SY5Y pré-tratadas com taurina e estressadas com hidrocortisona foi preservada, em comparação com o grupo exposto apenas à hidrocortisona, o que foi também observado morfologicamente. Portanto, a taurina pode representar um importante candidato terapêutico na prevenção de doenças neurodegenerativas, como a DA.

Histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) are abundantly expressed in striated muscles. Although important properties have been ascribed to HCDs, including H+ buffering, regulation of Ca2+ transients and protection against oxidative stress, it remains unknown whether they play relevant functions in vivo. To investigate the in vivo roles of HCDs, we developed the first carnosine synthase knockout (CARNS1-/-) rat strain to investigate the impact of an absence of HCDs on skeletal and cardiac muscle function. Male wild-type (WT) and knockout rats (4 months-old) were used. Skeletal muscle function was assessed by an exercise tolerance test, contractile function in situ and muscle buffering capacity in vitro. Cardiac function was assessed in vivo by echocardiography and cardiac electrical activity by electrocardiography. Cardiomyocyte contractile function was assessed in isolated cardiomyocytes by measuring sarcomere contractility, along with the determination of Ca2+ transient. Markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and expression of proteins were also evaluated in cardiac muscle. Animals were supplemented with carnosine (1.8% in drinking water for 12 weeks) in an attempt to rescue tissue HCDs levels and function. CARNS1-/- resulted in the complete absence of carnosine and anserine, but it did not affect exercise capacity, skeletal muscle force production, fatigability or buffering capacity in vitro, indicating that these are not essential for pH regulation and function in skeletal muscle. In cardiac muscle, however, CARNS1-/- resulted in a significant impairment of contractile function, which was confirmed both in vivo and ex vivo in isolated sarcomeres. Impaired systolic and diastolic dysfunction were accompanied by reduced intracellular Ca2+ peaks and slowed Ca2+ removal, but not by increased markers of oxidative stress or impaired mitochondrial respiration. No relevant increases in muscle carnosine content were observed after carnosine supplementation. Results show that a primary function of HCDs in cardiac muscle is the regulation of Ca2+ handling and excitation-contraction coupling.

High levels of aldosterone (Aldo) trigger oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction independent of effects on blood pressure. We sought to determine whether Aldo disrupts Nrf2 signaling, the main transcriptional factor involved in antioxidant responses that aggravate cell injury. Thoracic aorta from male C57Bl/6J mice and cultured human endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were stimulated with Aldo (100 nM) in the presence of tiron [reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, eplerenone [mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist], and L-sulforaphane (SFN, Nrf2 activator). Thoracic aortas were also isolated from mice infused with Aldo (600 μg/kg per day) for 14 days. Aldo decreased endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and increased ROS generation, effects prevented by tiron and MR blockade. Pharmacological activation of Nrf2 with SFN abrogated Aldo-induced vascular dysfunction and ROS generation. In EA.hy926 cells, Aldo increased ROS generation, which was prevented by eplerenone, tiron, and SFN. At short times, Aldo-induced ROS generation was linked to increased Nrf2 activation. However, after three hours, Aldo decreased the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Increased Keap1 protein expression, but not activation of p38 MAPK, was linked to Aldo-induced reduced Nrf2 activity. Arteries from Aldo-infused mice also exhibited decreased nuclear Nrf2 and increased Keap1 expression. Our findings suggest that Aldo reduces vascular Nrf2 transcriptional activity by Keap1-dependent mechanisms, contributing to mineralocorticoid-induced vascular dysfunction.

Due to the ethnopharmacological use of Campsiandra laurifolia (Fabaceae), popularly known as Acapurana, to treat wounds and ulcers, associated with the lack of alternative treatments for intestinal inflammations such as ulcerative colitis (UC), the present work sought to characterize its phytochemical and antioxidant activities, and to evaluate remedial action in experimental colitis with acetic acid. Phytochemical analyzes were performed through qualitative and quantitative colorimetric tests of the main secondary metabolites. In the colitismodel, 24male Wistar rats aged±60 days oldwere used, divided into 4 groups: Control (CO) control+aqueous extract of C. laurifolia 50mg/kg (CO+A50); Colitis (CL); and Colitis+aqueous extract of C. laurifolia 50 mg/kg (CL+ A50).Measurement of sphincter anal pressure and histological tests of the large intestine, lipoperoxidation (LPO), enzymeactivity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and levels of glutathione (GSH)were performed. For statistical analysis, the oxidative stress (OS) results were expressed as means±standard error, adopting a significance level of p

Anticarsia gemmatalis is one of the most important pests in world soybean crop. The most common intervention is the application of agrochemicals, such as novaluron and glyphosate. Among biological control agents, much attention has been drawn to entomopathogenic fungi, as Metarhizium rileyi. Here, we examined the changes that occur in the immune system (total and differential hemocyte count), secondary effects (caterpillar morphology), and oxidative metabolism after the caterpillars were exposed to M. rileyi, novaluron or glyphosate. M. rileyi was able to induce changes in the width, length, and weight of A. gemmatalis pupae, along with an increased in the number of defense cells. Novaluron prompt changes the insect’s immunity, and glyphosate caused milder immunological effects. However, it caused significant secondary effects including malformations in pupae and adults, and an increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels. Mortality observed when treating insects with novaluron and malformations due to glyphosate treatments did not occur due to oxidative stress. However, when insects were exposed to M. rileyi, we verified significantly increased levels of NO and concluded that these insects died due to oxidative stress. Our data provide evidence that contributes to better understanding the mechanism of herbicide-fungus interaction in the management of Anticarsia gemmatalis. Anticarsia gemmatalis es una de las plagas más importantes del cultivo mundial de la soya. La intervención más común es la aplicación de agroquímicos, tales como novaluron y glifosato. Entre los agentes de control biológico, se ha prestado mucha atención a los hongos entomopatógenos, como Metarhizium rileyi. Aquí, examinamos los cambios que ocurren en el sistema inmunológico (recuento de hemocitos total y diferencial), los efectos secundarios (morfología de la oruga) y el metabolismo oxidativo después de que las orugas fueron expuestas a M. rileyi, novaluron o glifosato. M. rileyi pudo inducir cambios en el ancho, largo y peso de las pupas de A. gemmatalis, junto con un aumento en el número de células de defensa. Novaluron cambia rápidamente la inmunidad del insecto y el glifosato provoca efectos inmunológicos más leves. Sin embargo, causó efectos secundarios importantes, incluidas malformaciones en pupas y adultos, y un aumento en los niveles de óxido nítrico (NO). La mortalidad observada al tratar insectos con novaluron y las malformaciones debidas a los tratamientos con glifosato no ocurrió por estrés oxidativo. Sin embargo, cuando los insectos estuvieron expuestos a M. rileyi, verificamos niveles significativamente mayores y concluimos que estos insectos murieron debido al estrés oxidativo. Nuestros datos proporcionan evidencia que contribuye a comprender mejor el mecanismo de interacción herbicida-hongo en el manejo de Anticarsia gemmatalis. Anticarsia gemmatalis é uma das principais pragas da cultura da soja. A intervenção mais comum é a aplicação de agroquímicos, como novaluron e glifosato. Dentre os agentes de controle biológico, muita atenção tem sido dada aos fungos entomopatogênicos, como Metarhizium rileyi. Neste trabalho, avaliamos as mudanças que ocorrem no sistema imunológico (contagem total e diferencial de hemócitos), efeitos secundários (morfologia da lagarta) e metabolismo redox após as lagartas serem expostas a M. rileyi, novaluron ou glifosato. M. rileyi foi capaz de induzir mudanças na largura, comprimento e peso das pupas de A. gemmatalis, juntamente com um aumento no número de células de defesa. Novaluron altera a imunidade do inseto e o glifosato causou efeitos imunológicos mais suaves. No entanto, causou efeitos secundários significativos, incluindo malformações em pupas e adultos, e um aumento nos níveis de óxido nítrico (NO). A mortalidade observada no tratamento de insetos com novaluron e malformações devido ao tratamento com glifosato não ocorreu devido ao estresse oxidativo. No entanto, quando os insetos foram expostos a M. rileyi, verificamos níveis significativamente aumentados de NO e concluímos que esses insetos morreram devido ao estresse oxidativo. Nossos dados fornecem evidências que contribuem para o melhor entendimento do mecanismo de interação herbicida-fungo no manejo de Anticarsia gemmatalis.

SummaryAlthough bovine embryo in vitro production (IVP) is a common assisted reproductive technology, critical points warrant further study, including sperm traits and oxidative status of sperm for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Our aim was to evaluate whether the lipid peroxidation index of commercial bull semen is influenced by sperm traits and oxidative status of sperm populations selected using Percoll® gradient. Semen straws from 48 batches from 14 Nelore bulls were thawed individually, analyzed for motility and subjected to Percoll selection. After Percoll, the lipid peroxidation index of the extender was evaluated, whereas selected sperm were analyzed for motility, acrosome and membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, chromatin resistance and oxidative potential under IVF conditions. Batches were divided retrospectively in four groups according to lipid peroxidation index. Sperm from Group 4 with the lowest index of lipid peroxidation had, after Percoll selection, greater plasma membrane integrity (81.3%; P = 0.004), higher mitochondrial potential (81.1%; P = 0.009) and lower oxidative potential (135.3 ng thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)/ml; P = 0.026) compared with Group 1 with highest lipid peroxidation index (74.3%, 73% and 213.1 ng TBARS/ml, respectively). Furthermore, we observed negative correlations for the lipid peroxidation index with motility, membrane integrity and mitochondrial potential, and positive correlations with oxidative potential. In conclusion, oxidative stress in semen straws, as determined using lipid peroxidation in the extender, is associated with sperm traits and their oxidative potential under IVF conditions. These results provided further insights regarding the importance of preventing oxidative stress during semen handling and cryopreservation, as this could affect sperm selected for IVF. Finally, Percoll selection did not completely remove sperm with oxidative markers.

Depression is characterized by physical or psychological distress and in many cases can lead to suicide.to assess the prevalence of depression and its possible relationship with dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and nutritional parameters in climacteric women participating in an extension university program in a Southern Brazilian city.data were obtained through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Diet was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to assess the intensity of symptoms of depression.DTAC of the population ranged from 435.60 to 4502.62 mg VCE/day. Among the most consumed antioxidant food/beverages, coffee ranked highest. Polyphenols were found to be directly linked to the antioxidant capacity of fresh foods (r=0.905; p=0.0001). Prevalence of depression in the population was 44%, and depressed women had lower intake levels of polyphenols (p=0.022; Cohen's d=0.80), and vitamin B6 (p=0.038; Cohen's d=0.65), vitamin A (p=0.044; Cohen's d =0.63), and vitamin C (p=0.050; Cohen's d =0.61). There was a significant negative correlation between BDI scores and polyphenol intake (r=-0.700; p=0.002).these results may contribute to a better understanding of the recommended dietary antioxidant intake as an adjuvant for preventing depression in women.Depressão é caracterizada por causar sofrimento físico ou psicológico e em muitos casos pode levar ao suicídio.avaliar a prevalência de depressão e sua possível relação com a capacidade antioxidante total da dieta (DTAC) e parâmetros nutricionais em mulheres climatéricas participantes de um programa universitário de extensão em uma cidade do sul do Brasil.os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários e medidas antropométricas. A dieta foi avaliada através de um recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. O Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) foi usado para avaliar a intensidade dos sintomas de depressão.a DTAC da população variou de 435,60 a 4502,62 mg VCE/dia. Entre os alimentos/bebidas antioxidantes mais ingeridos, o café destacou-se em primeiro. Os polifenóis mostraram estar diretamente ligados à capacidade antioxidante dos alimentos in natura (r=0,905; p=0,0001). A prevalência de depressão na população foi de 44%, e as mulheres depressivas apresentaram menores níveis de ingestão de polifenóis (p=0,022; Cohen's d=0,80) e vitaminas B6 (p=0,038; Cohen's d=0,65), A (p=0,044; Cohen's d=0,63) e C (p=0,050; Cohen's d=0,61). Houve uma correlação negativa significativa entre os escores do BDI e a ingestão de polifenóis (r=-0,700; p=0,002).estes resultados podem contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da ingestão dietética recomendada de antioxidantes como adjuvante na prevenção da depressão feminina.

Highlights • AEME and cocaine decreased GPx, GR and GST activities after 3 and 6 h of exposure. • AEME and cocaine increased MDA after 48 h of exposure. • AEME-cocaine combination decreased GPx, GR and GST activities after 3 and 6 h. • AEME-cocaine combination showed an additive effect on MDA after 48 h of exposure. • A higher neurotoxic effect after crack cocaine use is suggested., Crack cocaine smokers inhale, alongside with cocaine, its pyrolysis product, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME). We have previously described AEME neurotoxic effect and its additive effect when co-incubated with cocaine. Our aim was to evaluate, the effect of AEME, cocaine and AEME-cocaine combination on glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities after 3 and 6 h of exposure, periods previous to neuronal death. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated through malonaldehyde (MDA) levels at 3, 6, 24 and 48 h of exposure. All treated groups reduced neuronal viability after 24 h of exposure. AEME and cocaine decreased GPx, GR and GST activities after 3 and 6 h, with an increase in MDA levels after 48 h. AEME-cocaine combination decreased the enzymes activities after 3 and 6 h, showing an additive effect in MDA levels after 48 h. These data show that the glutathione-related enzymes imbalance caused by AEME, cocaine or AEME-cocaine combination exposure preceded neuronal death and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the additive effect on lipid peroxidation observed with AEME-cocaine exposure after 48 h, suggest a higher neurotoxic effect after crack cocaine use when compared to cocaine alone.

Objetivo: A fim de explorar as características nutricionais e bioativas da folha de oliveira, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial biológico das folhas de oliveira, analisando o efeito do extrato das folhas no perfil glicêmico e lipídico de ratos da linhagem Wistar submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica. Metodologia: O experimento teve duração de 70 dias, onde os animais foram divididos e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de 6 ratos cada, sendo N: dieta normocalórica + água; H: dieta hiperlipídica + água; NE: dieta normocalórica + extrato; e HE: dieta hiperlipídica + extrato. Ao final do experimento foi determinado o efeito do extrato aquoso das folhas de oliveira na glicemia, perfil lipídico e na peroxidação lipídica dos ratos. Resultados: O consumo do extrato de folhas de oliveira pelos ratos promoveu alterações no perfil lipídico e efeito benéfico em relação aos níveis de TBARS. Conclusões: Devido a sua composição química rica em nutrientes e compostos com propriedades bioativas, além de suas consideráveis atividades antioxidante e biológica, as folhas de oliveira, podem ser uma opção como suplemento alimentar com atividade biológica.

Capirona decorticans (Rubiaceae) is popularly used to treat warts, wounds, mycoses and scabies, and is also a component of the Ayahuasca tea. Despite its popular use, the phytochemical and pharmacological research on this species is limited. Therefore, this work quantified phenolic compounds in the ethanolic extract (EE) and hydromethanolic fraction (FM) (406, 293 mgEAG g-1, respectively) from leaves of C. decorticans. We identified flavonoids by LC-MS/MS-MMR-ESI (apigenin, rutin, luteolin, miricetin, quercetin, quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, quercetrin), and evaluated oxidative stress and mutagenic/antimutagenic effect of EE and FM through an in vivo experiment using Swiss mice and cyclophosphamide (CP) as an inducer of DNA damage and oxidative stress. Mice were pretreated for 15 consecutive days with EE or FM (250 mg kg-1) and then intraperitoneally injected with CP (25 mg kg-1). Carbonylated proteins, ascorbic acid, catalase and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were measured in hepatic and renal tissues. The mutagenic/antimutagenic effect was evaluated through the Micronucleus Test. Protein carbonylation in the liver of animals exposed to CP was reduced by FM. There was no significant effect on other markers of oxidative stress. The groups treated with the extracts showed a significant percentage reduction (EE = 96% and FM = 71%) in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes induced by CP. EE showed mutagenicity when used alone. The EE and FM of C. decorticans leaves showed antioxidant potential equivalent to that observed in other species, did not cause oxidative stress, nor toxicity, and had a protective and antimutagenic effect, although the EE showed signs of mutagenicity. RESUMO Capirona decorticans (Rubiaceae) é popularmente usada para tratar verrugas, feridas, micoses e sarna, e como um componente do chá de Ayahuasca. Apesar do uso popular, são limitadas as pesquisas fitoquímicas e farmacológicas sobre a espécie. Portanto, este estudo quantificou compostos fenólicos no extrato etanólico (EE) e na fração hidrometanólica (FM) (406 e 293 mgEAG g-1, respectivamente) de folhas de C. decorticans. Identificamos flavonoides por LC-MS / MS-MMR-ESI (apigenina, rutina, luteolina, miricetina, quercetina, quercetina-3-β-D-glicosídeo, quercetrina), e avaliamos o estresse oxidativo e o efeito mutagênico/antimutagênico de EE e FM em um experimento in vivo utilizando camundongos Swiss e ciclofosfamida (CP) como um indutor de danos no DNA e estresse oxidativo. Os camundongos foram pré-tratados por 15 dias consecutivos com EE ou FM (250 mg kg-1) e injetados intraperitonealmente com CP (25 mg kg-1). Proteínas carboniladas, ácido ascórbico, catalase e substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico foram dosadas em tecidos hepáticos e renais. O efeito mutagênico/antimutagênico foi avaliado através do Teste de Micronúcleo. Houve carbonilação protéica no fígado de animais expostos à CP, que foi reduzida pela FM. Não houve efeito significativo sobre outros marcadores de estresse oxidativo. Os grupos tratados com os extratos apresentaram uma redução percentual significativa (EE = 96% e FM = 71%) na frequência de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados induzidos pela PC. O EE também apresentou mutagenicidade quando utilizado isoladamente. O EE e FM das folhas de C. decorticans apresentaram potencial antioxidante equivalente ao observado em outras espécies, não causaram estresse oxidativo, nem toxicidade, e tiveram efeito protetor e antimutagênico, embora a EE tenha apresentado mutagenicidade.

The properties of oil-resin of copaiba, Copaifera multijuga are commonly mentioned in the literature, but there are few studies on extracts from its stem bark. We evaluated the antioxidant effects of ethanolic (EE) and ethyl acetate (EA) crude stem bark extracts from copaiba and compared them to rutin in a paracetamol (PCM)-induced oxidative stress model in mice. All test comparisons differed significantly. Hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity decreased in the PCM group, and there was an increase of protein carbonyls in the liver, kidney and brain. However, the protein carbonyls decreased in the liver for the PCM + EE group, in the kidneys for the PCM + EA and PCM + Rutin groups, and in the brain for all treatments. Hepatic GSH decreased in the PCM group and increased in the PCM + EE group. The extracts showed a positive effect on ascorbic acid (ASA), since they were able to restore the levels of parameters that had been changed by PCM. There was an increase of ALT and AST activity in the plasma within the PCM group. Even though ALT decreased in the PCM + Rutin, PCM + EE and PCM + EA groups, EE and EA did not have an effect on AST. The strongest antioxidant effect was observed for EE, due to the presence of the phenolic compounds epicatechin and epiafzelechin, as well as the highest concentration of total phenols and an excellent antioxidant potential observed in the DPPH· test. RESUMO As propriedades do óleo-resina da copaíba, Copaifera multijuga são comumente citadas na literatura, mas há poucos estudos sobre extratos da casca do caule. Avaliamos os efeitos antioxidantes de extratos brutos etanólico (EE) e acetato de etila (EA) da casca do caule da copaíba e os comparamos à rutina no modelo de estresse oxidativo induzido por paracetamol (PCM) em camundongos. Todas as comparações de teste diferiram significativamente. A atividade da catalase hepática (CAT) e da glutationa-S-transferase (GST) diminuiu no grupo PCM, e houve um aumento de proteínas carboniladas no fígado, rim e cérebro. No entanto, as proteínas carboniladas diminuíram no fígado no fígado para o grupo PCM + EE, nos rins para os grupos PCM + EA e PCM + rutina, e no cérebro para todos os tratamentos. A GSH hepática diminuiu no grupo PCM e aumentou no grupo PCM + EE. Os extratos mostraram um efeito positivo sobre o ácido ascórbico (ASA), uma vez que foram capazes de restaurar os níveis dos parâmetros que foram alterados pelo PCM. Houve um aumento da atividade de ALT e AST no plasma dentro do grupo PCM. Embora a ALT tenha diminuído nos grupos PCM + rutina, PCM + EE e PCM + EA, EE e EA não afetaram a AST. O efeito antioxidante mais forte foi observado para o EE, provavelmente devido à presença dos compostos fenólicos epicatequina e epiafzelequina, assim como à maior concentração de fenóis totais e um excelente potencial antioxidante observado no teste DPPH·.

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic procedure of great importance for veterinary medicine, in spite of only few studies in the literature on hemotherapy in goats. We aimed to evaluate the biochemical, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of goats submitted to homologous transfusion of fresh whole blood or stored for 15 and 35 days. Eighteen adult male goats were submitted to a single phlebotomy to remove 30% of the blood volume, and we transfused 20mL/kg of whole blood stored in CPDA-1 bags according to the experimental group, being: G0 composed goats who received fresh blood, G15 and G35 goats that received blood stored for 15 and 35 days, respectively. For the biochemical evaluation, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, blood samples were collected at the following moments: before the induction of anemia (TC0); 6 hours after phlebotomy and before transfusion (TC1); 1, 6, 12, 24 and 96 hours after transfusion (T1, T6, T12, T24 and T96 respectively); 8, 16 and 32 days after transfusion (T8d, T16d and T32d respectively). Before transfusion, blood samples were also withdrawn from the bags for the same analyzes. Statistical analyzes were performed in the statistical program GRAPHPAD PRISM 5.0, adopting a significance level of 5%. The bags of blood stored for 15 and 35 days showed more biochemical changes, blood gas, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation than fresh blood bags. As for the biochemical analysis, after the transfusion was observed an increase of the total protein, albumin, glucose and creatine kinase in the 3 groups, and elevation of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and urea in G15 and G35. The changes observed in the blood gas analysis had no clinical significance, as they were within the reference values for the species. The goats that received stored blood showed disorder in their antioxidant system through alteration of the SOD activity. In the analysis of lipid peroxidation no difference between the groups for the concentration of malondialdehyde was found. Thus, it can be concluded that transfusion of whole fresh stored blood in goats did not compromise the blood gases, lipid peroxidation and liver and renal functions of the transfused animals. In addition, the method was proved to be efficient to restore, among other components, the total protein and albumin. The transfusion, as performed in this study, proved to be safe for used in the clinical practice of goats.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of pterostilbene (PTS) on cardiac oxidative stress in vitro, as this is a simple and promising methodology to study cardiac disease. Cardiac myoblasts (H9c2 cells) and homogenised cardiac tissue were incubated with the PTS and cyclodextrin (PTS ? HPbCD) complex for 1 and 24 h, respectively, at concentrations of 50 lM for the cells and 25 and 50 lM for cardiac tissue. The PTS ? HPbCD complex was used to increase the solubility of PTS in water. After the pretreatment period, cardiomyoblasts were challenged with hydrogen peroxide (6.67 lM) for 10 min, while cardiac tissue was submitted to a hydroxyl radical generator system (30 min). Cellular viability, oxidative stress biomarkers (e.g. total reactive oxygen species (ROS), carbonyl assay and lipoperoxidation) and the antioxidant response (e.g. sulfhydryl and the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) were evaluated. In cardiomyoblasts, the PTS ? HPbCD complex (50 lM) increased cellular viability. Moreover, the PTS ? HPbCD complex also significantly increased sulfhydryl levels in the cells submitted to an oxidative challenge. In cardiac tissue, lipid peroxidation, carbonyls and ROS levels were significantly increased in the groups submitted to oxidative damage, while the PTS ? HPbCD complex significantly reduced ROS levels in these groups. In addition, the PTS ? HPbCD complex also provoked increased catalase activity in both experimental protocols. These data suggest that the PTS ? HPbCD complex may play a cardioprotective role through a reduction of ROS levels associated with an improved antioxidant response.

Objective To study the relationship between exercise and malnourishment because recent evidence suggests that exercise can cause the benefi cial adaptation of antioxidant systems, whereas malnourishment can cause harmful adaptation of these systems. Methods Thirty-two female Fischer rats were equally divided into Sedentary Control, Trained Control, Sedentary Malnourished and Trained Malnourished groups. The training protocol consisted of swimming for 30 minutes continuously for 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Results It was demonstrated that aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased in malnourished rats, but physical training reversed these effects by lowering the raised levels. The glutathione level was diminished by malnourishment whereas physical training increased the levels of liver carbonyl protein and increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances that were diminished by malnourishment. In addition, Trained Malnourished rats had a higher average body weight than Sedentary Malnourished ones (62.77g vs. 55.08g, respectively). Conclusion The data show that exercise was able to reverse or reduce damage caused by malnourishment, such as weight loss and liver dysfunction by a pathway independent of the participation of enzymes involved in antioxidant defense and that there is no interaction between exercise and malnutrition. Objetivo Estudar a relação entre exercício e desnutrição, pois evidências recentes sugerem que o exercício físico pode causar a adaptação benéfica de sistemas antioxidantes, enquanto a desnutrição pode causar adaptação prejudicial a esses sistemas. Métodos Trinta e duas ratas Fischer foram igualmente divididas nos grupos Controle Sedentário, Controle Treinado, Desnutrido Sedentário e Desnutrido Treinado. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em nadar por 30 minutos continuamente por 5 dias/semana por 8 semanas. Resultados Demonstramos que as atividades de aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase aumentaram em ratos desnutridos, mas o treinamento físico reverteu esses efeitos. O nível de glutationa foi diminuído pela desnutrição, enquanto o treinamento físico aumentou os níveis de proteína carbonilada do fígado e aumentou os níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico que foram diminuídas pela desnutrição. Além disso, os ratos desnutridos treinados tiveram um peso corporal médio maior que os desnutridos sedentários (62,77g vs 55,08g, respectivamente). Conclusão Os dados mostram que o exercício foi capaz de reverter ou reduzir os danos causados pela desnutrição, como perda de peso e a disfunção hepática por uma via independente da participação de enzimas envolvidas na defesa antioxidante e que não há interação entre exercício e desnutrição.

O pé diabético acomete de 4 a 10% dos pacientes diabéticos por ano, e apresenta um alto índice de amputação e mortalidade (39-80%). O diabetes mellius (DM) está dentre as doenças crônicas que aumentam a geração das espécies moleculares reativas de oxigênio (EROs) pela oxidação da glicose. O uso de antioxidantes associados a nanocarreadores lipídicos é uma ferramenta promissora no tratamento da cicatrização diabética deficiente. O objetivo dessa mini-review é apresentar o mecanismo fisiopatológico e como a vitamina E atua na prevenção e tratamento da ferida diabética, assim como os nanocarreadores lipídicos sólidos (NLS) associados a vitamina E podem auxiliar acelerando o processo de cicatrização deficiente da ferida diabética.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with significant motor disabilities and cognitive decline. Importantly, the imbalance of oxidative stress is related to PD physiopathology and progression. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grape juice consumption associated with an aquatic exercise protocol on oxidative stress parameters and cognitive function in individuals with PD. The participants were randomized into two groups: grape juice group (GJG) and control group (CG) and were submitted to 4 weeks of an aquatic intervention (twice a week, approximately 60 minutes/session). The GJG also consumed 400 ml of grape juice per day (integral and conventional) during this period. Cognitive function was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa) questionnaire. For the analysis of oxidative stress markers, specifically lipid oxidative damage (TBARS), proteins (Carbonil), acid uric and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase), blood collection were done before and after intervention. No changes were observed in cognitive function after intervention in both groups. Regarding biomarkers, a reduction of antioxidant enzymes, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and uric acid was observed in both groups. However, only the GJG showed a significant reduction on protein oxidation levels after intervention. In conclusion, the consumption of grape juice associated with an aquatic exercise protocol might be consider an effective alternative to reduce the oxidative damage in PD, reinforcing the importance of this intervention in promoting beneficial impact in this population., Grape juice; Aquatic exercise; Oxidative stress; Cognition

Theorical framework: Hepatocellular carcinoma is a unique cancer that typically arises in the setting of chronic liver disease at a rate dependent upon the complex interplay between the host, disease, and environmental factors. Unfortunately, with contemporary management, patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma have few treatment options, and the prognosis is poor. Objective: Evaluate the role of antioxidants in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methodology: It is an integrative review, with a qualitative approach. Based on research on ScienceDirect and PubMed databases, 12 articles were selected that were consistent with the theme and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, through the association of descriptors and keywords. Results: Studies in vivo demonstrated a positive correlation of antioxidants in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. The antioxidants were able to promote inhibition of development tumor through promotes decrease of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 and changes the ratios of Bax/Bcl2 that supports apoptosis. In oxidative stress, may be able to direct free radical scavenging activity. Among the main antioxidants with advanced preclinical evidence in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma is curcumin with tests in humans, and gallic acid, quercetin and resveratrol with several tests in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: This study highlights that antioxidants can be a promising therapy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Marco teórico: el carcinoma hepatocelular es un cáncer singular que suele surgir en el context de una enfermedad hepatica crónica dependiente de la interacción entre el huésped, los factores ambientales y la capacidad de desarrolar la enfermedad. Desafortunadamente, con el tratamiento actual, los pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular Avanzado tienen pocas opciones de tratamiento y el pronóstico es malo. Objetivo: evaluar el papel de los antioxidantes en el tratamiento del carcinoma hepatocelular. Metodología: se trata de una revision integradora, con enfoque cualitativo. A partir de búsquedas en las bases de datos ScienceDirect y PubMed, se seleccionaron 12 artículos que fueron consistentes con la temática y los criterios de inclusion y exclusion, mediante la asociación de descriptors y palabras clave. Resultados: Los estudios realizados in vivo han demonstrado una correlación positiva en el uso de antioxidantes en el tratamiento del carcinoma hepatocelular. Los antioxidantes fueron capaces de promover la inhibición del desarrollo tumoral al disminuir las citocinas proinflamatorias IL-1 e IL-6 y alterar la relación entre Bax/Bcl2 que apoyan la apoptosis, además de dirigir la eliminación de especies reactivas. Entre los principals antioxidantes con evidencia preclínica avanzada en el tratamiento del carcinoma hepatocelular se encuentra la curcumina con pruebas en humanos, ácido gálico, quercetina y resveratrol con varias pruebas in vitro e in vivo. Conclusión: Este studio destaca que los antioxidantes pueden ser una terapia prometedora en el tratamiento del carcinoma hepatocelular. Marco teórico: o carcinoma hepatocelular é um câncer único que geralmente surge no contexto de doença hepática crônica dependente da interação entre hospedeiro, fatores ambientais e a capacidade de desenvolvimento da doença. Infelizmente, com o manejo contemporâneo, os pacientes com carcinoma hepatocelular avançado tem poucas opções de tratamento, e o prognóstico é ruim. Objetivo: avaliar o papel dos antioxidants no tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com abordagem qualitativa. Com base em pesquisas nas bases de dados ScienceDirect e PubMed, foram selecionados 12 artigos que foram consistentes com o tema e os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, por meio da associação de descritores e palavras-chave. Resultados: Estudos realizados in vivo demonstraram uma correlação positiva no uso de antioxidantes no tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular. Os antioxidantes foram capazes de promover a inibição do desenvolvimento tumoral diminuíndo as citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-1 e IL-6 e alterando a relação entre Bax/Bcl2 que suportam a apoptose, além de direcionar a eliminação de espécies reativas. Entre os principais antioxidantes com evidências pré-clínicas avançadas no tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular está a curcumina com testes em humanos, o ácido gálico, quercetina e resveratrol com vários testes in vitro e in vivo. Conclusão: Este estudo destaca que os antioxidantes podem ser uma terapia promissora no tratamento do carcinoma hepatocelular.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator molecule in inflammatory processes, but its role in the pathophysiology of malaria is still uncertain. To investigate the NO synthesis inhibition on the oxidative changes induced by Plasmodium berghei infection in mice, malaria was induced in 150 animals, of which 75 animals were treated with the NO inhibitor L-NAME; the remaining animals were sham controls. All animals underwent euthanasia 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 days after infection for the collection of lungs, brain, and blood. Parasitemia was determined, and the survival of the animals was evaluated. Tissue samples were assayed for nitrites and nitrates (NN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). A histopathological study was performed. Mortality rates in the L-NAME group were always higher than those in the controls. In the brain, NN was lower in the L-NAME group. Parasitemia and its progression rate were greater in the control group. By the 5th day of infection, mice treated with L-NAME showed cerebral edema and interstitial pneumonia of greater intensity than controls. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory and hemodynamic effects of NO surpass its pro-oxidant role in murine malaria. El óxido nítrico (NO) es una molécula mediadora importante en los procesos inflamatorios, pero su papel en la fisiopatología de la malaria sigue siendo incierto. Para investigar la inhibición de la síntesis de NO en los cambios oxidativos inducidos por la infección por Plasmodium berghei en ratones, la malaria se indujo en 150 animales, de los cuales 75 animales fueron tratados con el inhibidor de NO L-NAME; los animales restantes eran controles sham. Todos los animales se sometieron a eutanasia 1, 5, 10, 15 o 20 días después de la infección para la recolección de pulmones, cerebro y sangre. Se determinó la parasitemia, y se evaluó la supervivencia de los animales. Se ensayaron muestras de tejido para nitritos y nitratos (NN), sustancias reactivas de ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) y capacidad antioxidante total equivalente a Trolox (TEAC). Se realizó un estudio histopatológico. Las tasas de mortalidad en el grupo L-NAME siempre fueron más altas que las de los controles. En el cerebro, NN era más baja en el grupo L-NAME. Parasitemia y su tasa de progresión fueron mayores en el grupo de control. Para el 5o día de infección, los ratones tratados con L-NAME mostraron edema cerebral y neumonía intersticial de mayor intensidad que los controles. En conclusión, los efectos antiinflamatorios y hemodinámicos de NO superan su papel pro-oxidante en la malaria murina. O óxido nítrico (NO) é uma importante molécula mediadora em processos inflamatórios, mas seu papel na fisiopatologia da malária ainda é incerto. Para investigar a inibição da síntese NO sobre as alterações oxidativas induzidas pela infecção por Plasmodium berghei em camundongos, a malária foi induzida em 150 animais, dos quais 75 animais foram tratados com o inibidor de NO L-NAME; os demais animais eram controles sham. Todos os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia 1, 5, 10, 15 ou 20 dias após a infecção para coleta de pulmões, cérebro e sangue. A parasitemia foi determinada, e a sobrevivência dos animais foi avaliada. As amostras de tecido foram avaliadas para nitritos e nitratos (NN), substâncias reativas de ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e capacidade antioxidante equivalente trolox total (TEAC). Foi realizado um estudo histopatológico. As taxas de mortalidade no grupo L-NAME sempre foram maiores do que as dos controles. No cérebro, NN era menor no grupo L-NAME. A parasitemia e sua taxa de progressão foram maiores no grupo controle. No 5th dia de infecção, os camundongos tratados com L-NAME apresentaram edema cerebral e pneumonia intersticial de maior intensidade do que os controles. Em conclusão, os efeitos anti-inflamatórios e hemodinâmicos de NO superam seu papel pró-oxidante na malária murina.

This work was supported by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Brazilian Government / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) -Finance Code 001 and Programa Nacional de P?s Doutorado/Capes (PNPD /CAPES). Federal University of Par?. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laborat?rio de Cultura Celular e Citogen?tica. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Federal University of Par?. School of Dentistry. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal University of Par?. School of Dentistry. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal University of Par?. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laborat?rio de Toxicologia. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laborat?rio de Cultura Celular e Citogen?tica. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Federal University of Par?. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Federal University of Par?. Institute of Biological Sciences. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology. Bel?m, PA, Brazil. Background/aim: The ingestion of contaminated seafood by MeHg is considered the main route of human exposure, turning the salivary gland one important target organ. The salivary glands play critical roles in maintaining oral health homeostasis, producing saliva that maintains the oral microbiota, initiation of the digestion of macromolecules, and being essential in maintaining the integrity of the adjacent soft tissues and teeth. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of MeHg exposure on human salivary gland cells line. Methods: Cells were exposed to 1?6 ?M of MeHg for 24 h, and analysis of toxicity was performed. Based on these results, the LC50 was calculated and two concentrations were chosen (0.25 and 2.5 ?M MeHg) to evaluate intracellular mercury (Hg) accumulation (THg), metabolic viability and oxidative stress parameters (GSH:GSSG ratio, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage). Results: The results demonstrated accumulation of THg as we increased the MeHg concentrations in the exposure and, the higher the dose, the lower is the cell metabolic response. In addition, the 2.5 ?M MeHg concentration also triggered oxidative stress in human salivary gland cells by depleting the antioxidant competence of GSH:GSSG ratio and increasing lipid peroxidation and proteins carbonyl levels, but no damages to DNA integrity. Conclusion: In conclusion, although these two elected doses did not show lethal effects, the highest dose triggered oxidative stress and new questionings about long-term exposure models are raised to investigate furthers cellular damages to human salivary gland cells caused by MeHg exposure to extrapolate in a translational perspective.

The aim was to analize whether Kefir activates nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) under hyperglycaemic conditions in the kidneys of diabetic rats (DM). DM received kefir for 8 weeks (DMK group). There was a significant reduction in water and chow intake, reduction in diuresis and glycaemia in DMK versus DM, the protein levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and Nrf2 were significantly increased and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) was significantly reduced. Glycaemia had a moderate correlation with NO or superoxide anion and a strong correlation with 3-NT. Kefir improved the metabolic profile, reducing blood glucose and increasing the concentration of Nrf2, modulating CAT and SOD-1 in the renal cortex of diabetic animals, thus contributing to reduced oxidative/nitrosative stress in these animals. These data suggest that kefir could be used as an additional therapy to improve glycaemic control and restore antioxidant defence in the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Objective This study examined the impact of submaximal walking training (WT) on local and systemic nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). Methods The study employed a randomised, controlled, parallel group design and was performed in a single centre. Thirty-two men with IC were randomly allocated to two groups: WT (n = 16, two sessions/week, 15 cycles of two minutes walking at an intensity corresponding to the heart rate obtained at the pain threshold interspersed by two minutes of upright rest) and control (CO, n = 16, two sessions/week, 30 minutes of stretching). NO bioavailability (blood NO and muscle nitric oxide synthase [eNOS]), redox homeostasis (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid peroxidation [LPO] measured in blood and muscle), and inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], tumour necrosis factor α [TNF-α], intercellular adhesion molecules [ICAM], vascular adhesion molecules [VCAM] measured in blood and muscle) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results WT statistically significantly increased blood NO, muscle eNOS, blood SOD and CAT, and muscle SOD and abolished the increase in circulating and muscle LPO observed in the CO group. WT decreased blood CRP, ICAM, and VCAM and muscle IL-6 and CRP and eliminated the increase in blood TNF-α and muscle TNF-α, ICAM and VCAM observed in the CO group. Conclusion WT at an intensity of pain threshold improved NO bioavailability and decreased systemic and local oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with IC. The proposed WT protocol provides physiological adaptations that may contribute to cardiovascular health in these patients.

The result of the reaction of free radicals with biomolecules is the formation of substances with the potential of inducing oxidative damage, a condition known as oxidative stress. There are voluminous literature data reporting the association, both as a cause and as a consequence, between different diseases and oxidative stress. In this study, 144 female dogs with mammary neoplasia were analyzed. The animals were submitted to clinical evaluation for disease staging, hematological evaluation, serum biochemistry (renal and hepatic function tests), and dosage of the oxidative damage biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA), at the time of its approach and 30 days after treatment. A control group of 100 healthy animals was also submitted to determination of serum MDA levels. The mean age of the animals affected by mammary neoplasms was 9.88±2.95 (4 to 14) years, while in healthy animals it was 2.31±1.90 years (1 to 6). Of the 144 animals, 113 (78.9%) had malignant neoplasms, and 15, 21, 46, 17 and 14 animals were in clinical stage I, II, III, IV and V respectively and the carcinoma in a mixed tumor was the most frequent histological pattern in this group (26%). Thirty-one animals were diagnosed with benign neoplasms and mammary adenoma was the most frequent histological pattern in 15 animals (51.61%). Hematological changes in the preoperative period were observed in 44 (38.9%) and 12 (38.7%) animals with malignant and benign neoplasias, respectively, and there was a positive correlation between anemia and higher levels of MDA (P=0.0008) for animals with malignant tumors. Regarding serum biochemical parameters, the most frequent alterations in animals with malignant neoplasms were elevated ALT levels in 12 animals (10.6%), creatinine in 10 animals (8.84%) and urea in eight animals (7.07%). Females with benign neoplasms presented less occurrence of changes in these parameters. In the group of healthy animals (control), the mean serum MDA values were 12.08±4.18, whereas in the pre-treatment group, mean MDA was 24.80±5.74 for bitches with benign neoplasms and 32.27±10.24 for bitches with malignant tumors. A significant increase (P

While investigating peroxynitrite-dependent oxidation in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, we observed that removal of the Labile Iron Pool (LIP) by chelation increases the intracellular oxidation of the fluorescent indicator H2DCF, so we concluded that the LIP reacts with peroxynitrite and decreases the yield of peroxynitrite-derived oxidants. This was a paradigm-shifting finding in LIP biochemistry and raised many questions. In this follow-up study, we address fundamental properties of the interaction between the LIP and peroxynitrite by using the same cellular model and fluorescence methodology. We have identified that the reaction between the LIP and peroxynitrite has catalytic characteristics, and we have estimated that the rate constant of the reaction is in the range of 106 to 107 M−1s−1. Together, these observations suggest that the LIP represents a constitutive peroxynitrite reductase system in RAW 264.7 cells.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy in redox status, angiogenesis marker – vascular endothelial growth factor – and in the functional recovery in denervated muscle. Methods: A total of 32 female Wistar rats underwent a crush injury and were randomly divided into four groups: Light Emitting Diode Group 2 and Control Group 2 (muscle collected 2 days after injury), and Light Emitting Diode Group 21 and Control Group 21 (muscle collected 21 days afterinjury). Light Emitting Diode Group 2 and Light Emitting Diode Group 21 received two and ten light emitting diode applications (630±20nm, 9J/cm2, 300mW), respectively, and the Control Group 2 and Control Group 21 did not receive any treatment. The function was evaluated by grasping test at four moments (pre-injury, 2, 10 and 21 post-injury days). The flexor digitorum muscle was collected for analysis of immunolocalization of vascular endothelial growth factor and redox parameters. Results: Functional improvement was observed at the second and tenth post-injury day in treated groups compared to control (p

Fluoride (F) can induce changes in the expression of several liver proteins, most of them localized in the mitochondria and its effect is dose- and time-dependent. This study analyzed the effect of distinct F concentrations and exposure periods on the mitochondrial activity of complex I-III and II-III in the liver. Thirty-six 21-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups (n = 18) according to the duration of the treatment (20 or 60 days). They were subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 6) according to the concentration of F (0 mg/L, 15 mg/L or 50 mg/L). After the experimental periods, the animals were anesthetized, liver mitochondria were isolated and stored for activity analyses. The determination of complexes II-III and I-III was based on the reduction of cytochrome c3+ to cytochrome c2+ performed spectrophotometrically. Bioinformatics analyses were performed using data from a previous study (Pereira et al., 2018). The mitochondrial complex I-III was significantly activated in the groups treated with 50 mgF/L for 20 days and 15 mgF/L for 60 days. The complex II-III was significantly reduced in the group treated with the higher F dose for 60 days. The networks indicated more changes in mitochondrial proteins in the group treated with the higher dose for 20 days; the reduction is probably linked to the activation of the complex I-III. The reduction in the complex II-III upon exposure to the higher F dose in the long term might be part of an adaptative mechanism of the body to counteract the deleterious effects of this ion on the energy metabolism., Liver, Fluoride, Oxidative stress, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial activity, Chronic exposure

This study analyzed the responses of 24 sessions of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Continuous Moderate (CM) on tissue damage, oxidative stress and glycemic profile of rats in liquid medium. Twenty-four Wistar rats participated, divided into three groups: sedentary (GSED), the one who performed the HIIT (GHIIT) and the one who performed the CM (GCM). Performed three times a week alternately for 8 weeks, and the GHIIT performed 20 seconds of exercise for 10 rest. The CM was a moderate intensity swim. GHIIT increased creatine kinase compared to GSED (GSED: 140.40 + 35.48 U / I; GHIIT: 442.60 + 8.35 U / I; p = 0.0008, representing a percentage increase of 215.24); lactate dehydrogenase was increased in GHIIT and GCM compared to GSED (GSED: 112.8 + 28.08 U / I; GHIIT: 250.9 + 70.67 U / I, a percentage increase of 122.42; GCM: 241.8 + 100.70 U / I, with a percentage increase 114.36; p = 0.006), in contrast, GHIIT increased non-oxidized liver sulfhydryls compared to GCM (GHIIT: 498.70 + 214.30 nmol / ml; GCM: 270.50 + 104.40 nmol / ml, the percentage change was 84.36; p = 0.03). There was greater glycemic maintenance in the GCM (p = 0.0002). It is concluded that the protocols of HIIT and CM, of this study, point to a possible tissue injury, in contrast, HIIT develops the adaptive capacity of the hepatic antioxidant system and the CM promotes greater glycemic support. Resumo Este estudo analisou as respostas de 24 sessões de High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) e Contínuo Moderado (CM) sobre a lesão tecidual, estresse oxidativo e perfil glicêmico de ratos em meio líquido. Participaram 24 ratos Wistar, divididos em três grupos: sedentário (GSED), o que fez o HIIT (GHIIT) e o que executou o CM (GCM). Realizados três vezes semanais alternadamente por 8 semanas, sendo que o GHIIT executou 20 segundos de exercício por 10 de descanso. O CM foi um nado de intensidade moderada. O GHIIT aumentou a creatina quinase em relação ao GSED (GSED: 140.40 ± 35.48 U/I; GHIIT: 442.60 ± 8.35 U/I; p=0.0008, representando um aumento percentual de 215.24); a lactato desidrogenase foi aumentada no GHIIT e GCM em relação ao GSED (GSED: 112.8 ± 28.08 U/I; GHIIT: 250.9 ± 70.67 U/I, um aumento percentual de 122.42; GCM: 241.8 ± 100.70 U/I, com aumento percentual de 114.36; p=0.006), em contrapartida, o GHIIT aumentou as sulfidrilas hepáticas não oxidadas em relação ao GCM (GHIIT: 498.70 ± 214.30 nmol/ml; GCM: 270.50 ± 104.40 nmol/ml, a variação percentual foi de 84.36; p=0.03). Houve maior manutenção glicêmica no GCM (p=0.0002). Conclui-se que os protocolos de HIIT e CM, deste estudo, apontam para a uma possível lesão tecidual, em contrapartida, o HIIT desenvolve a capacidade de adaptação do sistema antioxidante hepático e o CM promove uma sustentação glicêmica maior.

Although the literature does not provide evidence of health risks from exposure to fluoride (F) in therapeutic doses, questions remain about the effects of long-term and high-dose use on the function of the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to F at levels similar to those found in areas of artificial water fluoridation and in areas of endemic fluorosis on biochemical, proteomic, cell density, and functional parameters associated with the cerebellum. For this, mice were exposed to water containing 10 mg F/L or 50 mg F/L (as sodium fluoride) for 60 days. After the exposure period, the animals were submitted to motor tests and the cerebellum was evaluated for fluoride levels, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and nitrite levels (NO). The proteomic profile and morphological integrity were also evaluated. The results showed that the 10 mg F/L dose was able to decrease the ACAP levels, and the animals exposed to 50 mg F/L presented lower levels of ACAP and higher levels of MDA and NO. The cerebellar proteomic profile in both groups was modulated, highlighting proteins related to the antioxidant system, energy production, and cell death, however no neuronal density change in cerebellum was observed. Functionally, the horizontal exploratory activity of both exposed groups was impaired, while only the 50 mg F/L group showed significant changes in postural stability. No motor coordination and balance impairments were observed in both groups. Our results suggest that fluoride may impair the cerebellar oxidative biochemistry, which is associated with the proteomic modulation and, although no morphological impairment was observed, only the highest concentration of fluoride was able to impair some cerebellar motor functions.

O presente estudo objetivou revisar sobre os efeitos da suplementação com resveratrol em pacientes diagnosticados com DM2. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, realizada mediante pesquisas nas bases de dados eletrônicos PubMed, Lilacs e Medline, publicados na língua inglesa, no período de 2011 a 2019, com os descritores “Resveratrol” and “Diabetes Mellitus”. Os critérios de inclusão utilizados foram: ensaio clínicos randomizados realizados com indivíduos com DM tipo 2. Foram excluídos estudos com animais, gestantes, lactantes, além de indivíduos com idade inferior a 18 anos. Observou-se que os efeitos da suplementação do resveratrol mais predominantes nesses pacientes foram relacionados a melhora na sensibilidade a insulina, ao controle glicêmico e uma possível redução do estresse oxidativo. Ainda existem controvérsias na literatura quanto a sua real eficácia nos pacientes diabéticos. Contudo não é descartada a utilização do resveratrol como adjuvante a terapia hipoglicemiante.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pasteurization on antioxidant and oxidant properties of human milk. Methods: 42 samples of milk before and after pasteurisation were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing capacity and by scavenging the 2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the concentration of malondialdehyde product using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and by the evaluation of advanced oxidation protein products. Results: No significant difference was observed in fresh human milk and after pasteurization in relation to antioxidant properties determined by the ferric reducing capacity (50.0±3.4% and 48.8±3.0%, respectively) and by scavenging the 2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical (28.9±1.5% and 31.2±1.3%, respectively). The results of malondialdehyde (62.6±4.1 and 64.3±3.6 µM/mg) and protein oxidation products (59.4±3.4 and 54.2±3.8 µM/L) of fresh and pasteurized milk, respectively, did not exhibited any significant difference. Conclusions: This data showed that human milk has an important antioxidant activity and that the pasteurizing process does not influence the antioxidant capacity, avoiding the peroxidation of breast milk lipids and the formation of advanced protein oxidation products. RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da pasteurização nas propriedades antioxidantes e oxidantes do leite humano. Métodos: Foram utilizadas 42 amostras de leite cru e após a pasteurização, para avaliação da atividade antioxidante pelos métodos da capacidade redutora do ferro e sequestro dos radicais derivados do ácido 2,2’-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico). A peroxidação lipídica (PL) foi estimada pela determinação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e pela avaliação dos produtos proteicos de oxidação avançada. Resultados: Não se observou diferença significante no leite humano cru nem após a pasteurização em relação às propriedades antioxidantes determinadas pelo método da redução do ferro (50,0±3,4% e 48,8±3,0%, respectivamente) e pelo sequestro dos radicais derivados do ácido 2,2’-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico) (28,9±1,5% e 31,2±1,3%, respectivamente). Os resultados médios de malondialdeído [MDA] (62,6±4,1 e 64,3±3,6 µM/mg) e produtos de oxidação proteica (59,4±3,4 e 54,2±3,8 µM/L) entre os grupos leite fresco e leite pasteurizado, respectivamente, não evidenciaram diferença significante. Conclusões: Os dados demonstraram que o leite humano possui importante atividade antioxidante e que o processo de pasteurização não interfere nessa propriedade, evitando assim a peroxidação dos lipídios e a formação de produtos avançados de oxidação proteica.

Technologies that advocate the use of herbicide-resistant crops are alternatives to weed control, but they may cause oxidative stress and change secondary metabolism of plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate changes in the secondary metabolism of soybean plants which contained Cultivance® (CV), sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean (STS) and Roundup Ready® (RR) technologies submitted to the application of the mixture of herbicides imazapyr and imazapic in “plant-apply” and “apply-plant” management systems. Two field experiments, in which soybean cultivars were submitted to increasing doses of the mixture of herbicides imazapyr and imazapic, were performed. Aerial parts of plants were collected 10 days after crop emergence and stored at -83oC, until quantification of variables. In general, the soybean cultivar BRS382CV exhibited lower contents of chlorophyll than cultivars CD249STS and NA5909RR. Besides, increasing doses of the mixture of herbicides imazapyr and imazapic decreased contents of chlorophyll in the cultivars. Stress caused by herbicides induced more generation of ROS and effective response of the antioxidant system through enzymes SOD, CAT and APX. RESUMO: A adoção de tecnologias que preconizam a utilização de culturas resistentes a herbicidas é alternativa para controle de plantas daninhas, porém pode causar estresse oxidativo e alterar o metabolismo secundário da cultura. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações no metabolismo secundário de plantas de soja contendo as tecnologias Cultivance® (CV), tolerância às sulfonilureias (STS) e Roundup Ready® (RR), submetidas à aplicação da mistura dos herbicidas imazapyr e imazapic nos sistemas de manejo em “plante/aplique e “aplique/plante”. Foram realizados dois experimentos em campo, onde cultivares de soja foram submetidos a doses crescentes da mistura dos herbicidas imazapyr e imazapic. Aos dez dias após a emergência da cultura, foi realizada coleta da parte aérea e armazenada a -83 oC, até a quantificação das variáveis. O cultivar BRS382CV apresenta, em geral, menores teores de clorofila comparado aos cultivares CD249STS e NA5909RR, e o aumento da dose da mistura dos herbicidas imazapyr e imazapic diminui o teor de clorofila das cultivares. O estresse causado pelo herbicida induz maior formação de EROs, ocasionando elevada resposta do sistema antioxidante através das enzimas SOD, CAT e APX.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a pharmacological alternative with great potential for reducing the deleterious effects of surgical procedures on patients with steatohepatitis. We evaluated the effect of NAC on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in C57BL/6J mice, 8 weeks-old, weighing 25&ndash, 30 g, with steatohepatitis induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet. Groups: MCD group (steatohepatitis), MCD-I/R group (steatohepatitis plus 30 min of 70% liver ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion), MCD-I/R+NAC group (same as MCD-I/R group plus 150 mg/kg NAC 15 min before ischemia), and control group (normal AIN-93M diet). Liver enzymes and histopathology, nitrite and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants enzymes, Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2) expression, and apoptosis were evaluated. In the group treated with NAC, reductions in inflammatory infiltration, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), nitrite, and TBARS levels, GPx (gutathione peroxidase) activity, cytokines synthesis, and number of apoptotic cells were observed while the GR (glutathione reductase) activity was increased. No differences were observed in Nfr2 expression or in SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and GST (glutathione S-transferase) activities. Thus, it may be concluded that NAC exerts beneficial effects on mice livers with steatohepatitis submitted to I/R by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cell death.

Introduction: The progressive decline in 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in chronic kidney disease (CKD) limits the kidney ability of synthesizing the vitamin. Vitamin D deficiency as defined by KDIGO (25(OH)D

This study was aimed at determining the concentration of pyrethroid in the surface water, sediment, Weyonia acuminata and Synodontis clarias fish in Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. In-situ physicochemical analysis of the surface water was conducted using a calibrated handheld multi-parameter probe (Horiba Checker Model U-10). Intestinal samples from infected and uninfected fish were analyzed for pyrethroid concentrations, microbial colonization, proteins (PRO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The histopathology of infected and uninfected intestinal tissues were analyzed using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains and examined under a binocular light microscope (Model 230485). A total of 39 out of 98 S. clarias fish were infected with cestode parasite, Wenyonia acuminate, amounting to 39% parasite prevalence. Among the tested pyrethroids, Cyfluthrin and Alpha –cypermethrin had significant sorption of 1.62 and 3.27 respectively from the aqueous phase to the bottom sediment of the lagoon. Pyrethroid concentration was in the order of sediment > parasite> water > intestine> liver. The cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL (low density lipids) in the parasite were higher than in the host fish (p Alpha-Cyermethrin had significant sorption on the sediment, however unlike a benthopelagic fish, no pyrethroid was accumulated in the S. clarias from the sediment. The fish however accumulated Alpha-Cypermethrin from the aqueous phase. The parasite on the other hand accumulated Bathroid significantly from the surface water and bottom sediment which may be linked to the higher stress levels observed in the parasite than the host fish. The parasite in turn inflicted histological alterations on the host intestine, marked by moderate inflammation of mucosa, alteration of the villi microstructure, moderate stunting of the villous structure and moderate fibrosis of villous structure. The study demonstrated the efficiency of histopathological and microbial analysis in biomonitoring studies enteric parasites and early detection of pyrethroid toxicity respectively compared to bioaccumulation analysis. Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a concentração de piretroide nos peixes de águas superficiais, sedimentos, Wenyonia acuminata e Synodontis clarias na lagoa de Lekki, Lagos, Nigéria. A análise físico-química in situ da água de superfície foi realizada usando uma sonda multiparâmetro manual calibrada (Horiba Checker Modelo U-10). Amostras intestinais de peixes infectados e não infectados foram analisadas quanto a concentrações de piretroides, colonização microbiana, proteínas (PRO), superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa reduzida (GSH), malonaldeído (MDA) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). A histopatologia dos tecidos intestinais infectados e não infectados foi analisada usando manchas de Hematoxilina e Eosina (H&E) e examinada sob um microscópio de luz binocular (Modelo 230485). Um total de 39 dos 98 peixes de S. clarias foi infectado com o parasita cestoide Wenyonia acuminata, totalizando 39% de prevalência do parasita. Entre os piretroides testados, ciflutrina e alfa-cipermetrina tiveram sorção significativa de 1,62 e 3,27, respectivamente, da fase aquosa ao sedimento de fundo da lagoa. A concentração de piretroides estava na ordem de sedimentos > parasita > água > intestino > fígado. O colesterol, os triglicerídeos e o LDL (lipídios de baixa densidade) no parasita foram maiores que no peixe hospedeiro (p < 0,05). Por outro lado, a proteína hepática dos peixes, os lipídios de alta densidade (HDL) e a glicose foram superiores aos níveis nos parasitas (p < 0,05). Houve uma alta prevalência de micróbios intestinais (30-40%), incluindo Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. e Bacillus sp. entre indivíduos infectados no intestino com o parasita cestoide Wenyonia sp. em comparação com indivíduos não infectados com Staphylococcus sp., Klebsiella intestinal sp. e Proteus sp. (10-40%). Entre os congêneres dos piretroides analisados, ciflutrina > alfa-cipermetrina teve sorção significativa no sedimento, porém, diferentemente de um peixe bentopelágico, nenhum piretroide foi acumulado no S. clarias do sedimento. No entanto, os peixes acumularam alfa-cipermetrina a partir da fase aquosa. O parasita, por outro lado, acumulou Bathroid significativamente da água superficial e do sedimento do fundo, o que pode estar relacionado aos níveis mais altos de estresse observados no parasita do que no peixe hospedeiro. O parasita, por sua vez, causou alterações histológicas no intestino hospedeiro, marcadas por inflamação moderada da mucosa, alteração da microestrutura das vilosidades, atrofia moderada da estrutura das vilosidades e fibrose moderada da estrutura das vilosidades. O estudo demonstrou a eficiência da análise histopatológica e microbiana nos estudos de biomonitoramento de parasitas entéricos e detecção precoce da toxicidade dos piretroides, respectivamente, em comparação à análise de bioacumulação.