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Hydrophilic polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (mPEG) was grafted onto Icariin (ICA) by succinic anhydride to form a polyethylene glycol-Icariin (mPEG-ICA) polymer. The structure of the polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). mPEG-ICA nanoparticles loaded with ICA were prepared by physical embedding of ICA by dialysis. The particle size was determined to be (220 ± 13.7) nm, and the ζ potential was (2.30 ± 1.33) mV by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Under a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the nanoparticles were spherical, and the morphology was regular. In the medium with pH 7.4, the drug release rate of mPEG-ICA nanoparticles reached (52.80 ± 1.70)% within 72 h. At pH 6.8, the cumulative drug release of nanoparticles reached (75.66 ± 0.17)% within 48 h. Treatment of the nanoparticles with LPS-treated H9c2 cells maintained cell viability, reduced LDH release and exerted antiapoptotic effects. Moreover, ICA-loaded mPEG-ICA nanoparticles significantly decreased the mRNA expression of the myocardial inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6M. In conclusion, ICA-loaded mPEG-ICA nanoparticles protected against LPS-induced H9c2 cell injury.

In this study, the effect of the deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on triethylmethylammonium chloride and imidazole on the mechanochemical succinylation of sawdust was investigated. The sawdust was ball milled in the presence of succinic anhydride and the effects of different amounts of the DES on the carboxylic acid content and particle size were studied with and without post-heating. The carboxylic acid content significantly increased with the addition of the DES and by using 1.5 mass excess of the DES compared to sawdust; milled sawdust with 3.5 mmol/g of carboxylic acid groups was obtained using 60 min post-heating at 100 °C. The particle size was found to depend strongly on DES-to-wood ratio and a change in size-reduction characteristics was observed related to fiber saturation point. After mechanochemical milling, three succinylated sawdust samples with different carboxylic acid contents were disintegrated into wood nanofibers and self-standing films were produced. Although the mechanical properties of the films were lower than the cellulose nanofibers, they were higher or in line with oil- and biobased polymers such as polypropene and polylactic acid, respectively. Because of their amphiphilic nature, wood nanofibers were found to be effective stabilizers of water–oil emulsions.

A novel cationic surfactant type of N'alkyl N,'N'dimethyl-4-morpholino-4-oxobutanoylhydrazinium iodide (10a–12a) and N'alkyl N', N'dimethyl-4-piperidino-4-oxobutanoylhydrazinium iodide (10b–12b) of quaternary hydrazinium moieties in hydrophilic parts was synthesized. These quaternary hydrazinium surfactants were obtained using a two-step reaction scheme, starting from ring opening of succinic anhydride with a base (morpholine, piperidine), followed by ammonolysis with hydrazine hydrate, then alkylation of the amino group with alkyl bromides (RBr) that have different hydrophobic chain lengths (R, C12H25, C14H29, and C16H37), and ending with the quaternarization of the secondary amino group by two moles of methyl iodide. The chemical composition of the surfactants was analyzed by FTIR, 1HNMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. A variety of surface-active characteristics were achieved by surface calculations, including CMC, γcmc, CMC/C20, Γmax, pC20, Amin, and Πcmc. These surface characteristics and foam stability rely on the nature of the hydrophobic chain. Preliminary results showed that an upgrade throughout the CH2 group in the fatty chain and the morpholine or piperidine ring lowers the CMC and increases the foaming capacity and stability of the quaternary hydrazinium surfactants. Anionic dye (Acid BG) interactions with 12b surfactant (as an example) were studied using the spectrophotometric technique and the binding constant (170.64 dm3.mol−1) was determined. The results indicate solubilization and binding took place at a large scale. Furthermore, considerable biodegradation of cationic surfactants was observed (68–87%). The antimicrobial activity of these surfactants has also been observed with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the size of inhibited growth zone. The smallest MICs were found in 12a (64 µg/mL) and 12b (32 µg/mL) surfactants, indicating the highest antimicrobial activity.

In this study, Alkenyl succinimides with different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized using polyisobutylene (PIB) with the molecular weights of 1000 and 1300, which displayed the best functional properties. The secondary amines found in b-Polyisobutylene succinimide (b-PIBSI) dispersants were prepared by attaching PIB chains to a polyamine core via two succinimide moieties. In this work, detergent/dispersant type additives were synthesized based on polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) and its aminated compounds (PIBSI) with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). The resulting PIBSA and PIBSI characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) spectroscopies were greatly complicated because of the interactions between the carbonyls of the succinimide groups and unreacted secondary amines of the Mb-PIBSI dispersants. The viscoelasticity of obtained PIBSI indicated the increase in storage modulus with time which illustrated the increase in the solid-like properties of PIBSI. Therefore, an alternative procedure was developed based on fluorescence quenching of the succinimides by secondary amines and urethane groups.

Phytoglycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose produced as soft, compact nanoparticles by sweet corn. Properties such as softness, porosity, and mechanical integrity, combined with nontoxicity and biodegradability, make phytoglycogen nanoparticles ideal for applications involving the human body, ranging from skin moisturizing and rejuvenation agents in personal care formulations to functional therapeutics in biomedicine. To further broaden the range of applications, phytoglycogen nanoparticles can be chemically modified with hydrophobic species such as octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA). Here, we present a self-consistent model of the particle structure, water content, and degree of chemical modification of the particles, as well as the emergence of well-defined interparticle spacings in concentrated dispersions, based on small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements of aqueous dispersions of native phytoglycogen nanoparticles and particles that were hydrophobically modified using octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) in both its protiated (pOSA) and deuterated (dOSA) forms. Measurements on native particles with reduced polydispersity have allowed us to refine the particle morphology, which is well described by a hairy particle (core-chain) geometry with short chains decorating the surface of the particles. The isotopic variants of OSA-modified particles enhanced the scattering contrast for neutrons, revealing lightly modified hairy chains for small degrees of substitution (DS) of OSA, and a raspberry particle geometry for the largest DS value, where the OSA-modified hairy chains collapse to form small seeds on the surface of the particles. This refined model of native and OSA-modified phytoglycogen nanoparticles establishes a quantitative basis for the development of new applications of this promising sustainable nanotechnology.

The Castagnoli–Cushman reaction of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines with glutaric anhydride, its oxygen and sulfur analogues was investigated as a one-step approach to the benzo[a]quinolizidine system and its heterocyclic analogs. An extension towards the pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline system was achieved with the use of succinic anhydride. The results are evidence of an unexplored method for the access of the aforementioned tricyclic annelated systems incorporating a bridgehead nitrogen atom. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were established by means of 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The reactions between 1-methyldihydroisoquinoline and glutaric, diglycolic and succinic anhydrides yielded unexpected isoquinoline derivatives containing an exocyclic double bond. The compounds prepared bear the potential to become building blocks for future synthetic bioactive molecules.

This paper deals with an original and non-biocidal chemical treatment consisting of a vacuum/pressure impregnation step of beech wood with a water-borne mixture made from heat-activated condensation of succinic anhydride (SA) and glycerol (G). Chemical structures of adducts were established using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) investigations. Beech wood was impregnated and cured in order to induce in situ polymerization of glycerol/succinic adducts (GSA) in the cell walls, leading to the formation of polyglycerol succinate (PGS) polyester. Various treatment conditions were investigated depending on the duration (6–72 h) and curing temperature (103–160°C). Weight percent gains (WPGs) ranging between 40 and 60% were obtained. Attenuated total reflectance-middle infrared spectroscopy (ATR-MIR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy confirmed polyester formation. A curing temperature of 160°C was found to be the best condition to totally avoid polymer leaching, and brought the anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) up to 64%. Decay resistance of PGS-treated wood against Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana was also strongly temperature and time dependent: performances fit with the EN113 standard requirements if a curing temperature of 160°C was applied.

Background: Recent increase in demand for starch in food applications has called for research into other new sources. Dioscorea villosa is an underutilized wild yam starch source and its starch was isolated and succinylated at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% (0–12% succinic anhydride: 88–100% starch) using standard procedures. The degree of substitution, chemical composition, functional properties, anti-nutritional factors, pasting properties, atomic spectra and α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities of the samples were determined using standard methods. The data obtained were analysed using ANOVA. Results: The percentage succinyl content and degree of substitution increased from 0–10.45% and 0–0.19% respectively. The amylose, amylopectin, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities varied from 49.88–59.70%, 40.29–50.11%, 0.17–0.96 and 0.62–10.07 respectively. The phytate, tannin, oxalate and saponin contents ranged from 0.08–0.13 mg g−1, 0.04–0.08 mg g−1, 0.21–0.31 mg g−1 and 0.18–0.26 mg g−1 respectively. The peak viscosity, trough, break down, final viscosity, set back, peak time and pasting temperature values ranged from 94.32–274.69 RVU, 83.50–197.50 RVU, 7.94–81.28 RVU, 113.69–367.39 RVU, 30.14–173.89 RVU, 5.30–6.94 min, and 84.78–94.70 °C respectively. Conclusion: Isolation and subsequent succinylation improved the wild yam starch quality and reduced its anti-nutritional factors. Succinylation at 9% had the best functional and pasting properties, therefore making it suitable as a potential emulsifier, fat replacer to prevent obesity and stabilizer in food applications. Its limited enzyme activities make it desirable in the production of slowly digestible food products, such as snacks for diabetic patients.

In this paper, we report the successful preparation of a novel bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst Ptδ+/SBA-APTE-SA with a partial positively charged Ptδ+ electronic structure via post-synthesis modification of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTE), succinic anhydride (SA) and platinum precursors. The resulting catalyst showed superior catalytic performance for the hydrosilylation of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane (MDHM) with allyloxy polyethylene glycol (APEG) compared to a heterogeneous platinum catalyst. In addition, our catalyst was suitable for the hydrosilylation of other alkenes. Furthermore, the catalyst displayed sufficient stability after being reused five times without noticeable inactivation. In terms of cycle number and atomic utilization efficiency, it has potential applications as a green hydrosilylation method for industry.

A technique of covalent bonding of grafted polymer brushes of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate) (P(PEGMA)) on the surface of silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) and activation of the end hydroxyls with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters were described in this work in detail. Firstly, a Si/SiQDs slice was disposed with hydrofluoric acid solution to produce surface Si-Hx (x = 1, 2 or 3) species, which combined with vinyl group of 1-undecenol covalently gives terminal hydroxyls. Such hydroxyls were initialized and were involved in atom transfer radical polymerization to construct grafted polymer brushes of P(PEGMA). Hence the density of the surface hydroxyls was enhanced extremely on account of the end hydroxyls of the side chains of the polymer brushes. Then carboxyl groups were introduced via terminal esterification with succinic anhydride, which were activated subsequently with NHS giving NHS esters under rather mild conditions. The reactivity of the terminal NHS esters was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and fluorescence imaging. The SiQDs were demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The stepwise modifications on SiQDs were characterized by infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The photoluminescence of the SiQDs was remained during the chemical modifications, proved by the measurements of fluorescence spectra. Keywords: Silicon quantum dots, Grafted polymer brushes, Poly(poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate), N-hydroxysuccinimide esters

Two types of fatty acid derivatives were used to synthesize agarose fatty acid esters in a heterogeneous medium. Agarose esters with low degree of substitution were synthesized with succinic anhydride, octenyl succinic anhydride, dodecyl succinic anhydride as esterifying agents. Agarose esters with high degree of substitution were synthesized with lauroyl chloride, palmitoyl chloride, and stearoyl chloride as esterifying agents. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that agarose anhydride modification mostly occurred at the surface of the particles, whereas chloride modification occurred at both the surface and interior of the particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that hydrophobic groups were successfully introduced in agarose, and the hydroxyl group in the C-2 of D-galactose was the preferred location for esterification. The results also showed that agarose esters with long-chain fatty acids and high substitution degree showed higher emulsifying ability and low interfacial tension property than derivatives with short-chain fatty acids and low substitution degree. Compared with commonly used food emulsifiers, such as Tween, sucrose fatty acid ester, and glycerin monostearate, agarose esters were slightly deficient in emulsifying ability but presented high emulsion stability in oil-in-water emulsion.

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) was modified using octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) to introduce amphiphilic groups (hydrophilic carboxyl and lipophilic octenyl chains) by esterification under alkaline conditions. The FT-IR results indicated that the OSA-modified β-CD (OCD) showed new absorption peaks of an ester bond and a carboxylate (RCOO-) at 1724 and 1570 cm-1, respectively, confirming the successful preparation of OCD. Then the embedding effects of β-CD and OCD on β-carotene and the emulsifying and antioxidant properties of their inclusion complexes were evaluated. The results of XRD showed that the β-CD (or OCD)/β-carotene inclusion complexes were converted from a cage-type structure to a channel-type structure. AFM and SEM showed that the crystal characteristics and surface morphologies of the inclusion complexes were different from those of the physical mixture. The emulsion stabilized by OCD exhibited smaller droplet sizes and larger zeta-potentials than that stabilized by β-CD. In addition, the inclusion complexes-prepared emulsion exhibited lower POV values and TBARS contents than did the physical mixture. OCD/β-carotene inclusion complexes can improve the physical and oxidative stability of the emulsion, which is of great significance to the food industry.

In our study, octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified dextrin was prepared and characterized as a novel emulsifier to improve the stability of emulsion and curcumin encapsulation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the occurrence of esterification between OSA and dextrin (Mw = 1.041 × 104 g/mol). The absolute value of ζ-potential of OSA-dextrin increased (from 25.37 mV to 34.57 mV) with increasing OSA addition (from 0% to 8%), and then kept constant. Confocal laser scanning microscope results showed that the debranching and esterification of starch improved the oil droplets distribution and reduced the droplet size of emulsions. The emulsifying stability of emulsions coated by dextrin was greatly improved with OSA modification. The particle size of emulsion decreased significantly when the addition of OSA increased during storage. OSA-modified dextrin was in a position to increase encapsulation efficiency of curcumin. This research may increase the utilization of emulsions stabilized by OSA dextrin in food industry.

Succinylation of proteins is a commonly encountered reaction in biology and introduces negatively charged carboxylates on previously basic primary amine groups of amino acid residues. In analogy, this work investigates the succinylation of primary amines of the synthetic polyelectrolyte polyallylamine (PAA). It investigates the influence of the degree of succinylation on the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of the resulting polymers. Succinylation was performed in water with varying amounts of succinic anhydride and at different pH values. The PAA derivatives were analyzed in detail with respect to molecular structure using nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared absorbance spectroscopy. Polyelectrolyte and potentiometric charge titrations were used to elucidate charge ratios between primary amines and carboxylates in the polymers. The obtained materials were then evaluated with respect to their minimum inhibitory concentration againstStaphylococcus aureusandPseudomonas aeruginosa. The biocompatibility was assessed using mouse L929 fibroblasts. The degree of succinylation decreased cytotoxicity but more significantly reduced antibacterial efficacy, demonstrating the sensitivity of the fibroblast cells against this type of ampholytic polyelectrolytes. The obtained polymers were finally electrospun into microfiber webs in combination with neutral water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol. The resulting non-woven could have the potential to be used as wound dressing materials or coatings.

This paper attempted to construct a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) through altering interfacial behaviors using the electrostatic interaction between positive chitosan and negative octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch. The partial polysaccharide complex of OSA starch/chitosan was used to stabilize HIPE, which was able to adsorb at the oil droplet interface and prevent the coalescence of oil droplets. The wettability of OSA starch was enhanced with the addition of positively charged chitosan, leading to the formation of partial complexes. The impact of pH and concentration of chitosan on the droplet size, surface charge, and interface behavior were investigated, and the formation of the polysaccharide complex was further confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The presence of the OSA starch/chitosan complex facilitated the formation of stable HIPE with a gel-like structure and satisfactory centrifugal and oxidative stability. These results are useful to provide information for fabricating polysaccharide-based HIPE delivery systems, which may help expand their application in the food industry.

Vesicles have been attracting a great deal of interest because of their great potential for health food, medicine, and biotechnology applications. This study aimed to develop a new type of debranched starch (DBS) vesicle for loading and delivering active components. DBS with a low degree of polymerization (6.75) and good water solubility was modified with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) to obtain an amphiphilic polymer. Both the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance results confirmed the successful synthesis of amphiphilic OSA-DBS polymers. The OSA-DBS spontaneously formed 10–30 nm vesicles in a water system, as measured by transmission electron microscopy. The vesicles were relatively stable at different temperatures, pH values, and ionic strengths. Insulin was used as a hydrophilic functional ingredient model. The insulin-loaded vesicles exhibited a high loading content (∼13.36%). These OSA-DBS vesicles have potential utility as advanced carriers in the health food and biomedical industries.

Sugarcane bagasse cellulose succinate trimellitate (SBST) was prepared by a one-pot synthesis method. The synthesis of this novel mixed ester was investigated by a 23-factorial design. The parameters investigated were time, temperature, and succinic anhydride mole fraction (χSA). The responses evaluated were the adsorption capacity (qCo2+ and qNi2+), weight gain (wg), and number of carboxylic acid groups (nT,COOH). 13C Multiple Cross-Polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy, 1H NMR relaxometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to elucidate the SBST structure. The best SBST reaction conditions were 100 °C, 660 min, and χSA of 0.2, which yielded SBST with a wg of 57.1%, nT,COOH of 4.48 mmol g−1, and qCo2+ and qNi2+ of 0.900 and 0.963 mmol g−1, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities (Qmax) (pH 5.75, 25 °C) estimated by the Redlich-Peterson model for Co2+ and Ni2+ were 1.16 and 1.29 mmol g−1. The ΔadsH° values for Co2+ and Ni2+ adsorption obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry were 8.03 and 6.94 kJ mol−1. Regeneration and reuse of SBST were investigated and the best conditions applied for fixed-bed column adsorption in five consecutive cycles. SBST was fully desorbed and Qmax values for Co2+ (0.95 mmol g−1) and Ni2+ (1.02 mmol g−1) were estimated using the Bohart-Adams model.

Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified starch and maltodextrins (MDs) are important carbohydrate polymers as wall materials. However, few studies have shown whether these two wall materials affect the composition of core materials. In this work, we investigated the effects of OSA-modified starch and MD on the release property of essential oils. Results showed that among the seven characteristic aroma components (CACs) of rose essential oil (REO), the esters released the fastest, followed by the alcohols, while the release of the phenols was the slowest. Environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidities (RHs) had significant influences on the release kinetics of CACs in REO. This work provides new insights into the use of OSA-modified starch and MDs as wall materials for encapsulating complex and bioactive components.

This study examined the effect of incorporation of spray dried nutmeg oleoresin on physical and functional properties of deep fried donuts. Donuts were made by sponge and dough method with the addition of 1% of microcapsules composed of two different wall material ratios (1:1 and 1:3) of gum arabic and sorghum starch (native and octenyl succinic anhydride). The results showed that addition of microcapsules did not significantly reduce the oil uptake in donuts. All the incorporated samples possessed better retention of bioactive compounds and having better antioxidant properties with high phenolic content. Nutmeg microcapsules composed of gum arabic and native starch in a proportion of 1:1 observed to have excellent textural, sensorial and physical properties as compared to control donut sample. The supplementation of GA:NAT (1:1) also showed high antioxidant value with higher total phenolic and flavonoid content. The study revealed that only 1% addition of nutmeg microcapsules in dough formulation can be improved the physical, textural and functional attributes of deep fried donuts.

Novel reactions of (Z)-2-amino-N′-arylbenzimidamides (1a, b) are described. When 1a, b are reacted with diphenic, phthalic and succinic anhydrides, in dry ethyl alcohol under reflux conditions, the 4-arylaminoquinazoline-2-carboxylic acid derivatives (3a–f) were formed in good yields. The structures of the products were assigned on the basis of their spectroscopic and analytical data.

Hesperidin, the major flavonoid in citrus species, possesses various biological functions and pharmacological activities, however, its insolubility in water limits its bioavailability and medical or food application. When 8 g/L octenyl succinic anhydride modified sweet potato starch (OSA-SPS) with degree of substitution 0.0051 was applied to solubilize hesperidin under the conditions of stirring the mixture for 6 h at 2400 r/min, 50 °C and unadjusted pH, the solubilization efficiency of hesperidin was 6.52 folds higher than that without OSAS addition. It was noteworthy that the solubilization of hesperidin was obviously different from that of hesperetin (hydrolysate of hesperidin) either in starch origin of OSAS or in the influence of external factors. The interaction between OSA-SPS and hesperidin had been certified by means of FT-IR, XRD, DSC, 1H/2D NMR. These results would give a fundamental reference for probing specific mechanism between hesperidin and OSAS in the further research.

The asymmetric nature of Janus particles made from synthetic polymers gives them intriguing properties that have found applications in a wide variety of fields, such as drug delivery, emulsion stabilization, and environmental decontamination. The potential of using natural biopolymers as base materials for Janus particles in the food industry, however, has not yet been fully explored. Here we demonstrate for the first time the design of a starch-only-based Janus particle. Using a spin-coating spray approach, we produced both large (12.2 μm) half-porous, waxy cornstarch Janus granules by alpha-amylase treatment and small (1.2 μm) half-hydrophobic, amaranth starch Janus granules by octenyl succinic anhydride esterification. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, super resolution-structured illumination spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm the binary nature of these particles. A methylene blue adsorption test further showed that the untreated (non-porous), half-porous Janus, and fully porous waxy cornstarch granules had five-hour adsorption rates of 20.5, 72.1, and 100%, respectively, and adsorption capacities of 0.82, 2.88, and 3.96 mg/g. Meanwhile, untreated amaranth starch granules were shown not to interact with each other in water, while >68% of the half-hydrophobic granules self-assembled into wormlike strings and micelles, and >66% of the fully hydrophobic granules aggregated into spherical, complex supermicelles. While the low yield typical of Janus particle formation prevents a more detailed characterization of these starch-based Janus particles, the unique properties they displayed here may open exciting, future applications in the food industry as texturants or surface-active agents, as well as in other fields requiring such uncanny materials.

An anion-binding approach to the problem of preparing enantioenriched γ-lactams from enolisable anhydrides and imines is reported. A simple bisurea catalyst promotes the cycloaddition between α-aryl succinic anhydrides and either PMP- or benzhydryl-protected aldimines to provide γ-lactams with two contiguous stereocentres (one quaternary) with complete diastereocontrol and high to excellent enantioselectivity for the first time. A DFT study has provided insight into the catalyst mode of action and the origins of the observed stereocontrol.

Hard carbon is the most popular anode material for Na-ion batteries, but its long-term reliability has still to be further improved. We herein examine fluoroethylene carbonate and succinic anhydride as electrolyte additives for improving the cycle performance of hard carbon anodes. For a proper evaluation, hard carbon symmetric cells as well as hard carbon/Na half-cells are employed to discriminate the influence of the additives on the hard carbon and Na electrodes. We confirm that fluoroethylene carbonate hardly improves the cyclability of hard carbon symmetric cells, but it does enable far better cycle behavior of Na metal, and thus improves the cycle performance of hard carbon/Na half-cells by mitigating the degradation of the hard carbon anodes caused by harmful products derived from Na metal. In contrast, succinic anhydride markedly improves the performance of hard carbon symmetric cells in the cycle and storage tests at 60 °C. The superior thermal stability of succinic anhydride is attributed to a Na2CO3/sodium alkyl carbonates-rich solid-electrolyte interphase layer formed on the hard carbon surface, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements.

Amylose complexes formed with fatty sodium salts were evaluated for their emulsification, foaming, and rheological properties. Amylose inclusion complexes (AIC) were produced in a pressurized microwave reactor using the sodium salts of fatty acids having carbon chain lengths of 12–22. The AIC were isolated by freeze drying, re-dissolved into aqueous solutions (0.1–3.0% solids) and their surface and rheological properties were then characterized. The AICs successfully formed emulsions with corn oil. The emulsifying properties of the various AIC, as well as long-term emulsion storage stability were determined. The AIC have superior emulsifying activity at neutral and alkaline pH, and superior stability at alkaline pH, compared with commercial octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch. In neutral aqueous solutions, the sodium arachidate (C20) AIC had 31% greater emulsifying activity, and the sodium behenate (C22) AIC had 60% greater emulsion stability than OSA starch. Emulsions formed with the AIC were stable during long-term storage as the oil droplets were resistant to coalescence. Stability increased with fatty acid salt chain length due to viscosity differences, with solutions of the higher molecular weight fatty acid salt AICs having greater viscosity. All AIC emulsions had enhanced emulsifying activity with increased alkalinity of the continuous phase. The AIC are surface active polymeric emulsifiers which did not produce foams. The AIC are effective biodegradable emulsifiers produced from readily available inexpensive food grade ingredients formed via van der Waals rather than chemical bonds.

Highly stable nanosized water droplets in diesel nanoemulsions were prepared in the presence of polyoxyethylene alkenyl succinate as a gemini emulsifier. This nonionic gemini emulsifier was prepared through three stages. The addition reaction of octadecene to the double bond of maleic anhydride was the prime step. The second step includes the ring-opening reaction between 2 mol of alkenylsuccinic anhydride with diethylene glycol as a spacer, and the third step was the esterification reaction between the said products with 2 mol of polyethylene glycol 200 to produce polyoxyethylene alkenyl succinate gemini emulsifier abbreviated as GE. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies were utilized to justify the chemical formula of the synthesized emulsifier. Four water-in-diesel nanoemulsions were formulated under 5 wt % water content and (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt %) surfactant concentrations of the overall nanoemulsion’s weight. The prepared emulsifier’s dynamic interfacial tension mensuration and also its thermodynamic paramet...

Cotton fabrics show the tendency to wrinkle. Various chemical agents have been used to convey crease-resistance to cellulosic material in an attempt to replace the formaldehyde-releasing crosslinking agent DMDHEU. A novel non-formaldehyde organic–inorganic hybrid material synthesized via the sol–gel route is investigated. The hydrolyzed trialkoxysilane (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)succinic anhydride was reacted with 2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-triazine (melamine, MEL) at elevated temperature. The as-prepared aqueous solutions were applied to cotton fabrics, which were cured at 160 °C and 220 °C. The physicomechanical data: dry crease recovery angle (DCRA), flexural rigidity, whiteness index (WI), water retention, water vapor permeability were evaluated. An increase in the DCRA can be observed. However, the thermal treatment results in a reduction of the WI. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirm the formation of an imide group. X-ray powder diffraction analysis makes evident that the crystallinity index increased. SEM images make evident that depositions can be observed on the surface.

Three types of polymer-coated glass slides were prepared by acylation of their γ–aminopropyl derivatives with succinic anhydride or poly(p-nitrophenyl acylate) (PNPA) at various reaction times. The variations in duration of chemical adsorption of PNPA allowed control over nano-corrugation of the reactive surfaces employed for biosensing. The visually smooth and optically clear polymer-coated slides were used for immobilization of a conjugate of bovine serum albumin with chloramphenicol (CAP) and label-free measurement of concentration of this antibiotic. The sensor chips prepared in this way provided strong biosensing response due to fast biomolecular interactions and efficient competition of the target analyte during indirect immunoassay. The kinetics of formation and dissociation of immune complexes “conjugate-antibody” on the sensor chip surface was registered by the label-free methods of spectral-correlation and spectral-phase interferometry. The average thickness of immune complex adsorption layers was in the range of 5–12 nm. The highest value of kinetic association constant (kon = 5 × 104 M−1s−1) and the lowest equilibrium dissociation constant (Kdiss = 2 × 10-8 M−1) were achieved with the chips originated in the PNPA-coated slides, which were produced under short (2 min) polymer chemisorption and exhibited nano-corrugation almost unchanged with respect to the parent glass, according to the atomic-force microscopy. The detection limit for CAP detection was 80 pg/mL, and the dynamic range was 5 orders. The proposed methods for fabrication of sensor chips with nano-corrugated surface, the results of their characterization, as well as the developed assay can be employed for high-throughput recording of multiple molecular interactions by spectral interferometry and in a wide range of biosensing platforms for registration of biologically active compounds in medicine, veterinary, food control and ecological monitoring.

In the present work, synthesis of polyaniline/Cu nanoparticle conductive nanocomposites is reported. For this purpose, firstly poly(2-hydroxyehtyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride) was synthesized via free radical polymerization and it was subjected to hydrolysis. Cu nanoparticles were then prepared from copper acetate hydrate in the presence of the synthesized polymer stabilizer. Besides, polyvinyl alcohol was modified via reacting with succinic anhydride. Then the oxidative polymerization of aniline was conducted in aqueous solution of the synthesized polyacid as template and Cu nanoparticles to give the final nanocomposites. All samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the samples was measured and compared with that of pure polyaniline by four-point probe technique.

Sugarcane bagasse cellulose mixed ester succinate phthalate (SBSPh) was synthesized by a novel one-pot reaction method. The effects of temperature, time and mole fraction of succinic anhydride (χSA) on the responses weight gain (wg), number of carboxylic acid groups (nT,COOH), and adsorption capacity (q) of Co2+ and Ni2+ were evaluated by a 23 experimental design. The chemical structure of the material was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared, 13C Multiple Cross-Polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy and 1H NMR relaxometry. The best SBSPh synthesis condition (100 °C, 11 h, χSA of 0.2) yielded a wg of 59.1%, nT,COOH of 3.41 mmol g−1, and values of qCo2+ and qNi2+ of 0.348 and 0.346 mmol g−1, respectively. The Sips model fitted better the equilibrium data, and the maximum adsorption capacities (pH 5.75 and 25 °C) estimated by this model were 0.62 and 0.53 mmol g−1 for Co2+ and Ni2+, respectively. The ΔadsH° values estimated by isothermal titration calorimetry were 8.43 and 7.79 kJ mol−1 for Co2+ and Ni2+, respectively. Desorption and re-adsorption efficiencies were evaluated by a 22 experimental design, which showed that SBSPh adsorbent can be recovered and reused without significant loss of adsorption capacity.

Gene delivery systems with good biocompatibility and high transfection efficiency play a major role in the clinical application of gene therapy. It is of great interest to develop a functional anionic polymer to modify polycationic carriers for the purpose of improving their biocompatibility and gene delivery ability. Herein, we prepared three kinds of anionic polymers, i.e., cis-aconitic anhydride grafted poly(l-lysine) (PLCA), cis-aconitic anhydride and CAGW functional peptide grafted poly(l-lysine) (PLCA-CAGW), and succinic anhydride and CAGW peptide grafted poly(l-lysine) (PLSA-CAGW), and coated them onto binary gene complexes to obtain three ternary complexes, i.e., TCP-CA, TCP-CA-CAGW and TCP-SA-CAGW, respectively. These gene delivery systems were integrated with a specific functional peptide and smart polyplexes that enabled them to perform a desired function in response to pH changes in biological microenvironments. The results of the cell viability assay showed that the prepared anionic polymers could improve the biocompatibility of gene complexes. Gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels demonstrated that TCP-CA-CAGW enhanced the gene delivery efficiency, benefiting from the targeting CAGW peptide and charge reversal moiety (cis-aconitic amide), while TCP-SA-CAGW showed a relatively low transfection efficiency because of negatively charged PLSA-CAGW and its non-reversal function. The PLCA-CAGW shell in TCP-CA-CAGW possessed an aconitic acid group, EC targeting ligand and charge reversal cis-aconitic amide, which enabled the gene delivery systems to be neutral in blood circulation, but once in the acidic lysosomes, they became positively charged for improving lysosomal escape and nuclear localization. Importantly, the in vitro/vivo angiogenesis assay demonstrated that human umbilical vein endothelial cells transfected with TCP-CA-CAGW functionalized ternary complexes could obviously enhance vascularization. These multifunctional ternary complexes with functional smart anionic polymer shells possessed low cytotoxicity and high gene delivery efficiency, and this strategy may be a promising platform for cardiovascular gene therapy.

The objective of this research was to study the octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified SSPS (OSA-SSPS) formed via SSPS esterified with OSA. Cross-flow ultrafiltration was used to separate polysaccharides after esterification process and then OSA-SSPS with high molecular weight (HMW) as well as OSA-SSPS with low molecular weight (LMW) were obtained. The formation of OSA-SSPS was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy which showed a new characteristic peak at around 1730.05 cm−1 (C=O). The viscosity of OSA-SSPS (HMW) was up to 80 mPa s while the value of SSPS was close to 30 mPa s in the 10 wt% concentration. The size distribution of OSA-SSPS indicated that OSA-SSPS (HMW) had a concentrated size in 1 μm while SSPS expressed three characteristic peaks. Particle size distribution showed that SSPS cross-linked successfully with OSA via the esterification, meanwhile, the side reactions were produced small molecules. The zeta potential of OSA-SSPS (−38.23 ± 0.24 mV) were 1.5 times as much as SSPS (−26.67 ± 0.31 mV). Compared the stability of SSPS with OSA-SSPS (HMW) in the acidic milk drink (AMD), the measurement of dispersion state (e.g. precipitation percent and turbidity) after centrifugation confirmed that OSA-SSPS (HMW) stabilized protein better than SSPS (p

In this paper, novel epoxy prepolymers from oleic acid-based monomers were cross-linked to prepare thermosets for coating application. For this purpose, methacrylate moiety was firstly added to oleic acid via Steglich esterification prior to conventional radical polymerization. The resulting oleic acid-based polymer was obtained with a number molecular weight 40,000 g/mol (DP = 110). Then the internal unsaturations of this polymer were epoxidized at different epoxy contents to provide cross-linkable functionalities. Based on a study of the internal epoxy reactivity of a model compound with different nucleophiles, the synthesized oleic-based polymers with epoxy functions hanging off the main chain were successfully cross-linked with succinic anhydride. Dynamic mechanical and thermal analyses, as well as swelling index properties have been studied for all the resulting thermosets. Additionally, the properties of coatings on steel substrates were studied to determine coating hardness, and adhesion. The results of this work provide evidence of the potential of these materials as bio-based coatings and adhesives.

Natural product feedstocks such as carbohydrates and vegetable oils offer tremendous potential for creating sustainable cross-linked epoxy resin thermosets for numerous applications. Herein, we designed and synthesized trehalose- and β-cyclodextrin-based carboxylic acid hardeners to cure with epoxidized soybean oil forming predominantly sustainable epoxy resins. Trehalose (Tr) and β-cyclodextrin (Cd) were functionalized with heptanoyl chloride (H) and succinic anhydride (S). The resulting carboxylic acid hardeners were homogeneously formulated and cross-linked with epoxidized soy bean oil (ESO) at three different COOH/epoxide ratios. The cured resins were thermally stable up to 300 °C and stable in neutral and acidic aqueous conditions. Yet, degradation into water-soluble components could be triggered upon exposure to basic aqueous media. The physical properties of these materials are tunable based on feedstock composition and identity of the carbohydrate hardener. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) o...

In this study, modified whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) were obtained after succinic anhydride succinylation and linear dextrin glycation, and emulsion gels were prepared on the basis of unmodified/modified WPH stabilized emulsions with sugar beet pectin (SBP) addition and laccase-catalyzed cross-linking. The influences of emulsifier types and SBP contents on the texture of emulsion gels were estimated. The texture and rheological properties of emulsion gels were characterized. An ideal gel emulsion was formed when the SBP content was 3% (w/w). A uniform network was observed in emulsion gels stabilized by W-L, W-L-S, and W-S-L. In addition, the effect of the emulsifier type on the bioaccessibility of curcumin encapsulated in emulsion gels was investigated and the W-S-L stabilized emulsion gel exhibited the highest curcumin bioaccessibility (65.57%). This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of emulsion gels with different textures by SBP addition and laccase cross-linking as encapsulation delivery systems.

Xylan is a major type of hemicellulose that has attracted a lot of research and development activities. It is often derivatized in order to improve its properties. In the literature, hydrophobic modification of polymers is often used to produce surfactant-like materials and associative thickeners. In this work, we have derivatized xylan with alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and two types of alkenyl succinic anhydrides (ASAs). The xylan-AKD derivatives have been made at 90 &deg, C, using dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as promoter. Samples with degrees of substitution (DS) up to 0.006 have been produced. The xylan-ASA derivatives have been synthesized at 120 &deg, C in dimethyl sulfoxide with DS up to 0.105&ndash, 0.135. The structures of these products have been confirmed with NMR and FT-IR. These xylan derivatives increase the structural diversity of xylan and provide additional options for people seeking to use hydrophobically modified polysaccharides in their applications.

Functional core/shell particles are highly sought after in analytical chemistry, especially in methods suitable for single-particle analysis such as flow cytometry because they allow for facile multiplexed detection of several analytes in a single run. Aiming to develop a powerful bead platform of which the core particle can be doped in a straightforward manner while the shell offers the highest possible sensitivity when functionalized with (bio)chemical binders, polystyrene particles were coated with different kinds of mesoporous silica shells in a convergent growth approach. Mesoporous shells allow us to obtain distinctly higher surface areas in comparison with conventional nonporous shells. While assessing the potential of narrow- as well as wide-pore silicas such as Mobil composition of matter no. 41 (MCM-41) and Santa Barbara amorphous material no. 15 (SBA-15), especially the synthesis of the latter shells that are much more suitable for biomolecule anchoring was optimized by altering the pH and both, the amount and type of the mediator salt. Our studies showed that the best performing material resulted from a synthesis using neutral conditions and MgSO4 as an ionic mediator. The analytical potential of the particles was investigated in flow cytometric DNA assays after their respective functionalization for individual and multiplexed detection of short oligonucleotide strands. These experiments revealed that a two-step modification of the silica surface with amino silane and succinic anhydride prior to coupling of an amino-terminated capture DNA (c-DNA) strand is superior to coupling carboxylic acid-terminated c-DNA to aminated core/shell particles, yielding limits of detection (LOD) down to 5 pM for a hybridization assay, using labeled complementary single-stranded target DNA (t-DNA) 15mers. The potential of the use of the particles in multiplexed analysis was shown with the aid of dye-doped core particles carrying a respective SBA-15 shell. Characteristic genomic sequences of human papillomaviruses (HPV) were chosen as the t-DNA analytes here, since their high relevance as carcinogens and the high number of different pathogens is a relevant model case. The title particles showed a promising performance and allowed us to unequivocally detect the different high- and low-risk HPV types in a single experimental run.

As glomerular cells, podocytes are the last line of defense for glomerular filtration barriers (GFB) and play a critical role in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Podocyte-targeted drug delivery is a promising direction in the treatment of CKD. In this study, we constructed four-arm star polymers conjugated with a novel linear RWrNM peptide. And poly e-caprolactone (PCL) hydrophobic core and brush poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrophilic shell were synthesized by ROP and SET LRP polymerization. The PHEMA modified by succinic anhydride was coupled with the novel linear RWrNM peptide, and then the PCL hydrophobic core was loaded with dexamethasone acetate (Dexac) to form micelles with stable dimensions. Our findings showed that the novel micelles had an ultrasmall particle size of 16–30 nm. We, for the first time, showed that the specific affinity of the novel linear RWrNM peptide to primary podocytes (24.9 ± 1.7 times of the free RhB uptake) through the αvβ3 integrin receptor mediation was comparable to that of B16F10 cells (24.4 ± 1.2 times of the free RhB uptake). In vivo studies showed that the novel ultrasmall micelles possessed a significant kidney-targeted effect, excellent podocyte colocalization effect, and GFB permeability at 49%–60 % in normal SD rats . Besides, the novel ultrasmall micelles decreased the plasma elimination half-life of Dexac to 1.62–2.09 h and showed good safety in vitro and in vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated the novel ultrasmall micelles could be used as a promising drug delivery strategy for actively targeted therapy of CKD.

So far, no detailed view has been expressed regarding the interactions between vancomycin and racemic compounds including mandelic acid. In the current study, a chiral stationary phase was prepared by using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and succinic anhydride to graft carboxylated silica microspheres and subsequently by activating the carboxylic acid group for vancomycin immobilization. Characterization by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated effective functionalization of the silica surface. R and S enantiomers of mandelic acid were separated by the synthetic vancomycin column. Finally, the interaction between vancomycin and R/S mandelic acid enantiomers was simulated by Auto-dock Vina. The binding energies of interactions between R and S enantiomers and vancomycin chiral stationary phase were different. In the most probable interaction, the difference in mandelic acid binding energy was approximately 0.2 kcal/mol. In addition, circular dichroism spectra of vancomycin interacting with R and S enantiomers showed different patterns. Therefore, R and S mandelic acid enantiomers may occupy various binding pockets and interact with different vancomycin functions. These observations emphasized the different retention of R and S mandelic acid enantiomers in vancomycin chiral column.

An important direction in the development of modern medicine is targeted drug delivery. Biomedical engineering in this field...

Water-in-oil (W/O) high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) were prepared using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and polysaccharide blends consisting of konjac glucomannan (KGM) and octenyl succinic anhydride starch (OSA-starch). The formation, stability, and functionality of these emulsions were varied by adjusting the ratio of KGM and OSA-starch. Interfacial tension measurements indicated that the OSA-starch co-adsorbed to the water–oil interface with PGPR, which would have led to the formation of a polysaccharide-layer that helped prevent separation of the HIPEs. The centrifugal stability, rheological and microstructural results indicated that the W/O HIPEs exhibited well pH, ionic and thermal stability. The encapsulation efficiency, stability, and bioaccessibility of the EGCG in the W/O HIPEs were evaluated by using EGCG as a model hydrophilic nutraceutical. This study provides useful insights into the utilization of emulsion technology to reduce the fat content and improve the nutritional profile of foods with oily continuous phases, such as spreads.

Antarctic krill proteins (AKPs) were successfully succinylated by using succinic anhydride, and the physicochemical and functional properties of the succinylated proteins as well as their ability to protect active curcumin were investigated. The results showed that the succinylation reaction decreased the particle size and hydrophobicity but increased the surface charge of AKPs, which greatly improved the solubility and emulsification of the proteins. On this basis, the succinylated AKPs presented an excellent ability to encapsulate curcumin to prepare emulsions and endowed the emulsions with good physical performance to resist the stress of photothermal treatment, salt and different temperatures. Notably, the succinylated proteins protected encapsulated curcumin from degradation more effectively than the reported protein-phenolic conjugates of carboxymethyl dextrin (CMD)-curcumin and zein-curcumin. These findings indicate that the succinylated AKPs are a promising food resource and present great potential for application in the food industry.

Antifreeze (glyco) proteins (AF(G)Ps) from the blood of polar fish species are extremely potent ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRI), but are difficult to synthesise or extract from natural sources. Despite this challenge, materials which display IRI are appealing due to their ability to enhance cellular cryopreservation, for applications including regenerative and transplantation medicine. Here, poly(ampholytes), which contain a mixture of cationic and anionic side chains are quantitatively evaluated for their IRI activity. Poly(aminoethyl methacrylate), obtained by RAFT polymerization, is functionalised with succinic anhydride to generate the poly(ampholytes). The charge balance of the side chains is shown to be crucial, with only 50 : 50 mixtures having strong IRI activity, which also scales with molecular weight. This is the first example of a non-hydroxylated synthetic polymer with quantifiable IRI activity and raises questions about the mechanism of IRI, as the polymers have no obvious ice-binding motif. The ampholytic structure is shown to be transferable to carbohydrate-centred polymers with activity retained, but poly(betaines) are shown to be inactive.

The present article adequately supports a twofold objective. On one hand, the study of the dynamic mechanical behavior of polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends modified by a novel compatibilizer was the objective. This was previously obtained by chemical modification of an atactic polypropylene polymerization waste. On the other hand, the accurate predictions of these properties in the experimental space scanned was the objective. As a novelty, this compatibilizer contains grafts rather than just maleated ones. Therefore, it consists precisely of an atactic polymer containing succinic anhydride (SA) bridges and both backbone and terminal grafted succinyl-fluorescein groups (SFSA) attached to the atactic backbone (aPP-SFSA). Therefore, it contains 6.2% of total grafting (2.5% as SA and 3.7% as SF), which is equivalent to 6.2&middot, &times, 10&minus, 4 g&middot, mol&minus, 1. This interfacial agent was uniquely designed and obtained by the authors themselves. Essentially, this article focuses on how the beneficial effect of both PA6 and aPP-SFSA varies the elastic (E&rsquo, ) and the viscous (E&rsquo, &rsquo, ) behavior of the iPP/aPP-SFSA/PA6 blend at the iPP glass transition. Thus, we accurately measured the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) parameters (E&rsquo, E&rsquo, ) at this specific point considering it represents an extremely unfavorable scenario for the interfacial modifier due to mobility restrictions. Hence, this evidences the real interfacial modifications caused by aPP-SFSA to the iPP/PA6 system. Even more, and since each of the necessary components in the blend typically interacts with one another, we employed a Box&ndash, Wilson experimental design by its marked resemblance to the &ldquo, agent-based models&rdquo, In this manner, we obtained complex algorithms accurately forecasting the dynamic mechanical behavior of the blends for all the composition range of the iPP/aPP-SFSA/PA6 system at the glass transition of iPP.

Photo-crosslinkable polymers have a great potential for the delivery of sensitive drugs. They allow preparation of drug releasing devices by photo-crosslinking, thus avoiding high processing temperatures. In this study, the hydrolysis behavior and drug release of three different photo-crosslinkable poly(ether anhydride)s and one poly(ester anhydride) were investigated. Three-arm poly(ethylene glycol) or polycaprolactone was reacted with succinic anhydride to obtain carboxylated macromers, and further functionalized with methacrylic anhydride to form methacrylated marcromers with anhydride linkages. The synthetized macromers were used to prepare photo-crosslinked matrices with different hydrolytic degradation times for active agent release purposes. The hydrolysis was clearly pH-sensitive: polymer networks degraded slowly in acidic conditions, and degradation rate increased as the pH shifted towards basic conditions. Drug release was studied with two water-soluble model drugs lidocaine (234 mol/g) and vitamin B12 (1355 g/mol). Vitamin B12 was released mainly due to polymer network degradation, whereas smaller molecule lidocaine was released also through diffusion and swelling of polymer network. Only a small amount of vitamin B12 was released in acidic conditions (pH 1.3 and pH 2.1). These polymers have potential in colon targeted drug delivery as the polymer could protect sensitive drugs from acidic conditions in the stomach, and the drug would be released as the conditions change closer to neutral pH in the intestine.

The aim of the present paper was to fabricate egg yolk-modified starch complex at neutral pH as novel emulsifiers to stabilize high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (HPDSP) were selected as representative models of surface active and non-surface active polysaccharides. Results of particle diameter, zeta-potential and turbidity indicated that egg yolk-modified starch complex could be formed via electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction. The soluble complex could be formed in egg yolk-OSA starch solutions, which was beneficial to decrease the droplet size and increase the apparent viscosity of HIPEs. However, at the high concentration of HPDSP (3-4 %), the insoluble complex could be formed in egg yolk-HPDSP solutions, which increased the viscosity of water phase and promoted the stability of oil droplets. This work provides a feasible way to successfully fabricate HIPE, which may help to expand their application in the food industry.