Polyoxyethylene Alkenyl Succinate Gemini Emulsifier for Diesel Fuel Nanoemulsions

Highly stable nanosized water droplets in diesel nanoemulsions were prepared in the presence of polyoxyethylene alkenyl succinate as a gemini emulsifier. This nonionic gemini emulsifier was prepared through three stages. The addition reaction of octadecene to the double bond of maleic anhydride was the prime step. The second step includes the ring-opening reaction between 2 mol of alkenylsuccinic anhydride with diethylene glycol as a spacer, and the third step was the esterification reaction between the said products with 2 mol of polyethylene glycol 200 to produce polyoxyethylene alkenyl succinate gemini emulsifier abbreviated as GE. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies were utilized to justify the chemical formula of the synthesized emulsifier. Four water-in-diesel nanoemulsions were formulated under 5 wt % water content and (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt %) surfactant concentrations of the overall nanoemulsion’s weight. The prepared emulsifier’s dynamic interfacial tension mensuration and also its thermodynamic paramet...