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The titanium electrode was polarized under the influence of alternating current (AC) at 50 Hz. The current density was varied between 100 and 5,000 A m−2. Initially, the titanium electrode oxidized, and then, titanium oxides were reduced during the cathodic half-cycle of the AC. When the cathodic half-cycle changes to the anodic half-cycle, titanium is oxidized to the trivalent state: Ti−3ē→ Ti3+{{\rm{Ti}}-3{\rm{e}}{\rm{̄}}\to {\rm{Ti}}}^{3+}. The direction of the AC changes depending on its frequency, causing the processes occurring on the electrodes to be periodically repeated. The current efficiency of the titanium electrode dissolution depends on the sulfuric acid concentration and electrolyte concentration, reaching up to 63.4% under optimal conditions. Bipolar electrodes were used during AC electrolysis. It was found that the decrease in the mass of titanium electrodes increases almost linearly at first, from 400 to 1,600 A m−2, and then more intensively within the current densities from 1,800 to 2,500 A m−2. It was shown that when using a bipolar electrode, the total mass loss of the electrodes is 1.38 times greater than the total mass loss during polarization without a bipolar electrode. The composition of the titanium dioxide obtained as a result of electrolysis was identified using physico-chemical analysis methods.

Novel bio-based electrode polyurethane (PU) fabricated using various conducting materials such as graphene oxide (GO), gold (Au), and carbon nanotube (CNT) as the primary source of a charge carrier. Initially, PU/GO, PU/Au, and PU/CNT polymers were synthesized using a pre-polymerization approach. Therefore, the application of conductive materials modifies and increases the conductivity of PU. The connection between PU and the conductive materials (GO, Au, and CNT) was identified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), whereby some important functional groups obtained in this spectrum investigation, such as the presence of amide (-NH) and carbonyl urethane(-C = O), following the absence of diisocyanate groups (-NCO) revealed the synthesis was satisfactory. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of PU/GO, PU/Au, and PU/CNT were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In contrast, the mass loss during the heat treatment was observed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, thermal studies have proven that PU/GO has higher thermal stability compared to PU/Au and PU/CNT. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) presents satisfactory results between PU composites and pure PU. The conductivity of PU and PU composites was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and showed that PU/GO has a better electrical conductivity (σ) at 3.68 × 10−3 S cm−1.

Abstract Electrodes, which offer sites for mass transfer and redox reactions, play a crucial role in determining the energy efficiencies and power densities of redox flow batteries. This review focuses on various approaches to enhancing electrode performance, particularly the methods of surface etching and catalyst deposition, as well as some other advanced strategies for regulating electrode surface properties. These approaches aim to increase active sites and enhance kinetics for the redox reactions, which are crucial for elevating power density and electrolyte utilization, eventually determining the performance of the flow battery. Highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research, this mini‐review suggests that future advancements in electrode design will significantly impact the commercial viability and adoption of redox flow batteries in sustainable energy storage solutions.

Abstract Supercapacitors (SCs) are studied and used in various fields due to their high power density, fast charging/discharging rate, as well as long cycle life. Compared to other traditional electrode and electrolyte materials, supramolecular hydrogels have great advantages in the application of SCs due to their excellent properties. Unlike covalent bonds, supramolecular systems are assembled through dynamic reversible bonds, including host–guest interactions, ion interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, coordination interactions, etc. The resulting supramolecular hydrogels show some special functions, such as stretching, compression, adhesion, self‐healing, stimulus responsiveness, etc., making them strong candidates for the next generation of energy storage devices. This paper reviews the representative progress of electrodes, electrolytes, and SCs based on supramolecular hydrogels. Besides, the properties of supramolecular hydrogels, such as conductivity, extensibility, compressibility and elasticity, self‐healing, frost resistance, adhesion, and flexibility, are also reviewed to highlight the key role of excellent properties of hydrogel materials in SCs. In addition, this article also discusses the challenges faced by current technologies, hoping to continue promoting future research in this field.

ZnO nanoparticles were used as composites on carbon paste working electrodes to enhance electrode performance in the analysis of nicotine content in e-cigarette liquids by voltammetry cyclic. The optimum composition and condition (pH and scan rate) were determined to identify the conditions that gave the best response. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method and characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The determination of optimum composition and conditions was studied using cyclic voltammetry. The determination of nicotine content in e-cigarette liquids was analyzed by cyclic voltammetry. The electrode composition that gave the best response was 3:5:2 (carbon: nanoparticles ZnO: paraffin). The optimum conditions for nicotine determination by cyclic voltammetry were at pH 8 and a scan rate of 90 mVs-1. The cyclic voltammetry’s limit detection (LoD) using a ZnO nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode is 0.00678 mg/mL, and the percent recovery is 100.35%.

A numerical study was performed to analyze the particle deposition of a cold spray process for the preparation of nickel electrocatalysts used in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). The study focused on the creation of fin-shaped geometries with an optimal porosity on the electrode surface using a mask located between the nozzle exit and the substrate. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was performed on a three-dimensional high-pressure nozzle, with nickel powder used as the injection feedstock. The behavior of particles was effectively modeled through a two-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. As per the parametric study, four masks of varying wire thicknesses and opening sizes were investigated. The masks were placed at 4 mm increments from the nozzle exit, with the substrate placed at standoff distances (SODs) of 10 mm and 20 mm. To capture the effects of the gas inlet operating conditions, two different nozzle inlet conditions were analyzed (2 MPa and 400 °C, 4 MPa and 800 °C). It was found that the nozzle inlet operating condition had the most significant impact, as it relates to the particle velocity and powder deposition. The high-pressure operating condition resulted in a deposition efficiency (DE) greater than 99.9% for all the test cases, with nearly all the impacted particles depositing on the substrate. For the medium-pressure operating condition, the DE increased linearly as the mask SOD was increased, due to the increase in the particle velocity upon impact.

This study utilized semiconductor processing techniques to fabricate patterned silicon (Si) substrates with arrays of inverted pyramid-shaped micro-pits by etching. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) was then deposited on these patterned Si substrates using a thermal evaporation system, followed by two-stage sulfurization in a high-temperature furnace to grow MoS2 thin films consisting of only a few atomic layers. During the dropwise titration of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) solution, a longitudinal electric field was applied using a Keithley 2400 (Cleveland, OH, USA) source meter. Raman mapping revealed that under a 100 mV condition, the analyte R6G molecules were effectively confined within the pits. Due to its two-dimensional structure, MoS2 provides a high surface area and supports a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) charge transfer mechanism. The SERS results demonstrated that the intensity in the pits of the few-layer MoS2/patterned Si SERS substrate was approximately 274 times greater compared to planar Si, with a limit of detection reaching 10−5 M. The experimental results confirm that this method effectively resolves the issue of random distribution of analyte molecules during droplet evaporation, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity and stability.

Significant advances in the field of energy storage have enabled scientists to explore highly stable electro-active electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. The present investigation describes the synthesis of well-ordered NiMoO4 nanowalls at 140 °C using hydrothermal synthesis, which was then grown directly on Ni foam with different reaction times. The resulting NiMoO4 nanowalls were utilized as electro-active electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitor applications. The reaction time was found to be a critical factor in achieving the ordered NiMoO4 nanowalls on the Ni foam, and at a reaction time of 12 h, the nanosheets self-organized into a nanowall-like morphology over the Ni foam. Pure NiMoO4 crystal phases with less surface imperfections were produced by the 12-hour reaction time, as demonstrated by the compositional, structural, and crystalline characteristics. As an electro-active electrode, the NiMoO4 electrode with a 12-hour reaction time showed the highest specific capacitance of 357.6 Fg−1 at 0.01 Vs−1 compared to NiMoO4 electrodes with reaction times of 6h (53.06 Fg-1 at 0.01 Vs−1) and 20h (55.4 Fg-1 at 0.01 Vs−1). The NiMoO4 electrode also demonstrated exceptional stability in an alkaline electrolyte, exhibiting less deterioration in multicycles CV after 100 repeated cycles. The excellent electrochemical properties of the NiMoO4 electrode are attributed to its unique ordered nanowall structure, which improves surface area and electrical conduction, accelerating fast redox reactions. These properties make it a promising material for use in pseudocapacitors, with implications for high-performance energy storage solutions in industrial sectors.

The coal base electrodes and efficient coal base loaded cobalt electrodes (Co-CE) were prepared by pyrolysis method of low rank coal united activation method of KOH in order to develop more pores structures. The morphology of electrodes were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, meanwhile, the type of elements were detected by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical performance of electrodes were tested by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The lamella structures and pores were observed in microtopography of electrodes and the cobalt were successfully loaded in Co-CE from the EDS analysis. The operating conditions of processing time, current density, electrolyte concentration, pH and initial phenol concentration on this electrochemical system in single factor experiment were separately explored, correspondingly, the value was 180 min, 40 mA·cm−2, 0.01 mol·L−1, 2, 100 mg·L−1, and the phenol removal rate (R) were at the range of 47.64–67.84%. In the optimization experiment of JMP design, the removal rate could reach at 83.47%. The response surface methodology was employed for optimizing operation conditions to improve R. And the prediction model obtained for the response can be represented as: R = 66.5275 + 6.7311X 1 – 5.4197X 4 – 5.2303X 5 + 4.9555X 1 2 – 12.5219X 2 2 – 6.2912X 4 2 + 16.0937X 5 2 + 2.4109X 2 X 4 – 7.910X 3 X 4 – 3.0123X 3 X 5 – 2.183X 4 X 5. The optimized conditions were pH 3, 100 mg·L−1 of phenol concentration, 0.1 mol/L of electrolyte concentration, 35 mA/cm2 of current density, and 180 min of processing time. Meanwhile, the predicted R was 90.86%, the actual R of three parallel experiments were 91.2%, 89.3%, 91.05%, which were well consistent with the predicted value. Additionally, the degradation mechanism was proposed as that the adsorption in pore structures synergy electrocatalytic effect of Co-CE. Micro-electric fields formed in pores and the transition metal catalysis accelerated the transformation of cathode hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radical (·OH). Furthermore, the ·OH were produced both by cathode and anode which promoted the degradation of phenol. This high catalytic activity and low cost Co-CE is a kind of prospective electrode for electrochemical degradation of phenolic wastewater.

Microbial electrochemical systems that integrate the advantages of inorganic electrocatalysis and microbial catalysis are expected to provide sustainable solutions to the increasing energy shortages, resource depletion, and climate degradation. However, sluggish extracellular electron transfer (EET) at the interface between electroactive microorganisms and inorganic electrode materials is a critical bottleneck that limits the performance of systems. Electrocatalytic nanomaterials are highly competitive in overcoming this obstacle due to their effective association with microbial catalysis. Therefore, this review focuses on the cutting-edge applications and enhancement mechanisms of nanomaterials with electrocatalytic activity in promoting microbial EET. First, the EET mechanism of microbial electrocatalysis in both microbial anodes and cathodes is briefly introduced, and then recent applications of various electrocatalytic nanomaterials in diverse microbial electrochemical systems are summarized, including heteroatom-doped carbons and precious metal, as well as transition metal oxides, sulfides, carbides, and nitrides. The synergistic effects of nanomaterial electrocatalysis and microbial catalysis on enhancing interfacial EET are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of realizing high-performance microbial electrochemical systems are also discussed in order to offer some reference for further research.

The high energy density, nickel‐rich layered cathode material LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) is recognized as a promising candidate for next‐generation battery chemistries. However, due to their structural and interfacial instability, nickel‐rich NMC cathodes still face a number of challenges in practical application. For this reason, the design and development of novel electrolyte formulations, able to stabilize the nickel‐rich cathode|electrolyte interface, are highly demanded. In this work, a novel electrolyte is developed using lithium (difluoromethanesulfonyl) (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiDFTFSI) and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as salt blend in an organic carbonate‐solvent based solvent mixture. The presence of LiDFTFSI notably enhances the electrochemical performance of the resulting NMC811||graphite cells. Further advancement of the considered cell chemistry is achieved by introducing the well‐known functional electrolyte additive vinylene carbonate (VC), which was found to feature a synergistic effect with LiDFTFSI. The formation of a homogenous, effective, and robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as well as cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) on the corresponding electrodes resulted in superior electrochemical performance.

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes are promising materials for a variety of sustainable energy-related applications such as photoelectrochemical water splitting and energy storage devices. Among the MXene family, the Ti3C2Tx is mostly prepared by selective etching of Al from the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase using hydrofluoric acid (HF) or in-situ produced HF as an etchant. However, the severe toxicity, handling of HF acid as well as the oxidation and degradation of freshly synthesized MXenes when stored as aqueous suspensions obstruct the large-scale production of MXenes. 3D printing is an innovative and versatile technology utilized for a plethora of applications in the field of energy applications. Thus, integration of 3D printing technology with the synthesis procedure of MXene will provide a new outlook for large-scale production and the long-storing capability of MXene. Herein, we fabricated a novel MAX (Ti3AlC2)/polylactic acid (PLA) filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing followed by etching of the 3D-printed MAX/PLA electrode into 3DP-etched-MAX employing chronoamperometry technique consecutively in 9 M HCl and 4 M NaOH as electrolytes. The 3D printed electrochemically etched MAX (3DP-etched-MAX) electrode shows promising behaviour for the photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and capacitive performance. In general, this work demonstrates a path of production of large-scale manufacturing of MAX/PLA filament and 3DP-etched-MAX electrodes without using toxic HF for energy conversion and energy storage applications. This work paves the way to fabricate other novel MAX filaments and electrodes for several applications beyond energy conversion and storage.

The utilization of renewable energy for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality in energy consumption. Water electrolysis, utilizing pure water, has proven to be a robust technology for clean hydrogen production. Recently, seawater electrolysis has emerged as an attractive alternative due to the limitations of deep-sea regions imposed by the transmission capacity of long-distance undersea cables. However, seawater electrolysis faces several challenges, including the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) processes, electrode degradation caused by chloride ions, and the formation of precipitates on the cathode. The electrode and catalyst materials are corroded by the Cl− under long-term operations. Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues arising from impurities in the seawater. This review focuses on recent progress in developing high-performance electrodes and electrolyser designs for efficient seawater electrolysis. Its aim is to provide a systematic and insightful introduction and discussion on seawater electrolysers and electrodes with the hope of promoting the utilization of offshore renewable energy sources through seawater electrolysis.

The measurement of biosignals in the clinical and healthcare fields is fundamental; however, conventional electrodes pose challenges such as incomplete skin contact and skin-related issues, hindering accurate biosignal measurement. To address these challenges, conductive hydrogels, which are valuable owing to their biocompatibility and flexibility, have been widely developed and explored for electrode applications. In this study, we fabricated a conductive hydrogel by mixing polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) polymers dissolved in deionized water, followed by light-triggered crosslinking. Notably, this study pioneered the use of a PEGDA−PEDOT:PSS hydrogel for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring- a type of biosignal. The resulting PEGDA−PEDOT:PSS hydrogel demonstrated remarkable conductivity while closely approximating the modulus of skin elasticity. Additionally, it demonstrated biocompatibility and a high signal-to-noise ratio in the waveforms. This study confirmed the exceptional suitability of the PEGDA−PEDOT:PSS hydrogel for accurate biosignal measurements with potential applications in various wearable devices designed for biosignal monitoring.

Sintesis kitosan telah dikembangkan dengan metode pemanasan microwave (MW) menggunakan pelarut alkali untuk kebutuhan berbagai aplikasi yang salah satunya sebagai membran immobilisasi enzim. Penelitian membran kitosan dengan immobilisasi enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE) sebagai elektrode biosensor terus berkembang untuk menghasilkan perangkat mutakhir yang dapat mendeteksi pestisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan biosensor berbasis elektrode membran Au/Kitosan/GTA/AChE untuk deteksi pestisida karbaril yang memiliki batas deteksi yang rendah, sensitivitas yang tinggi, waktu respon cepat dan presisi yang baik. Kitosan dihasilkan dari isolasi kitin dari kulit udang menggunakan alat MW dan pelarut NaOH dengan daya 450 Watt selama 15 menit menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 31,50%. Karakterisasi FTIR kitosan diidentifikasi adanya gugus O–H, C–N, N–H amina, dan C=O dengan intensitas yang rendah serta derajat deasetilasi rata-rata 95,6 ± 0,1%. Komposisi elektrode membran Au/Kitosan/GTA/AChE menggunakan kitosan dengan variasi konsentrasi 2, 5, dan 8% (b/v) dan glutaraldehid (GTA) 25%, kawat Au dan diimobilisasikan enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE). Elektrode membran Au/Kitosan 2%/GTA/AChE memiliki karakteristik yang baik dimana nilai sensitivitas sebesar 23,318 mV.dekade-1 pada rentang konsentrasi pestisida 10-7 – 10-1 µg mL-1 dengan batas deteksi (LoD) 1 × 10-7 µg mL-1. Waktu respon yang diperoleh yaitu pada rentang waktu 5– 7 menit dengan relative standard deviation (RSD) sebesar 0,588%. Biosensor yang dikembangkan menunjukkan sensitivitas, stabilitas dan reproduktifitas yang baik, sehingga elektrode membran Au/Kitosan/GTA/AChE menjanjikan untuk alat deteksi pestisida. Synthesis of Chitosan from Shrimp Shell as Electrode Membrane Material Au/Chitosan/GTA/AChE for Pesticide Detection. Chitosan synthesis has been developed using the heating by microwave (MW) method using alkaline solvents for various applications, one of which is an enzyme immobilization membrane. Chitosan membrane research with immobilization of the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as a biosensor electrode developed to produce advanced devices that can detect pesticides. This study aims to produce a biosensor based on Au/Chitosan/GTA/AChE membrane electrodes to detect carbaryl pesticides with a low detection limit, high sensitivity, fast response time, and good precision. Chitosan was produced from the isolation of chitin from shrimp shells using an MW device and NaOH solvent with a power of 450 Watts for 15 minutes to produce a yield of 31.50%. The FTIR characterization of chitosan identified the presence of O–H, C–H, C–N, N–H amine groups and C=O with low intensity and the average degree of deacetylation of 95.6 ± 0.1%. The composition of Au/Chitosan/GTA/AChE membrane electrodes used chitosan with various concentrations of 2, 5, and 8% (w/v) and glutaraldehyde (GTA) 25% on Au wire and immobilized with AChE enzyme. The Au/Chitosan 2%/GTA/AChE membrane electrode has good characteristics where the sensitivity value is 23.318 mV.decade-1 in the pesticide concentration range of 10-7 – 10-1 µg mL-1 with a detection limit (LoD) of 1 × 10-7 µg mL-1. The response time obtained is in the range of 5 ‒ 7 minutes with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.588%. The developed biosensor shows good sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility, thus Au/Chitosan/GTA/AChE membrane electrodes are promising for pesticide detection.

In our basic study that used a low water flow rate of 100 ml/min, the amount of dissolved hydrogen produced during water electrolysis varied according to the roughness factor of the electrode, which is thought to affect the state of supersaturation at the electrode surface. However, at a high-water flow rate of 500 ml/min, which is commonly used in commercial and industrial contexts, no change in the amount of dissolved hydrogen was observed as a function of electrode roughness factor. We observed that, at water flow rates used in commercial and industrial applications, increasing the electrode area made it possible to decrease the supersaturation state and increase the hydrogen dissolution efficiency.

The synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) was accomplished from zinc borate (Zn3B2O6) minerals to be used as electrodes in supercapacitor applications. The concentrations of obtained zinc (Zn) metal after treatment with hydrochloric acid (HCl) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Direct synthesis of ZnO on a nickel (Ni) foam surface was conducted by employing the hydrothermal technique using a solution with the highest Zn content. The results showed the successful synthesis of ZnO nanorods on the surface of Ni foam with an average wall size of approximately 358 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements revealed that the synthesized electrode exhibited battery-type charge storage characteristics, reaching a maximum specific capacitance of approximately 867 mF·cm−² at a current density of 2 mA·cm−². Additionally, the energy and power densities of the electrode at a current density of 2 mA·cm−² were calculated as 19.3 mWh·cm−² and 200 mW·cm−², respectively. These results exhibited promising performance of the single-component electrode, outperforming the existing counterparts reported in the literature.

In this work, a green technique for preparing TbFeO3/CuO was reported by employing Crataegus and Lantana Camara leaves as fuel and alkalizing agents, respectively. The new sensor based on the perovskite-type nanocomposite was employed as a sensitive and selective platform to detect Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) simultaneously. TbFeO3/CuO/Carbon paste electrode (CPE) exhibited a large specific surface area and great electrical conductivity, which enhanced electron transport in the electrochemical process considerably. Moreover, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was used for the investigation of some factors influencing the sensor sensitivity like pH, modifier concentration, as well as accumulation time and potential. Therefore, the low detection limit (LOD) and a wide linear range were obtained at optimum conditions. In this study, a linear range between 0.9 and 110 µg/L for three ions and LOD of 0.48, 0.29 and 0.12 for zinc, cadmium and lead were achieved, respectively. Moreover, TbFeO3/CuO/CPE was employed to detect zinc, cadmium and lead ions simultaneously in the real samples so that the results have shown consistency with a standard inductively coupled plasma (ICP).

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which the body is unable to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In this study, eugenol was polymerized and then contacted with glucose and crosslinked using polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE). The resulted PE-Glucose-PEGDE was eluted using ethanol to form MIP-Glucose. It was then characterized by FTIR, SEM, electrodes using the Eutech 510 potentiostat and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The result of polyeugenol synthesis is a reddish-brown powder with a yield of 99.90% and a molecular weight of 6318.033 g/mol. UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis showed that the contacted glucose was 2152.505 ppm. SEM results showed differences in the surface morphology of the material, indicating the formation of cavities in MIP and ESM, while no cavities are found in NIP and ESN. The electrode optimization resulted in the best composition ratio of MIP 1 mol: paraffin: graphite, respectively of 20:35:45. The resulting electrode has a Nernst factor of 20.24 mV/decade with a measurement range of 10–5–10–1 M, a limit of detection value of 8.363 × 10–5 M, and the value of the selectivity coefficient (Kij) of the electrodes in a (10–5–10–1) M fructose solution was 0.3733; 0.23048; 0.17864; 0.12359; 0.1073.

The method of electrospark machining has proven itself well in the technology of repair and restoration of parts. The operational properties of coatings obtained by this method depend on the microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the electrode materials. A significant improvement in operational properties, for example, wear resistance, is achieved by the formation of nanostructured coatings using electrodes with a certain content of alloying nanomaterials. It is possible to obtain such materials at the lowest cost by electro-erosion dispersion of machine-building waste. This article discusses the electrodes obtained by sintering bronze powder obtained by the method of electroerosive dispersion. Such materials are new for the process of electrospark machining; therefore, it is important to study and select the optimal application modes, since a qualitative characteristic of the process is the indicator of the transfer of the electrode material to the part, which depends on the processing modes and installation parameters. The aim of the study is to select the modes of the installation for electrospark treatment for optimal deposition of the material, as well as to study the degree of coating increment during electrospark treatment. Coating was carried out using an installation for electrospark treatment mod. «Westron» type AI-007, electrode material was obtained by the technology of spark plasma sintering of bronze powder, surfacing was carried out on steel samples 14 × 14 × 40 mm in size, the work also used an Acculab ALC-210d4 analytical balance and an MG micrometer Н25 GOST 6507-90. All coatings were applied to samples with an equal area in three layers under different processing conditions. After that, the increment in the thickness and mass of the electrode material on the sample surface was measured. Based on the results of the work, formulas were obtained and graphs were built. The most optimal mode of coating with an electrode made of sintered bronze obtained from machine-building waste by the method of electroerosive dispersion was determined, which proves the consistency of this method of obtaining electrode materials.

Biodegradable aminosiloxanes have been synthesized by the interaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with monoethanolamine in the presence of a binary antioxidant and an alkali metal alcoholate. The synthesized compounds were used to develop flux compositions for tinning copper wire and producing electrodes for solar panels. The wetting ability, fluxing activity and biodegradability of the flux were investigated. The possibility of using a flux for hot tinning of copper wire is shown, which makes it possible to increase the environmental friendliness of the production of electrodes for solar panels.

The present work includes the fabrication and electrochemical characterization of cobalt oxide (Co3O4)/graphene nanosheets nanocomposite as efficient electrode for supercapacitor application. The characterization techniques involved in this work are scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for surface morphology, Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction for structural analysis. The specific capacitance of Co3O4 with multilayer graphene nanocomposite was determined to be 140 F/g (28 mF/cm2) at scan rate of 20 mV/s. The composite electrode can deliver a power density of 856 W/kg with maintaining energy density of 2.38 Wh/kg. The better performance is due to the synergistic effect of graphene and Co3O4 in the composite.

This mini-review summarizes the recent research on the applications of anodic one-dimensional suboxide titania nanostructures with enhanced electrodics properties by introducing atomic-scale defects into the titania systems. Due to the unique semiconductive properties of TiO2 nanostructures, so far, the main focus of research has been on photocatalytic applications of this semiconductor. The limited conductivity of pristine anodized titania restrains the application of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured TiO2 as an electrode. However, recently published works present that suboxide TiO2 nanotubes, due to the enhanced conductivity, are promising electrodes for electrochemical applications. In this mini-review, we highlight the unique advantages of defective TiO2-x nanotubes as an electrode and address the recent electrodics applications of 1D anodic TiO2 nanotubes.

MgCo2O4 nanomaterial is thought to be a promising candidate for renewable energy storage and conversions. Nevertheless, the poor stability performances and small specific areas of transition-metal oxides remain a challenge for supercapacitor (SC) device applications. In this study, sheet-like Ni(OH)2@MgCo2O4 composites were hierarchically developed on nickel foam (NF) using the facile hydrothermal process with calcination technology, under carbonization reactions. The combination of the carbon–amorphous layer and porous Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles was anticipated to enhance the stability performances and energy kinetics. The Ni(OH)2@MgCo2O4 nanosheet composite achieved a superior specific capacitance of 1287 F g−1 at a current value of 1 A g−1, which is higher than that of pure Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles and MgCo2O4 nanoflake samples. At a current density of 5 A g−1, the Ni(OH)2@MgCo2O4 nanosheet composite delivered an outstanding cycling stability of 85.6%, which it retained over 3500 long cycles with an excellent rate of capacity of 74.5% at 20 A g−1. These outcomes indicate that such a Ni(OH)2@MgCo2O4 nanosheet composite is a good contender as a novel battery-type electrode material for high-performance SCs.

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based electrodes in flexible supercapacitors have received significant attention in recent years. Carbon nanotube fiber fabrics (CNT-FF) have emerged as promising materials due to their high surface area, excellent conductivity, and mechanical strength. Researchers have attempted to improve the energy density and rate performance of CNT-FF supercapacitor electrodes through various strategies, such as functionalization with conductive materials like MnO2 nanoparticles and/or incorporation of graphene into them. In addition, the utilization of CNTs in combination with thin metal film electrodes has also gained widespread attention. Research has focused on enhancing electrochemical performance through functionalizing CNTs with conductive materials such as graphene and metal nanoparticles, or by controlling their morphology. This review paper will discuss the recent developments in supercapacitor technology utilizing carbon nanotube-based electrodes, including CNT fiber fabrics and CNTs on thin metal film electrodes. Various strategies employed for improving energy storage performance and the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies will be discussed. Finally, the paper will conclude with a discussion on the challenges that need to be addressed in order to realize the full potential of carbon nanotube-based electrodes in supercapacitor technology.

The primary purpose of this study was to produce an ore-based high-capacity supercapacitor electrode. For this, chalcopyrite ore was first leached with nitric acid, and then metal oxide synthesis was carried out immediately on nickel foam using a hydrothermal technique from the solution. Cauliflower-patterned CuFe2O4 with a wall thickness of about 23 nm was synthesized on the Ni foam surface, characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, and TEM investigations. The produced electrode also displayed a feature of a battery-like charge storage mechanism with a specific capacity of 525 mF cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2 current density, energy of 8.9 mWh cm−2, and a power density of 233 mW cm−2. Additionally, even after 1350 cycles, this electrode still performed at 109% of its original capacity. The performance of this finding is 255% higher than that of the CuFe2O4 in our earlier investigation; despite being pure, it performs far better than some of its equivalents in the literature. Obtaining such performance from an electrode made from ore indicates that the use of ore has a lot of potential for supercapacitor production and property improvement.

MoS2 structures with large surface areas and edges for use as electrocatalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are typically synthesized via solvothermal and hydrothermal methods. However, to utilize the fabricated particles as electrodes, they should be applied on substrates in the form of inks; this requires additional processing. Furthermore, if the electrode has a three-dimensional structure with more than two sides, applying the ink to the entire surface is difficult. Therefore, there is a requirement for a thin-film deposition process based on a fast reaction that does not require toxic substances and can be used for one-pot electrode fabrication. In this study, we present a rapid, one-step hydrothermal electrodeposition technique for the formation of MoS2 thin films on glassy carbon substrates. The MoS2 electrocatalysts fabricated using this method have surfaces that are rich in metallic phases, and they exhibit good activity as hydrogen evolution catalysts. This hydrothermal electrodeposition technique is expected to be broadly applicable to various electrodes and other technologies.

Herein, the interfacial polymerization method has been used for the synthesis of PPy/NaVO3 composites with different compositions of NaVO3 (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 %) as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. The successful formation and composition of the as-prepared composites (PV1-PV5) were confirmed by FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM analysis. The electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanometric charge–discharge measurement (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. As compared to other, the PV4 composite exhibit excellent specific capacitance of 391 F g−1 at a current density of 0.75 A/g with good cycling stability of ∼59 % after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the PV4 composite also shows a high specific energy density of 14 Wh kg−1 and a specific power density of 150 W kg−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of PPy/NaVO3 composites (PV1-PV5) was attributed to the synergistic effect of conducting PPy and NaVO3 which provides the effective surface area for the efficient storage of ions and transfer of electrons and ions on the surface of the electrode. Thus, these excellent electrochemical performances reflect and suggest the practical application of PV4 electrode material for future high-energy–density supercapacitors.

Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) is a mature water electrolysis technology that can produce green hydrogen most economically. This is mainly attributed to the use of Ni-based materials that are easy to process and inexpensive. The nickel-based meshes with various structures such as woven mesh and expanded mesh are widely used as electrode in the AWE due to its common availability and easy fabrication. However, the morphological effect of meshes on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance has not been studied. Here a new parameter to determine the structural effect of mesh on HER performance was first proposed. The key factors of the parameter were found to be the strand width, pore width and the strand surface area. The woven mesh with the ratio of pore width to strand width that converges to 1 showed the lowest the overpotential. The expanded mesh with the higher the structural surface area exhibited the lowest the overpotential. This study will help to choose an optimal structure for the mesh with the HER electrode.

Abstract A theory is presented by which voltammograms, and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (dEIS) measurements of redox processes of surface‐confined species can be analyzed. By the proposed procedure, from a set of voltammograms taken at varied scan‐rates, two scan‐rate independent, hysteresis‐free functions of potential can be calculated. One of them characterizes the redox kinetics, the other is the electrode charge associated with the redox equilibrium. The theory also comprises the analysis of the impedance spectra of the same system, which have been measured during dynamic conditions, i.e., during potental scans. Because of the formal analogy, the procedure is applicable also for voltammetry and dEIS of adsorption processes.

This article proposes the demonstration and deployment of a hand-tailored vanadium redox flow battery test station to investigate the effect of applied voltages on charging performance for electrolyte preparation and the effect of reactant flow rates on the balance of system capacity. Herein, the two different specifications of membranes and a number of electrode layers playing pivotal roles in the discharging characteristics of the VRFB were observed as well. Results indicated that 1.70 V of the charging voltage was suitable, when optimized voltage was considered from charging time, current, and the mole of electrons. The optimized flow rate (10 mL/min) must be controlled since it corresponds to mass transfer and electrolyte diffusion, resulting in reaction ability on electrode surfaces. The number of layers influenced active areas and the diffusion of electrolytes. Nafion 212 provided superior performance to Nafion 117, because it possessed lower ohmic resistance and allowed for easier proton transfer.

In this work, the Co-Ni basic carbonate nanowires were in-situ grown on carbon nanotube (CNT) network through a facile chemical bath deposition method, which could be further converted into active hydroxide via cyclic voltammetry strategy. A series of carbonate nanowire/nanotube with different Co/Ni ratio revealed the different growth status of the nanowires on CNT network. The nanostructures of the as-synthesized samples were examined via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The Co/Ni ratio of the carbonate largely affected the size of the nanowires, that the low Co/Ni ratio was beneficial for thin nanowire formation and the nanowires loading on CNT network. Subsequently, the electrochemical performance of the Co-Ni basic hydroxides was studied in a three-electrode test system. The nanowires with low Co/Ni ratio 1/2 can form nanowire array on individual CNTs, which exhibited better electrochemical capacitive performance than the composite network with high Co/Ni ratio nanowires after electrochemical activation. The addition of Co enhanced the rate performance of the hydroxide/CNT, especially improved the long cycle stability largely compared to the rate performance of pure Ni converted hydroxide/CNT composite film reported by our previous research. This result is valuable for the design of inorganic electrochemical active composites based on conductive networks for energy conversion/storage applications.

Polyfunctional silylureas were synthesized by the interaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with isocyanates of various structures in an inert aromatic solvent. Commercially available diisocyanates such as isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate were used as isocyanates. In this case, freshly distilled toluene was used as a solvent. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by the data of IR and NMR1H spectroscopy. Using the synthesized compounds, formulations of compositions for electrodeposition of a tin-indium alloy on a copper wire were developed. The possibility of using silylureas of various structures as effective surfactants used in the electrodeposition of the tin-indium alloy is shown. The operational characteristics of the obtained wire were investigated, including the wire diameter, coating thickness, tensile strength, electrical resistance, and direct current electrical resistivity.

The inner constituents of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are easy to deform during charging and discharging processes, and the accumulation of these deformations would result in physical fractures, poor safety performances, and short lifespan of LIBs. Recent studies indicate that the introduction of self-healing (SH) materials into electrodes or electrolytes can bring about great enhancements in their mechanical strength, thus optimizing the cycle stability of the batteries. Due to the self-healing property of these special functional materials, the fractures/cracks generated during repeated cycles could be spontaneously cured. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms of self-healing strategies and introduces the applications of SH materials in LIBs, especially from the aspects of electrodes and electrolytes. Finally, the challenges and the opportunities of the future research as well as the potential of applications are presented to promote the research of this field.

Herein, we present an interfacial engineering strategy to construct an efficient hydrothermal approach by in situ growing cobalt-doped@MnO2 nanocomposite on highly conductive nickel foam (Ni foam) for supercapacitors (SCs). The remarkably high specific surface area of Co dopant provides a larger contacting area for MnO2. In the meantime, the excellent retentions of the hierarchical phase-based pore architecture of the cobalt-doped surface could beneficially condense the electron transportation pathways. In addition, the nickel foam (Ni foam) nanosheets provide charge-transport channels that lead to the outstanding improved electrochemical activities of cobalt-doped@MnO2. The unique cobalt-doped@MnO2 nanocomposite electrode facilitates stable electrochemical architecture, multi-active electrochemical sites, and rapid electro-transports channels; which act as a key factor in enhancing the specific capacitances, stability, and rate capacities. As a result, the cobalt-doped@MnO2 nanocomposite electrode delivered superior electrochemical activities with a specific capacitance of 337.8 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1; this is greater than pristine MnO2 (277.9 F g–1). The results demonstrate a worthy approach for the designing of high-performance SCs by the grouping of the nanostructured dopant material and metal oxides.

This study involves the preparation and investigation of a novel and highly selective poly(vinyl chloride)-based membrane of 2-((5-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylideneamino)-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylimino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol Schiff base ligand (HMBT), which is a neutral ionophore with sodium tetraphenyl borate (STB) in the form of an excluder and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE) in the form of solvent mediators (plasticizing) as a Ni(II)-selective electrode. The observation of optimal performance was done wherein the membrane was shown to have the HMBT–PVC–NPOE-STB composition of 4:32:63:1.It worked effectively across a broad range of concentration (1.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1). Meanwhile, the Nernstian slope was recorded as 29.3 mV per decade of activity between pH 3.0 and 8.0. The response time of this electrode was fast at 11 s which was used for a span of 100 days with sound reproducibility. According to the selectivity coefficients for trivalent, divalent, and monovalent cations, excellent selectivity was indicated for Ni(II) ions across a large number of citations, whereas no interference was caused by anions like PO43−, SO42− and Cl−. The proposed method in this study was applied successfully to determine Ni(II) content in different samples of water, obtaining suitable recoveries. Additionally, the probed sensor is utilized as indicator electrode when considering Ni2+ ion potentiometric titration against EDTA. In addition, the chelate’s geometry and structure of the complex formed between Ni2+ ions and HMBT, abbreviated as HMBT-Ni2, was evaluated by separating the solid product. Complex structure was confirmed based on alternative analytical and spectral methods to be structured in the bimetallic form with the formula [Ni2(HMBT)(H2O)2 Cl2]. The diamagnetic nature of the complex, which was concluded from the room temperature magnetic moment measurement combined with the UV–Vis measurement, suggested the square planar geometry around the Ni centers.

The production technology of hydrometallurgical zinc uses various surfactants to thicken pulps, stabilise the electrolysis process, and obtain high-quality cathode deposits. Numerous researches were conducted to study the cathodic and anodic processes in a wide range of the composition of aqueous solutions using various solid electrodes in the absence of intense stirring of the electrolyte and with a high contribution of the migration component of the discharge of metals. This approach to the study of the surfactants’ influence rarely provided a high degree of statistical reliability in observing the effect of differently charged surfactants on electrode processes, which is of great importance in the hydrometallurgical production of zinc. In this work, the task was to practically eliminate the contribution of the migration component due to the following factors: conducting electrolysis in a background solution of sodium sulphate, organising electrolyte stirring, performing calculations of current densities at the beginning of electrolysis, and establishing polarisation curves at an increased potential sweep rate from 20 to 100 mV/s. This approach provided a greater degree of statistical reliability in presenting the mechanism of the effect of additions of cationic and anionic surfactants during the stage of zinc discharge on a solid electrode, which was the purpose of the article. Electrolysis was conducted in the potential range from -1050 to -1250 mV relative to the silver chloride electrode (AgCl/Ag) in the presence of a background sodium sulphate solution (0.5 M of Na2SO4 solution) containing 0.005, 0.0125, and 0.025 M ZnSO4 with the introduction of high-molecular surfactants: cationic and anionic coagulants (flocculants) and foaming agents (lignosulphonate – LSTP). During the electrolysis in a background solution of sodium sulphate with stirring, it was found that the process of discharge of zinc ions on a solid electrode occurs in a mixed-kinetic mode. It was shown that positively charged additives, such as lignosulphonate and cationic coagulant (flocculant) Besfloc K6645, have a negative effect on the dynamics of zinc cation discharge, while negatively charged Besfloc K4034 has practically no effect. The approach proposed in this work allows evaluating the influence of additions of cationic and anionic surfactants on the stage of zinc discharge on a solid electrode, which was the practical and scientific value of this work

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are arguably a class of highly tuneable polymer-based materials with wide applicability. The arrangement of chemical components and the bonds they form through specific chemical bond associations are critical determining factors in their functionality. In particular, crystalline porous materials continue to inspire their development and advancement towards sustainable and renewable materials for clean energy conversion and storage. An important area of development is the application of MOFs in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and are attractive for efficient low-temperature energy conversion. The practical implementation of fuel cells, however, is faced by performance challenges. To address some of the technical issues, a more critical consideration of key problems is now driving a conceptualised approach to advance the application of PEMFCs. Central to this idea is the emerging field MOF-based systems, which are currently being adopted and proving to be a more efficient and durable means of creating electrodes and electrolytes for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. This review proposes to discuss some of the key advancements in the modification of PEMs and electrodes, which primarily use functionally important MOFs. Further, we propose to correlate MOF-based PEMFC design and the deeper correlation with performance by comparing proton conductivities and catalytic activities for selected works.

A successful electrochemical study of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) polymer (SPEEK), and sulfonated polyether ether ketone-copper oxide (SPEEK/CuO) nanocomposite on bare gold electrodes was conducted. The synthesized CuO NPs and SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD showed that the diameter of the CuO NPs synthesized was 20.44 nm. The cyclic voltammetry properties of bare screen-print gold, SPEEK and SPEEK/CuO-modified electrodes were assessed in a 5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] solution. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes investigated revealed that CuO NPs improved the electrochemical properties of SPEEK, and the quantum size effect indicated good adsorption by the SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite compared to the SPEEK polymer and the CuO NPs alone. Moreover, the Tafel values indicated the enhanced electrochemical performance of the other electrodes as compared with the SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite. This, therefore, confirmed the successful incorporation of CuO NPs into the SPEEK polymer, as the increased surface area and the interactions between the polymer matrix and CuO fillers improved the electrochemical performance of the electrode.

Bismuth (III) oxide was obtained by electrodeposition, followed by thermal treatment in air environment. The applied electrodeposition current density and electrode potential affect the surface morphology and chemical composition of the obtained deposit before and after the thermal treatment at 350°C, as well as its crystal structure after the thermal treatment at 350°C. The listed parameters affect the deposit’s morphology after the thermal treatment at 600°C, but do not affect its chemical composition and crystal structure. The conclusion is that investigated working electrode material does not affect the characteristics of synthesized material. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 34008]

Diamond-based electrodes and biosensors are interesting in analytics because of their particular set of properties, namely: large potential window, chemical inertness, low baseline current, stability, and transparency. Diamond-based electrodes and biosensors were shown to detect biological molecules such as neurotransmitters and proteins, respectively. In this review, we summarise the different types of diamond electrodes and biosensors based on their type of detection (electrochemical or optical), functionalisation, and target analyte. The last section presents a discussion on the different analytical responses obtained with electrodes or biosensors, according to the type of analyte. Electrodes work quite well for detecting small molecules with redox properties, whereas biosensors are more suited for detecting molecules with a high molecular weight, such as DNA and proteins.

All-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), with good operation flexibility and scalability, have been regarded as one of the most competitive substitutes for large-scale energy storage. However, because of the low electrochemical activities of traditional electrodes such as carbon felt and graphite felt, they will impede the interfacial charge transfer processes and decrease the efficiencies of VRFBs. In this work, Co-MOF (ZIF-67) was prepared as a precursor, and a cobalt mixed nitrogen 3D carbon nanostructure and carbon felt (Co-CN@CF) was prepared by chemical reaction and used in VRFBs as electrodes. With the unique structure and high efficiency catalyst on the carbon felt, the Co-CN@CF exhibited excellent electrochemical activity toward the VO2+/VO2+ redox couple in the VRFB, with an average cell voltage efficiency (VE) of 86% and an energy efficiency (EE) of 82% at 80 mA cm−2, which was increased by more than 10% compared with the traditional carbon felt. VRFBs with a Co-CN@CF electrode also showed much better long-term stability (over 1000 cycles) compared with the battery with a pristine CF electrode.

Mercury is one of the most harmful pollutants. It is very dangerous for human health and environment even in very low concentration. The maximum allowable concentrations of mercury ions reported by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and world health organization are 10 and 30 nM, respectively. So, an ultra- sensitive method is required for mercury level measurement. Traditional methods such as chromatography and spectroscopy, despite of being practical, pose well-known problems. These methods are expensive and time-consuming. So, finding the new methods for determination of mercury ion is one of the most challenges for fabrication of sensitive mercury sensors. In the present work, very sensitive electrochemical aptasensor was fabricated for determination of mercury (II) ion. For this propose graphene oxide was synthesis by the modified hummer method and chitosan-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite(Chit-rGO) were used for immobilization of mercury aptamer molecules on the surface of modified electrode.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used for characterization of synthesized materials and investigation of aptasensor. Under optimal conditions, very sensitive aptasensor with detection limit of 0.94 nM and linear range of 0.5-250 nM was fabricated. Results show that fabricated aptasensor can be used for determination of mercury ion in real sample

The development of silver (Ag) thin films and the fabrication of Ag nanosquare arrays with the use of an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template and leaf extracts were successfully carried out using the DC sputtering and spin coating deposition methods. Ag thin films and Ag nanosquare arrays are developed to monitor cancer prognosis due to the correlation between serum albumin levels and prognostic factors, as well as the binding of serum albumin to the surface of these electrodes. Nanosquare structures were fabricated using AAO templates with varying diameters and a gap distance between adjacent unit cells of 100 nm. The nanosquare array with a diameter of 250 nm and irradiated with electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of around 800 nm possessed the greatest electric field distribution compared to the other variations of diameters and wavelengths. The results of the absorption measurement and simulation showed a greater shift in absorption peak wavelength when carried out using the Ag nanosquare array. The absorption peak wavelengths of the Ag nanosquare array in normal blood and blood with cancer lymphocytes were 700–774 nm and 800–850 nm, respectively. The electrochemical test showed that the sensitivity values of the Ag thin-film electrode deposited using DC sputtering, the Ag thin-film electrode deposited using spin coating, and the Ag nanosquare array in detecting PBS+BSA concentration in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiment were 1.308 µA mM−1cm−2, 0.022 µA mM−1cm−2, and 39.917 µA mM−1cm−2, respectively. Meanwhile, the sensitivity values of the Ag thin film and the Ag nanosquare array in detecting the PBS+BSA concentration in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement were 6593.76 Ohm·cm2/mM and 69,000 Ohm·cm2/mM, respectively. Thus, our analysis of the optical and electrochemical characteristics of Ag thin films and Ag nanosquare arrays showed that both can be used as an alternative biomedical technology to monitor the prognosis of blood cancer based on the concentration of serum albumin in blood.