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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the eighth most prevalent cancer in the world, arises from the interaction of multiple factors including tobacco, alcohol consumption, and betel quid. Chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, 5‐fluorouracil, and paclitaxel have now become the first‐line options for OSCC patients. Nevertheless, most OSCC patients eventually acquire drug resistance, leading to poor prognosis. With the discovery and identification of non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs), the functions of dysregulated ncRNAs in OSCC development and drug resistance are gradually being widely recognized. The mechanisms of drug resistance of OSCC are intricate and involve drug efflux, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, and autophagy. At present, strategies to explore the reversal of drug resistance of OSCC need to be urgently developed. Nano‐delivery and self‐cellular drug delivery platforms are considered as effective strategies to overcome drug resistance due to their tumor targeting, controlled release, and consistent pharmacokinetic profiles. In particular, the combined application of new technologies (including CRISPR systems) opened up new horizons for the treatment of drug resistance of OSCC. Hence, this review explored emerging regulatory functions of ncRNAs in drug resistance of OSCC, elucidated multiple ncRNA‐meditated mechanisms of drug resistance of OSCC, and discussed the potential value of drug delivery platforms using nanoparticles and self‐cells as carriers in drug resistance of OSCC., The mechanisms of drug resistance are intricate and involve drug efflux, epithelial mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, and autophagy. Nano‐delivery and self‐cellular drug delivery platforms have a broad prospective for alleviating OSCC drug resistance. In particular, the combined application of new technologies (including CRISPR systems) opens up new horizons for treatment of OSCC drug resistance.

Objective The skin is the second most affected organ after articular involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Cutaneous involvement occurs in approximately 80% of patients during the course of SLE. Interaction between the host and skin microorganism is a complex process. There are few studies on the diversity of skin microbes in SLE patients. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationship between skin microorganisms and SLE. Methods A total of 20 SLE patients, 20 controls with rosacea and 20 healthy controls were selected as study subjects. Both the skin microbiota of rash region and non-rash region for each SLE patient were collected.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detected skin microbiota from 80 specimens. α-Diversity and β-diversity of skin microbiota were analyzed based on operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and minimal entropy decomposition (MED). Using Wilcoxon test and Linear Discriminate Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe), skin microbial diversity and composition were analyzed. Functional capabilities of microbiota were estimated through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Results Compared to rash region of SLE, diversity and richness were increased in healthy controls, and decreased in non-rash region of SLE and rash region of controls with rosacea. Additionally, changes of skin microbial composition were found at different taxonomic levels between four groups. For example, genus Halomonas was increased and genera Pelagibacterium, Novosphingobium, and Curvibacter were decreased in rash region compared to non-rash region of SLE based on OTUs and MED. Based on OTUs, metabolic pathways were also found differences in SLE patients, such as Xenobiotics Biodegradation and Metabolism. Conclusion Compositions and diversity of skin microbiota in SLE patients are changed. This pilot study provides some suggestive evidence for further exploration of skin microbiota in SLE patients with cutaneous involvement.

Wearable and implantable pressure sensors are in great demand for personalized health monitoring. Pressure sensors with low operation voltage and low power-consumption are desired for energy-saving devices. Organic iontronic devices, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), have demonstrated great potential for low power-consumption bioelectronic sensing applications. The ability to conduct both electrons and ions, in addition to their low-operation voltage has enabled the widespread use of OECTs in different biosensing fields. However, despite these merits, OECTs have not been demonstrated for pressure sensing applications. This is because most OECTs are gated with aqueous electrolyte, which fails to respond to external pressure. Here, a low power-consumption iontronic pressure sensor is presented based on an OECT, in which an ionic hydrogel is used as a solid gating medium. The resultant iontronic device operated at voltages less than 1 V, with a power-consumption between ~ 101– $10^{3} \mu \text{W}$ , while maintaining a tunable sensitivity between 1 ~ 10 kPa−1. This work places OECTs on the frontline for developing low power-consumption iontronic pressure sensors and for biosensing applications.

In this work, 8mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) ripple-shaped electrolytes have been prepared by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing and their electrochemical performances have been investigated. The total conductivities of flat samples printed at different angles were tested firstly to confirm that there is no huge influence on the electrochemical performance from the printing itself. Then, by using ripple-shaped electrolytes, primary cells were assembled and their electrochemical performance were investigated. Compared with the reference flat cell, an improvement of ~32% was achieved in the power density for the same thickness of the electrolyte (~200 µm) at 800 °C.

We demonstrate the first multi-stage 8 × 8 silicon photonic switch with switching elements based on dual add-drop microrings with a compact footprint of 4 mm2. This device leverages co-design of the switch architecture and the switching elements with a well-balanced set of performance metrics. The switching elements are designed to have a 3-dB optical passband of 165 GHz, exhibiting off- and on-resonance losses of 0.67 dB and 2 dB, respectively. Full characterization of all switch paths shows an end-to-end on-chip loss between 4.4 and 9.6 dB, with worst-case crosstalk leakage averaged at −16 dB. Owing to the efficient doped waveguide thermo-optic phase shifters, the device features a tuning efficiency of 48.85 GHz/mW. The reconfiguration time of the switch fabric is measured to be 1.2 μs and 0.5 μs at the rise and fall edge, respectively. The dual-microring switching element together with the multi-stage architecture preserves an end-to-end passband over 55 GHz. We validate the switch performance with optical paths of varying numbers of on- and off-resonance switching elements – less than 2 dB power penalties are obtained for all data routings at 32 Gbps.

Background Recently, researchers have proposed a possible relationship between RA and the microbiome of the oral cavity and gut. However, this relation has not been systematically established. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive review of the pertinent literature to describe this possible association. Methods We systematically performed searches in databases, namely EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and PubMed, from inception to 7 June 2020 to identify case–control studies that compared the oral and gut microbiome in adult RA patients with those of controls. The primary outcome was specific bacterial changes between RA and controls. The secondary outcome was microbial diversity changes between RA and controls. Results In total, 26 articles were considered eligible for inclusion and reported some differences. Therein, ≥3 articles reported decreased Faecalibacterium in the gut of early-RA (ERA)/RA patients compared with healthy controls (HCs). Also, ≥3 articles reported decreased Streptococcus and Haemophilus and increased Prevotella in the oral cavity of ERA/RA patients compared with HCs. In addition, some Prevotella species, including P. histicola and P. oulorum, showed increased trends in RA patients’ oral cavity, compared with HCs. The α-diversity of the microbiome was either increased or not changed in the oral cavity of RA patients, but it was more commonly either decreased or not changed in the gut of RA patients. Conclusions In this systematic review, we identified the microbiome associated with RA patients in comparison with controls. More research is needed in the future to find the deep relationship between RA and the microbiome.

In the cause of working out the challenge of remaining life prediction (RUL) of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under dynamic operating conditions, this article proposes a PEMFC RUL forecast technique based on the sparse autoencoder (SAE) and deep neural network (DNN). The method extracts the data set from the original experimental data at intervals periods of one hour to realize datum reconstruction. The Gaussian-weighted moving average filter is used to smooth noisy data (voltage and current). The smoothed filtered power output signal of the stack is extracted as an aging indicator. The SAE is used to extract the prediction features automatically, and the DNN is applied to realize the RUL prediction. The proposed method is experimentally verified using 127 369 experimental data. The effectiveness of the novel method is verified by three different training sets and test set configurations. The experimental results reveal that the novel approach has the best prediction effectiveness when the training set length is set to 500 h. At this point, the prediction accuracy can reach 99.68%. The mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are minimum values, which are 0.2035, 0.1121, and 0.3348, respectively. The superiority and effectiveness of the proposed approach are further validated by comparison with the K-nearest neighbor and support vector regression machine. The proposed approach can be appropriate for the prediction of the RUL of PEMFC under dynamic conditions.

Purpose: Periodontitis is a progressive and inflammatory oral disease and results in the damage of the supporting tissues of teeth. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is an antioxidant enzyme identified as a redox balance regulator. This study aimed to investigate whether PRDX6 could protect human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation and its mechanisms.Methods: Both inflamed and non-inflamed human gingival tissues were collected to assess the expression of PRDX6 and NRF2 by Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Furthermore, HGFs were stimulated with LPS, MJ33 (PRDX6 phospholipase A2 inhibitor), or ML385 (NRF2 inhibitor). The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using DCFH-DA.Results: PRDX6 was downregulated in inflamed gingival tissues. In HGFs, LPS induced inflammatory cytokines and ROS was upregulated in PRDX6 knockdown cells. Furthermore, co-treatment with MJ33 alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and ROS while inhibiting NRF2 upregulated those in HGFs.Conclusion: Therefore, this study provided a new mechanistic insight that PRDX6, regulated by the NRF2 signaling, alleviates LPS-induced periodontitis in human gingival fibroblasts.

Dear Editor, Kimura’s disease (KD), also known as eosinophilic lymphoid granuloma, is a rare and chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown causes, which has a predilection for involvement of young A...

Background: The role of vitamin B12 and folate levels with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unclear. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis for assessing the relationship between vitamin B12 and folate concentrations during pregnancy and the risk of GDM.Methods: PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, and Ovid databases were searched up to 10th December, 2020 for all types of studies assessing the relationship. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of data was carried out.Results: Twelve studies were included. Pooled serum vitamin B12 concentrations were found to be significantly lower in the GDM group as compared to the non-GDM group. No such difference was noted in serum folate levels. On pooled analysis of adjusted odds ratio's for risk of GDM with red blood cell (RBC) folate, serum folate, and vitamin B12 as continuous variables, no significant relationship was seen. On qualitative analysis, studies reported higher RBC folate levels with a significantly increased risk of GDM. Majority studies reported no relationship between serum folate and risk of GDM. Four of six studies reported a lowered risk of GDM with higher or normal vitamin B12 levels.Conclusion: The association between vitamin B12 and folate levels during pregnancy and the risk of GDM is unclear. Limited number of studies indicate increased risk of GDM with higher RBC folate levels, but majority studies found no association between serum folate and risk of GDM. Based on available studies, the association between the risk of GDM with vitamin B12 deficiency is conflicting. There is a need for further large-scale studies from different regions worldwide to strengthen current evidence.

Choosing an appropriate interlayer (IL) is still a crucial challenge for charge balance and exciton regulation in ultra-thin doping-free white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs). Herein, for the first time, the blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) 10, 10, 10-(4, 4, 4-Phosphoryltris (benzene-4, 1-diyl)) tris (10Hphenoxazine) (TPXZPO) was selected as the n-type inter-layer (IL) switch. The monochromatic and white light device achieved maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of 24.47% and 14.96%, respectively. More importantly, all devices exhibited extremely low turn-on voltage and stable electroluminescent spectra, with CIE coordinates Δ (x, y) varying only by (0.01, 0.01) in the luminance range of 100 to 10,000 cd/m2. The results showed that new-type IL plays a crucial role in regulating charge and exciton distribution, which could effectively control of the emission zone and the triplet exciton density. This excellent performance demonstrates that the introduction of TADF IL is a promising prospect in the application of high-performance ultra-thin doping-free WOLEDs.

High-performance systems are increasingly bottlenecked by the growing energy and communications costs of interconnecting numerous compute and memory resources. Recent advances in integrated silicon photonics offer the opportunity of embedding optical connectivity that directly delivers high off-chip communication bandwidth densities with low power consumption. This paper reviews the design and integration of silicon photonic interconnection networks that address the data-movement challenges in high-performance systems. Beyond alleviating the bandwidth/energy bottlenecks, embedded photonics can enable new disaggregated architectures that leverage the distance independence of optical transmission. This review paper presents some of the key interconnect requirements to create a new generation of photonic architectures for extreme scale systems, including aggregate bandwidth, bandwidth density, energy efficiency, and network resources utilization.

The component identification of textile materials is critical for quality control and measurement in the textile field. A novel hyperspectral imaging method and the related identification model are proposed to classify single-component textiles. Firstly, the hyperspectral data of the single-component fabrics were processed to conduct dimensionality reduction based on locally linear embedding (LLE), principal component analysis (PCA), and locally preserving projection (LPP) algorithms. Moreover, the original data of 288 wavelengths from 920 nm to 2500 nm were compressed to keep the typical wavelength regions. After that, these data were imported into two classifiers (decision tree classifier and K nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier) for training, and an identification model based on these training data was developed for the sample classification. The experimental results showed that all the samples could be identified correctly by the established identification model. The recognition rate and the stability of the classifier based on LPP model and KNN classification algorithm were proved to have the highest accuracy in our research.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive movement disorders and cognitive deficits, which is caused by a CAG-repeat expansion encoding an extended polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the huntingtin protein (HTT). Reduction of mutant HTT levels and inhibition of neuroinflammation has been proposed as a major therapeutic strategy in treating HD. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy has been firmly established for the treatment of several autoimmune or inflammatory neurological diseases, either as adjunctive treatment or as first-line therapy. However, whether IVIg has therapeutic potential on HD remains unclear. Here we for the first time demonstrated that IVIg treatment remarkably rescued motor and cognitive deficits, prevented synaptic degeneration, attenuated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in R6/2 mouse model. Further investigation showed that the beneficial effects of IVIg resulted from the reduced levels of mutant HTT and inhibition of NF-κB signalling pathway. These findings suggest that IVIg is a promising therapeutic potential for HD.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), which results in blindness among adults worldwide. Presently, the efficacy of drug treatments for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is not satisfactory, thus urgently necessitating effective drug treatment measures. TangWang prescription (TWP) has been found to have retinal protection effects in previous clinical and basic research. However, there is a lack of rigorous, randomized, and controlled studies. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TWP in delaying the development of DR.Methods: This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter clinical trial, consisting of 384 participants to be randomized in a 1:1 ratio in the treatment and control groups. Furthermore, the treatment and control groups will be administered the TangWang prescription and the placebo, respectively, each at a dose of one bag twice a day. The study period will last for 48 weeks. The primary outcome measure will be the changes in the degree of retinal microvascular lesions before and after treatment. The secondary outcome will be changes in the degree of hemangioma, microvascular bleeding, microvascular leakage, macular edema, and vision. All statistical tests will be two-sided, and a p < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.Discussion: We hypothesize that the patients with DR will benefit from TangWang prescription, and in addition to the central random system and platform of dynamic information collection, the patients’ conditions will be monitored, and the data collected for analysis. If successful, this study will provide evidence that the TWP formulation delays in the progression of DR.Trial registration: The design of this trial has been registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03025399).

Periodontitis is a type of systemic immune inflammation that is caused by the complex infection of a variety of microorganisms in the subgingival plaque and the imbalance of the microbial ecological environment in the mouth. Periodontitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) share many risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, and age. A growing body of data supports a strong correlation between periodontitis and kidney disease. Evidence supports the role of periodontal inflammation and elevated serum inflammatory mediators in renal atherosclerosis, renal deterioration, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) development. Periodontitis is a risk factor for kidney disease. However, to our knowledge, there are few studies detailing the possible link between periodontitis and CKD. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms underlying periodontitis and CKD. More importantly, it highlights novel and potential pathogenic factors for CKD, including bacteria, pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. However, most research on the relationship between periodontitis and systemic disease has not determined causality, and these diseases are largely linked by bidirectional associations. Future research will focus on exploring these links to contribute to new treatments for CKD.

The origin of guided-wave behavior is presented for the case of slabs and for thin films of dielectric materials. The discussion examines the origin of the guided wave using a classical optics approach and that of Maxwell’s equations, as well as the matching of fields at the interfaces of dielectric layers. The chapter also includes various approximations and graphical methods for waveguides with abrupt and diffused geometry.

This chapter traces the history of integrated optical devices and gives an overview of its supporting technology. It also explains why integrated optics is so important in many areas of high-speed and high-density applications areas, which grow in significance with modern information systems. The recent growth in silicon photonics and its advances in fabrication technology is also emphasized.

In general most PICs use three-dimensionally confined waveguides for optical transport on an optical chip. Thus this chapter focuses on understating and controlling the properties of these waveguides and on using these waveguides in device-like applications. Although the basic principles of 3D waveguides are straight forward to understand, precise analytic calculations of their properties are not easy to obtain. However, a set of useful approximations and approaches have been developed, including designing for single-mode operation in both transverse directions, the influence of waveguide cross section and materials choice on waveguide dispersion, and low loss designs. These design approximations can lead to many important device ideas including mode-transformation devices and precise delay lines.

This chapter presents one related modulator-like functionality; i.e., switching of a propagating light wave. This functionality is important for many applications, including signal multiplexing in time and wavelength, signal routing, and signal encoding. An effective photonic switch requires a high extinction ratio, low loss, and a short response time. Switches are shown to be based on mechanical movement, thermo-optic, electro-optic, or electron-plasma optical to change the refractive index. Our discussion focuses on electro-optical switches since they were the most important type for integrated switches particularly those for ultrafast lithium niobate crystals. In addition, the chapter includes a short section on thermo-optical-based switches as well. Finally, methods of improving switch performance are also presented in the chapter.

Electro-optic modulators are based on the control of guided waves using electro-optic variation of the phase or amplitude using an applied electric field. Different theoretical approaches can be used to describe electro-optic control including coupled-mode theory. Phase retardation of the guided light enables polarization splitting, optical switching, and wavelength-selective coupling. Two model–material systems, which are extensively used for E/O devices: GaAs (or other III–V semiconductor material) and lithium niobate. In addition, secondary material systems are mentioned throughout.

The use of multiple wavelengths has many applications in integrated optics. For example, these beams can be used for high data rate optical systems or for contoured wavelength beams in a nonuniform amplifier. In this chapter, we consider the functionality of wavelength filtering and manipulation. These are illustrated with several approaches for filtering, separation, or manipulation of wavelengths using different device types. More generally there are many wavelength filters, which are widely used, such as phased-array waveguide routers, Mach–Zehnder interferometric devices, various asymmetric coupler-based devices, and free-space grating demultiplexers. This chapter examines in detail three device types. One of these, phased-array routers, are currently the most important commercial devices for wavelength selection. However, the other two device types (coupler filters and 1/4 Bragg channel-dropping filters) have also each been the subject of extensive investigation of their properties. Each of these three device types illustrates one of the major device techniques, which we will be presenting later in this chapter.

Controlling the state of polarization for a propagating mode on an integrated optical chip is a particularly challenging aspect of integrated optical engineering. A significant aspect of that challenge is the need for fabrication with several different forms of materials. In fact in many cases the use of a hybrid approach is required. In this chapter, a wide variety of approaches from simple metal over layers to complex layered structure, and carefully fabricated optical nanostructures are examined for their use in polarization control.

Introduction: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Due to a lack of reliable markers, HNSCC patients are usually diagnosed at a late stage, which will lead to a worse outcome. Therefore, it is critical to improve the clinical management of cancer patients. Nowadays, the development of liquid biopsy enables a minimally invasive manner to extract molecular information from HNSCCs. Thus, this review aims to outline the clinical value of liquid biopsy in early detection, real-time monitoring, and prognostic evaluation of HNSCC. Areas covered: This comprehensive review focused on the characteristics as well as clinical applications of three liquid biopsy markers (CTCs, ctDNA, and exosomes) in HNSCC. What is more, it is promising to incorporate machine learning and 3D organoid models in the liquid biopsy of HNSCC. Expert opinion: Liquid biopsy provides a noninvasive technique to reflect the inter and intra-lesional heterogeneity through the detection of tumor cells or materials released from the primary and secondary tumors. Recently, some evolving technologies have the potential to combine with liquid biopsy to improve clinical management of HNSCC patients.

The aim of this study was to analyse 69 Chinese patients with USH2A mutations and to assess the genotype-phenotype correlation.All 36 Usher syndrome type IIA patients and 33 nonsyndromic RP (retinitis pigmentosa) patients underwent clinical examinations. Eye examinations included best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination with dilated pupils, fundus fluorescent angiography, visual field test, full-field electroretinography and optic coherence tomography; audiological assessment included pure tone audiometry and hearing thresholds. The molecular diagnosis of genotype combined the single-gene Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing. This study is a retrospective study.The mean age of first symptoms with Usher syndrome type IIa and nonsyndromic RP patients was 13.7 versus 29.8 years (ocular phenotypes, p 0.001); 17.7 versus 29.9 years (nyctalopia, p 0.001); 44.7 versus 54.8 years (low vision based on VF, p 0.001); 41.7 versus 54.7 years (low vision based on VA, p 0.001); and 46.0 versus 56.7 years (legal blindness based on VF, p 0.001). There was significant difference in variants in the two groups (p 0.05). Among patients with mutation c.2802T G (p.Cys934Trp), more (66.7%) presented with normal hearing. All patients (3/3, 100%) with the variant c.8232G C (p.Trp2744Cys) had hearing loss. Furthermore, we identified 23 novel variants in USH2A.Patients with Usher syndrome type IIa had an earlier onset of the disease, inferior visual function and presented with more truncating variants, compared with the nonsyndromic RP patients.

Relationship of total height and diameter at breast height (hereafter diameter) of the trees is generally nonlinear, and therefore has complex characteristics, which can be accurately described by the height&ndash, diameter model developed using the back propagation (BP) neural network approach. The multiple hidden layered-BP neural network has several hidden layers and neurons, and is therefore considered more appropriate modeling approach compared to the single hidden layered-BP neural network approach. However, the former approach is not widely applied for tree height prediction due to absence of the effective optimization method, but it can be done using the BP neural network modeling approach. The poplar (Populus spp. L.) plantation data acquired from Guangdong province of China were used for evaluating the BP neural network modeling approach and compared its results with those obtained from the traditional regression modeling and mixed-effects modeling approaches. We determined the best BP neural network structure with two hidden layers and five neurons in each layer, and logistic sigmoid transfer functions. Relative to the Mitscherlich height&ndash, diameter model that had the highest fitting precision among the six traditional height&ndash, diameter models evaluated, coefficient of determination (R2) of the neural network height&ndash, diameter model increased by 10.3%, root mean squares error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) decreased by 12% and 13.5%, respectively. The BP neural network height&ndash, diameter model also appeared more accurate than the mixed-effects height&ndash, diameter model. Our study proposes the method of determining the optimal numbers of hidden layers, neurons of each layer, and transfer functions in the BP neural network structure. This method can be useful for other modeling studies of similar or different types, such as tree crown modeling, height, and diameter increments modeling, and so on.

Background and purpose Immunotherapeutic intervention is one of the most promising strategies for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although they showed great success in AD mouse models, the clinical trials of many immune approaches failed due to low efficacy and safety. Thus, an animal model which can show the potential side effects of vaccines or antibodies is urgently needed. In this study, we generated EAE/AD mice by crossing APP/PS1 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. We then investigated the efficacy and safety of two vaccines: the immunogens of which were Aβ1-42 aggregates (Aβ42 vaccine) and an oligomer-specific conformational epitope (AOE1 vaccine), respectively. Experimental approach EAE/AD mice were immunized with the Aβ42 vaccine or AOE1 vaccine five times at biweekly intervals. After the final immunization, cognitive function was evaluated by the Morris water maze, Y maze, and object recognition tests. Neuropathological changes in the mouse brains were analysed by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Key results In contrast to previous findings in conventional AD animal models, Aβ42 immunization promoted neuroinflammation, enhanced Aβ levels and plaque burden, and failed to restore cognitive deficits in EAE/AD mice. By contrast, AOE1 immunization dramatically attenuated neuroinflammation, reduced Aβ levels, and improved cognitive performance in EAE/AD mice. Conclusion and implications These results suggest that the EAE/AD mouse model can exhibit the potential side effects of AD immune approaches that conventional AD animal models fail to display. Furthermore, strategies specifically targeting Aβ oligomers may be safe and show clinical benefit for AD treatment.

Ample evidence suggests that early life stress (ELS) is a high-risk factor for the development of visceral pain disorders, whereas the mechanism underlying neuronal circuit remains elusive. Herein, we employed neonatal colorectal distension (CRD) to induce visceral hypersensitivity in rats. A combination of electrophysiology, pharmacology, behavioral test, molecular biology, chemogenetics and optogenetics confirmed that CRD in neonatal rats could predispose the elevated firing frequency of the parvocellular corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) in adulthood, with the CRH neurons activated and the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) diminished, both contributing to chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Moreover, following administration of exogenous GABA (300 mM/0.5 μL) and GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (3 mM/0.5 μL) in PVN, visceral hyperalgesia was abrogated. In addition, the PVN-projecting GABAergic neurons were mainly distributed in the anterior ventral (AV) region in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), and the excitability of these GABAergic neurons was weakened in visceral hypersensitivity. Specific depletion of the GABAergic neurons in AV region precipitated visceral hyperalgesia. Moreover, chemogenetic activation of the PVN-projecting neurons alleviated the visceral hypersensitivity. Photoactivation of PVN-projecting GABAergic neurons abated the visceral hypersensitivity in neonatal-CRD rats, whereas photoinhibition evoked visceral hyperalgesia in naive rats. Our findings demonstrated that disinhibition of the PVN-projecting GABAergic neurons in AV region contributed to the excitation of CRH neurons, thereby mediating visceral hypersensitivity. Our study might provide a novel insight into the neuronal circuits involved in the ELS-induced visceral hypersensitivity.

Ion gating is strategic to the development of low-voltage, printable, and flexible transistors. Tin dioxide (SnO2) is an attractive material for ion-gated transistors due to its good conductivity and low processing temperature. Solution-processed SnO2 ion-gated transistors were demonstrated on rigid and flexible substrates. The mode of transistor operation of the charge carriers can be controlled by the rational processing and patterning of the metal oxide.

Background: Biological agents are commonly used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). As new treatments, tofacitinib, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have demonstrated efficacy in treating UC. This network meta-analysis aims to determine the efficacy and safety of biological agents, tofacitinib, and FMT. Methods: A network meta-analysis was conducted by systematically searching the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Libraries. According to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of biological agents, tofacitinib, and FMT in UC. A random-effect model was chosen by the network meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. Heterogeneity test and publication bias test were performed to determine the efficacy of treatments. Results: Data were extracted from 16 RCTs and we found that all treatments were more effective than the placebos. A total of 21 comparisons were made to determine efficiency. We found that infliximab, vedolizumab, and FMT performed better curative effect in terms of absolute effects and relative ranks. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in the efficacy of biological agents, tofacitinib, and FMT. Moreover, no treatments were found to increase the occurrence of adverse events when compared with placebos, except infliximab. However, vedolizumab seemed to reduce the occurrence of adverse events compared with infliximab. Conclusion: Of the biological agents, vedolizumab and infliximab were the most effective, suggesting that biological agents are still a better choice. Nevertheless, tofacitinib and FMT may be promising alternatives with high efficacies. However, more safety and maintenance studies need to be conducted in future for the acquisition of more accurate results. Abbreviations: FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; UC: Ulcerative colitis; RCTs: Randomized controlled trials; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; CDI: Clostridium difficile infections; ITT: Intention-to-treat; RR: Relative risk; CI: Confidence interval; CrI: Credible intervals; IFX: Infliximab; ADA: Adalimumab; TFB: Tofacitinib; GLM: Golimumab; VDZ: Vedolizumab; PBO: Placebo; wk: week; F: Female; M: Male; AEs: Adverse events; SAEs: Serious adverse events; anti-TNF: Anti-tumor necrosis factors

We presented new physical insights into designing resonator-assisted photonic interleavers. The robust flat-top transmission spectra of the devices can be achieved and interpreted through rigorous mathematical models based on quasi Fourier series.

A novel silicon photonic circuit for simultaneous Mode and Wavelength Division (De)Multiplexing is demonstrated via advanced simulation. This compact Si circuit uses optical phase shifters based on asymmetric waveguides.

Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of end-stage kidney disease and has become a heavy economic and social burden due to its high prevalence and morbidity. The most effective strategy is that patients with DKD should be diagnosed and treated early. Preliminary studies showed that the Chinese herbal Tangshen Formula (TSF) may delay the progression of DKD, reducing microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria and improving renal function. We designed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of TSF in patients with DKD. Methods/design This trial is a 13-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 632 participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to an experiment group (TSF plus losartan) and a control group (placebo plus losartan). The trial cycle will last 24 weeks. The primary outcome will be the change in the urine microalbumin–creatinine ratio from baseline to week 24. The secondary outcome will be the change in the rate of progression to the clinical proteinuria period after intervention, the rate of urine microalbumin negative conversion, the rate of normal urinary microalbumin, the doubling rate of the baseline creatinine value and the glomerular filtration rate between the two groups. Safety in medication will also be evaluated. Discussion We hypothesize that patients with type 2 diabetes in the early stage of DKD will benefit from TSF. If successful, this study will provide evidence-based recommendations for clinicians. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03009864. Registered January 2017.

Objective The important role of intestinal microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been recognized. Oral-gut microbiome axis is a crucial link in human health and disease, but few researches indicated the relationship between oral microorganisms and SLE. This study mainly explored the composition and changes of oral microorganisms in SLE patients with different stages, clinical manifestations and biomarkers. Design Oral microbiota was detected by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing from 20 SLE patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs). The evenness, diversity and composition of oral microbiota were analyzed. Moreover, receiver-operating characteristic analysis was conducted. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was used to investigate microbiota functions. Results The oral microbiota of SLE patients was imbalanced and the diversity was decreased, but no difference was found between new-onset and treated SLE patients. Families Lactobacillaceae, Veillonellaceae and Moraxellaceae were enriched in SLE patients. Families like Corynebacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Defluviitaleaceae, Caulobacteraceae, Phyllobacteriaceae, Methylobacteriaceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Halomonadaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, etc. were decreased in SLE patients. After multiple testing adjustment, families Sphingomonadaceae, Halomonadaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae were significantly decreased in SLE patients. And area under the curve was 0.953 (95% confidence intervals 0.890–1.000) to distinguish SLE patients from HCs. There were differences in metabolic pathways between SLE and HCs (P = 0.025). Conclusions These findings collectively support that oral microbiota dysbiosis and aberrant metabolic pathways were observed in patients with SLE. Our findings may provide suggestive evidences for the diagnosis and treatment of SLE.

As bytes-per-FLOP ratios continue to decline, communication is becoming a bottleneck for performance scaling. This paper describes bandwidth steering in HPC using emerging reconfigurable silicon photonic switches. We demonstrate that placing photonics in the lower layers of a hierarchical topology efficiently changes the connectivity and consequently allows operators to recover from system fragmentation that is otherwise hard to mitigate using common task placement strategies. Bandwidth steering enables efficient utilization of the higher layers of the topology and reduces cost with no performance penalties. In our simulations with a few thousand network endpoints, bandwidth steering reduces static power consumption per unit throughput by 36% and dynamic power consumption by 14% compared to a reference fat tree topology. Such improvements magnify as we taper the bandwidth of the upper network layer. In our hardware testbed, bandwidth steering improves total application execution time by 69%, unaffected by bandwidth tapering., United States. Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. ENLITENED Program (Project award DE-AR00000843), United States. Department of Energy. Office of Science ( Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231)

NLRP3, a member of nucleotide-binding domain-(NOD) like receptor family, can be found in large varieties of immune and non-immune cells. Upon activation, the NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and pro-caspase-1 would assemble into a multimeric protein, called the NLRP3 inflammasome. Then the inflammasome promotes inflammation (through specific cleavage and production of bioactive IL-1β and IL-18) and pyroptotic cell death. Previous studies have indicated the importance of NLRP3 in regulating innate immunity. Recently, numerous studies have revealed their significance in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we will briefly discuss the biological features of NLRP3 and summarize the recent progression of the involvement of NLRP3 in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, as well as its clinical implications and therapeutic potential.

Background Total glucosides of paeony (TGP), an active compound extracted from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, has been increasingly used as the adjunctive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Though TGP could mitigate the unanticipated adverse effects during the conventional treatment of RA, high-quality evidence-based meta-analysis data on this subject are still insufficient. The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical safety of TGP adjuvant therapy in the RA treatment. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China Network Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SinoMed and WanFang Data were retrieved for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort study about TGP adjuvant therapy in patients with RA up to 28 January 2021. Literatures with eligibility criteria and information were screened and extracted by two researchers independently. The RevMan5.3 software was used for data analysis with effect estimates as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 39 studies involving 3680 RA participants were included. There were 8 comparisons: TGP plus methotrexate (MTX) therapy versus MTX therapy, TGP plus leflunomide (LEF) therapy versus LEF therapy, TGP plus MTX and LEF therapy versus MTX plus LEF therapy, TGP plus tripterygium glycosides (TG) therapy versus TG therapy, TGP plus meloxicam (MLX) therapy versus MLX therapy and TGP plus sulfasalazine (SSZ) therapy versus SSZ therapy, TGP plus iguratimod (IGU) therapy versus IGU therapy, TGP plus prednisone acetate tablets (PAT) therapy versus PAT therapy. The meta-analysis results showed that the occurrence of hepatic adverse effect (RR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.23–0.41, P P = 0.0002) in TGP adjuvant therapy was significant decreased compared with non-TGP therapy. However, only TGP plus LEF therapy (RR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.08–0.60, P = 0.003) and TGP plus MTX and LEF therapy (RR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.22–0.42, P P = 0.02) had statistical difference. Conclusions This meta-analysis indicated that TGP adjuvant therapy might alleviate the incidence of hepatic adverse effect and leukopenia for the RA treatment compared to non-TGP therapy. The clinical safety of TGP adjuvant therapy warrant further investigation in experimental studies.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by β-cell loss, insulin resistance, islet inflammation and amyloid deposits derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Reducing toxic IAPP oligomers and inhibiting islet inflammation may provide therapeutic benefit in treating T2DM. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is an efficient anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent for the treatment of several autoimmune or inflammatory neurological diseases. However, whether IVIg has therapeutic potential on T2DM remains unclear. In present study, we showed that IVIg treatment significantly improved glucose control and insulin sensitivity, and prevented β-cell apoptosis by lowering toxic IAPP oligomer levels, attenuating islet inflammation and activating autophagy in human IAPP transgenic mouse model. These results suggest that IVIg is a promising therapeutic potential for T2DM treatment.

Exploration of novel thermoelectric materials is of great significance for thermoelectric development. AB2X2 Zintl compounds with rich chemical constitute, have been frequently demonstrated as promising thermoelectric materials because of their low lattice thermal conductivity and tunable band structure. This motivates the current work to focus on the experimental evaluation of thermoelectric potential on SrCd2Sb2, a new member of Zintl compounds. Na-substitution at Sr site leads to an effective increase in Hall carrier concentration from ~ 2.6 × 1018 to ~ 1.1 × 1020 cm−3, enabling a well estimation of transport properties by a single parabolic band (SPB) model with acoustic scattering. This reveals a multi-band transporting behavior in SrCd2Sb2 thermoelectrics with heavy-doping or elevated-temperature, ensuring a 150%-improvement in thermoelectric figure of merit (zT). On the basis of model, a peak zT of ~ 1.4 is achievable by minimizing lattice thermal conductivity, which not only demonstrates this compound as a promising thermoelectric material, but also provides a guidance for further advancements.

We have demonstrated a low threshold and tunable flexible random laser (RL) in dye-doped poly ethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel, which was prepared by crosslinking polymerization using PEG-DA monomer and photoinitiator. The random lasering is attributed to the light scattering from the porous structure of hydrogels, and the wavelength of random lasing can be tuned by ~3.2 nm in the temperature range from 30 °C to 70 °C. Under the continuous increasing and decreasing temperature cycle, the random lasing tunable phenomenon can still be observed, which proves that this flexible material can be used as a new temperature sensor. In addition, we also explored the application of flexible laser in phototherapy. Considering the good elasticity and transparency of hydrogels, this thermo-responsive property will be of great significance to the biomedical applications of flexible material.

A successful robot-assisted feeding system requires bite acquisition of a wide variety of food items. It must adapt to changing user food preferences under uncertain visual and physical environments. Different food items in different environmental conditions require different manipulation strategies for successful bite acquisition. Therefore, a key challenge is how to handle previously unseen food items with very different success rate distributions over strategy. Combining low-level controllers and planners into discrete action trajectories, we show that the problem can be represented using a linear contextual bandit setting. We construct a simulated environment using a doubly robust loss estimate from previously seen food items, which we use to tune the parameters of off-the-shelf contextual bandit algorithms. Finally, we demonstrate empirically on a robot-assisted feeding system that, even starting with a model trained on thousands of skewering attempts on dissimilar previously seen food items, $\epsilon$-greedy and LinUCB algorithms can quickly converge to the most successful manipulation strategy., Comment: To appear in IROS 2020; 8 pages incl. references, 8 figures; Abstract presented in IJCAI 2019 AIxFood Workshop; v3: Added simulation and experimental results for conference submission; v4: Added extra results to Experiment 2 for camera-ready submission

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:38:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-07-24 NSERC DG MESI PSIIRI 936 China Scholarship Council Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Trottier Energy Institute FRQNT-RQMP Ion-gated transistors employ ionic gating media (e.g. ionic liquids, polymer electrolytes, aqueous saline solutions) to modulate the density of the charge carriers in the transistor channel. Not only they operate at low voltages (ca 0.5-1 V) but they can also feature printability, flexibility and easy integration with chemo- and bio-sensing platforms. Metal oxides are transistor channel materials interesting for their processability in air, at low temperature. Among metal oxides, tungsten oxide (band gap ca 2.5-2.7 eV) stands out for its electrochromic, gas sensing and photocatalytic properties. Here we demonstrate ion-gated tungsten oxide transistors and phototransistors working in different ion gating media, such as one hydrophobic ionic liquid and an aqueous electrolyte, fabricated both on rigid and flexible substrates. Ion-gated tungsten oxide phototransistors operating in aqueous media could be used as photocatalytic sensors in portable applications. Polytech Montreal, Dept Genie Phys, CP 6079,Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3A7, Canada Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Fis, BR-30123970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Polytech Montreal, Dept Genie Chim, CP 6079,Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3A7, Canada Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Fis Quim, Rua Prof Degni 55, BR-14800060 Araraquara, Brazil Univ Montreal, Dept Chim, CP 6128,Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Chim Giacomo Ciamician, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Fis Quim, Rua Prof Degni 55, BR-14800060 Araraquara, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/27079-9 FAPESP: 2015/50526-4 FAPESP: 2016/09033-7

The rational design of high-performance flexible pressure sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linear range attracts great attention because of their potential applications in wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces. Here, polyaniline nanofiber wrapped nonwoven fabric was used as the active material to construct high performance, flexible, all fabric pressure sensors with a bottom interdigitated textile electrode. Due to the unique hierarchical structures, large surface roughness of the polyaniline coated fabric and high conductivity of the interdigitated textile electrodes, the obtained pressure sensor shows superior performance, including ultrahigh sensitivity of 46.48 kPa&minus, 1 in a wide linear range (&lt, 4.5 kPa), rapid response/relaxation time (7/16 ms) and low detection limit (0.46 Pa). Based on these merits, the practical applications in monitoring human physiological signals and detecting spatial distribution of subtle pressure are demonstrated, showing its potential for health monitoring as wearable electronics.

© 2019 IEEE. A common approach to learning to rank is to minimize the pair-wise loss. However, established analysis shows that pair-wise loss does not necessarily lead to an optimal list-wise ranking measures, e.g., average precision (AP) or area under precision-recall curve (AUPRC). It becomes more difficult in the online learning setting, where the data arrives sequentially and is scanned only once. This paper proposes an online learning-to-rank algorithm by minimizing the list-wise ranking error, which achieves a vanishing gap between the list-wise loss and the ranking measures. Experiments also testify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed online List-wise algorithm.

We present a novel simulation platform for uncertainty quantification (UQ) studies of photonic integrated circuit (PIC) design. This platform supports time-efficient variability studies such as stochastic collocation and spectral projection that enables variability aware PIC design.

Background Mutations in TP53 are commonly found in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we determined the predictive and prognostic potential of different subtypes of TP53 using data from a phase III randomized trial (CTONG 0901). Patients and Methods The trial enrolled 195 patients who had undergone next-generation sequencing of 168 genes before treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mutations in TP53 (exon 4 or 7, other mutations, and wild-type) were analyzed based on the therapeutic response and survival. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the potential of the predictive and prognostic factors. Results All 195 patients harbored activating EGFR mutations: the most common concomitant mutations were TP53 (134/195, 68.7%), CTNNB1 (20/195, 10.3%), and RB1 (16/195, 8.2%). The genetic profiles between patient subgroups administered first-line (132, 67.7%) or later-line (63, 32.3%) treatments did not significantly differ. The median progression-free survival in patients with mutations in exon 4 or 7 of TP53, other TP53 mutations, and wild-type TP53 were 9.4, 11.0, and 14.5 months (P = .009), respectively. Overall survival times were 15.8, 20.0, and 26.1 months (P = .004), respectively. Mutations in exon 4 or 7 of TP53 served as independent prognostic factors for progression-free (P = .001) and overall survival (P = .004) in patients. Conclusion Mutations in exon 4 and/or 7 in TP53 are promising predictive and prognostic indicators in EGFR-mutated NSCLC.

Creating vertically aligned 2D nanostructures is a promising approach to achieving advanced electronic and optoelectronic materials. In this study, Mg2Si nanosheet bundles were synthesized by Ca atom extraction from CaSi2 microwalls grown on Si substrates via thermal annealing in a MgCl2/Mg mixed vapor. The nanosheet bundle structure was modified to compound nanosheet bundles from previously reported Si nanosheet bundles. The observed Mg2Si nanosheets consist of thin Mg2Si layers, and well-defined fine-scale Mg2Si superlattice-like structures were achieved in the nanosheet bundles. In addition, the Raman scattering and photoluminescence properties were examined, and structural and electronic modifications of the nanosheet bundle compared with the bulk crystals were suggested. To obtain tailored properties and functionalities of the nanosheet bundles, structural modification of layered crystals is a useful technique.

With the progress of the times and the development of network technology, great changes have taken place in the mode of education and teaching, and the traditional mode of education and teaching has been unable to meet the current teaching situation and requirements. Under this background, many scholars have developed a variety of teaching models adapted to the background of the times, which has achieved good results. In order to realize the reform and innovation of teaching mode, this paper designs a film and television teaching system based on virtual reality technology. In the era of Internet of Things and big data, Internet of Things technology is used as support to realize the transmission and sharing of teaching information in film and television teaching system. In the research, data mining technology is used to collect relevant data of teaching resources and teaching information, and relevant algorithms in data mining are used to realize data processing. Experiment of film and television teaching system in different stages of education system and the application of film and television teaching theory courses, experiment courses for students and education development index are analyzed. According to the end of the experiment, the influence of results show that the film and television teaching system in the use of elementary school, junior high school, high school and university level are 25.32%, 31.44%, 18.46% and 47.76% respectively. The film and television teaching system plays a significant role in students’ experimental course scores. The use of the film and television teaching system has raised the development index of education and teaching in each stage of education from 1.12, 1.33, 1.47 and 1.36 to 2.14, 2.21, 2.36 and 2.44 respectively, indicating that the film and television teaching system has a certain promoting effect on the development of education and teaching.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is currently spreading around the world. The WHO declared on January 31 that the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was a public health emergency. SARS-Cov-2 is a member of highly pathogenic coronavirus group that also consists of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although respiratory tract lesions were regarded as main manifestation of SARS-Cov-2 infection, gastrointestinal lesions were also reported. Similarly, patients with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were also observed. Common gastrointestinal symptoms of patients mainly included diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal lesions could be used as basis for early diagnosis of patients, and at the same time, controlling gastrointestinal lesions better facilitated to cut off the route of fecal-oral transmission. Hence, this review summarizes the characteristics and mechanism of gastrointestinal lesions caused by three highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, as well as SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, it is expected to gain experience from gastrointestinal lesions caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections in order to be able to better relieve SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Targetin gut microbiota to regulate the process of SARS-CoV-2 infection should be a concern. Especially, the application of nanotechnology may provide help for further controlling COVID-19., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Gastrointestinal lesions are caused by three coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2. • The mechanism is similar by which three coronaviruses cause gastrointestinal lesions. • Experience could be applicated to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 patients. • Gut microbiota and nanotechnology facilitate to end the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic.