Electro-Optical Modulators

Electro-optic modulators are based on the control of guided waves using electro-optic variation of the phase or amplitude using an applied electric field. Different theoretical approaches can be used to describe electro-optic control including coupled-mode theory. Phase retardation of the guided light enables polarization splitting, optical switching, and wavelength-selective coupling. Two model–material systems, which are extensively used for E/O devices: GaAs (or other III–V semiconductor material) and lithium niobate. In addition, secondary material systems are mentioned throughout.