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Electrophysiology (EP) studies and catheter ablation have become important treatment options for several types of cardiac arrhythmias. We present a novel image-based approach for automatic detection and 3-D reconstruction of EP catheters where the physician marks the catheter to be reconstructed by a single click in each image. The result can be used to provide 3-D information for enhanced navigation throughout EP procedures. Our approach involves two X-ray projections acquired from different angles, and it is based on two steps: First, we detect the catheter in each view after manual initialization using a graph-search method. Then, the detection results are used to reconstruct a full 3-D model of the catheter based on automatically determined point pairs for triangulation. An evaluation on 176 different clinical fluoroscopic images yielded a detection rate of 83.4%. For measuring the error, we used the coupling distance which is a more accurate quality measure than the average point-wise distance to a reference. For successful outcomes, the 2-D detection error was $1.7\ {\rm mm} \pm 1.2$ mm. Using successfully detected catheters for reconstruction, we obtained a reconstruction error of $1.8\ {\rm mm} \pm 1.1$ mm on phantom data. On clinical data, our method yielded a reconstruction error of $2.2\ {\rm mm} \pm 2.2$ mm.

With increasing complexity in electrophysiology (EP) procedures, the use of electroanatomic mapping systems (EAMS) as a supplement to fluoroscopy has become common practice. This is the first study that evaluates spatial and point localization accuracy for 2 current EAMS, CARTO3(®) (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) and EnSite Velocity(®) (St. Jude Medical Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA), and for a novel overlay guidance (OG) software (Siemens AG, Forchheim, Germany) in a phantom experiment.A C-arm CT scan was performed on an acrylic phantom containing holes and location markers. Spatial accuracy was assessed for each system using distance measurements involving known markers inside the phantom and properly placed catheters. Anatomical maps of the phantom were acquired by each EAMS, whereas the 3D-based OG software superimposed an overlay image of the phantom, segmented from the C-arm CT data set, onto biplane fluoroscopy. Registration processes and landmark measurements quantitatively assessed the spatial accuracy of each technology with respect to the ground truth phantom. Point localization performance was 0.49 ± 0.25 mm in OG, 0.46 ± 0.17 mm in CARTO3(®) and 0.79 ± 0.83 mm in EnSite(®) . The registration offset between virtual visualization and reality was 1.10 ± 0.52 mm in OG, 1.62 ± 0.77 mm in CARTO3(®) and 2.02 ± 1.21 mm in EnSite(®) . The offset to phantom C-arm CT landmark measurements was 0.30 ± 0.26 mm in OG, 0.24 ± 0.21 mm in CARTO3(®) and 1.32 ± 0.98 mm in EnSite(®) .Each of the evaluated EP guidance systems showed a high level of accuracy; the observed offsets between the virtual 3D visualization and the real phantom were below a clinically relevant threshold of 3 mm.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy safety of the novel cryoballoon device (Arctic Front, Cryocath, Quebec, Canada). Background Antral pulmonary vein (PV) ablation with radiofrequency energy is widely used as a strategy for catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). A novel double lumen cryoballoon catheter was designed for circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) with the cryoablation technique. Methods We consecutively enrolled 346 patients with symptomatic, drug refractory paroxysmal (n = 293) or persistent (n = 53) atrial fibrillation (AF). In all patients, PVI of all targeted PVs was the therapeutic aim. The primary end points of this nonrandomized study were: 1) acute isolation rate of targeted PV; and 2) first electrocardiogram-documented recurrence of AF. The secondary end point was occurrence of PV stenosis or atrio-esophageal fistula. Results The 1,360 of 1,403 PVs (97%) were targeted with balloons or balloons in combination with the use of Freezor Max (Cryocath). We found that ablation with the cryoballoon resulted in maintenance of sinus rhythm in 74% of patients with PAF and 42% of patients with persistent AF. No PV narrowing occurred. The most frequent complication was right phrenic nerve palsy observed during cryoballoon ablation at the right superior PV. Conclusions Pulmonary vein isolation with a new cryoballoon technique is feasible. Sinus rhythm can be maintained in the majority of patients with PAF by circumferential PVI using a cryoballoon ablation system. Cryoablation was less effective in patients with persistent AF than in patients with PAF.

For automatic registration of 3-D models of the left atrium to fluoroscopic images, a reliable classification of images containing contrast agent is necessary. Inspired by previous approaches on contrast agent detection, we propose a learning-based framework which is able to classify contrasted frames more robustly than previous methods, Furthermore, we performed a quantitative evaluation on a clinical data set consisting of 34 angiographies. Our learning-based approach reached a classification rate of 79.5%. The beginning of a contrast injection was detected correctly in 79.4%.

Aims The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of asymptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation (AF) and wrong AF perception after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). We evaluated the success of ablation by using the following measurements: (i) clinical symptoms and duration of symptoms noticed by patients and (ii) synchronous event recording (ER). Methods and results Eighty patients with paroxysmal AF underwent PVI and were provided repeatedly with a portable ER upon discharge and every 3 months for a year. The ER automatically detects arrhythmias by a detection algorithm and can also be manually triggered by the patient. In 46/80 patients (57.5%), episodes of AF were documented. Asymptomatic AF was detected in 21.3%. In 9/80 patients (11.3%), who reported clinical AF recurrence, no AF could be shown by ER. We compared patients’ perception to have suffered AF episodes with the ERs and found a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 92%. Conclusion Reliance on perception of AF by patients after PVI results in an underestimation of recurrence of the arrhythmia. We observed a maximal occurrence of silent AF or wrong perception of AF in 26/80 (32.6%) patients.

Introduction: Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a potential complication of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using radiofrequency energy. The aim of our study was the evaluation of the severity and long-term outcome of primary angioplasty and angioplasty with pulmonary vein stenting for PVS. Methods and Results: Twelve patients with 15 PVS (greater than 70% stenosis) were prospectively evaluated. Primary dilation of the stenosis was performed because of clinical symptoms (10 patients) and/or the lung perfusion scans showed a significant perfusion defect (11 patients). Magnetic resonance imaging and lung perfusion scans performed before, directly after, during 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. In the stenting group additional multislice CT-scans directly after, during 6-month, and 12-month follow-up were performed. Within 2 months after primary balloon angioplasty, the PV size parameters were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) with recurrence of PVS in 11 of 15 PVs (73%). Pulmonary vein stenting in 8 patients and 11 PVs resulted in no vein stenosis during 12-month follow-up. Normalization of lung perfusion was noted in 8 of 12 patients. We observed 2 patients with hemoptysis during PV dilation, as severe complications with potential life-threatening character. Conclusion: PVS stenting seems to be superior to balloon angioplasty and effective at least over a period of 12 months in treating acquired PVS after pulmonary vein isolation.

We studied the in vivo effects of the antihypertensive diuretic agent indapamide on left ventricular (LV) morphology in chronically pressure-overloaded rat hearts. LV pressure and subsequently LV mass were increased by banding the ascending aorta over a period of 6 weeks. Thereafter, animals were treated with low-dose (1 mg/kg/day, n = 9) or high-dose (10 mg/kg/day, n = 9) indapamide for another 6 weeks. Low-dose indapamide treatment reduced LV weights as compared with vehicle-treated controls (n = 9; -12%; p = 0.008). Furthermore, low-dose indapamide treatment resulted in a decrease of myocyte volume (59.0 +/- 10.6 vs. 79.0 +/- 9.8 m3 x 10(-27); p < 0.05) and an improvement of molecular markers of hypertrophy: a reduction of LV atrial natriuretic factor mRNA expression (-37%; p < 0.05), and an increase of the V1/V3 myosin ratio (+121%; p < 0.05). Low-dose indapamide also reduced significantly plasma (-65%) and LV angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activities (-74%) as well as LV mRNA levels (-24%). These changes were observed despite continued pressure overload of the LV and despite a lack of significant changes in sodium excretion with the prolonged administration of low-dose indapamide. High-dose indapamide treatment showed no significant effects on LV mass, structure, and gene expression. Furthermore, high-dose indapamide increased plasma renin activity substantially, whereas low-dose treatment was without effect on circulating renin. In conclusion, in rats with continuous LV pressure-overload low-dose treatment with indapamide leads to mild regression of cardiac hypertrophy, accompanied by a downregulation of components of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system. These effects may be mediated by mechanisms apart from the known diuretic and antihypertensive actions of indapamide, because sodium excretion and blood pressure were stable with long-term treatment and are unlikely to be related to LVH regression in this model.

A decrease in ostial pulmonary vein (PV) diameter was observed in patients on the day after radio frequency ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). This study examined whether a relative reduction in PV diameter on day 1 (RRPVD1) after the procedure predicts the late development of severe PV stenosis (PVS). The study included 104 consecutive patients (mean age = 55 years, range 46-61, 34 women) with drug refractory AF. Pulmonary vein diameter was measured using MR angiography (MRA) on the day before and on day 1 after the ablation procedure. The MRA was repeated every 3 months after the procedure. Severe PVS was defined as a >70% diameter reduction from the initial ostial diameter. The cut-off of RRPVD1 was prespecified as 25% decrease in initial diameter. The data are presented as medians and interquartile range. A total of 357 PV were treated. The RRPVD1 was 0.0% (0.0-11.1%). Severe PVS was found in 18 PV during a follow-up of 12 months (range 6-13). The log-rank analysis confirmed a strong association between a RRPVD1 ≥25% and the development of PVS (hazard ratio: 7.1; 95% confidence interval 3.8-13.5, P < 0.0001). By multivariate Cox regression model, after adjustment of procedure variables, RRPVD1 was the strongest predictor of development of severe PVS. RRPVD1 ≥25% was a strong independent predictor of development of severe PVS.

Minimally invasive interventions often involve tools of curvilinear shape like catheters and guide-wires. If the camera parameters of a fluoroscopic system or a stereoscopic endoscope are known, a 3-D reconstruction of corresponding points can be computed by triangulation. Manual identification of point correspondences is time consuming, but there exist methods that automatically select corresponding points along curvilinear structures. The focus here is on the evaluation of a recent published method for catheter reconstruction from two views. A previous evaluation of this method using clinical data yielded promising results. For that evaluation, however, no 3-D ground truth data was available such that the error could only be estimated using the forward-projection of the reconstruction. In this paper, we present a more extensive evaluation of this method based on both clinical and phantom data. For the evaluation using clinical images, 36 data sets and two different catheters were available. The mean error found when reconstructing both catheters was 0.1mm ± 0.1mm. To evaluate the error in 3-D, images of a phantom were acquired from 13 different angulations. For the phantom, A 3D C-arm CT voxel data set of the phantom was also available. A reconstruction error was calculated by comparing the triangulated 3D reconstruction result to the 3D voxel data set. The evaluation yielded an average error of 1.2mm ± 1.2mm for the circumferential mapping catheter and 1.3mm ± 1.0mm for the ablation catheter.

MRI-Derived 3D-Augmented Biplane Fluoroscopy. Background: Despite the advancement of technology in electroanatomic mapping systems (EAMS), fluoroscopy remains a necessary, basic imaging modality for electrophysiology procedures. We present a feasibility study of new software that enables 3D-augmented fluoroscopy in biplane catheterization laboratories for planning and guidance of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). The computer-assisted overlay registration accuracy was assessed in a clinical setting using an automatic calculation of overlay projection geometry that was derived from hardware sensors in C-arms, detectors, and patient table. Methods: Consecutive patients (n = 89) underwent left atrium (LA) magnetic resonance imaging MRI scan prior to PVI. Ideal ablation lines encircling the ipsilateral pulmonary veins (PVs) at antral level were drawn onto the segmented LA surface. The 3D-model was superimposed onto biplane fluoroscopy and matched with angiographies of LA and PVs. Three-dimensional-overlay projection geometry was automatically calculated from C-arm, detectors, and table sensors. Accuracy of technique was assessed as alignment of MRI-derived 3D overlay and angiographic LA/PV anatomy. Integrity of registered overlay was quantified using landmark measurements. Results: Alignment offsets were 1.3 ± 1.5 mm in left PV, 1.2 ± 1.5 mm in right PV, and 1.1 ± 1.4 mm in LA roof region. Bravais–Pearson correlation of the landmark measurements was r = 0.978 (s < 0.01), mean offset between landmark distance measurements was 1.4 ± 0.78 mm. Average time needed for overlay registration was 9.5 ± 3.5 seconds. Conclusions: MRI-derived 3D-augmented fluoroscopy demonstrated a high level of accuracy when compared with LA/PV angiography. The new system could be especially useful to guide procedures not supported by EAMS, such as cryotechnique PVI. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 113-120, February 2013)

Atrial fibrillation (AFib) has been identified as a major cause of stroke. Radiofrequency catheter ablation has become an increasingly important treatment option, especially when drug therapy fails. Navigation under X-ray can be enhanced by using augmented fluoroscopy. It renders overlay images from pre-operative 3-D data sets which are then fused with X-ray images to provide more details about the underlying soft-tissue anatomy. Unfortunately, these fluoroscopic overlay images are compromised by respiratory and cardiac motion. Various methods to deal with motion have been proposed. To meet clinical demands, they have to be fast. Methods providing a processing frame rate of 3 frames-per-second (fps) are considered suitable for interventional electrophysiology catheter procedures if an acquisition frame rate of 2 fps is used. Unfortunately, when working at a processing rate of 3 fps, the delay until the actual motion compensated image can be displayed is about 300 ms. More recent algorithms can achieve frame rates of up to 20 fps, which reduces the lag to 50 ms. By using a novel approach involving a 3-D catheter model, catheter segmentation and a distance transform, we can speed up motion compensation to 25 fps which results in a display delay of only 40 ms on a standard workstation for medical applications. Our method uses a constrained 2-D/3-D registration to perform catheter tracking, and it obtained a 2-D tracking error of 0.61 mm.

Radio-frequency (RF) catheter ablation has become the standard treatment of atrial fibrillation if pharmacotherapy fails. As an alternative to traditional RF standard ablation catheters, single-shot devices have received more and more interest. One group of these devices are cryo-balloon catheters. Such catheters are designed to electrically isolate a pulmonary vein (PV) with only a few applications, ideally only one. Whereas standard radio-frequency ablation catheters operate point by point, cryo-balloon devices need to be positioned antrally to the pulmonary vein ostium before freezing. If a good seal can be achieved far enough outside of the pulmonary veins, the cryo-balloon is an effective and safe ablation device. The catheters are inserted through a transseptal sheath and are inflated using liquid nitrogen. Single-shot devices, when used successfully, promise a reduction of procedure time and Xray exposure. Single-shot devices based on ablation energies other than RF, may not carry electrodes or electromagnetic sensors. This makes it difficult to visualize them using standard EP mapping systems. As a result, fluoroscopic imaging is needed. Unfortunately, the inflated balloon may be difficult to see under X-ray. To improve this situation, we propose a new method that tracks and enhances the visualization of a cryo-balloon catheter under fluoroscopic imaging. The method involves a 2-D template of the cryo-balloon that is manually initialized and then tracks the balloon device during live X-ray imaging. To improve visualization, a 2-D ellipse is overlaid onto the fluoroscopic imaging to highlight the position of the balloon catheter. The tracking error was calculated as the distance between the tracked catheter template and the manually segmented catheter. Our method achieved 2-D tracking error of 0.60 mm ± 0.32 mm.

Catheter ablation is widely accepted as the best remaining option for the treatment of atrial fibrillation if drug therapy fails. Ablation procedures can be guided by 3-D overlay images projected onto live fluoroscopic X-ray images. These overlay images are generated from either MR, CT or C-Arm CT volumes. As the alignment of the overlay is often compromised by cardiac and respiratory motion, motion compensation methods are desirable. The most recent and promising approaches use either a catheter in the coronary sinus vein, or a circumferential mapping catheter placed at the ostium of one of the pulmonary veins. As both methods suffer from different problems, we propose a novel method to achieve motion compensation for fluoroscopy guided cardiac ablation procedures. Our new method localizes the coronary sinus catheter. Based on this information, we estimate the position of the circumferential mapping catheter. As the mapping catheter is placed at the site of ablation, it provides a good surrogate for respiratory and cardiac motion. To correlate the motion of both catheters, our method includes a training phase in which both catheters are tracked together. The training information is then used to estimate the cardiac and respiratory motion of the left atrium by observing the coronary sinus catheter only. The approach yields an average 2-D estimation error of 1.99 ± 1.20 mm.

We propose novel methods for (a) detection of a catheter in fluoroscopic images and (b) reconstruction of this catheter from two views. The novelty of (a) is a reduced user interaction and a higher accuracy. It requires only a single seed point on the catheter in the fluoroscopic image. Using this starting point, possible parts of the catheter are detected using a graph search. An evaluation of the detection using 66 clinical fluoroscopic images yielded an average error of 0.7 mm ± 2.0 mm. The novelty of (b) is a better ability to deal with highly curved objects as it selects an optimal set of point correspondences from two point sequences describing the catheters in two fluoroscopic images. The selected correspondences are then used for computation of the 3-D reconstruction. The evaluation on 33 clinical biplane images yielded an average backprojection error of 0.4 mm ± 0.6 mm.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart arrhythmia and a leading cause of stroke. The treatment option of choice is radio-frequency catheter ablation, which is performed in electrophysiology labs using C-Arm X-ray systems for navigation and guidance. The goal is to electrically isolate the pulmonary vein-left atrial junction thereby rendering myocardial fibers responsible for induction and maintenance of AF inactive. The use of overlay images for fluoroscopic guidance may improve the quality of the ablation procedure, and can reduce procedure time. Overlay images, acquired using CT, MRI, or C-arm CT, can add soft-tissue information, otherwise not visible under X-ray. MRI can be used to image a wide variety of anatomical details without ionizing radiation. In this paper, we present a method to register a 3-D MRI volume to 2-D biplane X-ray images using the coronary sinus. Current approaches require registration of the overlay images to the fluoroscopic images to be performed after the trans-septal puncture, when contast agent can be administered. We present a new approach for registration to align overlay images before the trans-septal puncture. To this end, we manually extract the coronary sinus from pre-operative MRI and register it to a multi-electorde catheter placed in the coronary sinus.

Introduction: Cryoablation is successful in the treatment of common atrial flutter. Long-term clinical success is mainly dependent on persistence of bidirectional conduction block (BCB) in the inferior cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI). Only few data on persistence of BCB post cryoablation with the reported technique are available. This prospective study aimed to test efficacy of cryo energy and persistence of BCB in the CTI 1 month post cryoablation. Methods: Cryoablation of the CTI was performed in 50 consecutive patients (64 ± 12 years, 40 males) with symptomatic common atrial flutter using a novel 9 Fr 8-mm-tip catheter. BCB in the CTI 30 minutes following the final cryoapplication was the ablation endpoint. Thirty days post ablation, persistence of BCB was controlled by repeat electrophysiological study (EPS). Results: In all patients BCB was achieved with a mean of 9 (IQR 7–17.5) cryo applications and a mean cryo time of 2,378 seconds (IQR 1,680–3,474 seconds). In 5 of 50 patients, common atrial flutter recurred within 1 month post cryoablation. In 30 of 32 recurrence-free patients, persistence of BCB was verified. In 2 patients, resumption of isthmus conduction was detectable. Including relapses, 81.1% of patients (30/37) showed persistence of BCB. No patients reported pain during cryoapplication. No procedural complications were observed. Conclusions: Cryoablation of the CTI using a large-tip catheter is feasible and safe in the treatment of common atrial flutter. Acute and short-term success rates are comparable to those reported for radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Besides short-term clinical success, the persistence of BCB demonstrates efficacy of the cryoablation technique.

Background: The definition of symptomatic improvement after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is controversial. We assessed primarily the usefulness and predictive accuracy (PA) of AF (atrial fibrillation) burden (AFB) within the first 3 months after the procedure as an early predictor for curative success as well as reduction of symptoms. Methods: We studied 100 pts (62 men, mean age: 54 ± 9 years, LVEF: 57 ± 9%, paroxysmal AF, 85, persistent AF, 15) who underwent PVI. RF ablation was used in 63 patients. The combination of cryoablation and RF (Hybrid therapy) was used in the remaining 37 patients, in 19 patients of whom additionally linear lesions were performed. All patients were followed up 3 months after PVI (the blanking period) and every 3 months thereafter. The significance of early recurrence of AF (ERAF) was separately analyzed for RF and for hybrid therapy arm. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the physical composite summary score (PCS) and mental composite summary score (MCS). AFB was dichotomized at: 0, 0.5, 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours. Results: ANOVA revealed significant differences between PCS at baseline and after PVI in patients without recurrence and with those with postablation AFB

Biventricular and Left Ventricular Pacing. Background: Aim of this invasive study was to characterize and quantify changes in left ventricular (LV) systolic function due to sequential biventricular pacing (BV) as comparedto right atrial triggered simultaneous BV (BV 0 ), LV, and right ventricular (RV) pacing in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods: In 22 CHF patients, all in sinus rhythm, temporary multisite pacing was performed prior to implantation of a permanent system. LV systolic function was evaluated invasively by the maximum rate of LV pressure increase (dP/dt m a x ). Sequential BV pacing was performed with preactivation of either ventricle at 20-80 ms. Results: In comparison to RV pacing, LV and BV 0 pacing increased dP/dt m a x by 33.9 ′ 19.3% and 34.0 ′ 22.6%, respectively (P < 0.001). In 9 patients, optimized sequential BV pacing further improved dP/dt m a x by 8.5 ′ 4.8% compared to BV 0 (range 3.3-17.1, P < 0.05). In 10 patients exhibiting a PR interval

Aim The effect of applied therapy on quality of life (QoL) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) was investigated in recent studies. However, no information on clinical relevance of QoL assessing instruments in relation to post-ablation recurrence of AF is currently available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of SF-36 and Arrhythmia Related Symptom Severity Check List (SSCL) to post-procedure AF recurrences in patients with paroxysmal AF undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Methods and results Sixty consecutive patients with AF were enroled in the study. The QoL was measured using SF-36 scale and SSCL. The questionnaires were administered at baseline then 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the procedure. In order to define statistical power in relation to AF recurrence the scores were dichotomized. Positive and negative predictive accuracy (PPA, NPA) and test efficiency (sum of PPA and NPA) were calculated. Twenty-one out of 60 patients experienced a total of 66 recurrences of AF during follow-up. The parameters of SF-36 provided maximum test efficiency of 1.36, whereas the test efficiency of SSCL was 1.79. Conclusion We conclude that SSCL is more specific instrument for a measurement of PVI success or failure.

OBJECTIVES The study evaluated the contribution of familial predisposition to the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). BACKGROUND Left ventricular hypertrophy is a multifactorial condition that serves as an important predictor of cardiovascular mortality. At present it is unclear whether familial predisposition contributes to the manifestation of LVH. Thus, we determined whether siblings of subjects with LVH are at increased risk to present with an elevation of LV mass or an abnormal LV geometry. METHODS Echocardiographic and anthropometric measurements were performed in 2,293 individuals who participated in the echocardiographic substudies of population-based MONICA Augsburg surveys. In addition, a total of 319 siblings of survey participants with echocardiographic evidence of LVH were evaluated. The risk of these siblings to present with LVH or abnormal LV geometry was estimated by comparison with 636 subjects matched for gender and age that were selected from the entire echocardiography study base. RESULTS Blood pressure, body mass index, age, and gender (i.e., known determinants of LV mass) were comparable in LVH-siblings and the matched comparison group. However, septal and posterior wall thicknesses, relative wall thickness as well as LV mass index were significantly elevated in LVH-siblings (p < 0.001, each) whereas LV dimensions did not differ. Likewise, the prevalence of LVH was raised in LVH-siblings, as was the relative risk of LVH after adjustment for confounders (p < 0.05). More specifically, LVH-siblings displayed increased prevalences of concentric remodeling and concentric LVH (p < 0.05) but not of eccentric LVH. CONCLUSIONS Familial predisposition appears to contribute to increased LV wall thickness, to the development of LV hypertrophy and abnormal LV geometry.

We compared acoustic quantification (AQ) to Doppler echocardiography (DE) in the evaluation of left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling in 41 hypertensives and 42 controls. In hypertensives, DE showed reduced ratios of early to late diastolic velocity, AQ revealed reduced peak to late filling rate ratios, and both techniques found prolonged acceleration times indicating abnormal filling. In 22 patients with mild hypertension and less LV hypertrophy, however, all DE filling parameters were normal. In these patients AQ indicated prolonged acceleration times and early filling times. In conclusion, AQ is useful for the identification of abnormal LV filling in arterial hypertension and might be superior to DE in detection of early diastolic dysfunction.