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Knowledge graph embedding models have gained significant attention in AI research. The aim of knowledge graph embedding is to embed the graphs into a vector space in which the structure of the graph is preserved. Recent works have shown that the inclusion of background knowledge, such as logical rules, can improve the performance of embeddings in downstream machine learning tasks. However, so far, most existing models do not allow the inclusion of rules. We address the challenge of including rules and present a new neural based embedding model (LogicENN). We prove that LogicENN can learn every ground truth of encoded rules in a knowledge graph. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been proved so far for the neural based family of embedding models. Moreover, we derive formulae for the inclusion of various rules, including (anti-)symmetric, inverse, irreflexive and transitive, implication, composition, equivalence, and negation. Our formulation allows avoiding grounding for implication and equivalence relations. Our experiments show that LogicENN outperforms the existing models in link prediction.

Cloud computing enables users to remove the necessity of the need of local hardware architecture, which removes the burden of the users from high computation costs. Therefore, it has attracted much attention and research has been conducted heavily on it. To protect users' privacy, data is usually encrypted prior to being sent to the cloud server. New cryptographic primitive such as public-key encryption with equality test (PKEET) has been introduced to make it more practical. In PKEET, users can test whether the underlying messages of two ciphertexts encrypted under different public keys are equal or not without the need to decrypt those ciphertexts. This is a very useful tool, especially for the cloud database, since PKEET mainly focuses on the equality test between two ciphertexts. However, in practice, the cloud server may need to verify the equivalence among more than two ciphertexts. This leads to disclosing unnecessary information of users and redundant computation cost will also occur when using traditional PKEET schemes. How to make this more efficient and practical remains an interesting research problem. In this paper, to solve the aforementioned problems by providing a novel concept of public-key encryption with multi-ciphertext equality test (PKE-MET).

This study evaluated the accuracy of synthetic computed tomography (sCT), as compared to CT, for the 3D assessment of the hip morphology. Thirty male patients with asymptomatic hips, referred for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and CT, were included in this retrospective study. sCT images were generated from three-dimensional radiofrequency-spoiled T1-weighted multi-echo gradient-echo MR images using a commercially available deep learning-enabled software and were compared with CT images through mean error and surface distance computation and by means of eight clinical morphometric parameters relevant for hip care. Parameters included center-edge angle (CEA), sharp angle, acetabular index, extrusion index, femoral head center-to-midline distance, acetabular version (AV), and anterior and posterior acetabular sector angles. They were measured by two senior orthopedic surgeons and a radiologist in-training on CT and sCT images. The reliability and agreement of CT- and sCT-based measurements were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for absolute agreement, Bland-Altman plots, and two one-sided tests for equivalence. The surface distance between CT- and sCT-based bone models were on average submillimeter. CT- and sCT-based measurements showed moderate to excellent interobserver and intraobserver correlation (0.56 0.75). For CEA, the intraobserver agreement was good (ICC > 0.75) and the interobserver agreement was moderate (ICC > 0.69). Limits of agreements were similar between intraobserver CT and intermodal measurements. All measurements were found statistically equivalent, with average intermodal differences within the intraobserver limits of agreement. In conclusion, sCT and CT were equivalent for the assessment of the hip joint bone morphology.

We propose a novel pairwise distance measure between image keypoint sets, for the purpose of large-scale medical image indexing. Our measure generalizes the Jaccard index to account for soft set equivalence (SSE) between keypoint elements, via an adaptive kernel framework modeling uncertainty in keypoint appearance and geometry. A new kernel is proposed to quantify the variability of keypoint geometry in location and scale. Our distance measure may be estimated between $O(N^2)$ image pairs in $O(N~\log~N)$ operations via keypoint indexing. Experiments report the first results for the task of predicting family relationships from medical images, using 1010 T1-weighted MRI brain volumes of 434 families including monozygotic and dizygotic twins, siblings and half-siblings sharing 100%-25% of their polymorphic genes. Soft set equivalence and the keypoint geometry kernel improve upon standard hard set equivalence (HSE) and appearance kernels alone in predicting family relationships. Monozygotic twin identification is near 100%, and three subjects with uncertain genotyping are automatically paired with their self-reported families, the first reported practical application of image-based family identification. Our distance measure can also be used to predict group categories, sex is predicted with an AUC=0.97. Software is provided for efficient fine-grained curation of large, generic image datasets., 10 pages, 8 figures

In this paper, we generalize the typical geometric constants of Banach spaces to modular spaces. We study the equivalence between the convexity of modular and normed spaces, and obtain the relationship between ρ-Neumann-Jordan constant and ρ-James constant. In particular, we extend the convexity and smoothness modular, and obtain the criterion theorems of the uniform convexity and strict convexity.

Recently, Elhabob et al. proposed an identity-based encryption with authorized equivalence test (IBE-AET), which allows authorized testers to check whether messages in two ciphertexts are the same or not under the identity-based setting (Cluster Computing, 2020). This paper looks into the security and correctness of their IBE-AET construction. More specifically, contrary to the security claim in the original paper, we point out that their proposed scheme cannot achieve the indistinguishability under adaptively chosen identity and ciphertext attacks (IND-ID-CCA2) for adversaries who do not have authorization. In terms of the correctness of the scheme, we also identify that their type-4 authorization does not work correctly. Finally, we remedy their construction in order that it satisfies the IND-ID-CCA2 security with the rigorous security proof as well as the type-4 authorization works correctly.

Purpose The Australian prisoner population has experienced a dramatic increase in the number of older inmates over the past decade, consistent with the greying of the prisoner population that is being observed worldwide. Reviews suggest the need for further evidence and practice outside of the USA. This paper aims to review and discuss the cost and social implications of the rising health-care needs of this population in Australia. Design/methodology/approach A review of international research and policies is presented, as well as the results of basic economic modelling relating to the expected rise in health-care costs of the ageing prisoner population in Australia. Findings Taking into consideration the continued rise in incarceration rates, the calculations show that the health costs of prisoners could increase by anywhere between 17% and 90% depending on whether the increase of older prisoners continues as it has in the past decade. These trends are likely to continue over the next decade and will result in higher health costs of prisons under a number of different imprisonment scenarios. Policy responses in Australia have been slow so far, with most initiatives being undertaken in the USA with promising results. Practical implications The authors suggest that in the absence of a coordinated policy response, covering a range of interventions, costs will continue to increase, particularly as this population continues to age more rapidly than the general population due to an accumulation of risk factors. Well-conceived interventions would be a worthwhile investment from both financial and social perspectives. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first commentary to acknowledge this rising public health issue and to both review and model its implications for the future.

Background Dynamic myocardial CT perfusion (CTP) has emerged as a potential strategy to combine anatomical and functional evaluation in a single modality. However, this method results in a high radiation dose. Methods Dynamic CTP was performed in 56 patients with suspected or known ischemic heart disease of whom 48 had complete CT-data. Datasets with reduced sampling rate of 2- and 3 RR-intervals (2RR and 3RR) were constructed post hoc. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimates from the 2RR and 3RR datasets were compared with estimates based on the full dataset (1RR) using the two one-sided test of equivalence for paired samples. Results Significant equivalence was found for rest MBFLV (p ​ Conclusion MBF can be quantitated with dynamic CTP using a sampling strategy of one volume for every second heartbeat. This strategy could lead to a significant reduction in radiation dose.

To improve the performcance of community discovery algorithm applied to dynamic community detection objects, a parallel clustering analysis based on packet permission hierarchical association mining in community discovery of big data has been proposed. First, an evolutionary non-negative matrix decomposition framework based on clustering quality is proposed for dynamic community detection. Second, a clustering combined with dynamic pruning binary tree support vector machine (SVM) algorithm is proposed to prove the equivalence between evolutionary binary tree clustering and evolutionary module density optimization from the perspective of theoretical analysis. Based on this equivalence, a new semi-supervised association mining algorithm is proposed by adding prior information to the sample data without increasing the time complexity. Finally, through the experimental analysis on the static and dynamic community detection model, the performance advantage of the proposed algorithm on the community detection performance index is verified.

In this paper, we investigate weaving frames in Hilbert C ∗ -modules. We show that the equivalence of woven and weakly woven frames is still true for modular frames under certain conditions. By using the analysis operators of frames and frame operators of canonical duals, we obtain several perturbation results for given weaving frames and different weaving frame pairs. When the C ∗ -algebra is nonunital, we derive a correspondence of adjointable operators which is bounded below woven families. Finally, we discuss the redundancy of weaving frames in Hilbert C ∗ -modules.

Conditionals are defeasible rules of the form If A then usually B, and they play a central role in many approaches to nonmonotonic reasoning. Normal forms of conditional knowledge bases consisting of a set of such conditionals are useful to create, process, and compare the knowledge represented by them. In this article, we propose several new normal forms for conditional knowledge bases. Compared to the previously introduced antecedent normal form, the reduced antecedent normal form (RANF) represents conditional knowledge with significantly fewer conditionals by taking nonmonotonic entailments licenced by system P into account. The renaming normal form(ρNF) addresses equivalences among conditional knowledge bases induced by renamings of the underlying signature. Combining the concept of renaming normal form with other normal forms yields the renaming antecedent normal form (ρ ANF) and the renaming reduced antecedent normal form (ρ RANF). For all newly introduced normal forms, we show their key properties regarding, existence, uniqueness, model equivalence, and inferential equivalence, and we develop algorithms transforming every conditional knowledge base into an equivalent knowledge base being in the respective normal form. For the most succinct normal form, the ρ RANF, we present an algorithm KBρra systematically generating knowledge bases over a given signature in ρ RANF. We show that the generated knowledge bases are consistent, pairwise not antecedentwise equivalent, and pairwise not equivalent under signature renaming. Furthermore, the algorithm is complete in the sense that, when taking signature renamings and model equivalence into account, every consistent knowledge base is generated. Observing that normalizing the set of all knowledge bases over a signature Σ to ρ RANF yields exactly the same result as KBρra (Σ), highlights the interrelationship between normal form transformations on the one hand and systematically generating knowledge bases in normal form on the other hand.

This research explores translation and interpreting quality assessment standards (TIQA), selecting those fit for the purpose of specialized translation quality assurance, with the aim to systematize them into a step-by-step framework, referred to as “the TIQA pyramid”, a framework that provides valid and reproducible benchmarks that are endowed with universal features and reflected in codes of ethics and professional standards. The TIQA standards may be subdivided into two major groups: text-oriented and ethical-deontological ones. Such classification is based on the notion of translation quality which is the projection of a translator (interpreter)’s personality (inchoate quality assurance arising out of a system of ethical and deontological precepts), or of textual requirements (choate quality assurance arising out of a system of text-oriented criteria). The “pas-de-trois” in a translated interaction among the commissioner of a specialized translation, its performer and end-user is grounded in the presumably existing mediated communication contract (typically a translation brief). Its positive upshot is manifested in the confidence-imbued multi-party polypragmatic interlingual and intercultural behaviour; the negative, however, is underscored by its implicit nature which leads to the absence of a concerted system of quality criteria, resulting in a lack of satisfaction and mutual trust.

This study employed electrophysiological measures to investigate the processes of expectancy fulfillment and semantic integration during the processing of binding and compound nouns in Chinese. Sequential expectancy and cloze probability between the two constituents of a two-character noun were manipulated in two experiments, resulting in four types of target characters (i.e., the final characters of two-character nouns): (i) high-cloze, binding character (HB); (ii) high-cloze, compound character (HC); (iii) low-cloze, binding character (LB); (iv) low-cloze, compound character (LC). Participants were asked to judge as quickly and accurately as possible whether the two characters, presented sequentially, formed a real word. The two experiments varied in stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the initial and the target characters: 1000 ms and 300 ms. ERPs acquired at the target characters revealed a significant semantic integration effect in both experiments whereby low-cloze target characters elicited more negative-going activities than high-cloze target characters (L > H) with both long and short SOAs. Importantly, there was a graded N400 effect (LC = LB > HC > HB) at the central region: a clearly visible positive deflection for HB relative to HC in synchrony with an equivalence in negativity for LB and LC. This graded pattern was observed with an SOA of 1000 ms but not 300 ms. These results are discussed in terms of the possible coexistence of an expectancy fulfillment mechanism indexed by the P300 that monitors incoming information for realization of expectancies based on stored mental representations and a semantic integration mechanism indexed by the N400 that incorporates incoming information into the preceding context based on semantic-pragmatic knowledge. Manifestation of this coexistence appears sensitive to SOA-modulated attention orientation.

In the electromagnetic transient (EMT) and transient stability (TS) hybrid simulation, the entire power system is artificially split into two sub-grids, and sub-grids interact with each other via an interface. Thus interface distortions emerge, including latency and errors. The influence of interface latency is quantitated based on a demo circuit containing delayed interaction. Moreover, the principles of improving hybrid simulation interface accuracy are concluded. Inspired by the principles, a novel interface displacement (ID) and dynamic phasor mapping equivalence (DP-ME) interface scheme is proposed. The scheme makes sub-grids at opposite sides of an interface loosely coupled and avoids interface variable form conversion by applying two techniques. 1) Displacement of the partition interface from the converter buses to the control loops and interior of the EMT sub-grid to utilize the built-in inertias. 2) Construction of the DP-ME model to calculate the injected power from EMT to TS sub-grid. Tests based on designed cases and an actual HVAC/DC power grid give credibility to the proposed ID & DP-ME scheme in comparison with full electromagnetic simulation.

As data volume and complexity grow at an unprecedented rate, the performance of data manipulation programs is becoming a major concern for developers. In this article, we study how alternative API choices could improve data manipulation performance while preserving task-specific input/output equivalence. We propose a lightweight approach that leverages the comparative structures in Q&A sites to extracting alternative implementations. On a large dataset of Stack Overflow posts, our approach extracts 5,080 pairs of alternative implementations that invoke different data manipulation APIs to solve the same tasks, with an accuracy of 86%. Experiments show that for 15% of the extracted pairs, the faster implementation achieved >10x speedup over its slower alternative. We also characterize 68 recurring alternative API pairs from the extraction results to understand the type of APIs that can be used alternatively. To put these findings into practice, we implement a tool, AlterApi7 , to automatically optimize real-world data manipulation programs. In the 1,267 optimization attempts on the Kaggle dataset, 76% achieved desirable performance improvements with up to orders-of-magnitude speedup. Finally, we discuss notable challenges of using alternative APIs for optimizing data manipulation programs. We hope that our study offers a new perspective on API recommendation and automatic performance optimization.

Background In Brazil, there are no instruments available to measure the presence, frequency, severity and distress related to heart failure (HF) symptoms. Aims To adapt the Symptom Status Questionnaire - HF (SSQ-HF) into Brazilian Portuguese and to examine the content validity of the adapted version. Methods The instrument was translated, back-translated and evaluated by an expert committee for semantic, idiomatic, cultural, and conceptual equivalences. An agreement ≥80% was considered adequate. The adapted version was evaluated by both an expert committee (n = 9) for clarity, theoretical relevance and practical relevance (acceptable content validity coefficient (CVC): ≥0.70), and by a patient committee regarding understanding (n = 40). Results The adapted version obtained 100% agreement regarding the equivalences. The total instrument CVC was 0.99. All patients understood the items. Conclusion The SSQ-HF-Brazilian version has satisfactory evidence of equivalence and content validity. Additional psychometric tests are deemed to confirm that the instrument can be used in Brazil.

This study aimed to demonstrate pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence of a single dose of the proposed adalimumab biosimilar CT‐P17 to United States‐licensed adalimumab (US‐adalimumab) and European Union‐approved adalimumab (EU‐adalimumab). This double‐blind, parallel‐group, phase I trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03970824) was conducted at 10 hospitals (Republic of Korea), in which healthy subjects (1:1:1) were randomized to receive a single 40 mg (100 mg/ml) subcutaneous injection of CT‐P17, US‐adalimumab, or EU‐adalimumab. Primary end points were PK equivalence in terms of: area under the concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0–inf); AUC from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–last); and maximum serum concentration (Cmax). PK equivalence was concluded if 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for percent ratios of geometric least squares means (GLSMs) for pairwise comparisons were within the equivalence margin of 80–125%. Additional PK end points, safety, and immunogenicity were evaluated. Of the 312 subjects who were randomized (103 CT‐P17; 103 US‐adalimumab; 106 EU‐adalimumab), 308 subjects received study drug. AUC0–inf, AUC0–last, and Cmax were equivalent among CT‐P17, US‐adalimumab, and EU‐adalimumab, because 90% CIs for the ratios of GLSMs were within the 80–125% equivalence margin for each pairwise comparison. Secondary PK end points, safety, and immunogenicity were similar between treatment groups. In conclusion, PK equivalence for single‐dose administration of CT‐P17, EU‐adalimumab, and US‐adalimumab was demonstrated in healthy adults. Safety and immunogenicity profiles were comparable between treatment groups and consistent with previous reports for adalimumab biosimilars.

This paper presents a review of advanced technologies for e-testing using an artificial intelligence approach. First, this paper introduces state-of-the-art uniform test assembly methods to guarantee examinee test score equivalence even if different examinees with the same ability take different tests. More formally, each uniform test form has equivalent measurement accuracy but with a different set of items. To increase the number of assembled tests, some test assembly methods allow that any two tests of uniform tests can include fewer common items than a user allows as a test constraint. This situation is designated as the overlapping condition. However, these methods used with an overlapping condition are often adversely affected by bias of the item exposure frequency and decreased reliability of items and tests. Second, this paper introduces state-of-the-art uniform test form assembly with a constraint of item exposure. Most earlier studies of e-testing employ item response theory (IRT) to obtain each examinee’s test score. However, IRT has several strict assumptions. Recently, Deep-IRT, which employs deep learning to relax the assumptions, has attracted attention. Finally, this paper introduces Deep-IRT models.

Purpose According to the principle of equivalence of care, health care in prison has to be of the same standard and quality as in the general population. This study aims to determine the geographic accessibility of dialysis services for older prisoners and the older general population in Switzerland and whether accessibility and availability of dialysis care are equivalent. Design/methodology/approach Spatial accessibility analysis incorporated four different data types: population data, administrative data, street network data and addresses of prisons and hemodialysis services. Findings Analysis revealed that the average travel time to the nearest dialysis service was better for prisoners (11.5 min) than for the general population (14.8 min). However, dialysis service for prisoners is hampered by the necessary lead-time in correctional settings, which, ultimately, leads to longer overall access times (36.5 min). Accordingly, the equivalence of dialysis care for older Swiss prisoners is not entirely respected for availability and accessibility. Originality/value The strength of the study lies in the combination of ethical principles and the highly tangible results of a spatial accessibility analysis. The ethics-driven empirical analysis provides arguments for policy-makers to review the current practices.

Reducing methane emissions from oil and gas systems is a central component of US and international climate policy. Leak detection and repair (LDAR) programs using optical gas imaging (OGI) based surveys are routinely used to mitigate fugitive emissions or leaks. Recently, new technologies and platforms such as planes, drones, and satellites promise more cost-effective methane mitigation than existing approaches. To be approved for use in LDAR programs, new technologies must demonstrate equivalent emissions mitigation to existing approaches. In this work, we use the FEAST modeling tool to (a) identify cost vs. mitigation trade-offs that arise from the use of new technologies, and (b) provide a framework for effective design of alternative LDAR programs. We identify several critical insights. First, new technologies and tiered LDAR programs can achieve equivalent emissions reductions at lower cost as current OGI-based approaches by varying survey frequency. Second, low median detection threshold technologies can trade sensitivity for speed without sacrificing mitigation outcomes. Third, emissions mitigation from technologies with high median detection thresholds have an effective upper bound independent of the survey frequency. Finally, vented emissions play a critical role in the cost-effectiveness of tiered detection programs that direct ground crews based on site-level emissions detection. The FEAST model will enable operators and regulators to systematically evaluate the role of new technologies in next generation LDAR programs.

This study explores translation task equivalence by comparing parallel translation test tasks in levels of difficulty, using eye-tracking, as well as NASA-TLX and retrospection. It also examines th...

PCA is a popular tool for exploring and summarizing multivariate data, especially those consisting of many variables. PCA, however, is often not simple to interpret, as the components are a linear combination of the variables. To address this issue, numerous methods have been proposed to sparsify the nonzero coefficients in the components, including rotation-thresholding methods and, more recently, PCA methods subject to sparsity inducing penalties or constraints. Here, we offer guidelines on how to choose among the different sparse PCA methods. Current literature misses clear guidance on the properties and performance of the different sparse PCA methods, often relying on the misconception that the equivalence of the formulations for ordinary PCA also holds for sparse PCA. To guide potential users of sparse PCA methods, we first discuss several popular sparse PCA methods in terms of where the sparseness is imposed on the loadings or on the weights, assumed model, and optimization criterion used to impose sparseness. Second, using an extensive simulation study, we assess each of these methods by means of performance measures such as squared relative error, misidentification rate, and percentage of explained variance for several data generating models and conditions for the population model. Finally, two examples using empirical data are considered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11336-021-09773-2.

Ex-post split-award auctions are a frequently used form of combinatorial auction mechanism in practice. The procurement quantity is split into several shares and suppliers can submit bids on separate shares as well as on the entire quantity. Markets with diseconomies of scale are wide-spread, but strategically challenging. In a game-theoretical equilibrium analysis, Kokott et al. (2019) have recently shown that in contrast to single-object auctions, there is no strategic equivalence between first-price sealed-bid (FPSB) and Dutch combinatorial auctions. The FPSB auctions are characterized by efficient and inefficient equilibria while the Dutch auctions only possess efficient equilibria. We report the results of extensive laboratory experiments and show that the theory explains the bid data surprisingly well. Importantly, a compound Dutch auction format weakly outperforms the wide-spread combinatorial first-price sealed-bid auction in efficiency and total procurement costs. The results provide guidance for procurement managers in the field.

Kazakh national literature considered as peripheral and featured by bilingualism is not widely presented in target languages. Soviet canons of translation had made a great impact on the whole process of literary translation development in Kazakhstan, realized predominantly through a mediating language. With the issue of translation of Kazakh national literature comes the aspect of cultural terms in translation. The aim of this article is to consider the problem of translation of specific culture-related words in terms of equivalence, while the translation involves interlinear text. The method of the study was analysis. A comparative analysis of the source and target texts allows us to conclude the Kazakh language is characterized by separate lexemes for indicating various signs of the same phenomenon, state, and object; more often they are hyponyms, while English is specified by use of hypernyms. The practical significance of this article is determined by the fact that the research contributes to the development of problems of indirect translation. This issue requires fundamental study, and this study is a small part of that endeavor.

Environmental policies that require native vegetation conservation can be challenging to implement, especially in productive agricultural landscapes. In Brazil, the Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law mandates ‘Legal Reserves’, protected native vegetation that landowners must retain on their properties. If landowners do not have the required minimum amount of native vegetation on their properties (the Legal Reserve ‘target’), they must either restore vegetation on the same property to meet the target, or compensate by protecting existing vegetation or restoring it on another property, ideally in ecologically equivalent areas. Here, we evaluate how different strategies (on-site/off-site protection and/or restoration), and different requirements for ecological equivalence when off-site strategies are used, affect the ability to achieve Legal Reserve targets, while minimising the need to restore native vegetation on productive farmland. We used a novel iterative tool to build scenarios that reflect different combinations of strategies to meet the minimum conservation target under different requirements for ecological equivalence, and compared their ability to achieve the target and their likely cost. The Atlantic Forest was the only biome where it was not possible to achieve the Legal Reserve target by protection of existing native vegetation, even when ecological equivalence rules were relaxed. As a consequence, vegetation restoration is required in this biome. Directing this required restoration to pasturelands that are less-suitable for agriculture allowed the target to be achieved in all states of Brazil, as long as only minimal ecological equivalence was required; however, for most states, the need to restore native vegetation on productive areas on farmlands could still be avoided while requiring medium to high ecological equivalence. These findings show the potential for moderate ecological equivalence to be achieved across most of Brazil in a cost-effective way and without impairing productive lands when seeking to meet the Legal Reserve targets.

AIMS To evaluate pharmacokinetic equivalence and preliminary safety of the adalimumab biosimilar CT-P17 administered via autoinjector (CT-P17 AI) or prefilled syringe (CT-P17 PFS) in healthy subjects. METHODS This phase I, open-label study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04295356) randomised subjects (1:1) to receive a single 40-mg (100 mg/mL) dose of CT-P17 AI or CT-P17 PFS. Primary endpoint was pharmacokinetic equivalence of CT-P17 AI to CT-P17 PFS for: area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-inf ); area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-last ); maximum serum concentration (Cmax ). Equivalence was determined if the 90% confidence interval for the geometric least-squares mean ratio was within the 80-125% equivalence margin. Additional pharmacokinetic endpoints, safety and immunogenicity were evaluated. RESULTS Of 193 subjects who were randomised (98 CT-P17 AI; 95 CT-P17 PFS), 180 received study drug. Pharmacokinetic equivalence was demonstrated: 90% confidence intervals were within the 80-125% equivalence margin (AUC0-inf : 93.98-114.29; AUC0-last : 91.09-121.86; Cmax : 94.08-111.90). Mean serum CT-P17 concentrations, secondary pharmacokinetic parameters and numbers of subjects with antidrug antibodies (ADAs) or neutralising ADAs were comparable between groups. AUC0-inf , AUC0-last and Cmax were numerically lower for ADA-positive than for ADA-negative subjects (both groups); pharmacokinetic equivalence was also demonstrated among ADA-positive subjects. CT-P17 AI and CT-P17 PFS were well tolerated, with comparable overall safety profiles. CONCLUSIONS CT-P17 AI and CT-P17 PFS were pharmacokinetically equivalent. Overall safety and immunogenicity were comparable between the 2 delivery devices.

Cross-cultural equivalence, country and gender differences, and external relations with other measures were examined on a new, brief measure of test anxiety, the Test Anxiety Measure for College Students-Short Form (TAMC-SF), in a sample of Canadian and US higher education students. The sample of 1204 students completed the TAMC-SF and other measures online. The results of tests of invariance found support for partial scalar invariance across country and gender on the TAMC-SF. In addition, results of a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and analysis of variances (ANOVAs) found country and gender differences on the TAMC-SF scales. Furthermore, validity evidence for the TAMC-SF scores with the scores of external measures was found. Overall, the findings support the use of the same test score interpretation for Canadian and US higher education students on the TAMC-SF and the use of the TAMC-SF in Canadian higher education students.

Background The English version of the FACE-Q rhinoplasty module, developed according to Rasch measurement theory, has recently been translated into Dutch. Before conclusions can be drawn from the Dutch version, this translation must also fit the item analysis by the Rasch model. Objectives The primary aim of this study was to evaluate cross-cultural equivalence between the Dutch and English versions of the FACE-Q rhinoplasty module by applying Rasch methodology. Methods Rasch analysis performed with Winsteps (Beaverton, OR) was used to evaluate the Dutch version of the FACE-Q nose and nostrils scales with data from a prospective consecutive cohort of 100 Dutch-speaking septorhinoplasty patients. New Dutch-related conversion tables were constructed for the FACE-Q nose and nostrils scales and compared to the original ones. Psychometric cross-validation was performed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Results Both questionnaires adequately met the requirement of invariance. Within an acceptable range, some issues with item and person fit were found, as well as some local item dependency and differential item functioning. However, comparison of the Dutch- and English-related conversion tables by ROC analysis demonstrated identical results for the FACE-Q nose and nostrils scales. Conclusions Item analysis by the Rasch model on the data of a Dutch-speaking population proved the conceptual correspondence with the original English version.

Cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) SPECT/CT cameras with large field of view offer a higher sensitivity than conventional Anger cameras. This prospective study aimed to determine the equivalence between a conventional protocol and a reduced acquisition time protocol for 201-Thallium myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using a whole-body CZT SPECT camera. Stress MPI was obtained for 103 consecutive patients on a DISCOVERY-CZT camera. Images were anonymized and post-processed to simulate a 25% (D75 dataset) and 50% (D50 dataset) decrease in total recorded counts. Concerning the number of segments displaying a tracer uptake

Objective To test for equivalence between providers with and without advanced degrees in multiple domains related to delivery of evidence-based treatment. Data source Provider and client data from an effectiveness trial of Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) in a major metropolitan area in the United States. Study design We tested for equivalence between providers (N = 182) with and without advanced degrees in treatment-related knowledge, practices, and attitudes; job demands and stress; and training engagement and trainer-rated competence in AF-CBT. We also conducted exploratory analyses to test for equivalence in family clinical outcomes. Data collection Providers completed measures prior to randomization and at 6-month follow-up, after completion of training and consultation in AF-CBT. Children and caregivers completed assessments at 0, 6, 12, and 18 months. Principal findings Providers without advanced degrees were largely non-inferior to those with advanced degrees in treatment-related knowledge, practices, and attitudes, while findings for job demands and stress were mixed. Providers without advanced degrees were non-inferior to providers with advanced degrees in consultation attendance (B = -1.42; confidence interval (CI) = -3.01-0.16; margin of equivalence (Δ) = 2), number of case presentations (B = 0.64; CI = -0.49-1.76; Δ = 2), total training hours (B = -4.57; CI = -10.52-1.37; Δ = 3), and trainer-rated competence in AF-CBT (B = -0.04; CI = -3.04-2.96; Δ = 4), and they were significantly more likely to complete training (odds ratio = 0.66; CI = 0.10-0.96; Δ = 30%). Results for clinical outcomes were largely inconclusive. Conclusions Provider-level outcomes for those with and without advanced degrees were generally comparable. Additional research is needed to examine equivalence in clinical outcomes. Expanding evidence-based treatment training to individuals without advanced degrees may help to reduce workforce shortages and improve reach of evidence-based treatments.

Business process modeling attracts great importance in enterprises due to the need for a graphically simplified and less verbal way to manage their operations. Nevertheless, the existence of various process modeling standards across the different departments of the same enterprise, such as Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) diagrams, classic flowcharts, Gantt charts and Petri nets, urges their notation alignment. After the business process model nota-tion alignment, complex constraints and relationships among the enterprise's department processes can be automated and simplified. In the light of the digital transformation of today's enterprises, the main objective of this paper is the proposal of a straightforward and simplified business educational equivalence table so that a direct conversion among BPMN diagrams, flowcharts, Gantt Charts and Petri Nets can be locally fulfilled by non-specialized personnel in each enterprise's department. The methodology of this paper can be generalized in every enterprise where the aforementioned process modeling standards across its different departments coexist.

Highlights • Different trial types require different sample size calculation and interpretation. • Statistical modeling may help to minimize confounding effects and bias. • Statistical pitfalls can be avoided by following correct statistical guidance., Purpose To facilitate understanding statistical principles and methods for clinicians involved in cancer research. Methods An overview of study design is provided on cancer research for both observational and clinical trials addressing study objectives and endpoints, superiority tests, non-inferiority and equivalence design, and sample size calculation. The principles of statistical models and tests including contemporary standard methods of analysis and evaluation are discussed. Finally, some statistical pitfalls frequently evident in clinical and translational studies in cancer are discussed. Results We emphasize the practical aspects of study design (superiority vs non-inferiority vs equivalence study) and assumptions underpinning power calculations and sample size estimation. The differences between relative risk, odds ratio, and hazard ratio, understanding outcome endpoints, purposes of interim analysis, and statistical modeling to minimize confounding effects and bias are also discussed. Conclusion Proper design and correctly constructed statistical models are critical for the success of cancer research studies. Most statistical inaccuracies can be minimized by following essential statistical principles and guidelines to improve quality in research studies.

We consider the one-to-one two-sided matching with contracts model in which buyers face financial constraints. In this model there is a stable outcome, but not necessarily a competitive equilibrium as defined in the standard way. We propose a new equilibrium notion, quantity-constrained competitive equilibrium (QCCE) that allows buyers to form rational expectations on the lack of supply when their financial constraints are binding. We show the existence of QCCEs and establish the equivalence among QCCE outcomes, stable outcomes, and core outcomes. We also analyze the existence of QCCEs with uniform prices, the lattice property of QCCEs, and the rural hospital theorem of QCCEs. We finally examine the relation between models with financial constraints and models with price controls.

Purpose The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life-Core Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) is a widely used generic self-report measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for cancer patients. However, no validated voice script for interviewer-led telephone administration was previously available. The aim of this study was to develop a voice script for interviewer administration via telephone. Methods Following guidelines from the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) PRO Mixed Modes Good Research Practices Task Force, a randomised cross-over equivalence study, including cognitive debriefing, was conducted to assess equivalence between paper and telephone administration modes. Assuming an expected intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.70 and a minimally acceptable level of 0.50, a sample size of 63 was required. Results Cognitive interviews with five cancer patients found the voice script to be clear and understandable. Due to a protocol deviation in the first wave of testing, only 26 patients were available for analyses. A second wave of recruitment was conducted, adding 37 patients (n = 63; mean age 55.48; 65.1% female). Total ICCs for mode comparison ranged from 0.72 (nausea and vomiting, 95% CI 0.48–0.86) to 0.90 (global health status/QoL, 95% CI 0.80–0.95; pain, 95% CI 0.79–0.95; constipation, 95% CI 0.80–0.95). For paper first administration, all ICCs were above 0.70, except nausea and vomiting (ICC 0.55; 95% CI 0.24–0.76) and financial difficulties (ICC 0.60; 95% CI 0.31–0.79). For phone first administration, all ICCs were above 0.70. Conclusions The equivalence testing results support the voice script’s validity for administration of the QLQ-C30 via telephone.

Objectives Resources for care among women are crucial for children’s growth and development. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to determine if: (1) the factor structure of measures of maternal resources for care was comparable across countries and consistent with the theoretical constructs and (2) the measures showed equivalence across contexts. Methods The study included 4400, 4029 and 2746 women from Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Ethiopia, respectively. The measures of resources for care were maternal education, knowledge, height, body mass index, mental well-being, financial autonomy, decision-making, employment, support in chores, and perceived support. Results The factor analysis demonstrated that a two-factor solution best explained the structure of resources for care in all three countries. The first factor was associated with financial autonomy and employment in all three countries and with decision-making in two countries. The second factor was associated with education and knowledge in all three countries. The measures of resources for care had measurement equivalence across countries. Conclusion for Practice Resources for care were structurally similar and measurement equivalent across countries and can be used for measurement in low- and middle-income countries. Additional work examining the structure and cross-context equivalence of resources for care in other settings is warranted.

Chromatographic fingerprinting has been perceived as an essential tool for assessing quality and chemical equivalence of traditional Chinese medicine. However, this pattern-oriented approach still has some weak points in terms of chemical coverage and robustness. In this work, we proposed a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based fingerprinting method in which approximately 100 constituents were simultaneously detected for quality assessment. The derivative MRM approach was employed to rapidly design MRM transitions independent of chemical standards, based on which the large-scale fingerprinting method was efficiently established. This approach was exemplified on QiShenYiQi Pill (QSYQ), a traditional Chinese medicine-derived drug product, and its robustness was systematically evaluated by four indices: clustering analysis by principal component analysis, similarity analysis by the congruence coefficient, the number of separated peaks, and the peak area proportion of separated peaks. Compared with conventional ultraviolet-based fingerprints, the MRM fingerprints provided not only better discriminatory capacity for the tested normal/abnormal QSYQ samples, but also higher robustness under different chromatographic conditions (i.e., flow rate, apparent pH, column temperature, and column). The result also showed for such large-scale fingerprints including a large number of peaks, the angle cosine measure after min-max normalization was more suitable for setting a decision criterion than the unnormalized algorithm. This proof-of-concept application gives evidence that combining MRM technique with proper similarity analysis metrices can provide a highly sensitive, robust and comprehensive analytical approach for quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • MRM fingerprints are proposed for quality assessment of traditional medicine. • MRM fingerprints show favorable robustness, coverage and discriminatory capacity. • Similarity analysis methods for such large-scale fingerprints are proposed.

The basic requirements of regeneration of spent fuel from BREST reactors in order to reach radiation equivalence in the nuclear energy system are presented. It is shown on the basis of computational modeling of scenarios for the development and long-term operation of the nuclear energy system, including nuclear power plants with thermal and fast reactors, that radiation equivalence of waste and natural uranium can be reached. At the same time, the requirements of radiochemical technology also extend to the reprocessing of spent fuel from thermal reactors. The effect of the content of actinides and fission products in the waste on the hold-up period to reach radiation equivalence is shown.

Machine translation has the potential to make huge contributions to translation industries, but it seems, for now, that machine translation equivalence has led to a crucial point for literary translation by using machine translation because of the problem of the equivalence itself. This paper, therefore, aimed to see the equivalence degree of literary translation resulted by machine translation, i.e., freeware toolkit AntConc 3.5.0 software 2019. The data were collected from English-Indonesian J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter and The Order of The Phoenix novel by using the software to find the equivalent translation. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively based on the strategy of translation equivalent level proposed by Mona Baker (1992). The analyzed data revealed that the equivalent level of the software mostly occurred in a word level, above word level, and grammatical level. The software was likely difficult to find a textual level and a pragmatic level of translation equivalence because they required a context and still needed human involvement as part of a greater creative project of translation which were not done by the machine translation. After all, Antconc 3.5.0 as Computer Assisted Tool (CAT) brought a huge contribution to translation industry, helped to analyze large corpora particularly to find the degree of translation equivalence in word and above word level.

Family accommodation is a phenomenon that has been associated with worse treatment outcome of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and greater severity of symptoms and levels of functional impairment. Yet, there are no Chinese scales to assess family accommodation in OCD among family members. The present study aimed to illustrate the steps of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Chinese versions of the Family Accommodation Scale (FAS). After obtaining authorization of the developers, the Chinese versions of the FAS were translated and adapted from the English versions based on a standard protocol, following six steps: forward translation, pilot administration, language adjustment and cultural adaptation, back-translation, review and minor edit, and final approval of the developer. Thirty-five pairs of patients and corresponding relatives with different education levels were administered the FAS in the pretest stage. This study found that the semantic, idiomatic, and conceptual equivalence were obtained between the Chinese versions and original English scales, and the Chinese versions of FAS were well translated and culturally adapted. We also found that the Chinese versions of the FAS can be easily understood by people of different socioeconomic statuses.

The safety of transgenic Bt rice containing bacteria-derived mCry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was assessed by conducting field trials at two locations for two consecutive years in South Korea, using the near-isogenic line comparator rice cultivar (‘Ilmi’, non-Bt rice) and four commercial cultivars as references. Compositional analyses included measurement of proximates, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and antinutrients. Significant differences between Bt rice and non-Bt rice were detected; however, all differences were within the reference range. The statistical analyses, including analysis of % variability, analysis of similarities (ANOISM), similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) were performed to study factors contributing to compositional variability. The multivariate analyses revealed that environmental factors more influenced rice components’ variability than by genetic factors. This approach was shown to be a powerful method to provide meaningful evaluations between Bt rice and its comparators. In this study, Bt rice was proved to be compositionally equivalent to conventional rice varieties through multiple statistical methods.

Contains fulltext : 236666.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Changes from traditional face-to-face to internet-delivered psychological assessment are urgently needed given the long-lasting pandemic, the general need for fast and efficient tests and test procedures, and easier availability and access for test-takers in remote settings. We used a quasi-experimental non-randomized group design for the comparison of two word fluency test procedures: one traditional that is face-to-face (n = 30) and one supervised via internet (n = 30). Participants were 17-31 years, education level high school and Bachelor. The letters S, K, T were used for the phonemic fluency test, for the emotion word fluency test subjects had to generate words related to subjective emotional feelings or the expression of emotions. The results showed that traditional administered and internet-delivered testing are equivalent (our hypothesis) as seen from the absence of significant differences between the two groups in the performances of all four word fluency tests (p > .05) and small effect sizes (Cohen's d range < .5). Significant correlations were found between the fluency tasks, irrespective of the way of test administration (p < .05). It can be concluded that the word fluency tasks can be assessed by supervised internet-delivered testing, but this is limited to a sample of young adults. 15 p.

Although deep learning is a very successful AI technology, many concerns have been raised about to what extent the decisions making process of deep neural networks can be trusted. Verifying of properties of neural networks such as adversarial robustness and network equivalence sheds light on the trustiness of such systems. We focus on an important family of deep neural networks, the Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) that are useful in resourceconstrained environments, like embedded devices. We introduce our portfolio solver that is able to encode BNN properties for SAT, SMT, and MIP solvers and run them in parallel, in a portfolio setting. In the paper we propose all the corresponding encodings of different types of BNN layers as well as BNN properties into SAT, SMT, cardinality constrains, and pseudo-Boolean constraints. Our experimental results demonstrate that our solver is capable of verifying adversarial robustness of medium-sized BNNs in reasonable time and seems to scale for larger BNNs. We also report on experiments on network equivalence with promising results.