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Exploring questions of representativeness, balance and comparability is essential to tailoring corpus design and compilation to research goals, and to ensuring the validity of research results. This is especially true when the target population of texts under examination is very large and transcends a restricted area of specialization and/or covers multiple genres, as in the case of texts translated in institutional settings. This paper describes the multilayered sequential approach to corpus building applied in a comparative study on legal translation in three of these settings. The approach is based on a full mapping and categorization of institutional texts from a legal perspective; it applies an innovative combination of stratified sampling techniques integrating quantitative and qualitative criteria adapted to the research aims. The resulting corpora, categorization matrix and selection records, together with the methodological detail provided, can be useful for building other multi-genre corpora in translation studies and further afield.

This article tackles directionality as one of the most contentious issues in translation studies, still without solid empirical footing. The research presented here shows that, to understand directionality effects on the process of translation and its end product, performance in L2 → L1 and L1 → L2 translation needs to be compared in a specific setting in which more factors than directionality are considered—especially text type. For 26 professional translators who participated in an experimental study, L1 → L2 translation did not take significantly more time than L2 → L1 translation and the end products of both needed improvement from proofreaders who are native speakers of the target language. A close analysis of corrections made by the proofreaders shows that different aspects of translation quality are affected by directionality. A case study of two translators who produced high quality L1 → L2 translations reveals that their performance was affected more by text type than by directionality.

Since the reform and opening up, China’s comprehensive national strength and international status have been continuously enhanced. Compared with its economic achievements, however, China has a disproportionate discourse power in international communities. Consequently, it becomes a top priority for the country to further strengthen its international communication and elaborately construct an external discourse system to meet the national strategy of telling China’s stories well and making China's voice heard. As an important medium of communication, translation studies should be integrated with intercultural communication studies in response to the urgent issue: How to effectively translate China and enhance its external discourse power in the world. From an interdisciplinary perspective, this article proposed that the boundaries of translation studies should be expanded to integrate correlated research domains including external discourse studies, intercultural communication studies, and national translation studies for the sake of exploring effective paths for the promotion of Chinese culture abroad.

This study aims to investigate the concept of social actor in collective health. For that, 1,830 articles, thesis, and dissertations were identified in the databases Lilacs, SciELO, Web of Science, and PubMed, as well as in the Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination (CAPES). Articles were selected based on the following criteria: (1) pertaining to the field of collective health; (2) defining or conceptualizing “social actor”; (3) adopting a conceptual perspective that constitutes social action; (4) utilizing social action associated with the concept/notion of “social actor” as theoretical framework; (5) consisting of a theoretical study on the subject or including empirical data from research processes; and (6) being conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean. After analysis and evaluation, 18 documents were included in this review. In these studies, the “actors” of health actions were classified using different nomenclatures, including several authors in the field of social sciences. Moreover, most of the works combined theoretical references in different manners. Translation theory comprises a theoretical possibility little explored in the field of collective health, presenting a brief review of the actor-network theory. In conclusion, the various theories dialoguing with collective health seek to explain the various aspects of the subject performing the action, but much study on this matter is still to be produced.v

Project management has been established as a way to organise work in the translation industry. Although research on translator competences has become a cornerstone of Translation Studies, scant att...

This study aims to evaluate Takarir as the product of the research development reviewed from the look and the results of its translation. This is a qualitative descriptive type of research. Data are obtained from students of German learners who understand translation theory and have the skills of the German language at least B1 level standards the common European framework of reference for languages (CEFR). Takarir is an application of a web-based translation machine and supports 44 input languages and dialects. Takarir is built with Macromedia Dreamweaver software. Respondents followed the seminars in German and Bahasa Indonesia, activated the Takarir as a translator, and observed its translation results. The analysis results show that the Takarir can translate speech to text from Bahasa Indonesia to German and vice versa with several errors. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Takarir takes advantage of the new technology, inspires to learn, and supports bi/-multilingualism activities.

The emergence of crowdsourcing has opened up novel ways to initiate, produce and deliver translations in our digitally connected world. New practices and processes brought up by these phenomena have undeniably impacted different collectives with an interest in translation, such as language service providers (LSPs), professionals, and Translation Studies (TS). It has also been argued that crowdsourcing can impact public perceptions of translation, rising ethical concerns, issues related to the visibility of translation, or whether everyone can potentially translate (McDonough-Dolmaya 2012). This paper analyzes its potential impact on the realm of professional translation, an issue raised several years ago by a European Union Commission publication (2012, 37–38). It critically analyzes whether the much-feared socioeconomic and socio-professional impact on working conditions of professionals is underway or not. It represents an attempt at charting the potential influence of crowdsourcing on the profession through a critical review of existing literature and industry publications.

This paper explores two adaptations of world literature starred by Mexican comedian Cantinflas: Los tres mosqueteros (1942) and Romeo y Julieta (1943). Comedic adaptation of world literature is essential for the development of cinema as an instrument of popular cosmopolitanism, which democratizes and massifies world literature in Mexico. From this angle, I argue for the idea of popular cosmopolitanism as a category to describe film industries where the project of the nation state engages world literature and world cinema. I also posit this term as a way to address gaps and limits in Miriam Hansen’s idea of “vernacular modernism.”

With the emergence of video game localisation studies in the last decade, scholarly interest in translation studies in this young discipline has increased. Although globalisation has encouraged video game companies to offer their products in as many languages and markets as feasible, this academic discipline is still an under-researched area, especially in the Arab context. This article presents an overview to engender a better understanding of the nature of video games and their localisation in the Arab market. This market is distinct due to its culture, politics and language. In addition to the translational challenges related to the Arabic language, this study deals with the specificities of video game localisation from political, cultural and linguistic perspectives. This research offers a historical overview of the localisation of video games into Arabic since the inception of the practice, including an outline of the main localisation milestones in this field.

This article analyses the literature-cinema dialogue established by the Ecuadorian writer Gabriela Alemán in her short story collection La muerte silba un blues (2014). Firstly, I revise how Alemán borrows the production methods of the cult Spanish filmmaker Jesús “Jess” Franco to craft a collection that aids us to see the world as an interconnected whole. Secondly, I close read the story that opens the collection, El extraño viaje, which takes Orson Welles’ radiophonic adaptation of The War of the Worlds to the Ecuadorian context. My argument is that, in making the city of Quito the target of H.G. Wells’ Martian invasion, Alemán engages with a rich history of multimedia adaptations and places Ecuador’s capital at the centre of a global narrative. I argue that her work decentres and recentres world literature dynamics where Latin American literature in general, and Ecuadorian writing in particular, sit at the periphery of world literary systems.

In view of the importance of canon formation in the rewriting of Chinese literary history and the role of translation anthologies in constructing literary canons, this article examines the process of canonization represented in the anthologies of Renditions from 1973 to 2020. It observes the literary works that the Renditions’ anthologies attempt to build into canons and delves into the reasons behind the canon building. It concludes that the anthologies of Renditions challenge and subvert the literary canons established by the Chinese mainland, while trying to reconstruct and even popularize new canons from a Hong Kong perspective. Moreover, Renditions’ efforts to anthologize Chinese literature open up new possibilities for future canon formation and pave the way for a more comprehensive revision of Chinese literary history.

This article argues that researchers in Translation Studies may proactively aim to understand the consequences of an envisaged merger between targeted advertising and automated translation. Functional translation software is widely available online, and several platforms now perform instant translation, sometimes without asking the user whether this is required. Indeed, the user’s main language is known to various applications, which keep track of this information along with other settings and preferences. Data tracking is commonly used to produce targeted advertising: people receive commercial information about products they are likely to be interested in. If text can instantly be altered according to a user’s linguistic preferences, it can also be altered according to aesthetic, commercial, or political preferences. The article discusses theoretical and ideological aspects of the sociotechnical evolution towards the production and consumption of personalised content, highlighting the role translation may come to play.

Samuel Beckett, the Irish author and playwright was born in 1906 in County Dublin, Ireland and died in 1989, in Paris, France. From 1929 to 1989, Beckett wrote letters through which his life is depicted. His letters were published in the form of four volumes entitled as follows: volume I: 1929-1940 (published in 2009), volume II: 1941-1956 (published in 2011), volume III: 1957-1965 (published in 2014), and lastly, volume IV: 1966-1989 (published in 2016). These letters were later translated in French by the publishing house of Gallimard between 2014 and 2018. Within a morpho-semantic framework of analysis, one may wonder to what extent there exists stylistic affinities between his letters and his famous tragicomedy entitled Waiting for Godot (published in 1952). In other terms, are there constant, and/or shared stylistic units? To what extent has the register been changed from his letters to his play? How may the vocabulary, punctuation, and grammar differ from the English version of Waiting for Godot to the French version? Do these stylistic changes from English to French affect the notions of 20th-century man in the society in France? By drawing on certain theories of theoreticians in linguistics and translation studies such as Brian T. Fitch, Anthony Uhlmann, and Saeid Rahipour, this research seeks to present a linguistic and translation analysis of Beckett’s register in his four volumes of letters and English, and French versions of his play Waiting for Godot. Hence, this study aims to investigate the extent to which the Irish writer’s register has been differentiated in the corpus under study by the passage of time to suit the stylistic norms of 20th century in France and England.

The present study investigated the important role higher education plays in the success of the translator in his/her profession. To end this, the researcher prepared a translation test consisting of 12 short literary texts for data collection from both educated and uneducated translators who were equally divided into two groups. The 20 judges were invited to judge the level of communicative function of the translations made by both groups of translators on the basis of a five-point scale on a continuum from "Uncommunicative" to "Communicative" that was designed according to Nord’s (2018) functionalist approach. As the results indicated, the educated translators produced the highest communicative translations that put into Nord’s instrumental translation category. By contrast, the uneducated translators made the translations with the average level of communication that led their translation to be placed into documentary translation category. In conclusion, the educated translators, who held a master’s degree in Translation Studies, were more successful in producing communicative translations because of their profound knowledge of translation theories and mastery over translation strategies. This gives the indication of the utmost importance of higher education in the achievement of the translators in their career.

This paper describes the construction and application of the first English-Chinese Parallel Corpus of Hydrogen Energy (PCOHE) in China, including design framework, collecting and processing of corpus materials, and its applications.Thepaper adopts statistical analysis with the help of corpussoftware to portray the linguistic characteristics of the hydrogen energy texts and study the translation strategy of the translated texts, which is expected to improve the efficiency and accuracy of translation. Although PCOHE is intended for translation studies of hydrogen energy texts, it can also be applied to such areas as the learning of hydrogen energy and machine translation.

This essay situates itself at the intersection of book history and translation studies, and inquires how the archive, in this instance, those of British publishers, can help us chart the development of the professional literary translator in the nineteenth century. A key period in print culture, during which many cultural, technological and social shifts occurred, the Victorian era saw the rise of the literary profession, the relevance and impact of which on literary translation can be even better understood in the light of developments in British publishing practices. Using hitherto largely untapped primary sources and uncovering a number of significant processes in the publishing history of literary translation, the discussion offers fresh insights into the production of English-language translations in nineteenth-century Britain. Drawing on the archival records of Richard Bentley’s publishing house, including translators’ correspondence and the contractual agreements that underpinned the production and publication of translations, this study inquires into what may be termed the “proto-professionalization” of literary translators in the nineteenth century., Au confluent de l’histoire du livre et des études de traduction, cet essai expose les diverses manières dont les archives, en l’occurrence celles de maisons d’édition britanniques, permettent de retracer l’émergence des traducteurs littéraires professionnels au XIXe siècle. Période clé dans la culture de l’imprimé, marquée par de nombreux changements culturels, technologiques et sociaux, l’ère victorienne a vu l’essor de la profession littéraire, dont la pertinence et l’impact sur la traduction littéraire s’éclairent mieux encore à la lumière de l’évolution des pratiques éditoriales britanniques. À partir de sources primaires très peu exploitées à ce jour, et de l’observation de pratiques cruciales dans l’histoire de l’édition de la traduction littéraire, cet article aborde sous un nouveau jour la production des traductions en anglais dans la Grande-Bretagne du XIXe siècle. Nourrie par les archives de la maison d’édition de Richard Bentley, qui comportent notamment des correspondances de traducteurs et les accords contractuels qui sous-tendent la production et la publication de traductions, cette étude examine la « proto-professionnalisation » des traducteurs littéraires au XIXe siècle., Este ensayo se sitúa en la intersección de la historia del libro y los estudios de traducción, y pregunta cómo el archivo, en este caso, los de los editores británicos, puede ayudarnos a trazar el desarrollo del traductor literario profesional en el siglo XIX. Un período clave en la cultura impresa, durante el cual ocurrieron muchos cambios culturales, tecnológicos y sociales, la época victoriana vio el auge de la profesión literaria, cuya relevancia e impacto en la traducción literaria pueden ser aún mejor comprendidos a la luz de los desarrollos en las prácticas editoriales británicas. Utilizando fuentes primarias hasta ahora no aprovechadas y descubriendo una serie de procesos significativos en la historia editorial de la traducción literaria, la discusión ofrece nuevas ideas sobre la producción de traducciones en inglés en la Gran Bretaña del siglo XIX. Basándose en los registros de archivo de la editorial Richard Bentley, incluida la correspondencia de los traductores y los acuerdos contractuales que sustentaron la producción y publicación de traducciones, este estudio indaga en lo que se puede llamar la «proto-profesionalización» de los traductores literarios en el siglo XIX.

Tiyatrobilim ve Çeviribilim alanlarının disiplinlerarası araştırmaya açık olma özellikleri sayesinde tiyatro metinleri çevirisi çift yönlü araştırma alanı yaratmaktadır. Özellikle birden fazla çevirisi olan ve farklı sahnelerde oynanan oyunların incelenmesi, metinlerin çevrildiği döneme ait çeviri poetikası, yaygın çevirmen stratejileri gibi araştırma alanlarında söylemlerin üretilmesine imkân tanımaktadır. Bu çalışmada André Lefevere’in çeviriyi yeniden yazım olarak nitelendiren kuramıyla bağlantı kurarak, erek dizgede farklı dönemlerde hem basılmış hem de sahnelenmiş iki erek metin ele alınmıştır. Amerikan tiyatrosunun önde gelen yazarlarından Tennessee Williams'ın Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında yaşanan Büyük Buhran döneminde geçen, üç kişilik bir ailenin verdiği yaşam mücadelesini ve eve gelen “misafirin” varlığıyla tetiklenen büyük sonunu konu alan The Glass Menagerie metninin Türkçe edebiyat dizgesinde sırasıyla Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları ve Mitos Boyut Yayınları tarafından yayımlanan ve Devlet Tiyatroları ile İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Şehir Tiyatroları gibi ödenekli tiyatrolar ile özel tiyatrolar tarafından sahnelenen çevirmen Can Yücel’in Sırça Kümes ile çevirmen Aytuğ İzat’ın Sırça Hayvan Koleksiyonu metinleri, Marilyn Gaddis-Rose’un uygulaması olan “üç-boyutlu okuma” yöntemidoğrultusunda karşılaştırmalı olarak okunmuştur. Bu okumada erek metinlerde gözlemlenen çevirmen kararları, tiyatro metinleri çevirisi bağlamında ele alınarak, çevirmenlerin kültürel özelliklerin, tiyatro metinlerinin özelliklerinin ve dilsel anlatım özelliklerinin aktarımındaki seçimleri çeşitli alt başlıklarda incelenerek, çevirmen kararları, yorumları ve çeviri anlayışları olarak yorumlanmıştır., Translation of theater texts creates a two-way research area, thanks to the openness of both Theater Studies and Translation Studies to interdisciplinary research. In particular, examining plays that exist in more than one translation and that have been staged in different arenas enables comparative research into areas such as translation poetics and common translator strategies during the period of the translation. In this study, two target texts, both published and staged in different periods, have been scrutinized in connection with the theories of André Lefevere, which characterize translation as rewriting. The texts in question are translations of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, one of the leading playwrights of 20th century America. This play, set during the Great Depression in the 1930s, depicts the life struggles of a family of three, whose biggest problems are triggered by the presence of a “guest.” Translations of the play entered the Turkish literary system in the forms of Can Yücel's text Sırça Kümes and Aytuğ İzat's text Sırça Hayvan Koleksiyonu, published by the Ministry of Education and Mitos Boyut Publishing respectively. These translations have been staged by state-funded theaters, such as the State Theaters and the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality City Theaters, as well as by private theaters. The source and target texts were read comparatively, alongside each other according to the “stereoscopic reading” method of Marilyn Gaddis-Rose. In this comparative reading, the translators’ decisions, as observed in the target texts, were analyzed in the context of the translation of theater texts. The choices made, in terms of the transfer of cultural characteristics, characteristics of theater texts, and linguistic expressions, were examined under various sub-headings and explained as translator’s decisions, versions, and interpretations.

In Translation Studies, explicitation generally refers to an interlingual process where something that is implicit in the source text is made explicit in the target text. This article analyses the concept in an intersemiotic context, focusing on word-to-image translation, with the aim of determining whether word-to-image translation includes meaning construction that could be described as explicitation. The empirical data of the article is a comic contract, a verbal-only document that has been intersemiotically translated into a visual form, i.e. a comic. The analysis concluded that while some of the characteristics described for interlingual explicitation operate with verbal language-specific concepts and cannot be applied to word-to-image translation, other characteristics of explicitation – such as the specification of meaning in translation – seem well-suited for this type of intersemiotic analysis. The analysis also emphasized that distinguishing types of explicitation in word-to-image translation is complicated by the inherent differences of words and images as meaning making resources.

This article examines the phenomenon of Gulag translations, or translations done by incarcerated political prisoners in the Soviet Union, and the discourse surrounding it in order to think past the traditional binary of official/dissident that has dominated western scholarship on communist culture for decades. Understanding the discursive overlap of official and non-official or intelligentsia discourse regarding Gulag translations suggests shared values and shared views on translation as noble, self-sacrificing work. This is not to say that the intelligentsia were necessarily mimicking official rhetoric but, more probably, that both official and intelligentsia discourse fed from a common discursive repertoire developed in the nineteenth century. The article highlights the need to evaluate translations and translation thinking within the specific socio-cultural context that produced it and in which it circulates.

The article deals with the application of cognitive frames for TS analysis. It is suggested that Cognitive translatology offers a theoretical framework for a systematic and coherent description of different types of frames. Rendering of social frames actualized in Thomas Hardy’s novel “Under the Greenwood Tree” in the Ukrainian translation by Mariia Holovko is researched and different findings and losses of her translation are analyzed from the standpoint of frame semantics.

The digital age has brought about exchange of information at unprecedented scales and speeds. Both within multilingual communities and across boundaries, translation is called upon to make informat...

This article asks how China has figured as a trope in Congolese literature from the Cold War and to the present. To do so, I analyze three texts: V.Y. Mudimbe’s Entre les eaux (Between Tides) (1973), In Koli Jean Bofane’s Congo Inc. (2014), and Fiston Mwanza Mujila’s Tram 83 (2014). I also examine how Mobutu interpolated Maoism into his dictatorship. I argue that whereas the Cold War produces figures such as the Maoist guerrilla, the radical intellectual, and the authoritarian leader, Chinese investment in the DRC facilitates the rise of new figures such as the mondialiste and the economic tourist. As a result, Third Worldism is ironically recast through the lens of a mutual “win-win” for development. This lens masks a new era of extractivism that produces its own social dislocations, which lends Pierre Mulélé’s Maoist-inspired rebellion a paradoxical relevance to DRC-PRC relations at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

Historically and economically, the Congo has been considered one of the most internationalized states of Africa. The idea that African cultural plurality was minimized during the colonial era has to be reconsidered because textual negotiations and exchanges (cosmopolitan and vernacular, written and oral) have been frequent during and after colonization, mostly in urban areas. Through multilingual examples, this paper aims to question the co-construction of linguistic and literary pluralism in Congo and to advocate for the necessity of a transdisciplinary and collaborative approach, to understand the common life of African vernacular and cosmopolitan languages. I show that world literature models based on Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of negotiation between center and periphery thus have to be replaced by a concept of multilingual global history. Finally, I propose the notion of “planetary literature” as a new way of understanding the interconnection between literatures taking care of the world.

The paper is a concise review of the reception of Rabindranath Tagore in Spain and the crucial role played by the Spanish writer Juan Ramón Jiménez and his wife Zenobia Camprubí in promoting the poetry of the “great Bard of Bengal,” not only in Spain but in the whole Spanish‑speaking world, with their marvelous translations produced mostly between 1913 and 1922. The piece describes how biographical factors (the couple’s own love story), literary contexts (the search for a new lyrical voice in Spanish poetry after modernism) and the progressive intellectual and political milieu of the first decades of the twentieth century converged in the unique response Tagore received in Spain, though he never visited the country. It also analyses why the admiration for Tagore persisted for decades even after the changes brought by Franco’s regime.

“Literal translation” is a popular construct in Translation Studies. Research from computational approaches has consistently shown that non-literal translations, i.e., renderings semantically and syntactically different or not close to the source text, are more difficult or effortful to produce than literal ones. This paper researches whether literal translations are systematically less effortful to process than non-literal ones using comparable corpus data. The effort incurred in processing literal translations from a parallel corpus is compared to that of processing the most frequent non-literal renderings found in previous comparable corpus studies. Ten professional translators edited a text using a mock translation environment setup using the keylogger Inputlog. The task was presented as a regular editing process with a full cohesive text presented segment pair by segment pair. Time served as a proxy for overall cognitive effort. We analyzed time from presentation to type (TTP) and time to completion of segment edit (TC), or complete editing events. Results showed that processing efforts are indistinguishable between categories, suggesting that cognitive effort to edit non-literal default translation candidates is not always higher when compared to the most frequent literal translations from a parallel corpus.

In line with the current turn towards the study of material culture in Translation Studies, this paper explores community translation in Edmonton through the case study of the Newcomer’s Guide to Edmonton (NGE). A 63-page handbook of essential information for new residents published by the City of Edmonton (2016), the NGE was translated into 7 languages in a project that employed community translators. This research examines community translation as both a materially and a culturally situated practice. We discuss how the materialities of communication and translation (Littau, 2016) can be addressed through this case study on community translation (Taibi and Ozolins, 2016). We also look at the process of community translation, specifically, the material conditions under which community translators work, often as volunteers with limited training who serve newcomers. We explore the case of the translation of the NGE as a culturally situated practice where community translators faced the particularities not only of the material translated, but also of the local context and target communities. Our research suggests that the process of the NGE’s translation not only empowered translators to make appropriate choices for their local communities, but also developed strategies for elevating the quality of the final product., Dans le sillage du tournant actuel vers l’étude de la culture matérielle dans le domaine de la traductologie, nous explorons dans cet article la situation de la traduction communautaire à Edmonton à travers l’étude de cas du Newcomer’s Guide to Edmonton (NGE). Le NGE est un document de 63 pages publié par la ville d’Edmonton en 2016 regroupant des informations essentielles pour les nouveaux résidents. Traduit en 7 langues, le NGE a été réalisé par des traducteurs communautaires. Cette recherche examine la traduction communautaire en tant que pratique située du point de vue matériel et culturel. Nous discutons la manière dont les matérialités de la communication et de la traduction (Littau, 2016) peuvent être abordées à travers cette étude de cas sur la traduction communautaire (Taibi and Ozolins, 2016). Nous examinons également le processus de traduction communautaire, en particulier, les conditions matérielles dans lesquelles les traducteurs communautaires travaillent, souvent en tant que bénévoles avec une formation limitée au service des nouveaux résidents. Nous explorons le cas de la traduction du NGE en tant que pratique culturellement située où les traducteurs communautaires ont été confrontés aux particularités non seulement du matériel traduit, mais aussi du contexte local et des communautés cibles. Notre recherche suggère que le processus de traduction du NGE a permis aux traducteurs de faire des choix appropriés pour leurs communautés locales, mais a également développé des stratégies pour améliorer la qualité du produit final.

On the basis of two corpora of political and economic terms and sentences with particular Chinese features from China Daily (English version) and The New York Times, ranging from August 2019 to January 2020, a comparable analysis is made to find out the strategy of rendering those words in the news together with their lexical features. Statistics reveal an overall foreignization tendency, along with various factors imposing impacts on the process, which is examined from the perspective of both translation and linguistics.

This contribution explores the position of translation policy and its connection to translation flows in translation studies research. Power relationships (among languages, cultures, etc.) are essential when assessing and interpreting translation flows. Despite the hyper-centrality of English, other countries and language areas develop cultural policies to export their own literature through translation. The case study furnished here deals with the state agents responsible for the literary translation policy of Estonia, viz., the Estonian Literature Centre and the Traducta translation grants of the Estonian Cultural Endowment (Eesti Kultuurkapital). The statutes of the Traducta program, including the selection criteria, express an instrumental view on translation that is partly in conflict with the findings of modern translation studies. The data on the awards of the Traducta program not only confirm that the publishing of a translation often depends on the additional financial support for the program, but also highlight the significant differences between different target language areas, in a complex interplay of economic factors with elements of cultural image-building and geographical proximity.

Within translation studies, existing research on website translation and localization has tended to focus on technical, sociological, commercial and linguistic issues related to the websites of corporations or not-for-profit organizations. Less attention has been given to issues that arise when national, regional or local governments make their websites available in another language, either in whole or in part. To help address this gap, this article studies the Toronto.ca municipal website to discuss whether, how and why the City of Toronto offers translated information online. Drawing on data from the 2016 Canadian census and the city’s translation policy documents, this article compares the city’s linguistic profile with the kinds of information available on the city’s website in languages other than English. The final section uses De Schutter’s (De Schutter 2017) framework to study the City of Toronto’s translation policies from a translation justice perspective, arguing that the policies largely focus on instrumental interests, with limited emphasis on identity interests, as evidenced by the Toronto.ca translation data. Some possible future research directions are also discussed., Les études traductologiques actuelles qui portent sur la traduction des sites Web ont tendance à mettre en valeur les enjeux techniques, sociologiques, économiques et linguistiques qui touchent les sites Web d’entreprises et des organismes à but non lucratif. La traduction, en part ou en entier, des sites Web des gouvernements nationaux, régionaux ou municipaux est moins bien représentée dans les publications. Le présent article étudie donc le site Web Toronto.ca afin de déterminer si la ville offre de l’information traduite et, le cas échéant, comment et pourquoi la ville circule cette information en ligne. Avec des données du recensement canadien de 2016 et les politiques de traduction de la ville de Toronto, on effectue une analyse du profil linguistique de la ville et des catégories d’information qui se trouvent sur le site Web dans des langues autres que l’anglais. Dans la conclusion, on adopte le cadre théorique proposé par De Schutter (De Schutter 2017) afin d’étudier les politiques de traduction de la ville de Toronto par le biais de la justice traductionnelle. Après une analyse des traductions sur le site Toronto.ca, on soutient que les politiques mettent en valeur des intérêts non identitaires mais que les intérêts identitaires y figurent aussi. Enfin, on propose d’autres pistes de recherche., Los estudios traductológicos actuales sobre localización y traducción de sitios web han tendido a enfocarse en los asuntos técnicos, sociológicos, comerciales y lingüísticos de los sitios web de compañías u organizaciones sin fines de lucro. Los efectos de la traducción parcial o total a otros idiomas de los sitios web de los gobiernos nacionales, regionales o municipales han recibido menos atención. Como un aporte al abordaje de esta disparidad, el presente artículo estudia el sitio web de la ciudad de Toronto, Toronto.ca, para determinar si el municipio ofrece información traducida en línea y, de ser así, cómo y por qué lo hace. A partir del análisis de los datos obtenidos en el censo realizado en Canadá en 2016 y de la documentación sobre las políticas de traducción del municipio, se compara el perfil lingüístico de la ciudad con el tipo de información disponible en su sitio web en idiomas distintos del inglés. En la conclusión, se emplea el marco teórico propuesto por De Schutter (De Schutter 2017) para evaluar las políticas de traducción de la ciudad de Toronto desde una perspectiva de equidad en la traducción. El análisis de las traducciones del sitio web Toronto.ca permite afirmar que dichas políticas suelen dar primacía a los intereses no identitarios por sobre los identitarios. También se proponen posibles líneas de investigación para el futuro.

Nowadays, because the mainstream culture occupies a large number of resources in the communication field, the spread of many intangible cultural heritage has been squeezed, and batik is one of them. Guizhou batik culture, in terms of its development space, in the collision with the mainstream culture, is in a relatively disadvantaged position. However, with the accelerating process of globalization and the rapid development of information technology, we can strive to improve the translation effect by means of the combination of translation theory and communication theory, taking the 5W mode of communication as the macro guidance and "function plus loyalty" proposed by Christian Nord as the principle. The 5W mode of communication proposed by Lasswell not only summarizes communication as five important factors, but also provides new inspiration for translation scholars. Taking the translation practice of Splendid China · Guizhou Batik as an example, this paper mainly expounds the infiltration of 5W mode of communication into the translation strategy and translation skills from five factors, namely, who (author and translator), says what (communication content), in which channel (media research) and with what effect, so as to enhance the spread of batik culture in Guizhou.

The article is devoted to the problem of translation of Italian author’s or literary tales. This issue is relevant for Translation Studies due to the complexity of the genre, as it reflects conceptual, linguistic, linguocultural picture of the world connected with individual picture of the world and artistic style of the author, also it can contain national specific elements, symbolism and particular structure of the text that can be different from culture to culture, and translator is ought to be aware of it. In this research the definition of the tale in Italian and Ukrainian Literature Studies is examined; the comparison between folk or popular tale and literary or author’s tale is given; main characteristics, functions and structure of the author’s tale are investigated; the role of author’s or literary tale in children’s literature is highlighted. The research is based on the collection of Italian literary tales “Favole al telefono” written by Gianni Rodari and translated into Ukrainian language by Ivan Dzjub. The article features linguocultural and translation analysis of the original, strategies and approaches of the translation of introduction and ending phrases, toponyms and anthroponyms, realia and pun applied by Ivan Dzjub. It is concluded that the autor’s or literary tale is based on folk tale, literary tale adopts the structure and cliches of folk tale and enriches it with detailed description of characters, modern terminology and realia, allusions to famous literature works. In both Italian and Ukrainian culture literary tales are more likely associated to and strongly connected with children’s literature, so it is important to take into account children’s psychology and expectations from the genre, when translating. The translator has chosen between two principal translation strategies, foreignization and domestication, according to the relevance of a single component to the entire meaning of the text, trying to preserve national specificity of the original and avoid significant adaptations, except for several cases of the compression of ending phrases determined by Ukrainian folk tradition.

This article reviews various works in progress relating to the Journal of Biblical Text Research ( JBTR), which is published biannually by the Institute for Biblical Text Research (IBTR) of the Korean Bible Society (KBS), and proposes possible future roles and functions of JBTR in Bible translation projects. Since 1997, fifty volumes including three supplementary volumes have been published by JBTR, comprising a total of 611 articles. In reviewing these publications, this article specifically focuses on: (1) the initial roles and functions of JBTR; (2) the Korean Translation Workshops (KTW) 2003–2009 and the publications of JBTR; (3) JBTR for Korean Bible translation projects; (4) the influence of The Bible Translator ( TBT) on JBTR; and (5) the future roles and functions of JBTR in Bible translation projects. The article demonstrates how journals have contributed and can continue to contribute to Bible translation projects in Bible societies in cooperation with the United Bible Societies fellowship. In addition, further possible projects that the journal can meaningfully undertake in order to broaden its ministry and contribution will be discussed.

Retranslation is a widespread phenomenon which has been discussed and studied by translators and Translation Studies scholars for years. The meaning of retranslation lies in its difference (not necessarily improvement) from the previous ones, which means retranslation would provide something new both to readers and translators. Through the prism of the theory of retranslation, the study examines two English translations of Vimalakīrti Sutra, showcasing that although Burton Watson’s rendition is recognized as one in high quality, John McRae’s retranslation still helps us to contemplate on how to keep balance between literary interest and religious interest during the process of translating sacred texts.

Translation theories which bloomed in the 1950s and the 1960s have inspired numerous debates on multiple contexts of theory and praxis. With the increase of specialized journals and publishing houses of the past few decades, the professional literature has gone in so many directions –with supporters and opponents alike— that it is often hard to strike a balanced view of the contributions of these theories to current translation studies. In an attempt to fill this gap, this theoretical review article examines a corpus of scholarly publications which have taken place mainly between 2002 and 2018 about the translation theories proposed in the 1950s and 1960s. To such end, a body of works focusing on the seminal works of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Jakobson (1959), Nida (1964a), Catford (1965), and Nida and Taber (1969) are reviewed to infer their degree of applicability to current translation-based discussions and praxis. Findings suggest that the authors exerting the greatest influence on contemporary discussions of translation studies seem to be Vinay and Darbelnet, followed by Nida and Taber, and then by Jakobson and Catford. They also indicate that the degree to which the translation theories under question are obsolete (or not) is hard to determine with accuracy. It remains unclear whether the bulk of publications which these theoreticians inspire is the product of acceptance or rejection of the assumptions contained in their postulates.

The Google Translate service is widely used in Indonesia because it is considered very helpful, including being used by the Grab application platform, which the public has increasingly used in recent years. This research focused on the study of translation used in conversations between drivers and consumers. There were indeed many kinds of research on translation, but not many have discussed the translation used on Grab platforms. This research aimed to describe some of the translation styles used and deemed necessary for Grab and Google Translate improvement. Researchers used a qualitative approach by presenting data in the form of descriptions and analysis. Several points were found to be improved in the process of translating sentences in the grab application, including omitting the translation into the target language, word by word translation, inconsistency in translating a term, the application was unable to detect abbreviations, so it was not translated, the interrogative sentence in the source language was translated into a statement sentence in the target language. This research had many limitations so that other researchers can develop it more widely in the future.

This article deepens the knowledge of middle leaders’ impact on school improvement and organisation development. More precisely, it focuses on how middle leaders from comprehensive schools and preschools translated improvement strategies and tools from a municipal course on leading school improvement into their own organisations. It is based on interviews with middle leaders, teachers, and principals at two schools and two preschools. Translation theory is used as a theoretical frame. The findings show that the middle leaders translated improvement strategies based on local needs, and for several reasons: for clarification and reduction of roles and improvement areas; structuring improvement work; engaging and involving colleagues in school improvement; and developing a professional culture. When taking the role of translators, the middle leaders became central to progressing the developmental elements of local school organisations. The study recommends investing to provide middle leaders with improvement strategies and an understanding of translation theory to enable translations that aid the development of school organisations.

Despite its importance in a globalized world, indirect translation is a peripheral and under-researched topic in translation studies. Existing research on indirect translation is almost exclusively...

The contemporary retranslation and circulation of Lucumí songs for the orishas (deities) among devotees and scholars in Cuba inadvertently reproduces both the sources and methods of Ortiz’s earliest linguistic ventures and reinforces his enduring influence on popular understandings of Santería’s utterances. This article draws on research in Cuba in 2018 in partnership with a\udNigerian priestess, which revealed the processes, aspirations, and mixed results of contemporary Lucumí song translation efforts. As many Cuban priests granted her religious authority largely on the basis of her Yoruba language knowledge, the hierarchies of translation revealed themselves within a changing global setting. While Ortiz’s theory of transculturation recognized\udthe agency of subaltern groups in stimulating cultural change, this article demonstrates that translation is an intrinsically asymmetrical intercultural communication. The linguistic processes of contemporary Nigerian-Cuban priestly encounters resemble Ortiz’s philological speculations, yet may also engender change and sustained religious influence.

Volume 114 of Benjamins Translation Library offers a groundbreaking study of the issue of agency in the field of literary translation in Iran from the late Qajar period in the nineteenth century to...

This paper discusses the procedures used in teaching and learning Malay-Arabic translation courses for students of Bachelor of Arabic Studies with Education.This procedure is designed to facilitate the problem of students in structuring Arabic sentences based on the correct method of translation. Referring to the natural translation theory by Nida and Taber that prioritizes message delivery despite changes to the original text. This method was introduced as an alternative to students to construct Arabic sentences when translating according to the procedure that has been designed systematically for teaching and learning (T&L). This procedure is divided into five steps. The first step is understanding the text through intensive reading. Next, in the second step is finding the meaning of difficult phrases by using dictionary and discussion. The third step, which is the main basis of the procedure is breaking the paragraphs of text into short sentences based on verb phrases. The fourth step is categorizing each sentence into the Arabic syntax structure for verb phrases. The fifth step is compiling and building a draft sentence which is translated directly through the translation text based on the steps above. The outcome of using this procedure increases the quality of Malay-Arabic translation and making it more understandable as students apply the structure of a correct Arabic sentence. This procedure will be used as an alternative for students in practising scientific translation in accordance with translation procedures.

Ever since the publication of Cathy Caruth’s articles and books on trauma in the 1990s, Western literary circles have witnessed an interest in literary trauma studies. Trauma studies have gradually connected psychology, in an interdisciplinary manner, to other cultural and scientific aspects like postmodernism, postcolonialism, history and translation studies. This paper argues that the trauma resulting from both indigenous dictatorship and colonial war on Iraq has created national as well as individual fragmentation. From the prominent Iraqi writers writing on Trauma is Inaam Kachachi with her postmodernist take The American Granddaughter. This is examined in the story of Zeina Behnam, the American/Iraqi translator for the American Army during the Second Gulf War who is argued to be a dissociative personality due to trauma. It is a story that does not give the readers the relief of taking sides or the clarity of a one-sided vision. The paper follows a qualitative method based roughly on, analysis (of psychological texts and the primary text) and ethnographical search of the main character’s subtly told history.

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the journal Sendebar, a Spanish scientific journal of reference in the translation field. The main objective of this study is to analyse the scientific production patterns of this journal between the years 2005 to 2020, as well as to identify the most prolific authors or countries. Also, the publishing trends were also pointed out. It was concluded that Sendebar’s production is of a local nature and that individual authorship is preferred as opposed to collaboration, as the Degree of Collaboration between authors, calculated for the publishing period studied (2005-2020), is low. The publishing trends of this journal revolve around 4 areas of knowledge within the discipline of Translation itself: techniques and methods, translator training, translation theory and interpreting.

Translatorship attribution deals with accurately attributing a translation to its translator. The task is challenging because several factors can confound the attribution such as the original author’s style, genre, and topic of the text. The attribution and the identification of the translator’s style could contribute to fields including translation studies and forensic linguistics. In this paper, we pose translatorship attribution as a multiclass classification problem and employ machine learning algorithms. To address the problem of confounding, we use corpora of English translations of the same source material (parallel corpora) to identify the translators’ personal style. We propose two novel feature sets in this task: i) a list of cohesive markers with and without their surrounding punctuation and ii) syntactic n -grams to capture real syntactic information. We employ $\chi ^{2}$ feature selection and, using 10-fold cross-validation, assess the accuracy of several classifiers trained with our proposed features and with word, punctuation, POS, and POS-punctuation n -grams. The results show that the proposed features yield comparable and even higher accuracy results than the reported in the literature on the same corpora and prove that POS-punctuation n -grams are an effective feature set for this task. We also recover the most distinctive features and provide examples of stylistic interpretations of them for each translator. Finally, using insights from causal inference, where confounding is well-defined and studied, we provide a novel explanation for the accepted need of using parallel and contemporaneous corpora on this task and for the different results among types of features.

The paper presents the analysis of linguistic means of manipulative influence in the modern German-speaking discourse. Nowadays, the media remains an important and no less influential part of a society. Mass media is the main source of human consciousness formation and public opinion correction. The topic of the thesis is the peculiarities of the translation of means of manipulative influence in modern German-language media discourse. The object of scientific research is the media discourse of modern German-speaking media. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to identify and study the mechanisms of verbal influence in media discourse, as manipulation in discourse is one of the current problems of the modern linguistics. To reach the goal, the paper considers the functional direction of media discourse, highlights the linguistic specifics of manipulation tactics, and determines the basic methods of translation of means of manipulative influence. The subject of the research is a comparative analysis of the application of translation strategies and methods of translation of means of manipulative influence. Various methods were used in the research: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, pragmatic, discursive analysis, critical discourse analysis, comparison, descriptive method, classification analysis, comparative analysis of source text and translation, as well as contrastive translation analysis. The materials of the research are news reports from the website of the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Ukraine, the Embassy of Ukraine in the Federal Republic of Germany, the news site Deutsche Welle in German and Ukrainian. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is to highlight the features of modern German-speaking media discourse, the typology of translation transformations for the transmission of verbal means of manipulative influence in German-language texts and their practical application in translation studies. The study is based on the tactics of manipulation. The verbal plane is represented by a number of linguistic means implementing the tactics. Tactics of manipulation presuppose the use of the technique of appealing to expert opinion, dramatization of the situation with the help of numbers and emotionally-colored vocabulary, imposition of positive and negative facts in the message, as well as use of euphemisms. In our work, we presented definitions, identified the main features and the functions of media discourse and did the comprehensive analysis of the content, structure and lexical-syntactic content, as well as the transfer of these characteristics in translation.

Статья посвящена вопросам перевода метафор поэзии Бо Цзюй-и с точки зрения теории перевода метафор П. Ньюмарка; цель работы - определить способы корректного перевода метафор и усовершенствовать технику перевода метафор танской поэзии. В статье анализируются оригинальные стихотворения Бо Цзюй-и и их русские переводы в соответствии с 7 способами перевода метафор П. Ньюмарка. В работе применяется метод документальных исследований и сравнительный метод. Доказывается, что в основе теории перевода существует два метода перевода метафор: метод их сохранения и метод их изменения. Буквальный перевод и способ добавления пояснения при использовании метода сохранения метафоры, а также вольный и описательный переводы при методе изменения метафоры имеют большое значение для улучшения качества перевода танской поэзии. Исследование вносит определенный вклад в развитие теории и практики перевода метафор танской поэзии с китайского языка на русский.