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Pulse-width voltage regulators are gaining increasing use in industry, especially in variable speed drives. At the same time, little research has been done in the field of electromagnetic compatibility (spectral composition of current consumption). The aim of the study is to determine, using computer simulation, the nonsinusoidality of the current consumption with an RL-load from a voltage regulator based on a pulse-width conversion. The study of the spectral composition of the supply current of an active-inductive load with a pulse-width voltage regulator was carried out using the provisions of the theory of electrical circuits of sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal periodic current using computer simulation. To analyze the spectral composition of the supply current of the RL-load with the selected voltage regulator, a simulation computer model was created, which consisted of a three-phase power supply and an RL-load, a rectifier with a transistor switch. The regulation of the applied voltage to the consumer was carried out according to the principle of a pulse-width voltage converter. As a result of studying a model of a regulated power supply based on a pulse-width converter and working on an active-inductive load, it was found that even with an initial voltage of the fundamental harmonic regulator of 34 V, the nonsinusoidality of the consumption current is 0.19%, which corresponds to the quality standard for electricity. It is advisable to use this regulator for a controlled electric drive of ventilation systems with an increased slip motor, for example, in "Climate-4M" units. Key words: semiconductor voltage converter, pulse-width converter, higher harmonics, RL-load

In view of the problem of serious water accumulation and frequent accidents in the coal mine mining area, the distribution range of Yuzhou Shenhuo Kuanfa Mining Coal (hereinafter referred to as Kuanfa Coal Mine) is detected by transient electromagnetic method. The transient electromagnetic emission wire frame is 480m × 480m, frequency is 8Hz, power supply current is 16A. The research conclusion preliminarily determines that the transient electromagnetic and controllable source audio earth electromagnetic method is applicable for the exploration of the mined space area in Yuzhou mining area, and the construction parameters provide a reliable reference for the accurate exploration of the mined space area in Kuanmining area.

High capacity last-level caches (LLCs) are being used to help alleviate the growing speed gap between the processor and main memory. However, traditional CMOS based memory technologies (SRAM, DRAM, et al.) for such LLCs consume high static power. Non-volatile memory such as STT-MRAM has been proposed as a low power solution for LLCs. Nevertheless, the high write current induces a so-called “supply current threshold” issue and limits the maximum number of bit-cells that can be written concurrently in one cycle in an STT-MRAM cache. This drawback significantly decreases the bandwidth of the STT-MRAM cache compared with SRAM. In this work, we present a hardware implementation of NAND-like spintronic memory (NAND-SPIN) LLC for the first time. By exploiting the unique erase-then-program operation for writing NAND-SPIN, we propose an adaptive buffer entry (ABE) write policy for each cache write access. Instead of writing a fixed number of bits sequentially, our method adaptively extends the write data length under a fixed maximum cache supply current. Compared to existing STT-MRAM caches, ‘ABE’ can achieve 70% performance improvements on average. Compared with the conventional early write terminate (EWT) policy, ‘ABE’ can save 33% write energy on average with negligible hardware overhead.

Serial powering is the baseline choice for the upgrade of the CMS pixel detector for the High Luminosity LHC. The first results with the four-chip prototype pixel detector modules based on the demonstrator 65 nm CMOS technology RD53A chip are presented. The serially powered chain is operated at a constant supply current and the regulation is performed on-chip using a shunt low-dropout regulator (SLDO). Chips on each module are powered in parallel to prevent single-point failures. The SLDO behaviour in the system is presented as well as relevant differences in the behaviour compared to single chips. The noise levels are measured in pixels of a module in a serially powered chain and no increase is observed compared to a single module or the reported noise levels for a single chip., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 978, ISSN:0168-9002, ISSN:1872-9576

Most battery-powered systems require measurement of the battery's state of charge, (SOC). A straightforward way to determine SOC is to keep track of the current flowing in and out of a battery, a method known as coulomb counting. Compared to other methods such as voltage or impedance monitoring, coulomb counting is simple to implement, does not require complex algorithms and is independent of cell chemistry. However, coulomb counters must operate continuously and essentially integrate forever; traditionally, their relatively high power consumption (several tens of µA e.g. [1]–[3]) and susceptibility to drift in the presence of offset have prevented their more widespread use.

Issues of generation high-frequency harmonics is spectrum of power supply current and output frequency converter voltage. Authors make of ways to increase compatibility between power supply network and electric drives.

A bulk-linearised composite MOSFET is presented, with an extended linear range and an equivalent saturation voltage of up to several hundred mV even in weak inversion. Some preliminary measurements are presented as well as a 300 MΩ equivalent resistor, with almost a 1 V quasi-linear range. A low frequency, 28 dB gain, biomedical bandpass filter/amplifier is also shown, taking advantage of the linearised MOSFETs to consume only 16 nA of supply current.

Gammon India limited is one of the leading tower companies with exposure in extra high voltage transmission line and distribution projects since 1984. They have in-house facility for design, testing and tower manufacturing capacity (110,000 TPA) and have supplied towers/structure over 6, 00,000 metric tons including 87,000 metric tons to different countries. They are ISO certified for design, testing, manufacturing and turnkey projects. The various types of cranes utilized in transmission Tower Company like goliath or gantry crane, electrical overhead travelling crane and hydra (JCB) to shift unprocessed materials, semi-process and end products from one station to another station. The goliath/gantry cranes are placed in unprocessed and processed yard and it is used to transfer unprocessed materials from raw yard to different machine in machine shop-1 and machine shp-2 also it transfer end products from steel yard to different automobile vehicles like box truck, recreational vehicle, camper etc. The high breakdown occurs in goliath/gantry cranes due to breakage of supply current trolley cable, so high maintenance and production cost is involved and after every two years supply current trolley cable is replaced by new one. In this paper an entire though is given as regards how to optimize breakdown and production loss by implementing bus-bar/current collector system on gantry/goliath crane. The current collector or bus-bar system is employed to provide three phase current to different motors of gantry/goliath crane. This paper presents evolving a maintenance optimization of gantry/goliath crane in supply current cable trolley system.

In vast majority of operational amplifiers, output transistor current is not independently accessible. Op-Amp power supply current sensing is a simple technique for detecting output transistor current from the Op-Amp power supply leads. This technique was first introduced in 1979 to implement voltage controlled current sources and current controlled current sources [1]. It has been implemented by connecting current mirrors to Op-Amp supply leads and makes possible to gain access to output transistor current separately. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

This paper presents a 36V JFET -input bipolar operational amplifier with an unprecedented combination of DC precision (150µV offset, 1.5 µV/°C drift) and high speed (48MHz GBW, 160V/µs slew-rate). The high slew-rate is obtained using the well-known slew-boosting method. However, conventional slew-boost circuits can cause excessive power consumption when the amplifier inputs are overloaded and the output hits the rail. Therefore, a dedicated protection circuit was added that detects such an overload condition, and limits power consumption in this condition.

This work presents a methodology that correlates the supply current of a smart device to its functional characteristics in order to detect a manufacturing or a security anomaly in IoT devices. It is proven that awareness of the typical operation of a smart device via functional parameters (like the supply current), may offer valuable security indicators since any deviation from normal operational boundaries may be indicative of a security compromise or a functional anomaly. The paper offers the results from two experiments that prove this assumption and contribute towards an holistic security approach for the era of the Internet of Things (IoT).

A built-in test circuit is proposed to detect an open defect in a CMOS IC by means of appearance time of dynamic supply current of the IC. A layout of an IC embedding the test circuit is designed. It is shown by Spice simulation that an open defect in the IC can be detected with the test circuit.

In mix-signal circuits' design, there may some scan safe points missing which leads quiescent supply current (iddq) increase and also scan patterns fails. Normally designer will check them manually by waveform in backend level or design code which may be inefficiency and tricky. With this method designer can find possible missing points in RTL level and mix signal simulation which reduces the test power, speeds up the flow and increases the quality of test result.

This paper presents results from the correlation of the supply current of a smart device to its functional characteristics in order to detect a manufacturing or an operational anomaly. Awareness of the typical operation of a smart device in terms of operation and functionality, may prove valuable, since any deviation may warn for operational or functional anomaly. This is a symptomatic approach rather than an analytical approach of the cause. In this paper, the deviation (either increase or decrease) of the supply current is exploited for this reason. The paper offers the results from an IP camera case study that proves this assumption.

Although most of the integrated circuits in everyday applications surrounding us are digital, analog electronic circuits are still necessary, since the real world is “analog” and our human sensors and “transmitters” are also analog (ears, eyes, speech). Testing of these analog, mixedsignal and RF parts poses challenges quite different from those imposed by digital modules, while increasing considerably the cost of testing complex SoC. A set of analog circuit testing methods will be discussed. More specifically, the supply current testing method, the application of Wavelets and other techniques, and the classification-based testing will be described and their benefits versus the traditional specification-based test methods will be underlined.

We propose a method for automatic modeling of electronic devices using a prefix-suffix approach. We implement it into a user-friendly computer program and give preliminary results supporting the validity of our approach. Patterns of prefixes and suffixes are obtained. We find two patterns giving 100% correct detection of supply current in 10 regulators' datasheets from Texas Instrument Inc.

When an integrated circuit device is burned out under high-intense radiation and device-level simulation that usually requires manufacturer’s proprietary information is not available, experimental conformation of a failure mechanism is often the only choice. To distinguish Latchup from other causes experimentally, a new combination of multiple techniques have been developed and demonstrated. Power supply circumvention, hot-spot monitoring using an infrared camera, and supply current monitoring techniques were implemented for the conformation of the Latchup.

The paper presents the methodology for calculation and measurement of induced voltage caused by railway system operation on the sensitive metallic structures. The arrangement and characteristics of railway system 25 kV, 50 Hz are provided. The procedures of short-circuit current calculation and supply current measurement in the railway system are described. The basic theoretic background of inductive interference is explained. The reduction factors of the communication cable, railway system and environment are mentioned and clarified. On a case study, the results of the induced voltage calculation and measurement is compared. It is proved that induced voltage directly depends of supply current or shortcircuit value.

International audience; This paper presents a modelling approach to build a multiport ICIM-CI model describing the impact of RF disturbances injection through different pins of a micro-power bandgap reference. The component chosen for this study is a commercial one. It combines high accuracy and low drift with low supply current and small package.

水道管からの水漏れと同じくLSIも欠陥箇所を介して電流が漏れ出し故障に至らしめる．この漏れ電流現象はLSIを評価する重要なパラメータの一つである．しかしながらDSM（Deep Sub-Micron）化に伴うデバイス技術の進展は電流値を用いた評価を困難とした．この問題を克服すべく，テスト技術は統計処理による正常／異常値間の差分の顕在化による識別法更には電源電流の波形の相関比較やフーリエ変換による数理処理により異常の有／無を顕在化する技術が開発されている．故障診断技術は漏れ電流の特徴を用い，論理情報と組み合わせることで簡易で高精度に故障候補を特定する技術の開発で評価技術の向上が図られている．

A sliding contact is normally used to supply current to a rotating or moving object. The surface film formed on the sliding surface is important for ensuring reliability and long life. In the present study, the effects of preoperation conditions and initial surface condition are investigated. We examined the relation between sliding speed and chemical treatment for electrical sliding contact action. The initial surface condition and preoperation conditions greatly influence the contact voltage drop that occurs during operation. It is shown that stability of sliding contact can be achieved by appropriate surface treatment and preoperation conditions. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A high level model is developed using circuit analysis to predict the synergy effect observed on a three stages operational amplifier. This model makes possible to explain and to predict the analog single event transients propagation in circuitry. The effect of total ionizing dose is taken into account by varying the model parameters using the monitoring of the usual supply current induced degradation of the operational amplifier.

In the nanometer era, the power integrity problem has become one of the critical issues. Although checking this problem earlier can speed up the analysis, not so many tools are available now due to the limited design information at high levels. Most existing approaches at gate level require extra information of the cell library, which may require extra characterization efforts while migrating to new cell libraries. Therefore, an analytical approach is proposed in this paper to dynamically estimate the supply current waveforms at gate level using existing library information only, even for sequential circuits. The experimental results have shown that the estimation errors of such a quick approach are only 10% compared to HSPICE results.

In this research the performance of a three-phase shunt active power filter (APF) using Model Reference Controller (MRC) has been compared with that using instantaneous active and reactive (p-q) theory. The novelty of this research lies in the application of MRC to generate the amplitude of the reference supply current required by the APF circuit and the successful implementation of the APF system for harmonic elimination. The entire system has been modeled using MATLAB 6.1 toolbox. Simulation results demonstrate the applicability of MRC for the control of APF.

Supply current and power dissipation during scan-based test can be far higher than during normal circuit operation because of increased switching activity caused by the tests. In this paper, we propose a method that fills unspecified entries in test cubes to reduce the switching activity caused by scan tests simultaneously during the scan-shift and capture cycles. Our method doesn't require additional hardware or modifications to the scan chains.

We present a 4-channel integrated biopotential analog-to-digital converter (bioADC) for electrocortical recording in 180nm CMOS. The bioADC directly transduces microvolt biopotentials into a digital representation without a voltage-amplification stage. Each channel comprises a continuous-time first-order ΔΣ modulator with OTA input and current feedback, followed by a second-order comb-filter decimator. Powered from a 1.5V supply, the analog and digital circuits in each channel draw 2.1uA and 1.4uA of supply current, respectively. The bioADCs achieve an SNR of 57dB and a SFDR or 63.5dB, for 9-b ENOB. Intracranial EEG recordings from an anesthetized rat are shown and compared to simultaneous recordings from a commercial reference system to validate performance in-vivo. The micropower operation and direct digital readout make this circuit ideally suited for closed-loop neuromodulation applications.

Diagnosis of induction motors, conducted remotely by measuring and analyzing the supply current is attractive with the lack of access to the engine. So far there is no solution, based on analysis of current, the credibility of which allow use in industry. Statistics of IM bearing failures of induction motors indicate, that they constitute more than 40% of IM damage, therefore bearing diagnosis is so important. The article provides an overview of selected methods of diagnosis of induction motor bearings, based on measurement of the supply current. The problem here is the high disturbance components level of the motor current in relation to diagnostic components. The paper presents the new approach to signal analysis solutions, based on statistical methods, which have been adapted to be used by this diagnostic system. First experimental results with use of this method are also presented, they confirm the advantages of this method.

In this paper, an electrical interconnect test method and a built-in test circuit are proposed to detect and locate open defects in a 3D stacked IC made of dies, in which ESD protection circuits are not embedded. The test method is based on quiescent supply current that is made flow through the interconnect to be tested only in the tests. Feasibility of the tests is evaluated by Spice simulation. The simulation results show that open defects in a 3D stacked IC not embedding ESD protection circuits are detected by the test method, like in the tests of ICs embedding ESD protection circuits.

For current-source-rectifier (CSR)-based systems, sinusoidal supply current and unity displacement power factor in the utility are achieved through either a pulsewidth-modulation CSR or a phase-controlled rectifier in conjunction with an active filter. This paper investigates theoretical studies and analyses for the two topologies from the standpoint of converter kilovoltampere rating and switch rating.

本論文では, TTLICを用いてプリント回路板上に作製した論理回路の電源電流測定による断線故障検出法を提案する。この検出法は使用ICの電源電圧一電源電流特性にばらつきが存在する場合にでも適用可能で, 使用ICの電源電流特性のばらつきを正規分布でモデル化し, 有意差検定法で断線故障を統計的に検出するものである。その故障検出能力を評価するため, TTLSSIを用いて作製したISCAS-85ベンチマーク回路内の信号線の単一断線故障を検出する検査入力を生成し, その故障検出率を調べた。その結果, 有意水準0.1の場合, SSIの電源電流値のばらつきが1.1%以下なら, 現在一般的に使用されているファンクションテスト法よりも提案する検査法の方がより多くの断線故障を検出できる可能性があることがわかった。

Methods to impose a voltage or a current in massive conductors in dual magnetodynamic potential formulations (A‐φ and T‐KI‐Ω) are presented. In the A‐φ formulation, a supply voltage can be naturally imposed at the terminals of a conductor, but not a supply current. An equation must be added. This is the opposite for the T‐KI‐Ω formulation. In the paper all methods are described and compared on the basis of an example.

The electrical behavior of sample steel traction rails is analyzed considering the resistance and the internal inductance. Measurements are performed on a sample rail with circulation of audiofrequency current superimposed on a 50-Hz supply current.

In this paper a variation of the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) operation technique, which we have called "of adjustable ramps", is analysed. This technique will be applied to an active filter in order to compensate the low harmonics content present in a load current. The aim is to prove that the proposed technique, whose objective is minimising the Root Mean Square (RMS) tracking error between the reference and the real currents, achieves a better performance than the usual PWM techniques in active filtering. Simulation results comparing several gen eration techniques will be presented. These techniques will be analysed in terms of the total and individual harmonic distortion (THD and IHDi) in the supply current.

We present a Built-In-Current-Sensor (BICS) based on monitoring a signature of the supply current peak of CMOS OpAmps using the oscillation-test-strategy. The BICS takes a weighted sample of the current through two OpAmp current branches and monitors a signature of the peak value under oscillation. Two current-based comparators and some digital circuitry are used to provide a pass/fail flag. Simulation results demonstrate a high defect coverage with a very small impact both on the OpAmp nominal operation and the area overhead.

本論文では, プリント配線板上に実装されたCMOS論理回路の, はんだ付け不良などにより発生するピン浮きを検出するための新しい検査法を提案する。本検査法では被検査回路の外部から交流電界を印加し, ICの電源電流を測定する。ピン浮きがない場合は, 外部から交流電界を印加しても定常時にはそのICに静的電源電流しか流れない。しかしピン浮きがあると, そのICの電源電流に大きな変化が現れる。本論文ではこの性質を用いてピン浮きが検出可能であることを実験により示す。またこの検査法で必要となる検査入力パターンについても明らかにする。

CMOSマイクロプロセッサを用いてプリント配線板上に実現したマイクロコンピュータに発生するブリッジ故障を検査プログラム実行時の電源電流測定により検出する検査法を, 本論文では提案している。その検査法を商用のボイラ制御用マイクロコンピュータ回路の検査に適用し, 使用ICの隣合う2本のピン間の単一ブリッジ故障の98.7%を検査時間326msecで検出できることを実験で明らかにしている。また, 本検査法での検査時に実行させる検査プログラムの開発支援ツールがマイクロプロセッサのデータシート内で公開されているタイミングチャートを利用して開発できることも明らかにしている。

Banks are keen to supply current accounts because apart from direct income, they are more successful in selling a wide range of their financial services to customers who possess a current account. The UK market for current accounts appears to exhibit little customer movement and is dominated by 4 out of at least 140 suppliers, despite variable levels of service. Using Prospect Theory, attempts are made to explain why this market is so stagnant and to suggest how suppliers could be more successful at promoting change. Results suggest that changing the initial perceptions of customers will have more impact than trying to induce customers to change suppliers by promoting the benefits of an alternative bank. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The LTC3404, the industry’s first step-down switching regulator that operates at 1.4MHz while drawing only 10μA of supply current, is described.

The use of the LTC1929 PolyPhase current mode controller to meet AMD Athlon processor supply current requirements is described.

The LTC1096 and LTC1098, micropower, SO-8, 8-bit analog-to-digital converters that sample at 1kHz on 3μA of supply current, are described.

Combination of a supply-current equalizer (EQ) and a micro EM probe sensor (EMS) exhibits strong resiliency against major three DPA/DEMA/LEMA low-cost side-channel attacks on a cryptographic processor. Test-chip measurements with 128bit AES cryptographic processor in 0.18µm CMOS successfully demonstrate the secret key protection from all three attacks. A digital-oriented circuit implementation together with a careful design optimization minimize the hardware overhead of EQ and EMS to +33%, +1.6% in area, +7.6%, +0.15% in power, and ∼0%, −0.2% in performance of an unprotected AES, respectively.

The LTC1440-LTC1445 family of micropower comparators which draw only 1?A of supply current per comparator and provide the perfect solution to battery-powered system monitoring problems, are described.

This Design Note presents two methods of creating a split supply in a digital system that can provide good transient response while conserving supply current. The LT1118 specialized linear regulator, designed to source or sink current as necessary to keep its output in regulation, and the LTC1504 synchronized switching regulator are used in the examples given.

This paper presents a detailed analysis of high-performance edge-triggered memory elements for deep submicron mixed-signal applications. The variations of the main parameters (power, delay, peak of supply current) with supply voltage, as well as timing restrictions have been studied. Especial emphasis has been given to switching-noise generation, an aspect of important concern in mixed-signal applications. We have analyzed the sources of switching noise, noticing that, the less noisy flip-flops are those based on differential structures.

This paper discusses the benefits of obtaining (99m)Tc from non-fission reactor-produced low-specific-activity (99)Mo. This scenario is based on establishing a diversified chain of facilities for the distribution of (99m)Tc separated from reactor-produced (99)Mo by (n,γ) activation of natural or enriched Mo. Such facilities have expected lower investments than required for the proposed chain of cyclotrons for the production of (99m)Tc. Facilities can receive and process reactor-irradiated Mo targets then used for extraction of (99m)Tc over a period of 2 wk, with 3 extractions on the same day. Estimates suggest that a center receiving 1.85 TBq (50 Ci) of (99)Mo once every 4 d can provide 1.48-3.33 TBq (40-90 Ci) of (99m)Tc daily. This model can use research reactors operating in the United States to supply current (99)Mo needs by applying natural (nat)Mo targets. (99)Mo production capacity can be enhanced by using (98)Mo-enriched targets. The proposed model reduces the loss of (99)Mo by decay and avoids proliferation as well as waste management issues associated with fission-produced (99)Mo.

This paper proposes a fuzzy logic controller for dc-link voltage regulation to enhance the performance of two widely used active power filter control strategies, namely, d-q method and i d -i q method. The dynamic performance of the systems are evaluated under different supply conditions and compared with the performances of the two control strategies working with PI controller. The effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller, in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD) in supply current and regulation of dc-link voltage is validated.

A supply-current equalizer disables a Correlation Power Analysis (CPA) attack on an AES cryptographic processor. An intermittent equalizer operation only at processing rounds critical to key disclosure suppresses the equalizer power overhead significantly. For this low-power intermittent operation, a Thru operation mode is proposed with minimum hardware overhead. A level-shift comparator hides its own power consumption in an internal equalized virtual supply to guarantee secure protection of a secret key. Test-chip measurement in 0.18μm CMOS successfully demonstrates CPA-attack resiliency. For the key protection against mostly-common last-round CPA, the equalizer power overhead is reduced by 11x which is only 8% of 128bit AES processor power consumption, and by 4x even including the initial/1st-rounds CPA protection capability.

Auto-Transformer Rectifier Units (ATRU) have been widely adopted in aircrafts due to its simplicity and reliability. In this paper, Zero Sequence Blocking Transformers (ZSBT) are employed in the DC link to realize parallel rectifier bridges for ATRU, being the proposed 24-pulse rectifier. A starconnected autotransformer is used in this topology to divide the primary side voltage into four three-phase voltage groups, among which there is a phase shift of 15°. The autotransformer then feeds the load through rectifier bridges, which are in parallel with ZSBTs. Compared to the traditional method that is using six interphase transformers to parallel the rectifier bridges, the proposed 24-pulse rectifier only requires four ZSBTs. This will contribute to a reduction of weight and cost of the entire system. The operation principle of the ZSBT is analyzed, and the kVA rating design of each component in the proposed unit is also explored. The kVA rating of ZSBT is only 0.034 times of the rated power. Moreover, this topology can eliminate low-order harmonics in the AC supply current. An 18 kW prototype is built up for tests. Both simulations and experiments have verified the main features of the proposed 24pulse rectifier in terms of higher efficiency, higher power factor and lower total harmonic distortions. Index Term-Autotransformer rectifier units, Zero sequence blocking transformers, Multi-pulse rectifier, 24-pulse rectifier, Aerospace application.