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While firearm-related injuries are the leading cause of death among US children between 1-18, and account for nearly half of suicides among young people, public health experts continue to struggle in identifying efficacious mechanisms to reduce and prevent firearm access for children. Currently 4.8 million children live in a home with a loaded and unlocked firearm and more than a third of adolescents nationwide say that they can access a loaded firearm within five minutes. However, the risk of unintentional or self-inflicted firearm injury is lower if all household firearms are stored locked. It is imperative for parents to be counseled on safe firearm storage practices, and this has been studied within various healthcare settings. Yet, little is known about the impact on the education of safe firearm storage counseling within the community. Also, temporary emergency storage can be a vital option for families in crisis. We identified 130 firearm retailers and 31 firearm ranges in the Greater Houston Area and were able to successfully contact 66 retailers (51%) and 19 ranges (61%). Only 9% (n=8) of retailers and ranges contacted reported offering temporary emergency firearm storage. At point-of-sale, there was wide variation in the communication mechanisms employed in educating individuals on safe firearm storage practices including informational handouts, videos, posters, training classes, and verbal counseling. Collaborating with firearm retailers and ranges to introduce more consistent messaging on firearm safe storage at point-of-sale represents a novel approach to community-based interventions to firearm counseling and potentially suicide prevention.

The moral value is significant for everyone in every sphere of human life. Moral lessons should be properly taught among students in Schools, Colleges, Universities, Vocational training centers, Madrasas and so on. Above all, along with parents or guardians, it is the prime duty and responsibility of the educator to impart moral based values in order to develop moral qualities such as humility, integrity, truthfulness, courtesy, tolerance, sacrifice, mutual compromise etc among the youth and all level pupils. It will assist in developing positive, constructive social attitudes in new generation which prompt them to raise their moral voice against social evils. The harmonious coexistence of diverse ideologies in society requires respect for ethical and moral values. Value addition from moral education inculcates these virtues in a systematic and widely acceptable manner. Morality is basically the knowledge of knowing what is right and what is wrong. With the morality human being can preserve their sense of humanity and empathy for others' sorrows while at the same time people can retain their sense of unselfishness for others. Here in this research paper, the "Universal Education Theory" is explained and elaborated which innovated on 2019 A.D. by Dr. Rejaul Abedin, PhD, FCMAN. The innovator who strongly believes that in the present world Universal Education Theory will be useful as it will redirect to gain moral education or to train individual through morally during their academic, social and unearthly life. Moreover, Moral education can control human mind to prevent corruption, manipulation at both the micro and macro levels.

Underage drinking is a widespread national problem that requires continuous attention from different agencies and groups in the community. This project was funded by a 50-member local coalition that included groups such as researchers, faith-based organizations, law enforcement, parents, schools, community college, university, local businesses, drug rehabilitation centers, and neighborhood crime watch. The goals of the project were (a) to determine the attitude towards underage drinking among residents and (b) to identify possible solutions to addressing the problem of underage drinking. A purposeful, convenient sample was used to recruit participants for six focus groups. The focus groups consisted of five adult groups and one teen group. The study used a socio-ecological model to develop the interview guide and as a framework for analyzing the data. Some of the major themes identified include (a) kids will be kids, (b) alcohol is a rite of passage, (c) the community is tolerant of underage drinking, (d) parents are a large part of the problem, (e) no one wants to get involved, and (f) the college town environment adds to the problem. The findings suggest that the socio-ecological model is an appropriate framework for assessing community's attitudes towards underage drinking and for planning future prevention programs and interventions. Recommendations for the coalition are provided. (Contains 2 tables.)

Child abduction is a serious problem; therefore, it is essential that researchers evaluate the efficacy of commercially available abduction-prevention programs. A multiple baseline design across participants (ages 6 to 8 years) was used to evaluate the effects of a training program, The Safe Side. Experimenters assessed safety responses in situ in two different situations (knock on the door and interaction by a stranger in public). Results revealed that participants did not demonstrate the safety skills following Safe Side training. All participants subsequently received in situ training (IST) implemented by the parent. Additional assessments and IST were conducted until each participant performed the skills to criterion. All participants demonstrated criterion performance following IST and maintained the skills over time. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)

This study tested a three-component community prevention intervention with alcohol businesses to reduce alcohol overservice and to reduce drinking and driving crashes using a longitudinal design. The intervention involved a responsible beverage serving practices toolkit, a series of on-site visits from law enforcement, and a supporting media campaign. The effort achieved a reduction in the monthly percentage of drivers arrested for driving under the influence who cited the alcohol-licensed establishments as the place of last drink, and the number of establishments mentioned 2+ times as well as a decline in alcohol-involved crashes in the 12-month postintervention period. Results supported a conclusion that the intensive intervention media can achieve a reduction in the frequency with which drinking drivers utilized bars and restaurants and overall impaired driving-related crashes.

While there is growing awareness of the existence and activities of Academic Custom Writing websites, which form a small part of the contract cheating industry, how they work remains poorly understood. Very little research has been done on these sites, probably because it has been assumed that it is impossible to see behind their firewalls and password protection. We have found that, with some close scrutiny, it is indeed possible to find some 'cracks' in these sites through which we can look to gain insights into the business processes that operate within them. We have reverse engineered the business processes that operate within some of these sites. From this we have also been able to identify three different business models that are supported by these sites. Our analysis supports important findings about how these sites operate that can be used to inform future strategies to detect and deter contract cheating.

In present conditions of instability of the environment, entrepreneurs assume the most of the business risks. In this regard, problems of ensuring the economic security become particularly important. The comprehensive system of ensuring the economic security of enterprise was worked out and the results are presented in the article. This system is able to ensure enterprise efficient operation and sustainable development based on implemented set of measures. Four main phases of economic security are identified: planning; monitoring of external and internal environment; identification and implementation of measures to respond to threats; and the control and improvement of the system. Suggested recommendations of strengthening each functional component of economic security can be taken into account by the management of enterprise. Implementation of the proposed mechanism of ensuring the economic security of enterprise serves as a basis to achieve its strong economic performance and development of the economy as a whole.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to debate how companies may better become a sustainable learning organization by offering the most used and insightful concepts of sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: Through literature review, learning organization and sustainability perspectives are explored and compared. Findings: Learning sustainability experiences around the world have provided tools and mechanics to companies to enhance economic growth without affecting environment and communities. Originality/value: The paper explains points of convergence and divergence between learning organization and sustainability approaches and provides insightful remarks from literature.

Explores the results of a random phone survey of 300 small businesses in order to develop a pollution-prevention campaign. Results indicate that respondents understood the concept of pollution prevention and were taking steps to reduce their part in it. Businesses preferred to obtain their information from suppliers, publications, and other companies. (Author/CCM)

This special issue of "Journal of Marketing Education" was intended to engage as broad a perspective on simulations in the marketing classroom as possible. While some of the articles deal with the use of computerized marketing simulations, there are also articles that view simulations as imitating and pretending. The evidence from the body of work presented here suggests not only broadly that simulations enhance marketing learning but that different kinds of simulation can be very effective learning tools.

Product development is a high-risk undertaking, especially so when investments are prioritized for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where markets may be smaller, fragile, and resource-constrained. New HIV prevention technologies, such as the dapivirine vaginal ring (DVR) and long-acting injectable cabotegravir (CAB-LA), are being introduced to these markets with one indication, meeting different needs of groups such as adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) and female sex workers (FSWs) in settings with high HIV burden. However, limited supply and demand have made their uptake a challenge. Economic evaluations conducted before Phase III trials can help optimize the potential public health value proposition of products in early-stage research and development (R&D), targeting investments in the development pathway that result in products likely to be available and taken up. Public investors in the HIV prevention pipeline, in particular those focused on innovative presentations such as multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs), can leverage early economic evaluations to understand the intrinsic uncertainty in market characterization. In this perspective piece, we reflect on the role of economic evaluations in early product development and on methodological considerations that are central to these analyses. We also discuss methods, in quantitative and qualitative research that can be deployed in early economic evaluations to address uncertainty, with examples applied to the development of future technologies for HIV prevention and MPTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legalization of illegally obtained income, money laundering is an extremely negative social phenomenon, represented both on a national and international scale. The inclusion of illegally acquired income in legal financial flows not only undermines the economic and monetary system, but also undermines the political stability and security of the state. The concern about money laundering has become one of the main preoccupations of governments and financial sector regulatory bodies around the world. One of the state's responses to this negative phenomenon is an effective system for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. A system characterized by partnership between the private and public sectors, coordination and cooperation between competent state authorities and all its participants/obligors. The accounting profession plays an important role in the financial system by facilitating transactions that support the nation's economy. Accountants are obliged to apply and observe the measures and actions prescribed by law related to the prevention of money laundering, thereby ensuring that their services are not used for criminal purposes. The aim of this paper is to expand the spectrum of knowledge about the phenomenon of money laundering and to point out the significant role of accountants in a complex and dynamic process such as the prevention of money laundering.

Every sporting and entertainment event involves a physical risk. The type and level depend on variables such as the type of activity, location, skill level of participants, time and number of viewers. Whatever your event is, it is important that you are prepared for it by managing these risks.Sports and recreation involve a certain level of physical risk. Many sports and recreational activities involve high–speed impacts, extreme effort, exposure to altitude or depth, and environmental factors such as weather. Participants recognize that there is a risk when participating in these activities. At the same time, the organizers are responsible for taking measures to ensure the safety of participants, spectators, paid staff, volunteers and the general public.Effective risk management applies a clear risk identification process, establishes an acceptable risk level and takes steps to maintain risks at this level. Risk management is carried out by assessing potential consequences and probability, developing clear actions and developing a response plan.Successful organizers manage risks rather than avoid them. They focus on goals and security, not just compliance. Through effective risk management, you can minimize the potential costs and obligations associated with event planning, which will make the event safer and more enjoyable.

ABSTRACTBackground: The benefits of preventive interventions lack comprehensive evaluation in standard health technology assessments (HTA), particularly for rare and transmissible diseases.Objective: To identify possible considerations for future HTA using analogies between the treatment and prevention of rare diseases.Study design: An Expert panel meeting assessed whether one HTA assessment framework can be applied to assess both rare disease treatments and preventive interventions. Experts also evaluated the range of value elements currently included in HTAs and their applicability to rare, transmissible, and/or preventable diseases.Results: A broad range of value should be considered when assessing rare, transmissible disease prevention. Although standard HTA can be applied to transmissible diseases, the risk of local outbreaks and the need for large-scale prevention programs suggest a modified assessment framework, capable of incorporating prevention-specific value elements in HTAs. A ‘Rule of Prevention’ framework was proposed to allow broader value considerations anchored to severity, equity, and prevention benefits in decision-making for preventive interventions for rare transmissible diseases.Conclusion: The proposed prevention framework introduces an explicit initial approach to consistently assess rare transmissible diseases, and to incorporate the broader value of preventive interventions compared with treatment.

Carious teeth impair the quality of life and the dental and general health of the child. In addition to tooth eruption, tooth position and enamel formation desorders, children can suffer from pain, eating and language problems and have an increased risk of caries in the permanent set of teeth.

Romania ranks 2nd in the EU in the number of teenage pregnancies. Annually, globally in developing areas, approximately 21 million adolescent girls between the ages of 15 and 19 become pregnant, and about 12 million of them give birth. These data do not include the pregnancies of adolescents who have abortions (Nanu, Stativa, Valceanu, Otelea, n.a.). The main cause of mortality in females, the age group 15-19 years is represented by complications during pregnancy and childbirth (World Health Organization, 2020; Neal, Matthews, Frost, Fogstad, Camacho, and Laski, 2012). Pregnancy in adolescents was associated with double risk factors, maternal and fetal, with a much higher prevalence than in the other age groups that presented pregnancy. Romani traditions and customs influence the lives of young women. More acute than the rest of the population is the need for intervention through education programs and access to health care among Romani adolescents (Roman, Gramma, Enache, and Pârvu, 2012; Hanssens, Devisch, Lobbestael et al., 2016). The multidimensional approach, with sex and reproductive education school curricula, legal-administrative reforms to facilitate access to education and professional reproductive and sexual health services, environmentally friendly family planning programs from which young adolescents come can lead to a decrease in births. early age.

Purpose –The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature on corporate fraud as well as financial crime and the prevention approaches used in different contexts. It also aims to find suitable approaches that have effectively been applied to prevent fraud. In addition, this paper attempts to identify the causes and effects of those frauds on the stakeholders of the business. Design/methodology/approach- Based on the review of the literature concerning corporate fraud as well as financial crime from 2003 to 2018. Findings-Focusing on peer-reviewed articles from 2003 to 2018, the study reveals that the internal control system is the most effective approach to prevent and detect corporate fraud which is the component of good governance. Research limitations/implications- Information originates from the selected sources published between 2003 and 2018 in the English language. Hence, a larger sample may yield different results in different countries at a different time. Practical implications- Internal auditors, external auditors, regulatory bodies, the board of directors, and other professionals should recognize these types of frauds and emphasize the importance of these fraud prevention approaches to reduce the likelihood of committing corporate fraud. Originality/value– Provides the comprehensive review and summary of corporate fraud and/or financial crime committed across multiple jurisdictions around the world.

In the 21st century, when the patient is in front of the medical staff, even if the information may be correct or incorrect, the reminder of the importance of doctor-patient communication becomes vital. The Romani population has many problems in benefiting from medical services, lack of health insurance, lack of documents and lack of education make this category of population to become a group of patients difficult to manage and an increase in the quality of the relationship with the Romani population is necessary (Cristea, Lăte,a and Chelcea, 1997; Astărăstoae, Gavrilovici, Vicol, Gergely, and Ioan, 2011; Roman, Gramma, Enache, and Pârvu, 2012). Most studies show a lower life expectancy of the Roma population compared to the rest of the population at least 10 years, they also associate an increased risk for a variety of diseases and a higher infant mortality (Hanssens, Devisch, Lobbestael, Cottenie and Willems, 2016; Cahn and Guild, 2010; Hajioff, and McKee, 2000; Zeman, Depken, Senchina, 2003; Van Cleemput, Parry, Thomas, Peters, Cooper, 2007; Hajioff and McKee, 2000). Roma access to education and our willingness to understand their ethnic principles will turn the medical act better, so together we will be able to prevent more than treat, and treat forms of the disease in easier stages. For these reasons, we consider it useful to pay attention to the understanding and improvement of doctor-patient communication in general, and even more so in the case of Romani patients (Hanssens et al., 2016; Astărăstoae et al., 2011; Hajioff, and McKee, 2000).

The lack of regulation banning cigarette retailers near facilities for children and adolescents has made cigarettes easily accessible to youth in Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate the density of cigarette retailer near children and adolescent facilities in urban and rural areas in the country. We mapped all cigarette retailers and facilities for children and adolescents in Surabaya city (urban) and Banyuwangi district (rural) in East Java province. All types of facilities for children and adolescents and retailers visible from the streets in the study areas were mapped. We conducted geospatial analysis of the density of retailers to the facilities for children and adolescents in QGIS 2.8 and STATA 14. We found that the density of cigarette retailers was 81% higher in the areas within 100 m from the facilities for children and adolescents, compared with the areas within 100 to 250 m from facilities. We also found that the density of cigarette retailers within 100 m from facilities was 2.35 times higher in the rural setting, compared with the urban setting. Controlling cigarette retailers through zoning and licensing is urgently needed in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic frauds have been categorized separately from other crimes and criminal activity due to the use of fraud (and often conspiracy) to commit the crimes. The white collar or financial criminal has the same motive for crime,but through official position, status, sophistication, or professional acumen is able to effect the crime without the use of violence. White-collar crime contains several clear components. Financial or white-collar crime has a depth and breadth that is all consuming. It has a global dimension in all societies and all economies, to a greater or lesser extent. Developed countries, the third world, and emerging democracies are all subject to illegal business practices and fraud undermines the efforts of funding agencies across the world.

Businesses changing their practices in ways that support tobacco control efforts recently have gained interest, as demonstrated by CVS Health's voluntary policy to end tobacco sales. Point-of-sale (POS) advertisements are associated with youth smoking initiation, increased tobacco consumption, and reduced quit attempts among smokers. There is interest in encouraging retailers to limit tobacco POS advertisements voluntarily. This qualitative exploratory study describes Oklahoma tobacco retailers' perspectives on a mutual benefit exchange approach, and preferred message and messenger qualities that would entice them to take voluntary action to limit tobacco POS advertisements. This study found that mutual benefit exchange could be a viable option along with education and law as strategies to create behavior change among tobacco retailers. Many retailers stated that they would be willing to remove noncontractual POS advertisements for a 6-month commitment period when presented with mutual exchange benefit, tailored message, and appropriate messenger. Mutual benefit exchange, as a behavior change strategy to encourage voluntary removal of POS tobacco advertisements, was acceptable to retailers, could enhance local tobacco control in states with preemption, and may contribute to setting the foundation for broader legislative efforts.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has myriad negative health and economic consequences for women and families. We hypothesized that empowering women through a combination of formal business training, microfinance, and IPV support groups would decrease IPV and improve women's economic status. The study included adult female survivors of severe IPV. Women living in Korogocho received the intervention and women in Dandora served as a standard of care (SOC) group, but received the intervention at the end of the follow-up period. Women in the intervention groups (n = 82, SOC group, n = 81) received 8 weeks of business training, assistance creating a business plan, a small initial loan (about US$60), and weekly business and social support meetings. The two primary outcome measures included change in: (a) average daily profit margin, and (b) incidence of severe IPV. Exploratory analysis also looked at incidence of violence against children and women's self-efficacy. Average daily profit margin in the intervention group increased by 351 Kenyan Shillings (about US$3.5) daily (95% CI = [172, 485]). IPV directed against participating women decreased from a baseline of 2.1 to 0.26 incidents, a difference of 1.84 incidents (95% CI = [1.32, 2.36]). Violence against children in the household in the prior 3 months decreased from 1.1 to 0.55 incidents, a difference of 0.55 incidents (95% CI = [0.16, 1.03]). Finally, the intervention appears to have increased self-efficacy scores by 0.42 points (95% CIs 0.13, 0.71). In a low-resource urban environment, employing three complementary interventions resulted in higher daily profit margins and lower IPV in the intervention compared with the SOC group. These data support the notion that employing multiple interventions concomitantly might possess synergistic, beneficial effects, and hold promise to address profound poverty and interrupt the devastating cycle of IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence against children (VAC) is a significant international problem and, in Afghanistan, is particularly complex given the country has suffered armed conflict and extreme poverty for more than 30 years. The aim of this study was to examine the level of knowledge and observation of VAC by community leaders, professional groups, and business owners in three Afghan districts. A survey of community and religious leaders; health, socio-legal, and education professionals; and business owners from Kabul, Jalalabad, and Torkham (n = 182) was conducted. Structured interviews included qualitative and quantitative components. Questions related to knowledge and experience of VAC, and to perceptions of consequences, causes, and strategies for preventing VAC. The statistical significance of differences between participant groups and measures of association were assessed by Pearson's chi-square test, the Mann–Whitney test, and the Kruskall–Wallis one-way ANOVA. Qualitative responses were analyzed thematically. VAC was reported to occur mostly in the home, community, and workplace. The scale of the problem varied, with religious and community leaders underreporting VAC by 30% to 40% compared with other participant groups (p <.001). Business owners also significantly underreported VAC in the workplace, despite admitting to acts of discipline that included physical contact. There were some regional differences, with lower reporting of violence in Jalalabad compared with the two other locations (p <.001). Causes of VAC were consistently attributed to poverty, lack of education, and the effects of war. The findings of this study indicate that VAC is a serious and complex problem in Afghanistan. Decades of armed conflict and entrenched poverty influence how violence is perceived and recognized. Consideration should be given to initiatives that build on the existing strengths within the community while raising awareness and recognition of the nature, extent, and burden of VAC in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the role of the human factor among the causes of the emergence of dangerous situations. The analysis of statistical data on the number of industrial accidents, as well as the accidents with fatal consequences in the period from 2005 to 2017 is conducted. It is established that the level of total injuries is decreasing, but the costs connected with the elimination of the consequences of accidents are increasing. The level of traumatism with fatal consequences has almost not changed in recent years. Our studies have shown that a human factor can be the cause of workplace accidents, but it is also the key to finding out how other aspects of the labour process are influenced by workers' actions. The aim of the work is to evaluate the influence of the human factor during the organization of the labor process, in terms of its importance in the prevention of occupational injuries and the creation of safe working conditions. On the base of well-known models on emergency situation rising, we propose the approaches on which the methods of practical implementation of preventive measures are based. Employees must realize that an important element in increasing the level of safety of production is the formation of safety culture, a positive attitude to safety issues, respect, and active interaction in preventing the implementation of risks in the workplace. Only joint efforts of employers, employees, and public authorities can solve the issue of labor safety at every workplace.

Background and purpose: Professional drivers as a group are exposed to high risk of developing low back pain due to ergonomic factors and work conditions. The purpose of the study was to examine to what extent the low back pain occurs among Slovene professional drivers as a result of the development of various psychosocial factors.

Background: Individuals with low level of trait self-control exhibit several negative behaviors such as violence, addictive behaviors (drug addiction, technological addictions), suicide, unhealthy eating, and criminal behaviors. In contrast, high level of self-control thought to be associated with positive psychosocial and physical health related outcomes. Interventions contribute to boost self-control seems essential for individual with risk of low trait self-control. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the relationship between physical activity and trait self-control. Methods: For this purpose, full-text articles were searched in research databases including Psych INFO, PubMed, Medline, The Cochrane Library, Wiley Library, Taylor & Francis, Science Direct, Springer, ERIC, JSTOR, Google scholar, and Sage Journals. Following screening for the study selection criteria and assessment of risk of bias, twenty one studies (13cross-sectional, 5 longitudinal and 3 interventions) with low or moderate risks of bias were finally selected for qualitative synthesis. Results: Findings from all of the included studies consistently showed that there was a significantly positive relationship between physical activity and trait self-control.It is suggested that increasing self-efficacy, decreasing aggression, and improvement in positive and negative emotional states might be underlying mechanisms working for beneficial effects of physical activity on trait self-control. Conclusion: These suggest that physical activity and exercise may serve as a potential means to enhance trait self-control. Practical implementation and recommendations for policy makers are put forward in this connection.

Purpose – The purpose of the article is to describe the transformations in the perceptions of the consequences of the use of psychoactive substances between 9-12’th grades pupils in the context of the implementation of the psychoactive substances abuse prevention program “My Way”. Research methodology – the authors performed a quasi-experiment and according to the methodological requirements related to the use of such scientific method in the educology studies, used an unequal control group and the primary/initial (pre-test) as well as final (post-test) measurements to achieve the aim of the research/article. Findings – the data of the quasi-experiment research showed that as the whole after intervention the pupil’s perceptions about the use of psychoactive substances in the experimental group has changed; the pupils who were assigned to the control group assessed the effects of the use of psychoactive substances better than those who were assigned to the control group. Research limitations – during the implementation of the program and the experiment, the activities related to the quasi-experiment were held only by social pedagogues in certain selected schools and classes (considering various factors such as the behaviour of children or their attributability to the families at social risk). Accordingly, in the next similar studies, children can be sampled evenly, without differentiating them based on their behavioural problems. Practical implications – the results of the research could be used in practice in the following ways: (i) by motivating the schools of general education in the Republic of Lithuania to choose prevention programs as the purposeful and meaningful instrument to develop healthy life skills; (ii) to develop and expand the range of new prevention programs based on the experience of the program “My Way” which is presented and evaluated in this article. Originality/Value – there are no similar previous educological and other educational science studies (in Lithuania) how the pupils’ attitudes change during the pre-planned and systematically implemented preventive activities in general education schools; the article presents and outlines the experience and practice of the first such Lithuanian program for the prevention of psychoactive substance abuse (“My Way”).