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In this work, a semi-empirical relationship of carbon dioxide emissions with atmospheric CO2 concentrations has been developed that is capable of closely replicating observations from 1751 to 2018. The analysis was completed using data from fossil-fuel-based and land-use change based CO2 emissions, both singly and together. Evaluation of emissions data from 1750 to 1890 yields a linear CO2 concentration component that may be attributed to the net flux from land-use changes combined with a rapidly varying component of the terrestrial sink. This linear component is then coupled across the full-time period with a CO2 concentration calculation using fossil-fuel combustion/cement production emissions with a single, fixed fossil-fuel combustion airborne fraction [AFFF] value that is determined by the ocean sink coupled with the remaining slowly varying component of the land sink. The analysis of the data shows that AFFF has remained constant at 51.3% over the past 268 years. However, considering the broad range of variables including emission and sink processes influencing the climate, it may not be expected that a single value for AFFF would accurately reproduce the measured changes in CO2 concentrations during the industrial era.

An improved measurement method of circularly-polarized (CP) antennas based on linear-component amplitudes is proposed in this paper. By utilizing two sets of orthogonal linear polarization (LP) amplitudes, measurement on axial ratio (AR) of CP antennas can be realized without phase information. However, the rotation sense of the co-polarization cannot be determined due to the absence of the phase information. Above problem is discussed here for the first time, and a solution is presented to determine the rotation sense of the co-polarization by using common auxiliary CP antennas. In addition, there will be some particular cases with large errors in actual measurement. Here a corresponding solution method is given. Finally, co-polarization and cross-polarization patterns can be further obtained from AR results. To verify this improved method, a self-developed CP microstrip array was measured. The measured results are in agreement with the simulated results, which prove this method is correct, effective and practical.

This study describes a novel method of constructing a geometric articulatory model based on magnetic resonance imaging data by taking the physiological boundaries of speech apparatus into account. Two improvements have been made to the modeling process: i) Images taken from different viewpoints are combined to improve the accuracy of outline annotation. ii) Speech organs' meshes are modeled with reference to the anatomical structures. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations indicated that the proposed method surpasses the conventional method. Based on the meshes of the speech organs associated with different articulations, the linear component analysis was used to extract the control parameters. Each speech organ can be described using three control parameters or fewer. After the reconstruction, the average error between model and real data was less than 1.0 mm. This is also the first effort made to construct a 3D vocal tract model based on Chinese MRI data. It will facilitate the theoretical study and practical use in Chinese-speech-production related issues.

The "involvement effect" refers to the finding that controlling for gambling involvement often reduces or eliminates frequently observed game-specific associations with problem gambling. In other words, broader patterns of gambling behavior, particularly the number of types of games played over a defined period, contribute more to problem gambling than playing specific games (e.g., lottery, casino, Internet gambling). This study extends this burgeoning area of inquiry in three primary ways. First, it tests independently and simultaneously the predictive power of two gambling patterns: breadth involvement (i.e., the number of games an individual plays) and depth involvement (i.e., the number of days an individual plays). Second, it includes the first involvement analyses of actual betting activity records that are associated with clinical screening information. Third, it evaluates and compares the linearity of breadth and depth effects. We conducted analyses of the actual gambling activity of 1,440 subscribers to the bwin.party gambling service who completed an online gambling disorder screen. In all, 11 of the 16 games we examined had a significant univariate association with a positive screen for gambling disorder. However, after controlling for breadth involvement, only Live Action Internet sports betting retained a significant relationship with potential gambling-related problems. Depth involvement, though significantly related to potential problems, did not impact game-based gambling disorder associations as much as breadth involvement. Finally, breadth effects appeared steeply linear, with a slight quadratic component manifesting beyond four games played, but depth effects appeared to have a strong linear component and a slight cubic component.

This paper investigates a semi-parametric model for functional data, based on partial linear ideas. A methodology is developped for testing the linear component of such a functional partial linear model. The behavior of the test is studied through some finite simulated samples before being applied to some chemometrical curves dataset. One interesting feature of the methodology is that it works with not necessarily independent data.

Moderate chocolate consumption has been associated with lower rate of adverse cardiac events and mortality, with the mechanism of this association postulated to be the vasodilatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavanols in chocolate. Motstofsky and colleagues1 hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effects of chocolate might also be associated with a lower rate of atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF). In the over 55 thousand subjects in the population based Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study, there were 3346 cases of AF (6%) over a median 13.5 years. This data showed that the rate of AF was lower for people consuming chocolate more than once a month, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.90 for 1–3 servings/month, HR 0.83 for 1 serving/week, HR 0.80 for 2-6 servings per week and HR 0.84 for ≥1 serving/day, with similar results in women and men. (figure 1) Although confounding effects are difficult to exclude with certainty, the authors conclude that this data suggests that moderate chocolate intake may be inversely associated with AF risk. Figure 1 Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to frequency of chocolate intake in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. p trend is the value for linear component of trend. Age was …

This study examined the effect of attention in young infants on the saccadic localization of dynamic peripheral stimuli presented on complex and interesting backgrounds. Infants at 14, 20, and 26 weeks of age were presented with scenes from a Sesame Street movie until fixation on a moving character occurred and then presented with a second segment in the scene in which the character movement occurred in a new location. Localization of the moving character in the new location was faster when the infant was engaged in attention than when inattentive, for scenes in which the character moved from one location to another, or scenes in which the character stopped moving and characters in new locations began moving. However, localization of the character was slower during attention when the first character disappeared and a different character appeared in a new location. We also found a decrease in the linear component of the main sequence in the saccade characteristics over the three testing ages, and attention affected the main sequence for infants at the two oldest ages. These results partially replicate prior findings showing that attention to a focal stimulus affects localization of peripheral stimuli, but suggest that the nature of the stimuli being localized modifies the role of attention in affecting eye movements to peripheral stimuli.

Ageing reduces fatigue during submaximal intermittent contractions, but the influence of intensity on this ageing effect in males and females is not clear. Younger males (n = 8; 23 ± 2 years), younger females (n = 8; 22 ± 1 years), older males (n = 8; 67 ± 5 years) and older females (n = 10; 64 ± 7 years) completed intermittent calf contractions at four submaximal intensities (30–70 %MVC) for up to 20 min. MVC was assessed during exercise at 30–60 s intervals and its linear rate of decline represented fatigue. Individual relationships between intensity and fatigue (%MVC min−1) were fitted to a biphasic function consisting of a linear and nonlinear component. There was no age × sex × intensity interaction for fatigue (3-way ANOVA, P = 0.46). However, there were significant interactive effects of age and sex on endurance at 70 %MVC, fatigue at 70 %MVC and the linear component of the intensity–fatigue relationship. Endurance was lower and fatigue and its linear component were greater (P

Chromosome analysis using fluorescence in situ hybridization was undertaken on 294 retired workers from the British Nuclear Fuels plc facility at Sellafield, 95 with external occupational exposure50 mSv, 108 with 50-499 mSv, and 91 with500 mSv. In univariate analyses, external dose (P10-s) and age (P = 0.0075) were significantly associated with translocation frequency, but no effect was found for smoking status. In a multivariate analysis with age and external dose as continuous variables, the slopes were 0.017 +/- 0.0075 x 10(-2) translocations per cell per year for age (P = 0.024) and 1.11+/- 0.190 x 10(-2) translocations per cell per sievert for external dose (P10(-5)). The dose response for translocation induction for occupational workers is similar to the linear component of in vitro dose-response curves, thus supporting the use of translocation frequency for retrospective biological dosimetry in situations of chronic low-dose exposure occurring over many years. The dose response obtained in this study is lower than the linear component of the dose response for stable chromosome aberrations obtained for the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Thus, if chromosome aberration levels are indicative of cancer risk, this would suggest that low-dose risks derived from the Japanese atomic bomb survivor data will overestimate the risks associated with the occupational exposure encountered by the men in this study.

To investigate within the framework of a multilaboratory study the suitability of FISH chromosome painting to measure so-called stable translocations in peripheral lymphocytes of Mayak nuclear-industrial workers (from the Southern Urals) and their use for retrospective biodosimetry.Chromosime analyses were carried out from 69 workers who had received protracted occupational radiation exposures (0.012-6.065 Gy) up to approximately 40 years before blood sampling. Twenty-one unexposed people living in the same area were controls. A multicolour FISH-painting protocol with the target chromosomes 1, 4 and 8 simultaneously with a pancentromeric probe was used to score potentially transmissible chromosome-type aberrations (reciprocal translocations 2B and related 'one-way' patterns I-III according to the SS classification).Individual biodosimetry estimates were obtained in terms of these potentially long-term surviving aberration types based on the linear component of a low dose-rate gamma-ray calibration curve produced using identical staining and scoring protocols. For comparison, the workers personal and total background doses were converted to red bone marrow doses. The estimated doses were mainly lower than would be predicted by the calibration curve, particularly at accumulated higher dose levels.Owing to the limited life-time of circulating T-lymphocytes, the long-term persistence of translocations in vivo requires the assumption of a clonal repopulation of these naturally senescing cells from the haemopoietic stem cell compartments. Obviously such a replacement cannot be fully achieved, leading to a temporal decline even of the yield of transmissible aberrations types. Assuming further a highly selective capacity of stem cells against any type of chromosomal damage and the fact that one must rely on partial genome findings, the potential of FISH chromosome painting for retrospective dose reconstruction is probably limited to a decade or so after high-level protracted radiation exposure.

A class of interconnected systems with time-varying state-delay and uncertain parameters is considered. The uncertainties appear within each subsystem as well as in the interconnections among subsystems. However, the uncertainty bounding is unknown. Adaptive decentralized controllers based on output-feedback are developed to render the closed-loop trajectories of the interconnected system globally ultimely bounded. All the degn effort is undertaken at the subsystem level. The controllers consist of a linear component based on the nominal design and a nonlinear dynamic component to update the control parameters. The developed theory is illustrated by a simulation model of representative reaches of the River Nile.

New techniques for reducing the depth of circuits for cryptographic applications are described. These techniques also keep the number of gates quite small. The result, when applied to the AES S-Box, is a circuit with depth 16 and only 128 gates. For the inverse, it is also depth 16 and has only 127 gates. There is a shared middle part, common to both the S-Box and its inverse, consisting of 63 gates. The best previous comparable design for the AES S-Box has depth 22 and size 148 [12].

In this article is proposed a measurement technique to the electromagnetic polarization for completely polarized waves, using the linear component method, in order to obtain the magnitude and phase of the radiated electric field by one or many sources. Through these parameters the characteristics of the electromagnetic wave emitted by antennas, including the type and miniaturized RFID, will be defined more precisely.

This paper describes an approach of making the FLATCON® CPV technology compatible with standard photovoltaic simulation software like PVSYST and INSEL in order to facilitate yield estimations for potential power plant sites. Due to the use of triple‐junction cells, the FLATCON® CPV module efficiency is more sensitive to changes in the solar spectrum than the efficiency of an average single‐junction flat plate module. Besides that, the concentrating optics show a temperature dependency. These effects result in a non‐linear component in the short circuit dependency on the direct normal irradiance. By means of introducing a “Utilization Factor”, deduced from both measured data and theoretical considerations, these CPV peculiarities can be considered in standard software tools and transferred to other locations without the need of overly complex measurements or algorithms.

Deterministic and stochastic effects associated with high-dose ionizing radiation (x-ray) exposure have been known for almost as long as ionizing radiation itself (1–3). At lower doses, radiation risks are primarily stochastic effects, in particular, somatic effects (cancer) rather than the deterministic effects characteristic of higher-dose exposure (4–6). In contrast to deterministic effects, for stochastic effects, scientific committees generally assume that at sufficiently low doses there is a positive linear component to the dose response—that is, that there is no threshold (4–6). This does not preclude there being higher-order (eg, quadratic) powers of dose in the dose response that may be of importance at higher doses. It is on this basis that models linear (or linear-quadratic) in dose are often used to extrapolate the experience of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors (who were typically exposed at a high dose rate to moderate doses [average, 0.1 Sv]) to estimate risks from low doses and low dose rates (4–6). Most population-based cancer risk estimates are based primarily on the Japanese atomic bomb survivor Life Span Study (LSS) cohort data (4–6). However, evidence of excess risks comes from a large number of other studies as well. In the parallel editorial (7), evidence is presented for possible real (or at least “practical”) thresholds or “hormetic” (beneficial) effects of low doses of ionizing radiation. As we summarize here, and in contrast to the arguments of Tubiana et al (7), we judge that there is little epidemiologic or biologic evidence for these for cancer. The arguments are of three forms: (a) assessment of the degree of curvature in the cancer dose response within the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and other exposed groups (in particular, departure from linear or linear-quadratic curvature), (b) consistency of risks between the Japanese and other moderate- and low-dose cohorts, and (c) assessment of biologic data on mechanisms. Most of the information on radiation-induced cancer risk comes from (a) the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, (b) medically exposed populations, (c) occupationally exposed groups, and (d) environmentally exposed groups (6). In the higher-dose radiation therapy studies, where doses received are very much higher than in the LSS, sometimes in the range at which cell sterilization occurs, excess cancer risks per unit dose tend to be less than in comparable subsets of the LSS (8,9). However, as we show, risks in moderate- and low-dose medically and occupationally exposed groups are generally consistent with those in the LSS.

An extensive study of the alignment between the pump, the signal and the polarization dependent gain (PDG) vectors in stimulated Brillouin amplification in randomly birefringent fibers is realized by numerically integrating the equations governing the propagation. At the fiber output, the signal tends to align to the PDG vector for large pump power because of the nonlinear polarization pulling effect. The PDG vector, for large random birefringence, aligns to a state that has the same linear component of the pump but opposite circular component., Comment: 3 pages submitted to IEEE Photonics Technology Letters

In this paper two methods of validation of transmission network harmonic models are introduced. The methods were developed as a result of the work presented in W. Wiechowski (2006). The first method allows calculating the transfer harmonic impedance between two nodes of a network. Switching a linear, series network component that links the nodes causes a variation of the background harmonic voltage distortion at the nodes. Harmonic current in the series element is measured together with the harmonic voltages at both nodes, before and after the switching. Obtained incremental values of harmonic voltages and the current are used for calculation of the transfer harmonic impedance between the nodes. The determined transfer harmonic impedance can be used to validate a computer model of the network. The second method is an extension of the first one. It allows switching a series element that contains a shunt branch, as for example a transmission line. Both methods require that harmonic measurements performed at two ends of the disconnected element are precisely synchronized.

Communication signals travelling in space with different modulation types and different frequencies fall in a very wide band. Usually, it is required to identify and monitor these signals for many applications. Some of these applications are for civilian sphere purposes such as signal confirmation, interference identification and spectrum management. A new subsystem used in automatic wireless signal modulation recognition based on ANN is described in this paper. The signal recognizer being developed consists of five subsystems: (1) adaptive antenna arrays, (2) pre-processing of EM signals, (3) key features extraction, (4) modulation recognizer and (5) output stage. The choice of maximum value of spectral power density of the normalized-centred amplitude, standard deviation of the absolute value of the centred non?linear component of the instantaneous phase, standard deviation of the absolute value of the normalized? centred instantaneous amplitude, standard deviation of the absolute value of the normalized?centred instantaneous frequency, spectrum symmetry measure are used as key features for the analogue modulation recognizer based on the artificial neural networks (ANNs). The new original structure of the recognizer of analogue signals is described. The modulation recognizer using the two ANNs with two hidden layers. The results are summarized for real signals with noise and fading.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that higher level of education is related to more rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods: Participants are older persons with clinically diagnosed AD recruited from health care facilities in the Chicago area. At 6-month intervals for up to 4 years, they underwent uniform structured clinical evaluations that included administration of nine cognitive performance tests from which a composite measure of global cognition was derived. Analyses are based on 494 persons with follow-up data (89.3% of those eligible). In mixed models that allowed for linear and nonlinear decline, the authors first accounted for the effects of age on cognition and then tested the relation of education to rate of cognitive decline. Results: Global cognitive decline had linear and nonlinear components, resulting in a gradually accelerating course of decline. Age was related to linear but not nonlinear decline, with more rapid decline observed in younger compared with older persons. Higher educational level was related to more rapid global cognitive decline, as hypothesized, with education related to the nonlinear but not the linear component of decline. Conclusion: Higher educational attainment is associated with a slightly accelerated rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease.

Foil resistors have been the leading choice in precision and stability, since they were introduced in 1962. One of the important parameters influencing stability is the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR). Although the TCR of foil resistors is considered extremely low, this characteristic has been further refined over the years. The resistance change versus temperature is a nonlinear function, and it is extremely low to begin with. Therefore the key to improve further the temperature dependency was to find a way to linearize this function, or to reduce the non linear component first, and then reduce the slope (linear component) of resistance versus temperature (TCR) to zero or as close to zero as possible. This paper describes such a resistor. Its nominal TCR was reduced to -0.2 ppm//spl deg/C from -55/spl deg/C to +25/spl deg/C and +0.2 ppm//spl deg/C from +25/spl deg/C to +125/spl deg/C, this is a 5 fold TCR improvement over the best previous available foil resistor and a 10 fold improvement over standard foil resistors.

International audience; In this study, previous articulatory midsagittal models of tongue and lips are extended to full three-dimensional models. The geometry of these vocal organs is measured on one subject uttering a corpus of sustained articulations in French. The 3D data are obtained from magnetic resonance imaging of the tongue, and from front and profile video images of the subject's face marked with small beads. The degrees of freedom of the articulators, i.e., the uncorrelated linear components needed to represent the 3D coordinates of these articulators, are extracted by linear component analysis from these data. In addition to a common jaw height parameter, the tongue is controlled by four parameters while the lips and face are also driven by four parameters. These parameters are for the most part extracted from the midsagittal contours, and are clearlyinterpretable in phonetic/biomechanical terms. This implies that most 3D features such as tongue groove or lateral channels can be controlled by articulatory parameters defined for the midsagittal model. Similarly, the 3D geometry of the lips is determined by parameters such as lip protrusion or aperture, that can be measured from a profile view of the face.

Objectives Whether cessation of exposure to endotoxin containing organic dusts leads to transient vs. sustained improvement of lung function is unknown. Method The Shanghai Textile Workers study is a 30-year prospective cohort study of 447 cotton workers exposed to endotoxin containing cotton dust and 472 control silk workers unexposed to endotoxin. Spirometry and questionnaires were administered at 5 year intervals, and endotoxin sampling was performed to estimate individual cumulative exposures. The effect of work cessation on FEV1 was modelled with a generalised additive mixed effects (GAMM) model. Results When cessation was modelled as a smoothed term, adjusting for age, gender, height, and smoking history, cessation was associated with a significant FEV1 improvement in both cotton and silk workers. Work cessation displayed a non-linear quadratic effect on FEV1, with an average adjusted +38.1, +220, +316 ml effect in silk and +26.3, +184.1, +264.1 ml effect in cotton workers at 10, 20, and 25 years of work cessation. In a model allowing for a quadratic effect of cessation years as suggested by the GAMM model, the linear component of the interaction suggested that cessation of cotton work was associated with less FEV1 improvement than silk work (cotton*cessation year interaction s = -2.6 ml, p = 0.025). Conclusions Lung function improvement after work cessation was observed in both cotton and silk workers, suggesting that non-endotoxin containing organic dust exposure has adverse respiratory effects. The greater improvement in FEV1 in silk compared to cotton textile workers suggests that the endotoxin component of cotton dust is associated with additional detrimental effects.

I show how phase shifting interferometry can be extended to account for multiple interference effects using a Fourier based analysis technique combined with wavelength tuning and a particular four-surface interferometer geometry. The technique is demonstrated by simultaneously measuring both surface profiles, the optical thickness variation and index homogeneity of a parallel plate. In addition, unlike traditional phase shifting techniques, the linear component of the homogeneity can be measured with high precision. It is shown that a significant linear component exists in a commercially supplied flat.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

It has long been known that neural networks can learn faster when their input and hidden unit activity is centered about zero; recently we have extended this approach to also encompass the centering of error signals (Schraudolph & Sejnowski, 1996). Here we generalize this notion to all factors involved in the network''s gradient, leading us to propose centering the slope of hidden unit activation functions as well. Slope centering removes the linear component of backpropagated error; this improves credit assignment in networks with shortcut connections. Benchmark results show that this can speed up learning significantly without adversely affecting the trained network''s generalization ability.

One hundred twenty crossbred steers (294 kg, initially) were used in a 141-d finishing trial. Four concentrations (8, 16, 24, and 32% of diet DM) of cottonseed meal (CSM, prepressed solvent-extracted) replaced steam-flaked corn in a corn-based finishing diet. Increasing level of CSM decreased ADG (linear component, P.10), feed efficiency (linear component, P.01), and dietary NE (linear component, P.01). Observed dietary NE was 99% of expected at 8 and 16% CSM but 95% of expected at higher levels of inclusion (linear component, P.05). Level of CSM did not influence (P.10) dressing percentage, longissimus area, fat thickness, or retail yield. Eight Holstein steers (285 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Ruminal digestibility of OM decreased (linear component, P.05) as CSM increased, although ruminal digestibility of starch and feed N were not affected (P.10). Ruminal escape protein from CSM was 58%. Total tract starch digestion was not altered (P.10), but total tract digestibility of OM and GE decreased (linear component, P.05) and digestion of N increased (linear component, P.01) as CSM replaced steam-flaked corn. The ratio of observed to expected DE value of the diets was similar across CSM levels, averaging .99. Thus, comparative DE value of CSM was not affected by level of inclusion, averaging 3.32 Mcal/kg. We conclude that the NEm and NEg values of CSM are 1.88 and 1.24 Mcal/kg, respectively, and in close agreement with tabular values. However, CSM should not exceed 16% of DMI, because higher levels may depress cattle performance and replacement value of CSM.

CHO K1-cells, arrested in G0/G1 phase were irradiated with graded doses of 150-kV X-rays, and the dicentric chromosome aberrations in the first metaphase after reincubation in full growth medium were evaluated. When 500 microM ara A was administered at least 1 h before irradiation, maximal enhancement of the dicentric yield was obtained under 'immediate plating' conditions as well as under 'delayed plating' conditions, and under both conditions only the linear component alpha D of the aberration yield was affected. Since ara A had no effect upon the number of induced dsbs, as measured with PFGE at doses up to 100 Gy, the action pathway of ara A is suggested to be the repair/misrepair process manifested in the linear component of the dicentric yield. By varying the time at which either ara A at 37 degrees C was administered before irradiation or ara A at 4 degrees C was added after irradiation, it was observed that the repair step sensitive to ara A was completed within about 5 min after irradiation. This is in agreement with other observations of ara A action upon a fast repair step. The conversion of DNA single-strand breaks or base damage sites into double-strand breaks as a consequence of polymerase beta inhibition by ara A would explain the present results.

Modulation of two-photon absorption, two-photon fluorescence (TPF), as well as single-photon fluorescence (SPF), is shown through incident laser polarization for different fluorescent dyes. TPF intensity increases as the polarization changes from circular to linear irrespective of the dye, though the intensity and wavelength dependent studies of two-photon polarization ratio for any particular dye (e.g., Rhodamine 6G) reveal the nature of their excited state. SPF intensity of IR125 and IR144 dyes increases as the polarization changes from linear to circular. Thus, polarization studies indicate that in case of TPF, there is a preference toward the linear component while in case of SPF, the preference is toward the circular component of the incident laser beam.

Analysis of chromosomal aberrations (CAA) was carried out in 27 radiation workers with cumulative exposures of approximately 500 mSv received over a period of 2-3 decades. A similar study was carried out in 20 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals who served as controls. The average age of the exposed group was 50 years, and that of the controls was 51 years. The absorbed radiation dose was calculated by using the linear component of the in vitro dose response curve established for 60Co gamma-rays. In the controls we found only 3 dicentrics in 5,500 metaphases analyzed. In the exposed group, we detected 49 dicentrics and 1 centric ring in 13,900 metaphases analyzed. Because of the small number of dicentrics scored in each individual, the dose estimates of our method of study suffers from a large statistical uncertainty. The collective dose calculated from our data was 3.4 Sv. The difference in the physical dose based on personal monitoring and that from biological dosimetry may be attributed to the disappearance of lymphocytes carrying the aberrations from the living system. These results are consistent with the present knowledge of the kinetics of turnover of T-lymphocytes. Most residual damage appears to be from the long-lived component of T-lymphocytes with a mean life of 10 years.

We have studied the polarization properties of the Jovian hectometric (HOM) emission observed in the low-frequency band 1.2-1326 kHz by the planetary radio astronomy (PRA) experiment aboard the Voyager spacecraft. We have shown that the complex morphology of HOM can be explained by simultaneous radiations from two independent 100% oppositely polarized sources. Analysis of data recorded under different antenna-source configurations indicates that the existence of a linear component in HOM is very unlikely. We show that the apparent degree of circular polarization measured by the PRA instrument, which practically ranges from −1 to +1, is the result of fluctuations in the relative intensities of the two HOM circular components.

The dose dependencies of lesion formation and cell survival are obtained for the imparting energy stochastic in time. It is shown that for the second-order dependence of the number of lesions on the radiation field one obtains the linear-quadratic dose dependence in the high dose range. The appearance of the linear component is related to the fluctuations and correlations of the rate of imparted energy. Expressions are obtained for cell survival in the one-target model for pulsed and prolonged irradiations.

A two‐phase testing technique is presented for analog circuit fault diagnosis systems. The proposed technique isolates the faulty linear components in the first phase and then using the computed linear component values obtained by phase 1 to determine the input‐output characteristics of nonlinear components during phase 2. The faulty nonlinear components can thus be located. This two‐phase technique takes great advantage of low computational cost since the complex characteristics of the nonlinear components are not directly involved in the calculation.

A method of the estimation of approximate stress intensity factor for a semi-elliptical crack at notch root was proposed. The stress distribution in the vicinity of notch root was divided into two components: uniform and linear components. The linear component was correlated with the notch root radius ρ. The stress intensity factors for these two stress components were calculated using the equations which were made on the basis of numerical results for a semi-elliptical crack at the surface of a semi-infinite body.First, the accuracy of the proposed method was checked by comparing the present values with the accurate numerical results for a semi-elliptical crack at the inner wall of a pressurized hollow cylinder with an infinite outer radius. And then, the method was applied to a semi-elliptical crack in a pressurized hollow cylinder with a finite outer radius and to a semi-elliptical crack at notch root of CT specimen.The following closed form formula is proposed for the estimation of stress intensity factors for a semi-elliptical crack at notch root in other problems.KI, D=KIT+KIBKIT=σ1√πbFIT(λ), λ=b/aFIT(λ)=1.122-0.230λ-0.901λ2+0.949λ3-0.280λ4KIB=(σ2-σ1)√πbFIB(λ)FIB(λ)=0.443-0.310λ-0.104λ2+0.206λ3-0.061λ4where σ2 is the maximum stress at notch root and σ1 is that at the point corresponding to the deepest point of the elliptical crack front.

The golden hamster carries food back to its nest along a direct path. In a situation combining a passive outward journey with the elimination of visual and various other exteroceptive cues, the subjects continued to return to their nest site and were not influenced by alterations of the earth's magnetic field. Experiments in which the animals started their hoarding trips from a changing point of departure, or were transferred to an unfamiliar experimental space, suggest that they orientate by path integration and that they assess the angular, but not the linear component of a passive outward journey.

Thirty-nine observers searched displays of randomly positioned capital letters (As, Bs, and Cs) to decide whether any one of the letters was a previously assigned target. Displays were visible until a manual yes or no response was made. Instructions were to respond as quickly as possible consistent with accuracy, and there were 2% errors. Each observer responded to 192 displays of constant area and luminance, but with varying numbers of letters (N). The linear component of RT as a function of N was explained by postulating five serial RT stages: a motor constant, the first nontarget letter decision, subsequent identical nontarget letter decisions, a unique nontarget letter decision, and target identification. The quadratic component of the RT function was attributed to a change in the task from a serial to a partially parallel acquisition process as the density of the letter display increased.

In a very large proportion of the rapidly growing number of applications for microprocessors, the processor will be used to respond to inputs and produce outputs which are essentially analogue in nature. As the computing power and resolution of these processing systems increases the capabilities of the peripheral analogue and analogue-digital interface circuitry are being stressed as never before. The linear component design group at Harris Semiconductor were not slow to respond to this new challenge and have been busy combining novel circuit design with advanced processing techniques to develop a number of entirely new analogue component concepts which find particular application within the periphery of digital processing systems. By way of illustration I have chosen to discuss just three new component concepts which have provided more design freedom and new standards of performance in these applications.

Forty-eight mice were treated for 12 time periods from 0 days through 28 days at 24-hour intervals by rinsing the skin area of the Achilles tendon of each hindleg with 100 μl of a solution of 70% drug grade dimethyl sulfoxide in 30% sterile water. After the treatment period the mice were killed and the Achilles tendons were subjected to separation force analysis to determine tensile strength. The mean separation force was shown to be a function of the treatment pe riod (P = 0.0294) with a significant linear compo nent ( P = 0.0049), a significant quadratic com ponent (P = 0.0036), and a significant cubic compo nent ( P = 0.0049). The model identified an initial area of decreasing mean separation force (0 to 7 days), an area of increasing mean separation force (7 to 22 days), and a subsequent area of decreasing mean separation force (22 to 28 days). The maximum de crease in the group mean separation force was 20.2% and was observed in the 7-day treatment group. The clinical significance of the results of this study was that the topical application of dimethyl sulfoxide was associated with periods of decreased mean separa tion forces in tendons. The avoidance of vigorous muscular activity is recommended during therapy with dimethyl sulfoxide.

A Weibull distribution was fit to the osteosarcoma death times of beagles given single intravenous injections of /sup 239/Pu. For injected doses in the range 0 to 1 ..mu..Ci/kg the osteosarcoma incidence rate h(t) at t days after injection can be fit by a quadratic function of the injected dose. The best fitting linear function was rejected by the data (p < 0.001). A different formula for h(t), derived from amultistage theory for osteosarcoma induction, was also fit to these data. For this purpose microdosimetry calculations were used to estimate the dose to the cells at risk in the endosteal layer (endosteal dose). According to the best fit, h(t) is a quadratic function of endosteal dose at low doses. A linear dose-response relationship was agan rejected. The absence of a linear component at low doses might be explained by the fact that 108 of the 185 animals injected at the lowest doses (< 0.02 ..mu..Ci/kg) were still alive at the time these data were collected.

Three independent trials were conducted to determine if cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) was affected by the injection of Cortisol in broiler cockerels. Trials 1 and 2 were similar, and Trial 3 imposed a period of heat stress in combination with Cortisol. At 6 wk of age, chicks were injected intramuscularly with 2 mg of Cortisol in a corn oil vehicle/500 g body weight at 48, 36, 24, and 12 h prior to challenge with PHA-P. Controls received an equal amount of corn oil on the same schedule. Each chick received .05 mL of PHA-P (100 μg) in the right wattle and an equal volume of saline in the left wattle. The CBH was assessed by measuring the thickness of wattles at various times from 0 to 48 h after challenge with PHA-P. Wattle indices were calculated. Birds were necropsied at 48 h post-PHA-P, and bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and both adrenals excised and weighed. Cortisol produced a significantly greater CBH response in Trials 1 and 2 as indicated by higher wattle indices at 48 h and at 6 h in Trial 3. Regression analysis indicated significantly greater intercepts for the Cortisol responses in Trials 1 and 3 and a significantly greater linear component for the Cortisol response in Trial 2. Body weights and relative bursa and spleen weights were reduced significantly by Cortisol, whereas relative adrenal weights were increased significantly in Trials 2 and 3. These data indicated that Cortisol enhanced CBH to the mitogen PHA-P in broiler cockerels. This is in contrast to reported immunosuppressive effects of other glucocorticoids.

It is usually accepted that an older age of menopause is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This is often interpreted as a statement about postmenopausal women; however, some authors, eg ref. 1, explicitly and others, eg ref. 2, implicitly take it as embracing both an increased risk for postmenopausal women who have had a late menopause and an increased risk for older premenopausal women who are still menstruating. We have recently examined the role of menstrual status and age at menopause in a study of risk factors in a population of screened women.3 Our results there and the difficulties we encountered in relating them to the literature have motivated this study. We begin with a survey of the literature: comparison of reported studies is difficult because of considerable variations in the definitions of menstrual status (as well as absence and vagueness of definitions), the frequent absence of any "menopausal" category, and a lack of age-specific figures. The only clear consensus is that there is a higher risk among women aged 50-54 who are still menstruating than among those who are postmenopausal. Later we propose a modification of the "two linear component" model for age incidence: this includes increased incidence at the time of the menopause and a subsequent deficit. The intention is to test this model using data from the Edinburgh Breast Screening Trial, and the suitability for this purpose of the data which are being collected is discussed.

Nonlinearities present in the motor output response of biceps and triceps muscles in normal human subjects to applied torque perturbations were evaluated quantitatively. When the applied perturbations were relatively continuous, consisting of a pseudo-random train of pulses, the identified nonlinearities were small, never exceeding 20% of the amplitude of the linear component of the response and usually being much less.

A comparison was made between monaural and binaural temporal integration of noise bursts at threshold. The data indicate partial integration, with approximately a 6 dB decrease in threshold per decade increase in noise burst duration for both conditions of stimulation (i.e., parallel functions) for durations ranging from 4 to 256 msec. When thresholds in dB are plotted as a function of log duration, the linear component accounts for 99% of the data indicating no essential change in the partial integration functions up to at least 256 msec. The intercept difference between the monaural and binaural integration functions is 2.5 dB.

An electro hydraulic vibration device was used to study the effects of some forms of angular motion in the transverse mode and a combination of angular transverse and vertical motion, common in ground vehicles. Heart rate, tracking error, hip and shoulder acceleration, and subjective judgements of three subjects were recorded under different test conditions using three different seats. The excitation acceleration had a 0-25 and 0-50 g peak to peak linear component on the seat at frequencies of 1, 1-7, 2-5, and 40 Hz. Man is more affected and shows more degraded performance under the influence of transverse angular vibration than under vertical vibrations alone. Worst is a combination of transverse angular and vertical motion. Tractor seats good for vertical vibrations are not necessarily good for transverse vibrations

Summary To aid in coal seam faults exploration in the underground coal mines, a seismic location method based on multidirectional summation of reflected seam waves was developed. In contrast to the known method of controlled directional reception (CDR), it is proposed to calculate the time shifts between seismic records using not only the linear component of the hodograph of the reflected waves with a common source (or receiver) point, but also a hyperbolic component. The asymmetry of this hodograph, as well as the specifics of the placement of the seismic observation system in the mine workings, allow for a separate detection of the reflecting boundaries in the four sectors of the outer (relative to the observation system) part of the coal seam. The proposed method can be useful when a single mine working is utilized.

A Weibull distribution was fit to the osteosarcoma death times of beagles given single intravenous injections of /sup 239/Pu. For injected doses in the range 0-1..mu..Ci/kg the osteosarcoma incidence rate h(t) at t days after injection can be fit by a quadratic function of injected dose d: h(t) = 2.61 X 10/sup -18/ d/sup 2/t/sup 4.91/. The best-fitting linear function was rejected by the data (P < 0.001). A different formula for h(t), derived from a multistage theory for osteosarcoma induction, was also fit to these data. For this purpose microdosimetry calculations were used to estimate the dose to the cells at risk in the endosteal layer (endosteal dose). According to the best fit, h(t) is a quadratic function of endosteal dose at low doses. A linear dose-response relationship was again rejected. The absence of a linear component at low doses might be explained by the fact that 108 of the 185 animals injected at the lowest doses (