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Photovoltaic cells for indoor light harvesting have recently attracted considerable attention for low power consumption electronic products due to the rapid growth of the Internet of Things. Dye-sensitized cells (DSC) show tremendous promise in delivering a low-cost, high-manufacturability, and excellent conversion efficiency for various artificial lights to combine with electronics achieving the energy autonomous system. Commercial DSC technology in terms of the reproducibility on cell efficiency and lifetime prediction was discussed to meet requirements of photovoltaic cell market for various applications. The DSC automated pilot line towards industrially relevant manufacturing volumes was described, providing an average efficiency of 13.8% at 1000 lux white LED light and an overall yield of 98.7%. Furthermore, an approach to obtain the database of degradation rate constant for various environmental stresses was proposed according to Arrhenius plots and can be used to predict DSC lifetime for a variety of situations. The lifetime was evaluated to 10.9 years for the indoor situation using the corresponding degradation rate constant.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common surgeries performed to relieve joint pain in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis or rheumatic arthritis of the knee. However, TKA is followed by moderate to severe postoperative pain that affects postoperative rehabilitation, patient satisfaction, and overall outcomes. Historically, opioids have been widely used for perioperative pain management of TKA. However, opioids are associated with undesirable adverse effects, such as nausea, respiratory depression, and retention of urine, which limit their application in daily clinical practice. The aim of this review was to discuss the current postoperative pain management regimens for TKA. Our review of the literature demonstrated that multimodal analgesia is considered the optimal regimen for perioperative pain management of TKA and improves clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction, through a combination of several types of medications and delivery routes, including preemptive analgesia, neuraxial anesthesia, peripheral nerve blockade, patient-controlled analgesia and local infiltration analgesia, and oral opioid/nonopioid medications. Multimodal analgesia provides superior pain relief, promotes recovery of the knee, and reduces opioid consumption and related adverse effects in patients undergoing TKA.

With the continuous development of the power information collection system, the electricity user information collection system needs to be constantly modified and improved to meet the different needs of various users. In this paper, to solve the difficulty in locating and analyzing the problems of the corresponding products in the field based on the high-speed carrier interconnection protocol. We are motivated to design a power information collection system based on the high-speed carrier interconnection protocol. In this paper, evaluate the application effect of the electrical information collection by using existing power line broadband carrier communication technology, and verify its communication performance, networking and business support capabilities.

Background The Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ) is the only specific instrument designed to evaluate pain and activity limitations in pregnant or postpartum women with pelvic girdle pain (PGP). This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the PGQ for Chinese patients and to verify the validation of the psychometric items of the PGQ in the Chinese population. Methods First, the translation and cultural adaptation process of the PGQ was conducted on the basis of international guidelines. Eighteen women suffering from PGP (11 pregnant women and 7 postpartum women) were enrolled in the pilot tests. Second, a total of 130 pregnant and postpartum women with PGP were enrolled to evaluate the validation of the psychometric items of the Chinese version. Results The calculated Cronbach’s alphas demonstrated a high level of internal consistency for the Chinese version of the PGQ, ranging from 0.77 to 0.93. The convergent validity showed a high positive correlation between the PGQ total score and the Oswestry Disability Index (0.84) and Numeric Rating Scale (0.73) for pain intensity. Furthermore, a good discriminatory ability was found for the Chinese version of the PGQ for distinguishing women who needed treatment from those not (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.843, p p = 0.824). The results of test–retest showed good reproducibility for the total PGQ (ICC = 0.93), the PGQ activity subscale (ICC = 0.92), and the PGQ symptom subscale (ICC = 0.77). Conclusion Our study presents the translation, validation and psychometric features of the Chinese version of the PGQ, showing good construct validity and discriminative power for assessing the consequences of PGP among pregnant or postpartum Chinese women.

Background/Aim: To use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify endogenous differential metabolites in the urine of rats with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Materials and Methods: Methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was used to produce a CAG model in Wistar rats, and HE staining was used to determine the pathological model. LC-MS was used to detect the differential metabolic profiles in rat urine. Diversified analysis was performed by the statistical method. Results: Compared with the control group, the model group had 68 differential metabolites, 25 that were upregulated and 43 that were downregulated. The main metabolic pathways were D-glutamine and D-glutamic acid metabolism, histidine metabolism and purine metabolism. Conclusion: By searching for differential metabolites and metabolic pathways in the urine of CAG rats, this study provides effective experimental data for the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis of CAG.

Background: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) of lung cancer is an important factor associated with prognosis. Dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are becoming a new powerful tool to characterize tumorigenesis and metastasis. We have developed and validated a miRNA disease signature to predict LNM in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Method: LUAD miRNAs and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were obtained and divided randomly into training (n = 259) and validation (n = 83) cohorts. A miRNA signature was built using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (λ = -1.268) and logistic regression model. The performance of the miRNA signature was evaluated using the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). We performed decision curve analysis (DCA) to assess the clinical usefulness of the signature. We also conducted a miRNA-regulatory network analysis to look for potential genes engaged in LNM in LUAD. Result: Thirteen miRNAs were selected to build our miRNA disease signature. The model showed good calibration in the training cohort, with an AUC of 0.782 (95% CI: 0.725-0.839). In the validation cohort, AUC was 0.691 (95% CI: 0.575-0.806). DCA demonstrated that the miRNA signature was clinically useful. Conclusion: The miRNA disease signature can be used as a noninvasive method to predict LNM in patients with lung adenocarcinoma objectively and the signature achieved high accuracy for prediction.

Background/aim To use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify endogenous differential metabolites in the urine of rats with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Materials and methods Methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was used to produce a CAG model in Wistar rats, and HE staining was used to determine the pathological model. LC-MS was used to detect the differential metabolic profiles in rat urine. Diversified analysis was performed by the statistical method. Results Compared with the control group, the model group had 68 differential metabolites, 25 that were upregulated and 43 that were downregulated. The main metabolic pathways were D-glutamine and D-glutamic acid metabolism, histidine metabolism and purine metabolism. Conclusion By searching for differential metabolites and metabolic pathways in the urine of CAG rats, this study provides effective experimental data for the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis of CAG.

Microwave pyrolysis has been widely studied as a new type of coal thermal processing. In this research, we applied different amounts of MoS2 to the coal microwave pyrolysis and observed the consequent product effects to see if a higher pyrolysis efficiency and tar quality can be achieved. The catalytic action of MoS2 in solid, liquid, and gas products was further studied using both conventional and microwave pyrolysis, and a synergistic mechanism of microwave and MoS2 for coal pyrolysis was proposed. In a self-developed coal-gas microwave co-pyrolysis system, Proximate and ultimate analysis methods, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Gas analyzer were all employed to test and analyze pyrolysis products. The experimental results showed that when the amount of MoS2 was 8.3%, in microwave pyrolysis, the yield of liquid product was 28.4% with the light oil yield of 67.55%, and the yield of hydrogen was 22.19%. Compared with conventional pyrolysis, conventional pyrolysis with 8.3%MoS2 and microwave pyrolysis, a tighter structure of solid product, a higher yield of liquid product with an obvious light oil content increase could be obtained. The content of hydrogen in gas product decreased, while the valuable content of gas (CH4+CO+H2) and calorific value increased. The contrast experiments of coal pyrolysis showed that there was a synergetic effect of microwave and MoS2, and it improved the coal pyrolysis efficiency and tar quality.

Bisecting K-means clustering method belongs to the hierarchical algorithm in text clustering, in which the selection of K value and initial center of mass will affect the final result of clustering. Chinese word segmentation has the characteristics of vague word and word boundary, etc. We transformed the corpus into word vector by word2vec, reduced the dimension of data by ontology modeling, and cleaned the data by jieba word segmentation and TF-IDF to improve the accuracy of the data. We propose an improved algorithm based on hierarchical clustering and Bisecting K-means clustering to cluster the data many times until it converges. Through experiments, it is proved that the clustering result of this method is better than that of K-means clustering algorithm and Bisecting K-means clustering algorithm.

With the development of science and technology, the power industry has rapidly transformed into informationization, automation, and intelligent. Information flows, business flows, and power flows are intertwined. Concomitantly, the amount of data generated by each link of the power grid has grown exponentially, and the data types have also shifted from relatively simple structured data to unstructured data. A large variety of structured data, semi-structured data, and unstructured data in the power grid constitute power big data. This paper is aimed at power big data, in-depth analysis of a variety of power data characteristics, based on distributed file systems, the development of power big data storage platform. According to different data types, corresponding storage strategies are formulated, and a power large data storage platform based on distributed file systems is developed to provide powerful technical support for the storage of power big data.

Methamphetamine addiction causes serious public health problems worldwide. However, there is no effective medication licensed for methamphetamine addiction. The endogenous opioid system is considered to be a common substrate in drug addiction due to its regulation of dopamine release. In recent clinical trials, (-)-naltrexone, an opioid receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, has exhibited encouraging findings for treating methamphetamine addiction; however, the understanding of its pharmacological mechanisms remains insufficient. By using mice models of behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP), the present study was performed to investigate the effects of naltrexone on the methamphetamine-associated properties of incentive salience and reward-related memory, the two crucial factors for the development of addictive process and relapse. We found that naltrexone reduced single methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice. In the paradigm of methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization paired with contextual cues in mice, naltrexone suppressed the development and expression of locomotor sensitization, suggesting the decrease in incentive salience to methamphetamine and context. In the methamphetamine-induced CPP paradigm in mice, naltrexone attenuated both the expression and methamphetamine-priming reinstatement of CPP response, suggesting the impairment of either contextual cue- or drug-induced retrieval of methamphetamine-associated memory. After the establishment of methamphetamine-induced CPP in mice, naltrexone treatment during the extinction training produced conditioned place adverse response, suggesting that naltrexone facilitated negative affection-associated extinction learning. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that naltrexone could intervene in the properties of incentive salience and reward-related memory in methamphetamine addiction, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects on methamphetamine addicts in clinical studies.

In commercial production of Cordyceps militaris (a famous Chinese medicine), cereal grains are usually utilized as cultivation substrates. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural wastes as substitute materials in the low-cost production of C. militaris. Cottonseed shells (CS), corn cob particles (CCP), Italian poplar sawdusts (IPS) and substrates spent by Flammulina velutipes (SS) were employed to cultivate C. militaris, using rice medium as control.; Results: CS and CCP were suitable for fruit body formation of C. militaris, with yields of 22 and 20 g per bottle respectively. Fruit bodies grown on CCP showed the highest levels of cordycepin and adenosine, up to 9.45 and 5.86 mg g-1 respectively. The content of d-mannitol in fruit bodies obtained on CS was 120 mg g-1 (80% of the control group), followed by that on CCP, 100 mg g-1 . Fruit bodies cultivated on CCP displayed a high crude polysaccharide level of 26.9 mg g-1 , which was the closest to that of the control group (34.5 mg g-1 ).; Conclusion: CS and CCP are effective substrates for the production of fruit bodies and bioactive compounds by C. militaris. This study provides a new approach to decreasing the cost of C. militaris cultivation and dealing with these agricultural wastes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Methamphetamine (METH) addiction has been widely spread and caused severe problems both in society and public health in recent years, but there is a shortage of medication available. The naltrexone (NTX) as a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist has been widely applied to treat alcohol addiction and the relapse to opioid addiction after detoxification. In the present study, we investigated the potent pharmacotherapeutic effect of NTX in attenuating relapse to drug-seeking behavior in the METH self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. The results showed that acute intragastrical administration of NTX (40 mg/kg) significantly reduced cue-induced drug-seeking behavior after extinction training. The similar inhibition effect was observed in the CPP model, that the intragastrical administration of NTX (30 mg/kg) significantly disrupted the reactivation induced by intraperitoneal injection of METH (0.5 mg/kg) after the extinction training process. However, respective intragastrical administration of NTX (20 or 40 mg/kg) failed to alter the dose-response curve of METH under fixed ratio 2 program and intraperitoneal injection of METH (1.0 mg/kg)-induced reinstatement in rats self-administration. Overall, our findings suggest that NTX has the pharmacotherapeutic potential in reducing the relapse of METH addiction, which deserves further investigation as a promising medication for the treatment of METH addiction.

We report the performance of an ultra-small silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) line array with 7 elements of 0.12×0.12 mm 2 in active area, 0.2 mm in pitch and 120 micro cells in one element. The device features an epitaxial bulk quenching resistor concept, demonstrated high geometrical fill factor of 41% and photon detection efficiency (PDE) of 25.4% in the wavelength region between 430 nm and 480 nm while retaining high micro cell density around 10 000 mm −2 and ~3 ns FWHM of dark pulses width; it also demonstrated dark count rate of less than 28.7 kHz, optical crosstalk of the order of 2% to 4%, and excellent photon number discrimination. A 0.15 mm×1.6 mm×1.6 mm lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystal, corresponding to the width, length and height respectively, was successfully coupled to the 1×7 SiPM array for possible ultra-highly resolved positron emission tomography (PET) applications. This novel type of device has advantages particularly for small active area since the performances, such as PDE and response speed is one of the best among SiPMs with similarly high density of micro cells. It may pave a way for this type of SiPM as a promising pixel position sensitive device in imaging sensor applications.

A method of acquiring dynamic road roughness was proposed. At first, road elevation data was measured and road surface spectrum was analyzed. Secondly, the simplified interaction dynamic model of quarter vehicle and the Euler- Bernoulli beam road, visco-elastic Kelvin foundation were built to obtain the wheel dynamic load. In its effect, the beam bending vibration differential equations was built, and road surface vertical displacement solution was acquired by inte- gral transform method under the action of vehicle-road vertical coupling. These were the basis of article study and the im- portant issues. Finally, the dynamic road roughness was analyzed by applying stochastic process theory and the linear su- perposition method. The conclusion was that the dynamic road roughness was linear superposition on the initial road roughness and road vertical displacement. What was proposed the concept on dynamic road roughness is an important in- novation in the vehicle-road dynamics field. This method provided a more accurate road excitation in the course of the vehicle-road dynamic simulation analysis.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) containing thousands of tiny and low-power nodes can be used to monitor environment. An energy-efficient and reliable wireless communication architecture is usually required. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-efficient multi-agent based architecture (EEMA), which is based on a clustering algorithm and multi-agent system to reduce the redundant messages and filter most error messages. EEMA consists of three important agents: classification agent, error agent and filter agent which divide messages processing into three different phases separately and achieve different functions. The simulation results show that EEMA can outperform LEACH and ECDG. It can distinctly prolong the lifetime of the system and improve the system reliability.

Catalytic microwave pyrolysis aims to improve the energy efficiency and perfect product distribution. In this work, ferrous disulfide (FeS2) is employed as a catalyst for low-rank coal microwave pyrolysis reaction. The catalytic effects on pyrolysis temperature, product yields, and three pyrolysis products are also discussed. Some key analytical techniques, such as SEM-EDS, FT-IR, and GC-MS, are used to compare the products of microwave pyrolysis and catalytic microwave pyrolysis. A catalytic mechanism of FeS2 is proposed based on the catalytic effects. Results showed that FeS2 catalyst improves the temperature-rising rate and final temperature of microwave pyrolysis, leading to the change of the distribution of pyrolysis products. When 12.0% FeS2 catalyst is added for the microwave pyrolysis, the yields of solid, liquid, and gaseous products are 64.10%, 27.20%, and 8.7%, respectively, and the yield of liquid product increases by 6.40% compared with microwave pyrolysis. The number of small particles on the surface of solid product obviously decreases, and a layered phenomenon appears in large solid product. Moreover, the mass fraction of light oil significantly increases, indicating that FeS2 catalyst can make coal tar “light”. Catalytic microwave pyrolysis of low-rank coal can be divided into coal liquefaction and secondary reaction stages, and the FeS2 catalyst works better in the entire catalytic microwave pyrolysis.

The occurrence and characteristics of structural failure under high water pressure and the evaluation of structural bearing capacity are of great significance in the rational design of shield tunnels. In this study, the failure process of two types of segmental lining structures used in the Shiziyang Tunnel in China, namely, the straight joint assembly structure (STRS) and staggered joint assembly structure (STGS), are investigated and summarized with prototype tests. The differences in the failure characteristics between the two types of lining structures are observed and analyzed, and two indexes are proposed to evaluate the damage status of the entire structure and local structure by analyzing and interpreting the failure phenomena during the tests. The results show that (1) The failure processes of both STRS and STGS under high water pressure perform as: the accumulation of previous occurred strength damage of segments ultimately leads to the displacement instability failure of structure. However, the difference is that besides the occurrence of large number longitudinal penetrating cracks at segments, there are local crushing and shear cracks occurred at the joints in STRS. (2) The failure processes of STRS and STGS under high water pressure can be divided into three stages: normal deformation stage, strength damage stage, and displacement instability stage. (3) With the proposed two indexes, the failure phenomena and structural bearing capacities at various stages of the failure process can be theoretically analyzed and quantitatively evaluated. The effective stiffness coefficient βe (specifically, βte for STRS and βce for STGS) is recommended to assess the structural bearing status, and the residual bearing capacity coefficient Rbc is suggested to evaluate the residual structural bearing capacity. (4) For STRS, when obvious cracks appear, βte is 0.83 and Rbc is 0.71; when significant deformation occurs, βte is 0.65 and Rbc is 0.52; and when the structure fails, βte is 0.4 and Rbc is 0.35. For STGS, when microcracks appear, βce is 0.67 and Rbc is 0.58; when the structure is significantly deformed, βce is 0.49 and Rbc is 0.43; and when the structure fails, βce is 0.18 and Rbc is 0.27. (5) In the loading process, βe and Rbc of STRS and STGS decrease constantly. For STRS, the two indexes rapidly decline after visible cracks appear, but for STGS, the decreasing amplitude is relatively small.

The effects of microwave power, irradiation time, particle size of coal samples, and gas flow rate on temperature-rising characteristics and yields of products in the low-rank coal microwave pyrolysis reaction under CH 4 atmosphere were analyzed. The solid and liquid products under N 2 and CH 4 atmospheres were detected by proximate and ultimate analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results showed that the evident effects of the tested parameters were observed, and maximum yield of the liquid product was obtained under 800 W of microwave power, 40 min of irradiation time, 5–10 mm of particle size, and 0.4 L/min of CH 4 gas flow rate. These conditions resulted that the yields of bluecoke, coal tar, and water were 60.16%, 13.74%, and 6.25%, respectively. Compared with the products under N 2 atmosphere, the final temperature under CH 4 atmosphere was obviously higher, resulting in increasement of the molecular unsaturation of bluecoke and the content of light-weight oil in tar, especially the content of light-weight oil with difference of 11.34%. Meanwhile, the good mass balance showed excellent experimental operation and error control in low-rank coal microwave pyrolysis reaction.

Nuclear energy is a carbon-free, clean and efficient energy. It is very important in the progress of human civilization and modern development of the world, however, there are still some problems such as nuclear leak and nuclear waste. In this paper, the worlds nuclear energy utilization and nuclear power plant constructions are reviewed and plans are forecasted. The basic reason of previous nuclear power plant accidents in history is summarized. Taking 2011 Tohuku earthquake-fukushima nuclear power station accident as an example,threats to the nuclear power plant by earthquake are investigated and impacts on social, economic and ecological environment caused by nuclear power station accident are analyzed. This paper drew lessons from previous accidents and put forward a variety of countermeasures which are from both the technical and management aspects. We also appeal people all over the world to respect the nature, enjoy the nature, and to create and enjoy the new civilization of human beings.

This paper first introduces the units which are used in general-purpose finite element analysis software ABAQUS simulation of steel and concrete as well as their material constitutive models, and then taking the simulation analysis of a spiral staircase for instance to draw displacement of a spiral staircase along the outer edge lines, the inner edge lines, and the axes of the stair treads under static loadings. By comparison, we find the rationality and insufficient points of the simplification of the spiral staircase to the calculation assumption which makes the axle wires as rod pieces. According o the displacement and stress of the spiral staircase, we give some suggestions to provide some useful references to the designers of the spiral staircase.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a three-stage intervention to reduce caesarean deliveries in a Chinese tertiary hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to assess whether educating staff, educating patients and auditing surgeon practices (introduced in 2005) had reduced caesarean delivery rates. Multiple logistic regression was used to check for a potential association between caesarean rates and rates of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). FINDINGS: The caesarean delivery rate ranged from 53.5% to 56.1% in 2001-2004 and from 43.9% to 36.1% in 2005-2011. When 2001-2004 and 2005-2011 were treated as "before" and "after" periods to evaluate the intervention's impact on the mean caesarean section rate, a significant reduction was noted: from 54.8% to 40.3% (odds ratio, OR: 0.56; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.52-0.59; χ2 test: P < 0.001). The overall drop in the caesarean section rate was significant (χ2 test: P < 0.001) and inversely correlated with the years (Spearman's ρ: -0.096; P < 0.001). Although complicated pregnancies increased after 2004, the primary caesarean section rate decreased annually by 20% on average in 2005-2011, after practice audits were implemented. Multiple logistic regression showed a positive association between the caesarean delivery rate and the rate of admission to the NICU (adjusted OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.14-1.40). CONCLUSION: Patient and staff education and practice audits reduced the Caesarean section rate in a tertiary referral hospital without an increase in admissions to the NICU.

To evaluate the effect of elective repeat cesarean section on the maternal and neonatal outcomes.A retrospective clinic- and hospital-based survey was designed for comparing the maternal and neonatal outcomes of elective repeat cesarean section [RCS group (one previous cesarean section) and MRCS group (two or more previous cesarean sections)] and primary cesarean section (FCS group) at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 1998 to December 2007.The incidence of repeat cesarean section increased from 1.26% to 7.32%. The mean gestational age at delivery in RCS group (38.1+/-1.8 weeks) and MRCS group (37.3+/-2.5 weeks) were significantly shorter than that in FCS group (38.9+/-2.1 weeks, all P0.01). The incidence of complication was 33.8% and 33.3% in RCS group and MRCS group respectively, and was significantly higher than that in FCS group (7.9%, P0.05). Dense adhesion (13.5% vs. 0.4%, OR=7.156, 95% CI: 1.7-30.7, P0.01) and uterine rupture (1.0% vs. 0, P0.05) were commoner in RCS group compared with FCS group. Neonatal morbidity was similar among three groups (P0.05).Repeat cesarean section is associated with more complicated surgery technique and increased frequency of maternal morbidity. However, the incidence of neonatal morbidity is similar to primary cesarean section.

There is no significant change in bone conduction threshold after operation, so the tympanoplasty can be done to maintain hearing when conditions allow.To study the impact of surgical treatment on hearing of cholesteatoma patients with labyrinthine fistula.The clinical data of 35 patients (35 ears) with labyrinthine fistula, which were caused by cholesteatoma, were analyzed retrospectively. The hearing of 21 patients was followed up.Three months to 5 years follow-up of 21 patients were accomplished by pure tone audiometry and other details. There was no recurrent cholesteatoma in the patients. Compared with pre-operative average bone conduction at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz, 12 cases had a difference less than 5 dB, three patients' hearing improved (more than 10 dB), and five cases declined (more than 10 dB). One patient received cochlear implantation 3 months after the surgery. The average bone and air conduction thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz had no obvious change (p 0.05) in 11 patients managed by a canal wall down mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty.

A lidar system with Fabry–Perot etalon and an intensified charge coupled device can be used to obtain the scattering spectrum of the ocean and retrieve oceanic temperature profiles. However, the spectrum would be polluted by noise and result in a measurement error. To analyze the effect of signal to noise ratio (SNR) on the accuracy of measurements for Brillouin lidar in water, the theory model and characteristics of SNR are researched. The noise spectrums with different SNR are repetitiously measured based on simulation and experiment. The results show that accuracy is related to SNR, and considering the balance of time consumption and quality, the average of five measurements is adapted for real remote sensing under the pulse laser conditions of wavelength 532 nm, pulse energy 650 mJ, repetition rate 10 Hz, pulse width 8 ns and linewidth 0.003 cm−1 (90 MHz). Measuring with the Brillouin linewidth has a better accuracy at a lower temperature ( 15 °C), based on the classical retrieval model we adopt. The experimental results show that the temperature error is 0.71 °C and 0.06 °C based on shift and linewidth respectively when the image SNR is at the range of 3.2 dB–3.9 dB.

Using GNSS time and frequency transfer receiver NIMTFGNSS-1, RTRC by GNSS code based time and frequency transfer has been realized. As the extension of RTRC, NIM can provide one low-cost Rubidium oscillator disciplined by UTC(NIM) in near real-time, NIMDO. Its performances have been verified and demonstrated at the two campuses of NIM. Referenced to UTC(NIM), we can acquired that the time and frequency accuracy of NIMDO could separately be better than 5 ns and 1e-13 averaging one day, and the time and frequency stability averaging one day could respectively be better than 5 ns and 6e-14.

The atomic H-masers are widely used in time keeping nowadays. BIPM has changed clock frequency prediction method since September 2011 based on weighting the clocks according to their predictability. An H-maser characterized by a very significant frequency drift can be used in time keeping because its behavior can be well predicted. The clock ensemble of UTC(NIM) consists 6 H-masers (5 at the new campus) and 7 Cs clocks, an H-maser is chosen as the master clock. All the H-masers are model MHM-2010 made by Symmetricom. In order to verify whether the frequency drift of H-masers can be modified manually, some tests were performed and the results showed that the frequency drift of the MHM-2010 H-maser could be somehow modified by changing its Hydrogen pressure. The test procedure and the results are introduced in this paper.

This is a study of education and earnings in rural China, based on data for 3709 residents from 23 counties in six provinces of central and southwestern regions in 1991. It found that education was singnificantly and positively related to earnings; an additional year of schooling raised the earnings of rural resindents by 4.8 yuan per month. The earnings effect on education was stronger for males than for females. The education and earnings relationship was also stronger in economic sectors with more market-oriented reform; and economic returns tended to be higher in economically more advanced provinces and regions. According to the Mincerian method, the average private rate of return to education was 4.8%. The Mincerian rates were similar for males and females, but were higher for ecnonmically more advanced provinces and regions. According to the elaborate method, the unadjusted private rate of return was 9.0% for promary educaion and 11.2%for lower-secondary education. Thus, investment in compulsory edu...

The innovative precise-environment design in this study can reduce the leakage at the machine STI load lock outlet effectively and can remove the pollution source within a short period of time, so as to minimize the AMC in the clean room. This not only reduces the amount of product defects but also contributes greatly to the yield. The practical validation after the precise environment was installed showed that the Cl- concentration was reduced from 1.057 to 0.04 ppbv, indicating an improvement rate of as high as 96%. Therefore, this study evaluated the feasibility of installing a precise environment in on-site AMC heavy contamination machines, as well as for important machines used for metal etching, poly etching, BP TEOS, and so on. The results of this study contributed to the control of micro contamination in clean room environments significantly and increased the benefits of enhancing machine stability, increasing the process yield, and reducing wafer defects.

Time and frequency transfer method using code and carrier phase by BDS has been developed by NIM. The CCD and long baseline results are comparable with GPS. The standard deviation of the BDS P3 code and carrier phase results in the CCD experiment could be better than 1 ns and 100 ps with one day measurement. The combination of BDS and GPS code measurement for time and frequency transfer led to the improved precision and robustness.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and treatment of placenta previa complicated with previous caesarean section. Methods The clinical data of 29 patients with placenta previa complicated with a previous caesarean section (RCS group) admitted in Peking Union Medical College Hospital during a period from 2003 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed and compared with those of 243 patients with placenta previa without a previous caesarean section (FCS group) during the same period. Results There was no difference in the mean age (28.9±3.6 vs. 28.1±4.5 years) and the average gravidity (2.35±1.48 vs . 2.21±1.53) between RCS group and FCS group (all P >0.05). The RCS group had more preterm births (24.1% vs. 13.2%), complete placenta previa (55.2% vs. 4.9%), placenta accreta (34.5% vs. 2.5%), more blood loss during caesarean section (1412±602 vs. 648±265 mL), blood transfusion (51.7% vs. 4.9%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (13.8% vs. 2.1%), and obstetric hysterectomy (13.8% vs. 0.8%) than the FCS group (all P vs. 13.0%), neonatal asphyxia rate (10.0% vs. 4.9%), and perinatal mortality rate (6.7% vs. 0.4%) of the RCS group were higher than those of the FCS group (all P Conclusions More patients had complete placenta previa and placenta accreta, postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, uterine packing, obstetric hysterectomy, and perinatal morbidity in the placenta previa patients with previous caesarean section. The patient should be informed of the risk and unnecessary first cesarean sections should be avoided.

Face recognition is the research focus of machine vision, pattern recognition and other areas. It has broad application prospects. in this paper, we apply wavelet transform to human face image preprocessing in order to reduce the impact of expression change on face recognition. then we follow PCA method, mapping the original face image to Eigen-faces axis which mutually orthogonal to achieve dimensionality reduction of eigen. Finally we use support vector machine classification model to identify the projection vector of human face image in the eigen faces axis. the experiment results on the ORL and Yale face databases show that the method is feasible.

In Taiwan, due to improved domestic living standards, power consumption due to residential and industrial air conditioning systems has risen rapidly, resulting in peak power shortages. During the summer months, air conditioning power consumption takes up over 45% of the total power consumption. Therefore, energy-saving designs for air conditioning systems could be improved, energy-saving could be achieved.

At NIM, one GPS carrier phase processing method exclusively for time and frequency transfer, GPSTFP, was developed. Using the method, we implemented the CCD and long baseline time and frequency transfer experiments for performance verification. We can acquire the good agreement among P3 results, GPSTFP results, and the ones by the professional GPS processing software. From one day data, the difference between the mean values of P3 and GPSTFP results was less than 0.5 ns and the time stability from the CCD experiment is about 100 ps.

Am at monitoring and forecasting the red tide in real time, an double-wavelength airborne lidar system is proposed in this paper. The lidar system not only can use a infrared laser to detect the seawater scattering signal and gain the information about the red tise's density and size, but also can use a blue-green laser to detect the Brillouin scattering signal and deduce the temperature and salinity of the seawater.The infrared scattering signal can be detected by the infrared filter, at the sametime, the Brillouin scattering signal can be detected by a bromine molecule absorption cell and an iodine molecule absorption cell. Through simulating and analyzing the absorption spectrum of molecule absorption cell, it can gain the data of the laser center frequency, the laser monochromatic and stable frequency indexes, and the absorption spectrum of all filters in the system. The results show that our research can be used as forming the practical double-wavelength airborne lidar system.

In this study, we propose a novel, minimally-invasive multimodal optical imaging method which combines multiphoton and reflected confocal microscopy for characterizing three-dimensional phase-separated microstructure of polymeric nylon/chitosan blends. The multimodal image acquisition was performed on a Zeiss LSM 510 inverted microscope system using a ti-sapphire laser source. Differences in nonlinear optical signals between individual homopolymers were used to characterize the phase-separation phenomenon within the polymeric blends. We also used the reflected confocal signals for defining the interfacial boundaries of different refractive indices. Our work demonstrates that the proposed multimodal imaging modality can be used to provide the necessary microstructural information for characterizing the degrees of phase separation within polymeric blends.

Real-time image processing system is widely used in many field, it is required to have high speed. In order to satisfy the demand, an image processing system structure based on DSP and FPFA is presented, that is DSP is used as advanced image processing unit and FPGA as logic unit for image sampling and display. The hardware configuration and working principle is introduced firstly, and then some key problems which include of image data stored mode, color space conversion and image transmission based on EDMA are described. Finally the program flowchart for developing image processing software is given. The developed system can acquire image, display image and make some image processing operations which include of geometry transform, orthographic transform, operations based on pixels, image compression and color space conversion. The developed system can meet the real-time requirement and has been used in our teaching.

Framework and working principle of detecting and eliminating isomerism fibre in cotton system online is introduced and several key technologies involved in its design are analyzed. Experiment studies are implemented and advances solved scheme. In the technologic methods flow of cleaning and rippling the cotton, cotton has been loosed enough and impurity is removed. Then a linear CCD (charge coupled device) camera is used to capture the image of cotton and foreign fibre, from the camera. The images are sent to the industry control computer through a high-speed frame grabber acquires digital card and operated in computer. HSI (Hue, saturation, Intensity) color model threshold method and binarization algorithm are used to distinguish cotton with isomerism fibre. When finding the foreign fibre, the computer will send out an instrument to drive the corresponding position gas-act electromagnetism valve to act and using high-pressure gas to jet it out to the trash box. Through a series of experiments and locale debug analysis, a sample machine system is established. Through testing it can reach the need of control and exact distinguish the cotton and isomerism fibre in real time and eliminate it.

A small signal equivalent circuit model of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) is given in this paper. The modulation properties of the VCSEL are simulated using this model in the Pspice program. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data. An experiment is performed to testify the circuit model.