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Introduction The Modena bleeding score is a categorical rating scale that allows the assessment of the surgical field in relation to bleeding during endoscopic surgery. It has recently been presented and validated in the field of endoscopic ear surgery by the present authors. The Modena bleeding score provides five grades for rating the surgical field during endoscopic procedures (from grade 1 − no bleeding to grade 5 − bleeding that prevents every surgical procedure except those dedicated to bleeding control). Objective The aim of this study was to validate the Modena bleeding score in the setting of endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods Fifteen three-minute videos of endoscopic sinus surgery procedures (each containing three bleeding situations) were evaluated by 15 specialists, using the Modena bleeding score. Intra and inter-rater reliability were assessed, and the clinical validity of the Modena bleeding score was calculated using a referent standard. Results The data analysis showed an intra-rater reliability ranging from 0.6336 to 0.861. The inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.676 to 0.844. The clinical validity was α = 0.70; confidence limits: 0.64 − 0.75, corresponding to substantial agreement. Conclusion The Modena bleeding score is an effective method to score bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery. Its application in future research could facilitate the performance and efficacy assessment of surgical techniques, materials or devices aimed to bleeding control during endoscopic sinus surgery.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Ma már bizonyítékokra épült elvárás, hogy a hasi műtétek során az atraumatikus műtéti technika, a pontos és teljes vérzéscsillapítás, az idegen anyagok eltávolítása mellett a peritonealis felszín mechanikus károsodását, kiszáradását is el kell kerülni. A hashártya kiterjedt felszínével, különleges szöveti szerkezetével nemcsak fontos szereplője a normális élettani folyamatoknak, hanem mint a „hasüreg őre” fontos szerephez jut a gyulladásos folyamatok lokalizálásában, dializáló felszínként is hasznos, és a daganatok kezelésében teret ad a hipertermiás hasüregi kemoterápiának. A peritoneum-zsák legnagyobb része a vastag- és a vékonybelet borítja be. A posztoperatív szövődmények elkerülésére mind a nyitott, mind a laparoszkópos hasi műtétek során kerülendő a bélállomány kiszáradása, így a rehidrálás ma rutineljárás. Ismeretes, hogy a bél kiszáradása posztoperatív adhéziók létrejöttéhez vezet, továbbá a serosa károsodással jár, ez a bélfal áteresztéséhez, perforációhoz is vezethet. Minden sebészi ajánlás kiemeli a bél nedvesen tartásának fontosságát, miközben az ezt a nézetet támogató, vagy ennek hiányát elemző kutatás, valós hatásvizsgálat elenyésző a szakirodalomban. Közleményünk áttekinti e kérdéskör kórélettani mechanizmusait és sebészi vonatkozásait, összefoglalja a peritoneum összetett funkcióira vonatkozó legújabb kutatások eredményeit. Summary. Introduction: Not only atraumatic surgical technique, precise bleeding control, removal foreign materials from the abdomen, but also avoiding desiccation or mechanical damage of peritoneal surface at abdominal surgery mean today evidence based expectation. Peritoneum with its extensive surface and special histological structure represents an important factor in normal physiological processes, furthermore as “Guard of abdomen” it has an important role to localise inflammatory reactions, useful as dialysing surface and provides also possibility for hyperthermic abdominal chemotherapy in tumour treatment. Largest part of peritoneal sac covers small intestine and colon. To prevent postoperative complications it is necessary to avoid desiccation of intestinal tract at laparoscopic and at open procedures as well – consequently “rehyration” is a routine recommendation today. Desiccation of intestinal tract results postoperative adhesions, furthermore damage of serosa will increase permeability of intestine wall and can result perforation. All the surgical recommendations suggest keeping intestine moist, whereas there are only a few real studies in surgical literature to support or to deny this theory. Our study reviews the pathophysiological and surgical respects of this situation and summarizes the results of latest researches of combined functions of peritoneum.

The American College of Surgeons Bleeding Control Course (B-Con) empowers bystanders with hemorrhage control skills to manage prehospital emergencies, but demonstrates poor skill retention. The point of care use of a free Stop the Bleed mobile phone application on the retention of hemorrhage control skills from the B-Con Course was explored.Convenience sample of college students previously trained in B-Con were randomized into mobile application (MA) or control groups. The use of a mobile application during a simulated emergency scenario with tourniquet and situational awareness skills was assessed. Wound packing skill retention without intervention was also assessed. Survey data allowed for comparison of participant perceptions of skills with actual performances.MA (n = 30) was superior to control (n = 32) in correct tourniquet application (62.5% versus 30.0%; P = 0.01) with longer placement times (163 sec versus 95 sec; P0.001) and in calling 911 (31.3% versus 3.3%, P = 0.004). Participants maintain inflated perceptions of their skills, but generally feel underprepared for a future bleeding emergency.Mobile apps improve tourniquet and situational awareness skills and may serve as potential aids to improve bystander hemorrhage control skills in real-time, but require further prospective investigation into its use.

Objective:Noncompressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH) is a major challenge in prehospital bleeding control and is associated with high mortality. This study was performed to estimate medical knowledge and the perceived barriers to information acquisition among health-care workers (HCWs) regarding NCTH in China.Methods:A self-administered and validated questionnaire was distributed among 11 WeChat groups consisting of HCWs engaged in trauma, emergency, and disaster rescue.Results:A total of 575 HCWs participated in this study. In the knowledge section, the majority (87.1%) denied that successful hemostasis could be obtained by external compression. Regarding attitudes, the vast majority of HCWs exhibited positive attitudes toward the important role of NCTH in reducing prehospital preventable death (90.4%) and enthusiasm for continuous learning (99.7%). For practice, fewer than half of HCWs (45.7%) had heard of NCTH beforehand, only a minority (14.3%) confirmed they had attended relevant continuing education, and 16.3% HCWs had no access to updated medical information. The most predominant barrier to information acquisition was the lack of continuing training (79.8%).Conclusions:Knowledge and practice deficiencies do exist among HCWs. Obstacles to update medical information warrant further attention. Furthermore, education program redesign is also needed.

Background: Cotton patty is usually used to aspirate blood and cerebrospinal fluid to maintain a dry field. However, the cotton patty easily adheres to the vessels by capillary action, especially in combination with hemostat. Therefore, re-bleeding may be induced by removal of the cotton patty stuck to the vessel despite initial control of the bleeding. Methods: We have developed a new cotton patty (Non-Stina X®, Hakujuji, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) which does not adhere to the vessels. The newly developed cotton patty is made of 100% cotton, with only the contact surface coated with polyurethane film which prevents capillary action. The coated side includes many holes to allow aspiration from both sides. Results: The characteristics of four different surgical patties including our new patty which are available for surgical use in Japan were investigated. Transverse sections of four different surgical patties were investigated by light microscopy (magnification ×150). Our new cotton patty did not show any fluffing on the polyurethane-coated surface. However, other surgical patties showed some fluffing on their surfaces. The friction coefficients of four different surgical patties were investigated. Our new cotton patty had the lowest of the four neurosurgical patties. We confirmed the nonadherent characteristic using with hemostats of gelatinous sponge or fibrin glue-soaked oxidized cellulose cotton during hemostasis in neurosurgical procedures. The polyurethane-coated cotton patty could be removed easily from the hemostats without re-bleeding. Conclusions: The newly developed polyurethane-coated cotton patty is more effective for bleeding control from vessels with several types of hemostat due to the nonadherent characteristics.

To investigate the current experience and expertise for haemophilia inhibitor patient management in haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs) in mainland China. Questionnaires were distributed to 'tertiary tier A' hospital HTCs across China to collect information on treatment preferences for bleeding control, prophylaxis and inhibitor eradication, as well as their regimens in real-world clinical practice. Of 40 questionnaires distributed, 39 were returned. In all, 38 were analysable for treatment preferences and 34 for actual clinical practice. For haemostatic treatment, 76·3% (29/38) HTCs preferred activated recombinant human Factor VII (rFVIIa). In clinical practice, the most widely used by-pass agent was prothrombin complex concentrate (26 HTCs). Although 65·8% (25/38) of HTCs believed prophylaxis treatment was necessary, it was prescribed in only 12. Similarly, 65·8% (25/38) of HTCs believed immune tolerance induction (ITI) therapy was necessary but only 14·8% (92/622) of patients in 19 HTCs received low-dose ITI treatment. HTCs in relatively economically developed cities (with higher-than-average per-capita gross domestic product) had better access to haemostatic treatment, coagulation testing and were more likely to provide prophylaxis and ITI in practice. The present survey showed there were gaps in haemophilia inhibitor care between the HTC physicians' preferences and their actual clinical practice. More specific care guidelines, education and clinical decision support tools are needed to guide clinical practice.

Objectives The risk of bleeding after tooth extraction in thrombocytopenia patients remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the risk of bleeding after tooth extraction in patients with thrombocytopenia. Materials and Methods : The study included 220 patients who had a medical history of thrombocytopenia and underwent tooth extraction (330 teeth). The patients were divided into those who had thrombocytopenia (platelet count

Background The Bleeding Control Basics (B-Con) Course was developed to teach lifesaving hemorrhage control techniques to the public. Currently, medical students (MS) without prior clinical experience (CE) may not act as autonomous instructors, limiting the instructor pool. Purpose To assess the bleeding control knowledge of MS (phase I) and compare the knowledge of students taught by a certified instructor vs a medical student (phase II). Methods Phase I: 20 MS, 6 with prior CE and 14 without clinical experience (NCE) completed a pre-course and post-course knowledge assessment. Results were assessed by independent sample t-tests. Phase II: 91 first-year MS were taught the B-Con Course by either a third-year MS (n = 45) or certified instructor (n = 46). An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to compare scores by instructor type (certified vs MS) using prior CE and pretest scores as confounding variables. Results In Phase I, the CE group scored higher on the pretest assessment compared to the NCE group ( P = .003). All students improved in posttest scoring, and there was no difference in posttest scores between the groups ( P = .597). In Phase II, despite no difference in pretest scores between groups, the MS taught learners scored significantly higher on the posttest compared to the certified instructor group ( P < .01). Prior CE did not correlate to posttest scores ( P = .719). Discussion Medical students are as effective as certified instructors at conveying the B-Con learning objectives. Based on near-perfect assimilation of content by students, MS should be permitted to teach B-Con Courses.

Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 68 años, sin antecedentes de importancia, que por su cuadro clínico y resultados paraclínicos fue clasificado con riesgo intermedio para coledocolitiasis. En efecto, por medio de colangiorresonancia se realizó el diagnóstico confirmatorio. Fue llevado a colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica en dos ocasiones –la primera fallida por papila intradiverticular–; en el segundo intento (exitoso con extracción del lito), el paciente presentó evolución posprocedimiento tórpida, con marcado dolor abdominal y anemización. Fue llevado a tomografía de abdomen con contraste, la cual confirmó el diagnóstico de hematoma subcapsular. Se decidió implementar el manejo conservador y se logró un control adecuado del sangrado.

Purpose In this systematic review, we aimed to clarify the useful anatomic structures and assess available surgical techniques and strategies required to safely perform minimally invasive anatomic liver resection (MIALR), with a particular focus on the hepatic veins (HVs). Methods A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed for English articles and Ichushi databases for Japanese articles through September 2020. The quality assessment of the articles was performed in accordance with the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Results A total of 3,372 studies were obtained, and 59 were selected and reviewed. Due to the limited number of published comparative studies and case series, the degree of evidence from our review was low. Thirty-two articles examined the anatomic landmarks and crucial structures for approaching HVs. Regarding the direction of HV exposure, 32 articles focused on the techniques and advantages of exposing HVs from either the root or the periphery. Ten articles focused on the techniques to perform a segmentectomy 8 in particularly difficult cases of MIALR. In seven articles, bleeding control from HVs was also discussed. Conclusions This review may help experts reach a consensus regarding the best approach to the management of hepatic veins during MIALR.

Introduction: Uncontrolled bleeding is a preventable cause of death in rural trauma. Herein, we examined the appropriateness, effectiveness, and safety of tourniquet application for bleeding contro...

Acquired factor V inhibitor represents a rare condition, described only in case reports. The use of activated bypassing agents in bleeding control could be of aid and improve the survival in symptomatic patients with acquired factor V inhibitor.

Aim:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hemostatic efficacy of a novel plant originated blood stopper which is called Algan Hemostatic Agent (AHA) in uncontrolled kidney incision bleeding model.Methods:The study was conducted with thirty-two rats 5-7 weeks old. The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, each consisting of eight rats (Group 1: heparinized saline, 2: heparinized AHA, 3: non-heparinized saline, 4: non-heparinized AHA). Experimental kidney incision was made, and saline soaked sponge was applied to the control group and AHA to the study group.Results:The duration of bleeding was significantly shorter in the AHA group compared to the control group. The AHA has controlled the bleeding in the heparinized and non-heparinized groups 5±1.19 and 3±0.91 seconds respectively (p

This prospective cohort study analyzed the role and use of tranexamic acid (ATX) in control of bleeding in patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty. The observation was based on administration of a single dose of venous tranexamic acid 20 mg per kg of weight of patients after anesthetic induction.

Objective:The objective of this study is to investigate the bleeding control safety along with the need for preoperative blood preparation and postoperative blood transfusion in the transurethral resection of the prostate with monopolar system (M-TURP) for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO).Materials and Methods:We retrospectively analysed 379 patients with BPO who underwent M-TURP procedure between January 2016 and December 2019 at a single centre. Importantly, we collected the demographic data, use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI), postoperative haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit levels, platelet counts, and transfusion rates of these patients.Results:The minimum, maximum and the mean ages of the patients were 43, 79 and 67.44±7.74 years, respectively. The minimum, maximum and the mean prostate volumes of the patients measured via transrectal ultrasonography were 30, 95 and 53.42±18.12 mL, respectively. In total, 99 patients (26.1%) had received 5-ARI for at least three months before surgery. The mean decrease of the preoperative Hb in the postoperative 48th hour was 0.99±0.87 gr/dL. Only 9 patients (2.4%) received the transfusion of blood products (erythrocytes or fresh frozen plasma). The preoperative Hb level was inversely and significantly correlated with the decrease in postoperative Hb and the need for transfusion (p

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited congenital disorder, characterized by impaired blood coagulation due to platelet dysfunction. It was first reported by the pediatrician Glanzmann in 1918.GT affects both males and females, and it is more common in regions of the Middle East, India, and France, where intermarriage is common. It has an incidence of about 1 in 1,000,000 people. In South Korea, according to the Division of Rare Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 200 cases have been reported in 2018.Clinical symptoms include petechia, ecchymosis, epistaxis, and gingival bleeding. The spontaneous loss of deciduous teeth can result in excessive bleeding with that blood transfusion should be considered. Preventing hemorrhages and hemostasis are most important factors in dental treatment. Local bleeding can be controlled by compression, but platelet transfusion can be required by prolonged bleeding.Pediatric dentists can minimize the gingival bleeding by control of the oral hygiene to prevent gingivitis and dental caries. The importance of oral hygiene and periodic recall check-up should be emphasized. During dental treatment, the examination and the treatment plan of patient should be modified to prevention of hemorrhages carefully.A 6-year-old girl with GT was referred for the treatment of dental caries, and resin restoration was performed under nitrous oxide inhalation sedation. After treatment, compression was required for the bleeding control.

Introduction: Treatment with ulipristal acetate effectively controls excessive bleeding due to uterine fibroids and reduces their size. Uterine fibroid size reduction is expected to improve the results of the myomectomy and the reproductive prospects of the patient. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive analysis of a series of 53 patients who achieved pregnancy after being treated for symptomatic uterine fibroids. The primary endpoints were pregnancy and birth outcomes in women with symptomatic uterine fibroids that conceived following at least one course of therapy with ulipristal acetate 5 mg/day. The secondary endpoints were time until pregnancy, reasons for ulipristal acetate treatment, number of treatment courses completed, hemorrhagic control achievement, hemoglobin levels, fibroid FIGO classification, largest fibroid diameter, and type of myomectomy (if any). Results: Fifty-five pregnancies were registered in 53 patients following ulipristal acetate therapy (43 live births, 9 miscarriages, and 3 ongoing pregnancies). Half of the patients became pregnant without interval surgery. Bleeding control was achieved in 96% of the cases. A significant increase (p Conclusion: So far, this is the largest case series reporting both pregnancy and birth outcomes following ulipristal acetate therapy for uterine fibroids. Our data support favorable outcomes after therapy for this population subset.

Introduction Bystander training to control life-threatening hemorrhage is an important intervention to decrease preventable trauma deaths. We asked if receiving a trauma first aid (TFA) kit in addition to Bleeding Control (BC) 1.0 training improves self-reported confidence among community members (CM) and medical professionals (MP). Methods Anonymous pre- and post-course surveys assessed exposure to severe bleeding, BC knowledge, and willingness to intervene with and without TFA kits. Surveys were compared using chi-squared tests. Results 80 CM and 60 MP underwent BC training. Both groups demonstrated improved confidence in their ability to stop severe bleeding after the class; however, post-class confidence was significantly modified by receiving a TFA kit. After training, CM confidence was 36.1% without versus 57.0% with a TFA kit(p = 0.008) and MP confidence was 53.8% without versus 87.6% with a TFA kit(p = 0.001). Conclusion Receiving a TFA kit was significantly associated with increased post-training confidence among CM and MP. Summary Stop the Bleed training improves confidence in stopping severe bleeding among both medical professionals and community members. By providing participants with a trauma first aid kit, post-class confidence improves significantly regardless of medical training.

Summary Transoral approaches to the oropharynx have evolved rapidly in the past years. The development of technical instruments such as specific oropharyngeal retractors, 2D and 3D endoscopic systems, robotic platforms, and a combination of energies, has facilitated transoral resection and bleeding control. This new scenario has raised the need for new reconstructive alternatives after resection to achieve adequate oncologic and functional outcomes. The purpose of this work is to provide a guiding algorithm to plan the transoral resection and reconstruction of oropharyngeal tumors, based on the known anatomical landmarks that determine functionality after surgery. The Hospital Clinic transoral resection and reconstruction classification of the oropharynx (HC-TRR oropharynx) is based on the size and location of the defect after the surgery and considers the scenario of salvage surgery after radiotherapy failure. The reconstructive algorithm is adapted to the concept of a reconstructive ladder and represents a non-dogmatic and flexible vision that may facilitate clinical decision making.

Amaç: Total diz artroplastisi(TDA) sonrası kan kaybını, hemoglobin düşüklüğünü, kan transfüzyon ihtiyacını ve hastanede kalış süresini azaltmak için traneksamik asit (TXA)’ in topikal uygulamasındaki etkinliğini değerlendirmektir.Yöntem: Total diz artroplastisi yapılan 40 hasta, 59-83 yaşları arasından seçilmiştir. VAS 7’ nin üzerinde, Ahlback evre 4-5 ve ASA 1. ve 2. grup olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Ameliyatlar aynı cerrah ve standart medial parapatellar artrotomi ile aynı marka implantlar kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Ameliyat boyunca turnike sadece sementleme aşamasında kullanılmıştır. Koagülopati, pulmoner emboli, akut myokard enferktüsü, beyin felci, kronik arter hastalığı hikayesi olanlar ve hemoglobin seviyesi 10 g/dl nin altında olan hastalar çalışmaya alınmamıştır. Hastalar 2 gruba ayrıldı. Grup A’ daki hastalara artrotomi kapatıldıktan sonra 4 ampül 250 mg %10 TXA salin ile seyreltilerek diz eklemine enjekte edildi. 2 saat boyunca dren kapalı tutuldu. Grup B’ deki hastalarda TXA kullanılmadı. Drenler 48. Saat sonunda çekildi. Kan hemoglobin değerleri 8 g/dl’ nin altına düşmedikçe kan transfüzyonu yapılmadı. Hastalar ko-morbiditeleri açısından da değerlendirmeye alındı.Bulgular: 40 hastanın 8 (%20)’ ine kan transfüzyonu yapıldı. Bunların 6 (%75)’ sı TXA kullanılmayan Grup B’ deki hastalar idi. Grup A’ da sadece hastaların 2 (%10)’ sine kan trasfüzyonu yapıldı. Grup B’ deki kan trasfüzyonu yapılan hastaların 1 tanesine 2 ünite kan replase edilmiştir. Ameliyat sonrası ilk 24 saatteki kan drenaj miktarlarına bakıldığında Grup A’ da 232,5 cc, Grup B’ de 407,75 cc idi. 48. saat sonundaki toplam drenaj miktarına bakıldığında Grup A’ da 370,5 cc, Grup B’ de 552,2 cc olarak görüldü. Ameliyat sırasında ortalama kanama miktarı Grup A’ da 247,5 cc, Grup B’ de 235 cc idi. Ameliyat öncesi ortalama hemoglobin değeri Grup A’ da 13 g/dl iken Grup B’ de 12,75 g/dl idi. Ameliyattan sonraki 6. Saatte alınan hemoglobin değeri Grup A’ da 11,7, Grup B’ de 11 g/dl olarak gözlendi. Ameliyat sonrası ilk 24. saatteki hemoglobin değerleri Grup A’ da 11,07 iken Grup B’ de 10,6 idi. 48. saatteki hemoglobin değerleri Grup A’ da 10,3 iken Grup B’ de 9,5 olarak gözlendi. Postop dönemdeki hemoglobin değişim seviyelerine ve drenaj miktarlarına bakıldığında TXA kullanılan grupta özellikle ilk 24. saatteki drenaj miktarında diğer gruba oranla önemli bir azalma olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.Çıkarımlar: Total diz artroplastisinde traneksamik asit kullanımı postoperatif kanama miktarını anlamlı şekilde azaltır. TXA' nın intravenöz yerine eklem içi olarak uygulanmasıyla sistemik absorpsiyon azaltılabilir ve istenmeyen yan etkiler hafifletilebilir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları toplam kan kaybında ve hemoglobin seviyelerindeki azalmada bir düşüş olduğunu ve dolayısıyla kan transfüzyonu ihtiyacını azalttığını göstermiştir.

Introduction The American College of Surgeons’ Stop the Bleed program has trained more than 1 million individuals to recognize and treat external hemorrhage. Central to this training is tourniquet application. No published studies review the retention of this skill after initial class participation. Methods One hundred fourteen volunteers agreed to participate. A random sample of 57 was selected and 46 participated. Upon return 6 months later, each participant demonstrated tourniquet application. An observer compared the application process with steps on a checklist. Each step completed correctly was tallied, and the total score for all 10 steps was computed as a percentage correct between 0% and 100%. Results The baseline score on the tourniquet skill test was 100% following initial training. At 6 months, mean scores were lower, 69% (SD = 31%) (χ2 = 52.09, df = 1, P Discussion At 6 months, 39% of participants were unable to successfully apply a tourniquet, and 26% were unable to control life-threatening bleeding. This study demonstrates that refresher training is needed within 6 months of initial training.

Background Following the Hartford Consensus guidelines and recommendations, third-year medical students from a single institution were offered an optional Stop the Bleed (STB) training course in August 2018. The aim of this study was to assess medical students’ confidence in performing bleeding control techniques and teaching others after completing the STB course. The secondary goal was to assess student perception on integrating mandatory STB training into the medical school curriculum. Materials and Methods A 24-question survey using a 4-point Likert scale was administered to all medical students who completed STB training. Students were anonymously asked to self-report their confidence in performing bleeding control techniques, training others after STB training, and their perception on integrating STB training into medical school curriculum. Results After completing the STB course, 95% of students were comfortable applying a tourniquet, 92% of students were confident in packing wounds, and 99% of students could apply direct pressure to wounds to stop bleeding. Overall, 94% of students reported that STB training would be helpful for their clinical rotations. Conclusion These results demonstrate that medical students are positively impacted by Stop the Bleed courses and validate that the implementation of mandatory STB courses into medical school curriculum will improve medical students’ knowledge and skills for hemorrhage control.

Subclinical bleeding is a haemorrhage event not clinically detected in haemophilia, and no reliable method is available for predicting subclinical bleeding. We investigated whether haemophilia mice have subclinical haemorrhage and evaluated potential biomarkers including multiple cytokine changes to predict subclinical haemorrhage. Plasma from naive FVIII-/- and FIX-/- mice and their wild-type counterparts (FVIII WT and FIX WT, respectively) were measured for prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) and multiple cytokines. Haemophilia mice with induced hemarthrosis were used as positive clinical bleeding controls. Naive haemophilia mice that displayed higher levels than positive bleeding control were counted. Univariate and multivariate analyses of cytokines were performed. Compared with wild-type mice (FVIII WT 1.1-6.2 vs. FIX WT 2.7-6.7 pmol/l), F1 + 2 widely varied in both haemophilia mouse strains (FVIII-/- 3.7-25.7 vs. FIX-/- 2.7-15.7 pmol/l). Each cytokine varied widely in both naive haemophilia A and B mice, but not significantly, for most cytokines. In comparison to haemophilia mice with hemarthrosis bleeding challenge, naive FVIII-/- mice had elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and FIX-/- mice had elevated anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, interleukin (IL)-4, followed by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and MIP-1α in FVIII-/- mice and MIP-1α, followed by IL-1, IL-10 in FVIII-/- mice exhibited significant differences potentially associated with potential subclinical bleeding. Naive haemophilia mice showed elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines with different patterns, represented by pro-inflammatory cytokine elevation in more naive FVIII-/- mice and more anti-inflammatory cytokines in FIX-/- mice.

Embolization of arterial supply of tumor and pelvic metastatic tissue has been widely used as an elective modality as an adjunct to chemotherapy in the management of gynecological tumors. It can be a rescue life-saving procedure in heavily pouring masses and also treatment modality so as to reduce the size of mass by endovascular methods. This is specifically remarkable in cases where other measures of hemorrhage control fail or are inapplicable. Here we report the case of 27-year-old lady with vaginal metastasis of choriocarcinoma with uncontrollable bleeding that was managed by emergent embolization. Coil embolization of bilateral internal iliac arteries by transfemoral route was done to control bleeding from vaginal metastatic growth of choriocarcinoma, which was in close proximity to urethral orifice. Emergent embolization proved to be a successful rescue modality of bleeding control from vaginal metastatic lesion of choriocarcinoma. Embolization has an emergent and elective role of in the management of choriocarcinoma. Intervention radiology is of immense importance not only in regular elective cases, it also can be used as an emergent measure. If the process is expedited, and the avoidable delays are somehow overcome, it can be used for emergent control of gynecological hemorrhage.

A considerable amount of literature has nurtured the idea that massive transfusion is an independent trauma disease and therapeutic tool. In this opinion paper, the authors expose the evolution and challenge the classic paradigm and historic definition of massive transfusion. Based on current evidence the elements of an evolving strategy in transfusion management and bleeding control are exposed such as use of tranexamic acid, combination and ratios of blood products, use of fluids and viscoelastic testing. The synergy of these elements provides the basis to develop updated strategies and perspectives for transfusion management after trauma and to consider a classic definition of massive transfusion as outdated or the need for massive transfusion as failure. An alternative concept, Time Critical Transfusion may be better placed to take into account modern transfusion management after trauma.

Shortages of grafts for liver transplant remain a persistent problem. The use of lacerated livers for liver transplant can add an option for extended criteria donations, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. We present the case of a successful liver transplant performed using a high-grade lacerated liver previously treated with superselective arterial embolization and packing for bleeding control. In view of the absence of guidelines for the use of lacerated livers for transplant, we also performed a review of the literature on injured liver grafts that were used for liver transplants. Meticulous care and careful selection of recipients were essential prerequisites for achieving successful outcomes.

We describe our local experience in the management of haemophilia B patients with factor IX Fc fusion protein. Two children with haemophilia B were managed with the use of a personalised/tailored dosing schedule of factor IX Fc fusion protein. Compared with the standard half-life factor IX, prophylaxis with factor IX Fc fusion protein was cost-effective, with much less injections, better bleeding control, improved tolerability or no inhibitor development.

Background: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a surgical technique that requires a clear surgical field in which bleeding occurs during surgery may become obstacle for surgeon. Warm saline irrigation produce hemostasis to control mucosal bleeding during surgery. Objective: To demonstrate the effectiveness of warm saline irrigation as mucosal bleeding control during FESS. Cases: There were four cases, two male and one female with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps and one male with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) underwent a FESS. A warm saline irrigation was administered during all procedures, Boezaart score was used to assessed bleeding grade during surgery. Methods: Literature search found 86 journals from Pubmed and Springer database, and there were three articles met the criteria. Results: Three articles obtained were met the criteria in term of study providing warm saline irrigation at temperatures up to 50o C as a mucosal bleeding control during FESS able to be effective in more than two hours surgical time. Conclusion: Warm saline irrigation for FESS can reduce bleeding thereby affecting a better surgical field.

Introduction One of the potential complications of Extracorporeal Life Support is the arterial bleeding during decannulation. We present a case that describes the use of REBOA for hemorrhage control during femoral decannulation. Case Report 42-old-male who was suffering from ARDS and cardiogenic shock was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and Veno-arterial (VA) ECMO was commenced. On day 4, his cardiac performance improved and we decided that there was no longer a need for cardiac support with ECMO. Thus, a conversion from VA to Veno-venous (VV) ECMO was planned. An additional venous cannula was placed and the arterial cannula in the femoral artery was withdrawn and the femoral artery wall was repaired just after a Zone III total REBOA was achieved from the contralateral femoral artery. There were not any significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and lactate levels before and after the procedure. Conclusion REBOA might be a useful tool in the hands of non-vascular surgeons to avoid unintended bleeding during the decannulation of a large-bore arterial cannulae.

PURPOSE Profound endourological skills are required for optimal postoperative outcome parameters after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). We investigated the Karl Storz (Tuttlingen, Germany) UroTrainer for virtual simulation training of the TURP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty urologists underwent a virtual reality (VR) TURP training. After a needs analysis, performance scores and self-rated surgical skills were compared before and after the curriculum, the realism of the simulator was assessed, and the optimal level of experience for VR training was evaluated. Statistical testing was done with SPSS 25. RESULTS Forty percent of participants indicated frequent intraoperative overload during real-life TURP and 80% indicated that VR training might be beneficial for endourological skills development, underlining the need to advance classical endourological training. For the complete cohort, overall VR performance scores (P = 0.022) and completeness of resection (P < 0.001) significantly improved. Self-rated parameters including identification of anatomical structures (P = 0.046), sparing the sphincter (P = 0.002), and handling of the resectoscope (P = 0.033) became significantly better during the VR curriculum. Participants indicated progress regarding handling of the resectoscope (70%), bleeding control (55%), and finding the correct resection depth (50%). Although overall realism and handling of the resectoscope was good, virtual bleeding control and correct tissue feedback should be improved in future VR simulators. Seventy percent of participants indicated 10 to 50 virtual TURP cases to be optimal and 80% junior residents to be the key target group for VR TURP training. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to improve training the TURP and VR simulators might be a valuable supplement, especially for urologists beginning with the endourological desobstruction of the prostate.

Background: School nurses play an integral part in prehospital care for life-threatening bleeding in educational environments. This study evaluated the efficacy of Stop the Bleed training for improving school nurses' knowledge, hands-on skill, self-confidence, and belief in school preparedness for responding to a life-threatening bleeding emergency. Method: Sixteen northeastern U.S. public school nurses completed a 1-hour seminar on appropriate life-threatening bleeding intervention with written and hands-on pre- and postassessments. Written assessments measured bleeding control knowledge, self-confidence, and perceptions of school preparedness. Hands-on assessments measured tourniquet application and wound-packing skills. Results: After training, participants scored significantly higher on the written assessment measuring basic bleeding control knowledge. The written postassessment showed significantly higher levels of self-confidence and belief in school preparedness ( p ≤ .05, n = 16). Hands-on skill for tourniquet application and wound packing also significantly increased following training ( p ≤ .05, n = 16). Conclusion: The Stop the Bleed training was effective in improving school nurses' basic knowledge about life-threatening bleeding control and improved tourniquet application and wound-packing skills. [ J Contin Educ Nurs . 2019;50(11):501–507.]

It is extremely difficult to provide non-compressible torso hemorrhage control particularly in trauma setting. A vast majority of cases present inability of successful exsanguination arrest, leading to cardiovascular collapse, myocardial and cerebral hypoperfusion and death eventually. The only possible treatment for these patients is prompt bleeding control, either open or endovascular. Aortic occlusion seems to be the most rapid and convenient way to restrain blood loss and possibly increase survival. However, it is not proven yet. Traditional aortic occlusion for trauma consisted of supradiaphragmatic thoracic aorta cross-clamping through resuscitative thoracotomy (RT). This complicated and devastating procedure triggered the necessity to work on a simpler, less invasive resuscitation bridge which can be implemented in emergency department or even prehospital manner. Resuscitative balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) provides a novel method of hemorrhagic shock stabilization in bleeding below the diaphragm. The mechanism lies in improving myocardial and cerebral perfusion and ceasing major bleeding itself. This method together with invasive endovascular and surgical procedures creates a new approach of choice for trauma patients. It is called Endovascular Hybrid Trauma and Resuscitation Management (EVTM) and introduces this concept to modern clinical practice. Through a detailed review, this article aims to introduce REBOA procedure to a broader recipient and present REBOA details, benefits and limitations.

Aim: Objective of this study is to test the efficacy of topical hemocoagulase in bleeding control, wound reduction, epithelialization in non-healing and healing ulcers/wounds after debridement in comparison with conventional method of treatment. Materials and Method: A prospective comparative study was conducted in JSS Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka from August 2016 to October 2018. The source of data was patients attending the outpatient on a regular basis or those admitted as inpatients for the management of healing and non-healing ulcers. 60 patients were studied. 30 cases were randomly chosen for study with topical hemocoagulase and 30 cases received conventional dressing for healing/ non healing ulcers.Results: Topical Hemocoagulase showed faster and better healing rates. The mean area reduction was statistically significant in the study group. The median baseline surface area of the wound at the beginning of the study was 40.00 among cases and 13.5 among the controls and there was no statistical difference between the cases and the control before initiation of the treatment. Post interventions the median surface area of the ulcer in cases were 13.5 and 16.0 among control. Decrease in surface area of the wound median value in cases were 20.50 and & among controls, which shows statistical significance. There were no adverse effects or reactions seen with the use of Topical Hemocoagulase among the study group.Conclusion: This evaluation provides strong evidence that Topical Hemocoagulase dressings provide safe and cost effective method of enhancing the healing rates of non-healing wounds, reducing the overall hospital stay and morbidity.

A 57-year-old male had cardiac arrest during an operation of traumatic acute subdural haematoma (ASDH) and intraparenchymal haemorrhage in the infratentorium due to a great amount of bleeding from the pre-injured venous sinus. After effective bleeding control using a gauze, the patient recovered without additional neurological sequelae. The operation of traumatic ASDH in the infratentorium always poses a risk of excessive bleeding from the injured venous sinus that could be life-threatening to the patient. This risk could be avoided with the effective first method that can immediately control the bleeding.

IntroductionAdvanced bleeding control options for truncal and junctional haemorrhage including resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) have been used in managing catastrophic bleeding. The primary aim is to report on potential indications for advanced bleeding control in combat casualties during the Dutch deployment in Uruzgan, Afghanistan, between August 2006 and August 2010. The secondary aim is to report on training methods for advanced bleeding control in (para)medical personnel.MethodsThe trauma registry from the Dutch role 2 enhanced medical treatment facility at Tarin Kowt, Uruzgan, Afghanistan, was used to analyse patients who sustained a battle injury with major haemorrhage. Furthermore, a comprehensive search was performed on training (para)medical personnel in advanced bleeding control.ResultsThere were 212 possible indications for advanced bleeding control with mortality of 28.8% (61/212). These possible indications consisted of 1.9% (4/212) junctional lower extremity injuries with a 75% (3/4) mortality rate, 59% (125/212) visceral vascular injuries with a mortality rate of 12.5% (26/125). The junctional and visceral injuries (n=129) were all potential indications for advanced bleeding control options, such as REBOA. Further 39.2% (83/212) casualties with central thoracic or neck injuries had a mortality rate of 38.6% (32/83). Based on an Abbreviated Injury Scale chest or abdomen score ≥461 indications for advanced bleeding control were identified. A 24-hour average of 8.8 packets of red blood cells, 4.2 packets of plasma and 1.9 packets of platelets was used to prevent exsanguination. The total out-of-hospital survival rate was 64% (39/61).ConclusionRetrospective analysis revealed 212 potential indications for advanced bleeding control with a mortality of 28.8% (61/212). Advanced bleeding control, such as REBOA, might have improved survival in approximately 61 of 212 casualties. Advanced bleeding control could be used as an adjunct to improve outcomes in major truncal or junctional haemorrhage in prehospital, remote settings and implementation should be considered. Vascular access training and REBOA placement for (para)medical military personnel should be explored in future research.

Review the current state of the art in prehospital hemorrhage control and the role of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). Prehospital data demonstrate improved hemorrhage control and decreased blood product transfusions with tourniquet use. Minimal complications have been noted (temporary nerve palsy) and no tourniquet-related amputations have been reported in modern series. Junctional tourniquets are effective in stopping arterial flow and controlling bleeding in preclinical trials. Clinical data is lacking. Hemostatic bandages have been shown in animal studies to improve time to hemorrhage control and survival. Limited clinical data supports improved hemorrhage control and no morbidity. The REBOA catheter is a promising technology with a clear role in severe pelvic fractures. The role of REBOA in the prehospital setting remains undefined. Preclinical and clinical data are supportive of both prehospital tourniquet and hemostatic bandages. Junctional tourniquets are promising but lack clinical data. The REBOA catheter is an effective bleeding control adjunct for which prehospital indications are still being defined.

With the continued threat of mass casualty incidents in schools and surrounding communities, it is essential for school nurses to be knowledgeable regarding the recognition of hemorrhagic shock due to massive bleeding and the acute management of these victims. In the past decade, increased interest and research in acute bleeding control have led to published evidence-based guidelines to reduce morbidity and mortality for victims of violent acts. It is essential that healthcare providers, including nurses who are the first responders in schools, are aware of methods to assess and control massive bleeding. This article summarizes the most up-to-date recommendations for the management of children with traumatic bleeding.

Uncontrolled bleeding is a leading cause of preventable death from trauma. With the rise in mass casualty events, training of laypersons can be life-saving. "Stop the Bleed" is a campaign to teach the public techniques of bleeding control. We believe that training in these techniques will increase participants' willingness and preparedness to intervene and increase knowledge of trauma/hemorrhage control.We created a "Stop the Bleed" training program. School nurses, medical students, researchers, and community members participated in the program. Pre- and post-training questionnaires assessed participants' willingness/preparedness to intervene in a casualty event and knowledge of trauma/hemorrhage control.There was a significant change in attitudes after receiving training (p 0.05). There was also an improvement in knowledge regarding bleeding control techniques."Stop the Bleed" training empowers participants with the confidence and knowledge to aid others in preventable hemorrhagic death.

Objective: Algan hemostatic agent (AHA) is a plant-basedhemostatic agent produced in Turkey. Although, there is a greatimprovement in the hemostatic technologies, more effectivehemostatic products are required to be produced. The aim ofthis study was to demonstrate the efficacy of AHA in a partialsplenectomy model in rats. In addition, in this model, postoperativeabdominal adhesion was evaluated.Materials and Methods: In this study 5-7 weeks old 64rats were used. Rats were randomly divided into 8 groups, eachconsisting of eight rats (4 groups heparinized and 4 groups nonheparinized).Experimental splenectomy was performed and thegauze impregnated with saline was applied to the control group forthe hemorrhage control, the gauze impregnated with liquid AHA,gel and powder form of AHA, was applied to the experimentalgroups.Results: The time to reach complete homeostasis wassignificantly shorter in all AHA groups compared to the controlgroup. The powder and the gel forms of AHA stopped the bleedingin heparinized and non-heparinized groups in 1 second. The AHAfluid (sponge) form stopped the bleeding in the first applicationin the control group less than 10 seconds and the second timeapplication was not necessary. The bleeding was able to becontrolled in the heparinized control group (saline impregnatedsponge) by 55 seconds and in the non-heparinized control groupby 38 seconds.Conclusion: This study showed that AHA is a highly effectivehemostatic agent, which would be beneficial in controllinghemorrhage.

Absorbable hemostats such as microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH) are used to manage hemostasis and prevent complications in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We aimed to determine safety and effectiveness of MPH use in TKA. Records were reviewed for blood loss, hematomas, and infections. No differences existed regarding demographics, superficial infections (P = 0.933) or hematomas (P = 0.393). Positive correlation existed between hematoma and superficial infection (P = 0.009). Blood loss was greater in the treatment group (P = 0.014). MPH demonstrated inferior bleeding control and had no effect on complications. Our results suggest application of this agent may be unnecessary.

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND: Life-threatening haemorrhage accounts for 40% mortality in trauma patients worldwide. After bleeding control is achieved, circulating volume must be restored. Early in-hospital transfusion of blood components is already proven effective, but the scientific proof for the effectiveness of prehospital blood-component transfusion (PHBT) in trauma patients is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the evidence for effectiveness and safety of PHBT to haemorrhagic trauma patients. METHODS: CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Pubmed were searched in the period from 1988 until August 1, 2018. Meta-analysis was performed for matched trauma patients receiving PHBT with the primary outcomes 24-hour mortality and long-term mortality. Secondary outcome measure was adverse events as a result of PHBT. RESULTS: Trauma patients who received PHBT with simultaneous use of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and plasma showed a statistically significant reduction in long-term mortality (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.36-0.71; P < 0.0001) but no difference in 24-hour mortality (OR = 0.47, 95% CI, 0.17-1.34; P = 0.16). PHBT with individual use of pRBCs showed no difference in long-term mortality (OR = 1.18; 95% CI, 0.93-1.49; P = 0.17) or 24-hour mortality (OR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.46-1.85; P = 0.82). In a total of 1341 patients who received PHBT, 14 adverse events were reported 1.04%, 95% CI 0.57-1.75%. CONCLUSIONS: PHBT with simultaneous use of both pRBCs and plasma resulted in a significant reduction in the odds for long-term mortality. However, based on mainly poor quality evidence no hard conclusion can be drawn about a possible survival benefit for haemorrhagic trauma patients receiving PHBT. Overall, PHBT is safe but results of currently ongoing randomised controlled trials have to be awaited to demonstrate a survival benefit. STUDY TYPE: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

One of the main preventable leading causes of death after a trauma injury is the hemorrhagic shock. Therefore, it is extremely important to learn how to control hemorrhages. In this paper, a hemorrhagic trauma simulator for lower limb has been developed and a pilot study has been accomplished to trail the simulator. Four different bleeding scenarios have been tested per participant, gathering information about the manual pressure exerted to control the bleeding. Data, altogether, from 54 hemorrhagic scenarios managed by final year medical students and doctors were gathered. Additionally, a post-simulation questionnaire, related to the usability of the simulator, was completed. All the participants managed to control the simulated bleeding scenarios, but the pressure exerted to control the four different scenarios is different depending if the trainee is a student or a doctor, especially in deep venous hemorrhages. This research has highlighted the different approach to bleeding control treatment between medical students and doctors. Moreover, this pilot study demonstrated the need to deliver a more effective trauma treatment teaching for hemorrhagic lesions and that hemorrhagic trauma simulators can be used to train and evaluate different scenarios.

Aim The Bleeding Control Basic (BCon) course was developed by the American College of Surgeons to teach laypeople and health-care providers (HCPs) how to stop life-threatening bleeding. The first BCon course in Japan was held for HCPs in July 2018. Our study aimed to evaluate the utility of the course, the satisfaction and confidence level of the HCPs that participated, and their experience with using vascular tourniquets. Method The BCon participants were asked to complete a survey after the BCon courses from December 2018 to December 2019. These participants included different types of HCPs (physicians, nurses, and emergency medical technicians). After the course, the participants were asked to evaluate: (i) the perceived utility of the course, (ii) their satisfaction with the course, (iii) their confidence in the techniques that they learned in the course, (iv) their experience of using tourniquets in eight specific areas using a 10-point Likert scale. Results A total of 163 HCPs, including 108 physicians, 27 nurses, and 28 emergency medical technicians completed the BCon course. The respondents rated the course highly, showing an average value of approximately 9 for each item for perceived utility, satisfaction, confidence, and experience in using tourniquets. In particular, nurses rated the overall activity more highly than physicians (P

Blunt trauma is a potentially life-threatening injury that requires prompt diagnostic examination and therapeutic intervention. Nevertheless, how impactful a rapid response time is on mortality or functional outcomes has not been well-investigated. This study aimed to evaluate effects of earlier door-to-computed tomography time (D2CT) and door-to-bleeding control time (D2BC) on clinical outcomes in severe blunt trauma. This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients with severe blunt trauma (Injury Severity Score &gt, 16). To assess the effect of earlier D2CT and D2BC on clinical outcomes, we conducted multivariable regression analyses with a consideration for nonlinear associations. Among 671 patients with severe blunt trauma who underwent CT scanning, 163 patients received an emergency bleeding control procedure. The median D2CT and D2BC were 19 min and 57 min, respectively. In a Cox proportional hazard regression model, earlier D2CT was not associated with improved 28-day mortality (p = 0.30), but it was significantly associated with decreased mortality from exsanguination (p = 0.003). Earlier D2BC was significantly associated with improved 28-day mortality (p = 0.026). In conclusion, earlier time to a hemostatic procedure was independently associated with decreased mortality. Meanwhile, time benefits of earlier CT examination were not observed for overall survival but were observed for decreased mortality from exsanguination.