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Availability of 3D-printed laboratory equipment holds promise to improve arthropod digitization efforts. A 3D-printed specimen scanning box was designed to image fluid-based arthropod collections using a consumer-grade flatbed scanner. The design was customized to accommodate double-width microscope slides and printed in both Polylactic Acid (PLA) and nylon (Polyamide). The workflow with two or three technicians imaged Trichoptera lots in batches of six scanning boxes. Individual images were cropped from batch imagess using an R script. PLA and nylon both performed similarly with no noticeable breakdown of the plastic; however, dyed nylon leeched color into the ethanol. The total time for handling, imaging, and cropping was ~8 minutes per vial, including returning material to vials and replacing ethanol. Image quality at 2400 dpi was the best and revealed several diagnostic structures valuable for partial identifications with higher utility if structures of the genitalia were captured; however, lower resolution scans may be adequate for natural history collection imaging. Image quality from this technique is similar to other natural history museum imaging techniques; yet, the scanning approach may have wider applications to morphometrics because of lack of distortion. The approach can also be applied to image vouchering for biomonitoring and other ecological studies.

Background Glossina austeni and Glossina brevipalpis (Diptera: Glossinidae) are the sole cyclical vectors of African trypanosomes in South Africa, Eswatini and southern Mozambique. These populations represent the southernmost distribution of tsetse flies on the African continent. Accurate knowledge of infested areas is a prerequisite to develop and implement efficient and cost-effective control strategies, and distribution models may reduce large-scale, extensive entomological surveys that are time consuming and expensive. The objective was to develop a MaxEnt species distribution model and habitat suitability maps for the southern tsetse belt of South Africa, Eswatini and southern Mozambique. Methodology/Principal findings The present study used existing entomological survey data of G. austeni and G. brevipalpis to develop a MaxEnt species distribution model and habitat suitability maps. Distribution models and a checkerboard analysis indicated an overlapping presence of the two species and the most suitable habitat for both species were protected areas and the coastal strip in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa and Maputo Province, Mozambique. The predicted presence extents, to a small degree, into communal farming areas adjacent to the protected areas and coastline, especially in the Matutuíne District of Mozambique. The quality of the MaxEnt model was assessed using an independent data set and indicated good performance with high predictive power (AUC > 0.80 for both species). Conclusions/Significance The models indicated that cattle density, land surface temperature and protected areas, in relation with vegetation are the main factors contributing to the distribution of the two tsetse species in the area. Changes in the climate, agricultural practices and land-use have had a significant and rapid impact on tsetse abundance in the area. The model predicted low habitat suitability in the Gaza and Inhambane Provinces of Mozambique, i.e., the area north of the Matutuíne District. This might indicate that the southern tsetse population is isolated from the main tsetse belt in the north of Mozambique. The updated distribution models will be useful for planning tsetse and trypanosomosis interventions in the area., Author summary The two tsetse species transmitting nagana in South Africa, Eswatini and southern Mozambique represent the southernmost distribution of this genus on the African continent. Distribution models were developed to support tsetse control. These models indicated that the main factors contributing to tsetse distribution in the area are the presence of host animals, variation in climate and vegetation mostly observed in protected areas, agricultural practises and land-use also had a significant and rapid impact on tsetse abundance in the area. Application of the model to areas north of the southern distribution predict a low presence of suitable habitats in the Gaza and Inhambane Provinces of Mozambique, thereby indicating that this southern population is geographically isolated from the main tsetse belt starting in the north of Mozambique.

One of the challenges to maintain tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) colonies is the sustainable supply of high quality blood meals. The effect of using anticoagulants during collection of the blood, the addition of phagostimulants to the blood meals as well as using mixtures of bovine and porcine blood in different proportions for feeding on colony productivity was assessed. Defibrinated bovine blood was found to be suitable to maintain both the Glossina brevipalpis Newstead and Glossina austeni Newstead colonies. Blood collected with the anticoagulants sodium citrate, citric sodium combination, citrate phosphate dextrose adenine and citric acid did not affect colony performance of both species. Defibrinated bovine and porcine blood in a 1:1 ratio or the feeding of either bovine or porcine blood on alternating days improved pupae production of G. austeni and can be used to enhance colony growth. Bovine blood is appropriate to maintain G. brevipalpis colonies, however, feeding either bovine or porcine blood on alternating days did improve productivity. Adding the phagostimulants inosine tri-phosphate, cytosine mono-phosphate and guanosine mono-phosphate to the blood at a concentration of 10-4 M improved pupae production of the G. brevipalpis colony. The addition of adenosine tri-phosphate and inosine tri-phosphate improved the performance of the G. austeni colony. Decisions on the most suitable rearing diet and feeding protocols will not only depend on the biological requirements of the species but also on the continuous supply of a suitable blood source that can be collected and processed in a cost-effective way.

Background Area-wide integrated pest management strategies that include a sterile insect technique component have been successfully used to eradicate tsetse fly populations in the past. To ensure the success of the sterile insect technique, the released males must be adequately sterile and be able to compete with their native counterparts in the wild. Methodology/Principal findings In the present study the radiation sensitivity of colonised Glossina brevipalpis Newstead (Diptera; Glossinidae) males, treated either as adults or pupae, was assessed. The mating performance of the irradiated G. brevipalpis males was assessed in walk-in field cages. Glossina brevipalpis adults and pupae were highly sensitive to irradiation, and a dose of 40 Gy and 80 Gy induced 93% and 99% sterility respectively in untreated females that mated with males irradiated as adults. When 37 to 41 day old pupae were exposed to a dose of 40 Gy, more than 97% sterility was induced in untreated females that mated with males derived from irradiated pupae. Males treated as adults with a dose up to 80 Gy were able to compete successfully with untreated fertile males for untreated females in walk-in field cages. Conclusions/Significance The data emanating from this field cage study indicates that, sterile male flies derived from the colony of G. brevipalpis maintained at the Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa are potential good candidates for a campaign that includes a sterile insect technique component. This would need to be confirmed by open field studies., Author summary The radiation sensitivity and mating performance of colonised G. brevipalis adult and pupae were evaluated. It was showed that G. brevipalpis males were highly sensitive to irradiation and could be sterilised at a much lower dose, between 40 Gy and 80 Gy, than some other tsetse fly species. As a result, males sterilised with a dose of up to 80 Gy performed similar as that of un-irradiated males for untreated females in walk-in field ages. The data from the study indicate that, under the experimental field cage conditions, the G. brevipalpis males derived from the colony at ARC-OVI should be well suited for use in AW-IPM programmes that have a SIT component.

Prothyma (Genoprothyma) hopkinsi bakeri Horn, 1914 (Fig. 9) Prothyma Bakeri Horn 1914: 315. Type locality. “Malinao (Luzon merid., province Tayabas)”. Prothyma Bakeri: Horn 1915: 437. Prothyma hopkinsi bakeri: Horn 1923: 358, 359. Prothyma Hopkinsi Bakeri: Horn 1926: 99; Horn 1934: 145, f. 1. Prothyma (Genoprothyma) Hopkinsi Bakeri: Rivalier 1964: 156. Prothyma (Genoprothyma) hopkinsi bakeri: Wiesner 1980: 124; Wiesner 1992: 58; Cabras, Cabigas and Wiesner 2016: 192; Wiesner 2020: 138. Type material. Holotype male: “ Malinao // Holotypus [printed, red] // Type / W. Horn ” (SDEI). Other material examined. 1 male: “ Malinao / Tayabas / Baker”; 1 male, 1 female: “ Quezon Park / Tayabas, Luzon / P. I. V. 1. 31 // F. C. Hadden / collector”; 3 males, 2 females: Quezon Park / Tayabas, Luzon / P. I. VI. 19. 31 // F. C. Hadden / collector ”; 2 males: “Quezon Park / Hadden 1.6.36 ” (SDEI). 1 male: “ Atimonan, Luzon / Philippines / 17.v.1981 / T. Mizunuma leg.” (MCZR). 1 male: “ Atimonan / S. Luzon, Phil / 20. v. 1981 ” (MCZR). 1 male in ZSM, 1 female in CDc: “ Philippines / Luzon, Quezon / Quezon N. P. / 18. vi. 89 RN coll.”. 1 male, 1 female in JWc, 1 male in ZSM: “ Philippines, South / Luzon, Catanduanes / 4. 1990, leg. Lumawig ”. Diagnosis. Prothyma (Genoprothyma) hopkinsi bakeri can be distinguished from the nominate subspecies by: 1, the bright bluish-green color of head, pronotum and elytral shoulders. Description. Size: TL (without labrum) 11.0– 12.9 mm (mean = 11.9 mm, n = 18). Head: Color shining black; with blue green or blue violet reflections on orbital plates, near pronotum, and basal part of genae; with blue violet reflections on apical half of genae; with blue-violet reflections on vertex and clypeus; surface glabrous, with two setigerous punctures next to eye, one along frontal margin and one dorsally at center; strong longitudinal striae on orbital plates and vertex; strong transversal striae behind the eyes, on neck and frons; striae becoming obsolete on genae, frons, and clypeus. Head as wide as elytra (mean EW/HW = 1.0). Labrum bicolored, ochre-testaceous, margins brownish, small black area basomedially. Labrum of male (Fig. 9b) wider than long (mean LW/LL = 1.5); with four setae located near the margin, two lateral and two apical; with two blunt anterolateral teeth and two outward directed thorn-like anterior teeth at the anteromedian lobe. Labrum of female (Fig. 9c) slightly wider than long (mean LW/LL = 1.2), with four setae located near the margin, two lateral and two apical; with two blunt anterolateral teeth and two outward directed thorn-like anterior teeth at the anteromedian lobe, intermediate space with a large triangular tooth. Mandibles brownish, with four teeth, darkened on margins, small area of base ochre-testaceous. Labial and maxillary palpi testaceous, the last segment shiny black. Antennae slender, reaching posteriorly to the middle of the elytra in males, shorter in females; scape bicolored, ochre-testaceous dorsally, black at venter, in some specimens completely ochre-testaceous; antennomeres two, three and four black with metallic luster, with ochre-testaceous part at the apex or wholly pale in some specimens; scape with one apical seta, the following three antennomeres almost glabrous; antennomeres five to eleven black, dull, finely, and evenly pubescent. Thorax: Pronotum as long as wide (mean PW/PL = 1.0); sides slightly rounded between the transversal constrictions; glabrous, with shallow transverse striae on disc; shiny black with blue green to blue violet reflections dorsally; transversal constrictions with blue-green reflections; margins bluish; sternae and episternae glabrous, shiny black; mesepisternum of females with rounded pit above the center. Elytra: (Fig. 9d–f) more than twice as long as wide (mean EL/EW = 2.2), parallel-sided, with a flattened basal hump, slightly bulged at the lateral margin in basal and apical half; dorsal surface shining black, in some specimens a little lighter at apex, with coppery-red reflections on the disc besides the suture, blue-green reflections at the humeral part; elytral testaceous maculation consists of a humeral dot, small or absent in some female specimens, a lateromedial dot in the form of an oblique backwards band, narrowing towards the tip in some specimens, and a transverse preapical dot; surface with dense and evenly spaced punctures, shallower towards the apex, becoming confluent and forming grooves near the suture; these grooves covers about the apical third of the elytra, not reaching the tip of the lateromedial spot, shallow in some specimens; apical margin distinctly rounded and slightly restricted towards middle suture, with a tiny sutural spine. Epipleurae black. Ventral aspect: Venter glabrous, blackish blue violet; trochanter glabrous, coxa, femur, tibia, and tarsi setose; trochanter, coxa, basal half and in some specimens apical part of femur testaceous, remainder of legs brownish black, tibia with metallic luster. Aedeagus: (Fig. 10i–l) in lateral view, slender in the basal third, then voluminously expanded to rapidly tapering again towards the apex, extending to a relatively short and blunt point (total length 3.1 mm). Distribution. LUZON— Catanduanes; Quezon: Atimonan, Tayabas., Published as part of Wiesner, Jürgen & Anichtchenko, Alexander, 2023, The Philippines species of the genus Prothyma Hope, 1838 (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) Part 1: Subgenera Prothyma Hope, 1838, Genoprothyma Rivalier, 1964 and Parasymplecthyma subgen. nov., pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 5315 (1) on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5315.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8129911, {"references":["Horn, W. (1914) Zwei neue Cicindelinae (Col.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 3 (10 / 12), 315 - 317.","Horn, W. (1915) Cicindelinae. In: Wytsman, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum. Vol. 82. L. Desmet-Verteneuil, Brussels, pp. 16 - 23 + 209 - 487.","Horn, W. (1923) Philippines species of the genus Prothyma and other Cicindelidae. The Philippine Journal of Science, 22, 357 - 363.","Horn, W. (1926) Coleopterorum Catalogus, pars 86. Carabidae, Cicindelinae. W. Junk, Berlin, 345 pp.","Horn, W. (1934) Neues uber das Genus Prothyma (Cicind.: Col.). Natuurhistorisch Maandblad, 23, 144 - 146.","Rivalier, E. (1964) Le genre Prothyma Hope. Revision et description de quatre especes nouvelles. Revue francaise d'Entomologie, 31 (3), 127 - 164.","Wiesner, J. (1980) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der philippinischen Cicindelidae. Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 70, 119 - 127.","Wiesner, J. (1992) Verzeichnis der Sandlaufkafer der Welt, Checklist of the Tiger Beetles of the World, 27. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Cicindelidae. Verlag Erna Bauer, Keltern, 364 pp.","Cabras, A. A, Cabigas, E. & Wiesner, J. (2016) Updated Checklist of Tiger Beetles in the Philippines (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelinae) 131 st Contribution towards the knowledge of Cicindelinae. Lambillionea, 116 (3), 188 - 201.","Wiesner, J. (2020) Checklist of the Tiger Beetles of the World. 2 nd Edition. Verlag winterwork, Borsdorf, 540 pp."]}

Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata Edwards subspecies pefflyi Stone, 1961a —original combination: Uranotaenia unguiculata pefflyi. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (Stone 1961a). subspecies unguiculata Edwards, 1913c —original combination: Uranotaenia unguiculata. Distribution: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Crimea, Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, FYRO Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Pakistan, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan (Wilkerson et al. 2021, see below regarding Saudi Arabia). Edwards (1913c) described Ur. unguiculata from a single adult male collected at Tiberias, a city in Israel located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. The species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, extending northward to Germany, eastward to southern Ukraine and the Volga delta, to middle and southwestern Asia [subspecies pefflyi], Iran and Pakistan (Becker et al. 2020; Bromley-Schnur 2021). Stone (1961a) described subspecies pefflyi from eight females and 10 males collected at “Qatif Oasis, Al Hasa Province, Saudi Arabia ”. Today, Qatif Oasis is an urban area known as Qatif or Al-Qatif Governorate on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province (the former Al Hasa Province is now the largest governorate of the Eastern Province). Wilkerson et al. (2021) listed Saudi Arabia for the distribution of unguiculata, but this obviously came from outdated reports or records published by various researchers, e.g. Alahmed (2012) and Khater et al. (2013), who apparently were unaware of the description of subspecies pefflyi, as noted by Alahmed et al. (2019). In addition to Qatif, specimens identified merely as Ur. unguiculata have been collected at other locations on the Persian Gulf coast of the Eastern Province (Al Dammam and Al Khobar); Al Hasa (or Al Ahsa), the largest city of Al Hasa Governorate located about 65 km west of the Persian Gulf, named after Al Hasa Oasis; and Jezan (Jazan, also spelled Jizan, Gizan or Gazan), a port city and capital of Jazan Province, located on the Red Sea coast directly north of Yemen in southwestern Saudi Arabia (Wills et al. 1985; Alahmed 2012; Khater et al. 2013). Based on these records, Alahmed et al. (2019) stated that “it is unlikely that the typical form, Ur. unguiculata unguiculata, is present in the country”. The typical form is recorded as far south as Baghdad and Karbala, located about 100 km southwest of Baghdad, in central Iraq (Khattat 1955). Subspecies pefflyi has not been recorded north of Qatif in Saudi Arabia, located approximately 320 km southeast of Karbala, Iraq. Alahmed (2012) made collections of adult and larval mosquitoes at “Hafar Al Batin” (also spelled Hafr Al Batin), located about 74 km from the Iraq border in the north of Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province, but no specimens of Ur. unguiculata were collected. Filatov (2017) mapped the available distribution records for Ur. unguiculata unquiculata in the western Palaearctic, from Portugal eastward to northern India and Kyrgyzstan, but no records were included for Saudi Arabia. Filatov then applied a species distribution modelling approach, using maximum entropy (Maxent) software, to predict the potential distribution of the subspecies in the region based on habitat suitability determined by comparing environmental data at sites where the subspecies had been recorded with sites across the region. Most areas of the region where the typical form has been recorded were ranked as highly suitable, with some intervening and flanking areas ranked as very highly suitable, including the type locality in Israel, and moderately suitable. Except for a few small areas in northern Saudi Arabia that were rated as moderate or low suitability, all areas of the country where subspecies pefflyi has been recorded were found to be unsuitable. Oddly, sites in Egypt along the Nile River some distance south of the Mediterranean coast and at Siwa Oasis near the Libyan border where Ur. unguiculata has been recorded were also classified as environmentally unsuitable. For his description of subspecies pefflyi, Stone (1961a) compared specimens from Qatif Oasis with the original description of unguiculata and 10 specimens (adults) from Algeria, France, Iran, Iraq, Israel and Macedonia. He noted that pefflyi agreed “with the typical subspecies in all particulars except as shown in the following comparative statements. ssp. pefflyi: Smaller, the wing length 1.78–2.38 mm (mean of 10 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂ 1.9 mm). Integument of thorax nearly black, paler only below the pleural scale stripe; dark scales of thorax and abdomen nearly black; usually some dark scales on venter of abdomen; lateral patches of white scales usually confined to terga 5–7. ssp. unguiculata: Larger, the wing length 2.21–3.4 mm (mean of 5 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂ 2.81 mm). Integument of thorax orange brown, slightly darker just mediad of marginal pale scale stripe of scutum; pleura mostly yellowish brown; dark scales of thorax and abdomen rich orange brown, but distinctly not black brown; scales of venter all pale; pale lateral scale patches of abdomen usually start on tergum 2. The adults of the typical subspecies have been described by a number of authors (Edwards 1913c; Barraud 1934; Harant et al. 1952; Senevet & Andarelli 1959; Gutsevich et al. 1971, 1974; Becker et al. 2020), but most of the information in the descriptions is not comparable with the information provided by Stone (1961a). None of the authors measured the length of the wings and, not surprisingly, they do not agree on the color of the thoracic and abdominal scaling. Barraud (1934) is the only author who mentioned the color of the thoracic integument: Mesonotum dark brown or black, not orange brown (Stone); pleura brownish-black, not mostly yellowish brown (Stone). It is obvious that Ur. unguiculata in Saudi Arabia is only found in isolated locations. A question which cannot be answered at this time is whether subspecies pefflyi, as described by Stone, can be identified as such in areas other than Qatif Oasis—after all, isolated populations more recently found in other parts of the country (Wills et al. 1985; Alahmed 2012; Khater et al. 2013) have been identified as merely “ unguiculata ”. Our impression is that the isolated populations in Saudi Arabia are relicts of a species that was more widespread in the past, with populations throughout the Arabian Peninsula until it began to dry up and become desert about 5,000 years ago (Brand 2018). In as much as the populations in Saudi Arabia are readily identifiable as Ur. unguiculata, and the available data indicate that it is a morphologically variable species, we believe it is in the best interests of science to regard pefflyi as nothing more than a morphological variant of a single species. Consequently, we hereby formally classify subspecies pefflyi as a synonymous name: pefflyi Stone, 1961a, junior subjective synonym of Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata Edwards, 1913c . Synonym pefflyi, which is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life, should be removed from the list of recognized species of the genus Uranotaenia., Published as part of Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C., 2023, The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification, pp. 1-184 in Zootaxa 5303 (1) on pages 133-134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8043342, {"references":["Stone, A. (1961 a) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960]","Edwards, F. W. (1913 c) Tipulidae and Culicidae from the Lake of Tiberias and Damascus. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 9, 47 - 51.","Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6","Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. & Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1","Bromley-Schnur, H. J. (2021) The mosquitoes of Israel and surrounding areas: An illustrated guide. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, 147 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3920 / 978 - 90 - 8686 - 913 - 8","Alahmed, A. M. (2012) Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and their seasonal abundance. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 24 (1), 55 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jksus. 2010.12.001","Khater, E. I., Sowilem, M. M., Sallam, M. F. & Alahmed, A. M. (2013) Ecology and habitat characterization of mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Biomedicine, 30 (3), 409 - 427.","Alahmed, A. M., Munawar, K., Khalil, S. M. S. & Harbach, R. E. (2019) Assessment and an updated list of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia. Parasites & Vectors, 12, 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 019 - 3579 - 4","Wills, W. M., Jakob, W. L., Francy, D. B., Oertley, R. E., Anani, E., Calisher, C. H. & Monath, T. P. (1985) Sindbis virus isolations from Saudi Arabian mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79 (1), 63 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (85) 90238 - X","Khattat, F. H. (1955) An account of the taxonomy and biology of the larvae of culicine mosquitoes in Iraq. I. Central Iraq. Bulletin of Endemic Diseases, 1 (2), 156 - 183.","Filatov, S. (2017) Little pigeons can carry great messages: potential distribution and ecology of Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata Edwards, 1913 (Diptera: Culicidae), a lesser known mosquito species from the Western Palaearctic. Parasites & Vectors, 10, 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 017 - 2410 - 3","Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls.","Harant, H., Rioux, J. & Uzac, S. (1952) Un culicide nouveau pour la France: Uranotaenia unguiculata Edw. Etude ecologique. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 27 (4), 407 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1952274407","Gutsevich, A. V., Monchadsky, A. S. & Stackelberg, A. A. (1971) Fauna Diptera. Vol. III. No. 4. Mosquitoes, Family Culicidae. New Series 100. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Zoological Institute, Leningrad, 384 pp. [for 1970, in Russian]","Brand, M. (2018) Interview: Unraveling Arabia's green past. Nature Middle East, 9 April 2018, 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nmiddleeast. 2018.44"]}

Aedes (Mucidus) aurantius (Theobald) subspecies aurantius (Theobald, 1907) —original combination: Pardomyia aurantia. Distribution: Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Western New Guinea [formerly Irian Jaya]), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Lee et al. 1984). subspecies chrysogaster (Taylor, 1927) —original combination: Mucidus chrysogaster (subspecific status by Knight et al. 1944). Distribution: Australia, Irian Jaya [Western Papua New Guinea, Indonesia], Papua New Guinea (Lee et al. 1984). The two nominal taxa are members of Aedes subgenus Mucidus, Group B Pardomyia (Edwards 1932a; Tyson 1970; subgenus Pardomyia of Reinert et al. 2004), which also includes Ae. quadripunctis (Ludlow, 1910) (in Theobald 1910) (Philippines) and Ae. nigrescens (Edwards, 1929) (in Paine & Edwards 1929) (= painei Knight, 1948) (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands). Species in the Pardomyia Group share some variable characters, which have led researchers to relate them to the nominotypical species. Aedes quadripunctis was considered a subspecies of aurantius by Basio (1971) and later returned to species status by Tsukamoto et al. (1985), and Ae. nigrescens was originally described as a variety of Pardomyia aurantia but elevated to species (as painei) by Knight & Hull (1951). The nominotypical subspecies was described from an unknown number of adult females collected in the city of Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (Island of Borneo). Type specimens are in the Natural History Museum, London (Townsend 1990). Characters given in the original description of aurantius have been used in keys and/or descriptions (Knight et al. 1944; Knight 1947; Mattingly 1961; Tyson 1970; Lee et al. 1984), as indicated in the following extract from the original description (Theobald 1907). ♀. Head pale brown, densely clothed with bright golden yellow narrow-curved scales, particularly dense around the borders of the eyes, numerous rich ochraceous to golden yellow long upright forked scales, becoming a little darker at the sides... the whole head presents a general golden yellow appearance. Thorax bright brown, with a prominent band of brilliant golden yellow narrow-curved scales running across it behind the head [the extent of this band is not noted], the remainder clothed with deep black narrow-curved scales of almost sooty appearance.... Abdomen golden brown, the two basal segments [terga] clothed with almost entirely deep violet black scales, the third with some median spots of bright golden yellow scales, the remainder having gradually more golden yellow scales mixed with the violet black until the segments [terga] become brilliant metallic golden yellow; venter mostly golden yellow.... …femora and tibiae spotted with rich golden and violet-black… in the hind legs the base of the first tarsal [tarsomere 2], second tarsal, and to some extent the third tarsal, with a narrow yellow band, most pronounced on the first tarsal, the last hind tarsal pure white [hindtarsomere 5 not noted].… Theobald also noted that “It varies to some extent in regard to the amount of golden scales on the abdomen and the spotting of the legs.” Subspecies chrysogaster was described from Berner Creek, near Innisfail, in northeastern Queensland, Australia, just south of Cairns. A female holotype and a female paratype served for the description. Illustrations were promised for a future publication but we are not aware of it having been done. The types are in the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The following characters from Taylor (1927) roughly parallel characters given above for the female of aurantius. ♀. Head covered with golden narrow-curved and dark upright forked scales, the latter very numerous; a dense median row of sickle-shaped golden ones in the middle; the narrow-curved golden scales round the eyes are very prominent, widening out laterally... palpi about one-quarter the length of the proboscis, densely covered with golden scales, except about the apical quarter, which is clothed with black scales... proboscis covered with golden scales with irregular patches of black ones.... Antennae with basal lobes pale testaceous, with a few small flat golden scales on inner surface.... Thorax: scutum chocolate-coloured, covered with mixed golden and chocolate-brown, narrow-curved scales; there is a moderately broad median transverse band of golden scales reaching right across the scutum, reaching this but not passing it is a broad (about a quarter the width of the scutum) stripe of golden scales; the golden scales are very pronounced on the anterior margin of the scutum... prothoracic lobes prominent, black, clothed with golden narrow-curved scales… pleurae blackish brown, with pale golden flat scales in the middle.... Abdomen: first segment dark chocolate-brown covered with black flat scales… also a narrow, median, basal patch of pale golden, loosely applied, flat scales... segments 2 to 4, inclusive... each with two small, submedian, basal, golden spots and golden, median, lateral patches, largest on the fourth; third segment with a small subapical, golden spot toward the edge on either side; fourth flecked with scattered golden scales; segments 5 to the apex black-scaled, profusely mottled with golden scales... venter clothed with golden scales except the apex, which is dark-scaled. Legs: femora of fore legs... heavily spotted with golden scales, with a basal golden band, knees golden; tibiae... profusely spotted with golden scales, apex golden; first tarsal joint with basal golden banding, apex narrowly golden, remainder mottled black and golden; second to fourth joints black-scaled with moderately broad basal banding, fifth golden with a few scattered dark scales; femora, tibiae and tarsi of mid legs similar to those of the fore legs... the fifth tarsals are entirely golden; femora and tibiae of hind legs similar to those of the fore and mid legs; first tarsals black-scaled, not mottled, with a basal golden band, second tarsal black with basal golden banding, third and fourth tarsals black with creamy-white basal banding, fifth tarsal creamy-white.... Except for the adult females there are no comprehensive comparisons of the other life stages of the two nominal taxa. Edwards & Given (1928) partially described and illustrated the pupal and larval stages of aurantius (as Pardomyia aurantia) from Singapore. They noted a long pupal trumpet and rounded paddles lacking fringe; and a larva with mostly single setae and mandibles (illustrated) modified for grasping prey. In contradiction, in a key, Tyson (1970) wrote: “Paddle [of aurantius] with the lateral margin densely and conspicuously spiculate.” Penn (1949) published a description and illustration of the pupa of subspecies chrysogaster, but apparently did not have specimens of subspecies aurantius, and did not find sufficient characters in Edwards & Given (1928) to contrast the two subspecies. Mattingly (1970) described the eggs of subspecies aurantius from Selangor, Malaysia, but we are not aware of a description of the eggs of subspecies chrysogaster. Tyson (1970) separated the two nominal taxa by geographic area: chrysogaster in the Australasian Region and aurantius in the Oriental Region. He provided a key for separating females of aurantius, chrysogaster and painei (= nigrescens), but stated in a footnote that the males of the aurantius complex (these three nominal taxa) are “indistinguishable.” Without comment, Knight et al. (1944) included chrysogaster as a subspecies of aurantius in a key to Aedes in the Australasian Region. They used the following characters to separate aurantius chrysogaster from aurantius nigrescens and aurantius aurantius: chrysogaster —“Tarsal segments [tarsomeres] basally banded with golden scales (V of mid legs all golden), segments III and IV of hind legs with white basal bands, segment V of hind legs entirely creamy-white; abdominal segment I with narrow median patch of golden scales”. aurantius and nigrescens —“Tarsal segments of fore and mid legs unbanded, brown, segments I, II and often III of hind legs basally yellow banded, segment V entirely white” Characters to distinguish aurantius from nigrescens included: “Abdominal tergites [terga] I and II almost entirely black, III with some median spots of golden scales, IV to VII with gradually more golden scales until the last segments are brilliant golden”. Oddly, the key character of a basal white band on tarsomere IV of the hindleg of chrysogaster is not mentioned for aurantius. Knight (1948) wrote a note about his efforts to corroborate the distinctness of subspecies chrysogaster: “Personal communications from Dr. W. V. King... and Mr. D. J. Lee... both of whom have examined the types, have disclosed that this subspecies (at least the type specimens) differs from either [both?] aurantius aurantius (Theobald) or [and?] a. painei Knight [= nigrescens] in possessing a narrow basal white band on the fourth hind tarsal segment [hindtarsomere 4]. Also, Mr. Lee reported that the scutal scaling of the holotype is strictly as described by Taylor, but that the differentiation of the pattern in the paratype is less obvious.” Mattingly (1961), in his treatment of Indomalayan Aedes, including the subgenus Mucidus, redescribed all stages of subspecies aurantius using specimens from throughout its range, and for females he noted: “Scutum covered mainly with narrow, dark brown scales, golden scales confined to anterior border and shoulders [this is also as later described and illustrated by Tyson 1970]…. Hind tarsus with first two segments pale at base, 3rd and 4th narrowly pale at base or entirely dark, 5th conspicuously pale, contrasting sharply with the dark apex of the 4th segment.” And in the key to females: “Abdomen with tergites [terga] IV‒VII largely or wholly golden scaled”. He did not discuss or describe chrysogaster except to contrast it with aurantius in a key to females: “Scutum with more numerous golden scales; fourth hind tarsal with narrow basal white band”. He did not compare subspecies chrysogaster to other life stages of aurantius. Lee et al. (1984) distinguished adult females of the two nominal forms in a key (reformatted here to conform to journal style). 2(1) Scutum dark scaled [sharply] contrasting with prominent transverse area of narrow yellow scales on anterior margin and with a few yellow scales around prescutellar area, above wing root and (rarely) behind fossa; ppn [postpronotum] with narrow yellow scales on upper one third to one half...... aurantius aurantius Scutum with more extensive yellow and/or golden-reflecting scaling; anterior yellow scaled margin not sharply contrasting...................................................................3 3(2) Ppn [postpronotum] with narrow yellow scales on upper one quarter to one half; scutum with yellow scaling variable but usually including a more or less distinct transverse band at mid length.................................................................................... aurantius chrysogaster Ppn with small patch of narrow yellow scales on upper one fifth; scutum dorsally with areas of golden-reflecting (rather than yellow) scales, not forming a band at mid length..................... painei In the above key, the description of the pattern of golden ornamentation on the scutum of chrysogaster is rather vague: “yellow scaling variable but usually including a more or less distinct transverse band at mid length”. Taylor’s (1927) description (see above) is more detailed but since it lacks an illustration it is rather difficult to visualize, and does not seem to follow closely the characteristics of the holotype. In notes recorded by Stone and Knight for their 1977 catalog, we found an unpublished sketch of the holotype of chrysogaster, presumably drawn by Stone, which we interpret as follows: Anterior promontory with a pair of small chocolate-brown spots, annotated by the illustrator as “(bare?)”; scutal fossa with “chocolate brown scales”, outlined anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly with “prominent golden scales”; dorsocentral area golden-scaled, anterior dorsocentral area “largely golden with some chocolate brown intermingled” and the posterior dorsocentral area “mainly golden, some brown”; antealar and supraalar areas “golden”, antealar area bordered anteriorly by a bare dark brown line, presumably along the prescutal suture. There are two distinct scutal patterns outlined above. The nominotypical form has an anterior golden band, and chrysogaster has a variously described broad transverse band. There are also apparent differences in characteristics of the legs and abdomen, which we do not consider here but which could be of significance in separating the two nominal taxa, or could be indicators of a species complex. Lee et al. (1984) included distributional notes which we believe are based on identifications by E. N. Marks that indicate sympatry of the two nominal forms: “ Ae aurantius aurantius is known from Malaya, Indonesia and Borneo and in the Australasian Region has been recorded a number of times from West Irian and Papua and from 2 locations in Queensland (Innisfail and Lockhart R. Mission); the type locality of Ae aurantius chrysogaster is Innisfail, Qd. and it has also been recorded from West Irian, New Guinea and Papua....” In summary, 1) Knight et al. (1944) provided no justification for regarding chrysogaster as a subspecies of aurantius, which has since been unjustifiably followed by others; 2) we believe the divergent patterns of golden scutal scales alone are sufficient to distinguish species; 3) aurantius and chrysogaster are sympatric and identifiable with no apparent difficulty in the area of overlap. For these reasons, we hereby reinstate chrysogaster to its original species status: Aedes (Mucidus) chrysogaster (Taylor, 1927) . Aedes chrysogaster is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life. Aedes aurantius has a single synonym: Ekrinomyia aureostriata Leicester (1908) from Klang, near Kuala Lumpur [Selangor], Malaya [Malaysia], synonymy with aurantius by Edwards (1913b), who stated “In Dr. Leicester’s collection in the British Museum are 3 ♂ and 4 ♀ cotypes of E. aureostriata; the females agree exactly with the type of P. aurantia.” Aedes (Muc.) chrysogaster is without synonyms., Published as part of Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C., 2023, The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification, pp. 1-184 in Zootaxa 5303 (1) on pages 24-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8043342, {"references":["Theobald, F. V. (1907) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London, xix + 639 pp., 16 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067","Lee, D. J., Hicks, M. M., Griffiths, M., Russell, R. C. & Marks, E. N. (1984) The Culicidae of the Australasian Region. Vol. 3. Nomenclature, synonymy, literature, distribution, biology and relation to disease. Genus Aedes. Subgenera Geoskusea, Halaedes, Huaedes, Leptosomatomyia, Levua, Lorrainea, Macleaya, Mucidus, Neomelaniconion, Nothoskusea, Ochlerotatus, Paraedes, Pseudoskusea, Rhinoskusea. Monograph Series, Entomology Monograph No. 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, v + 257 pp.","Taylor, F. H. (1927) Two new species of Australian Culicidae (Diptera). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 18 (1), 67 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300019696","Knight, K. L., Bohart, R. M. & Bohart, G. E. (1944) Keys to the mosquitoes of the Australasian Region, including a synopsis of their distribution and breeding habits. National Research Council, Division of Medical Sciences, Washington, D. C., (iii) + 71 pp.","Edwards, F. W. (1932 a) Genera Insectorum. Diptera, Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles [Brussels], 258 pp., 5 pls.","Tyson, W. H. (1970) Contributions to the mosquito fauna of Southeast Asia. VIII. Genus Aedes, subgenus Mucidus Theobald in Southeast Asia. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 6 (2), 28 - 80.","Reinert, J. F., Harbach, R. E. & Kitching, I. J. (2004) Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae) based on morphological characters of all life stages. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 142 (3), 289 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2004.00144. x","Theobald, F. V. (1910) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 5. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + (1) + 646 pp., 6 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067","Paine, R. W. & Edwards, F. W. (1929) Mosquitos from the Solomon Islands. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 20 (3), 303 - 316, 2 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300021271","Basio, R. G. (1971) The mosquito fauna of the Philippines (Diptera Culicidae). Monograph No. 4. National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, v + 198 pp.","Tsukamoto, M., Miyagi, I. & Toma, T. (1985) A revised checklist of Philippine mosquitoes. Tropical Biomedicine, 2 (2), 149 - 160.","Knight, K. L. & Hull, W. B. (1951) The Aedes mosquitoes of the Philippine Islands. I. Keys to species. Subgenera Mucidus, Ochlerotatus, and Finlaya (Diptera, Culicidae). Pacific Science, 5 (3), 211 - 251.","Townsend, B. C. (1990) Culicidae. In: Townsend, B. C., Chainey, J. E., Crosskey, R. W., Pont, A. C., Lane, R. P., Boorman, J. P. T. & Crouch, C. A. (Eds.), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History), Natural History Museum, London, pp. 35 - 152.","Knight, K. L. (1947) The Aedes (Mucidus) mosquitoes of the Pacific (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 37 (9), 315 - 325. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 24531923]","Mattingly, P. F. (1961) The culicine mosquitoes of the Indomalayan Area. Part V. Genus Aedes Meigen, subgenera Mucidus Theobald, Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga and Neomelaniconion Newstead. British Museum (Natural History), London, 62 pp.","Edwards, F. W. & Given, D. H. C. (1928) The early stages of some Singapore mosquitos. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 18 (4), 337 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300020265","Penn, G. H. (1949) The pupae of the mosquitoes of New Guinea. Pacific Science, 3 (1), 3 - 85.","Mattingly, P. F. (1970) Mosquito eggs VIII. Genus Aedes, subgenus Mucidus Theobald. Mosquito Systematics Newsletter, 2 (3), 87 - 91.","Leicester, G. F. (1908) The Culicidae of Malaya. Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federated Malay States, 3 (3), 18 - 261.","Edwards, F. W. (1913 b) New synonymy in Oriental Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 4 (3), 221 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300043133"]}

Aedes (Aedimorphus) cumminsii (Theobald) subspecies cumminsii (Theobald, 1903a)—original combination: Culex cumminsii. Distribution: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia (Wilkerson et al. 2021). subspecies mesostictus Harbach, 2018 —original combination: Aedes (Aedimorphus) mesostictus [nomen novum for mediopunctata Theobald, 1909; formerly Aedes cumminsii mediopunctatus (Theobald, 1909); subspecific status by Harbach & Howard, 2007]. Distribution: Ghana, Nigeria (Wilkerson et al. 2021). The taxa under review here are placed in the Aedes (Aedimorphus) dentatus group of Edwards (1941) and McIntosh (1975), which also includes bevisi (Edwards, 1915), dentatus (Theobald, 1904), holocinctus Edwards, 1941, pachyurus Edwards, 1936 and subdentatus Edwards, 1936. According to McIntosh (1975) the dentatus group is “Similar to leesoni group except: scutellar scales always narrow; hind posttarsal claws armed; basal mesal lobe well developed; gonostylus expanding gradually towards apex and therefore without a contrastingly narrow arm; a single strong gonostylar claw present; comb with spines.” We think the similarities in the male genitalia of these species, especially the form of the gonostylus, are evidence of a monophyletic (“natural”) grouping. The nominotypical form was described from a single female, “perfect except for the ends of the hindlegs”, collected in Bahr-el-Ghazal, Central Africa [north-central South Sudan]. Theobald (1903a) wrote that “It is a large and handsome species, unlike anything I have seen from Africa.” He illustrated the head, a prothoracic lobe and anterior-most part of the scutum. Selected portions of the description follow: “Head deep brown, with narrow-curved, pale golden scales and numerous long, black, upright forked scales, and small, flat, paler scales at the sides; palpi and proboscis deep brown, covered with blackish-brown scales… clypeus deep brown; antennae deep brown, with pale pubescence and deep brown verticillate hairs, basal joint testaceous, with a few pale scales, second joint also testaceous at the base, with a few pale scales on the inside…. Thorax deep rich brown, covered with narrow, hair-like, curved golden scales, with two small patches just in front of the scutellum; scutellum pale brown, with narrow-curved, creamy scales… pleurae brown… with numerous flat creamy-white scales…. Abdomen deep brown, unbanded, with large basal, white, lateral spots… venter paler than the dorsum, with ochraceous hue, with pale creamy scales and the apical borders of the segments dark. Legs deep brown, coxae brown, base and venter of femora pale…. Halteres pallid.” The synonym of cumminsii, Culicada fuscopalpalis Theobald, 1909, along with subspecies mesostictus Harbach (as Culicada mediopunctata Theobald, 1909) were described from Obuasi [Ashanti Region, Ghana]; fuscopalpalis from a single male and mediopunctata from a single female. In general, both seem similar to cumminsii, but there is no mention by Theobald of resemblance to either. Synonym fuscopalpalis has the “Abdomen deep brown with black scales and basal bands of creamy scales, long golden brown lateral hairs [setae]; venter pale ochreous with narrow black apical bands… a yellow spot at the apex of the hind tibiae…. This well-marked Culicada [sic] can at once be told by the male claspers…. No ♀ was found in the collection.” If it becomes a valid name, since this describes a male, characters of a corresponding female could differ. Subspecies mesostictus (= mediopunctata) has “a dense bright golden border of scales around the eyes…. Abdomen deep blackish-brown, almost black, the segments, except the basal one, with median basal dull-white patches; border bristles [setae] golden; laterally are pale creamy basal lateral patches; venter yellow scaled, except at the apex, where they are creamy, each segment with a narrow dark scaled apical border… apex of hind tibiae with a prominent white band…. Halteres with pale stem and fuscous knob… easily told by the basal central pale abdominal spots.” Therefore, the abdomen of both cumminsii and mediopunctatus (= mesostictus) has basolateral pale patches and mediopunctatus (= mesostictus) also has mesal pale spots. Also associated with cumminsii sensu lato is a currently recognized synonym of mesostictus, Aedes (Aedimorphus) cumminsi (sic) var. daruensis Evans, 1925 from Moa River, Daru, Sierra Leone. Evans described daruensis by briefly comparing it with cumminsii. She noted: “ Abdomen with small, but well-defined median, basal, pale spots on the third to seventh segments.” Evans provided an illustration of the male genitalia, which are characteristic of other species related to cumminsii. Edwards (1941) reviewed what was known about this group and included cumminsii and mediopunctatus (= mesostictus), as a subspecies of cumminsii, in a key. Confusingly, he stated that cumminsii had the “Abdomen all dark above.” and mediopunctatus (= mesostictus) “Differs from the typical form chiefly if not solely in possessing small median basal whitish spots on the abdominal tergites [terga] in both sexes.” Adding to the overall confusion concerning the concept of cumminsii sensu stricto, except for the illustration of the head by Theobald (1903a) and various depictions of the male genitalia, none of which show obvious differences, there are no illustrations of any adult characters except for recent color photographs of cumminsii sensu lato from South Africa (Guarido et al. 2021). Thoracic and abdominal characters in these photographs are sufficient to see resemblances and differences with known descriptions of cumminsii sensu lato. Hopkins (1952) described and illustrated, in detail, the larva of cumminsii from Uganda but did not associate it with adult characters nor make mention of mediopunctatus (= mesostictus) or other names associated with cumminsii. The larva he described would be easily recognized since it has the integument of the thorax and abdomen with numerous small, chitinous plates. We have found no characterizations of the pupal stage. In an ecological study of Aedes species in northeastern South Africa, Guarido et al. (2021), using the COI “barcode” gene (Hebert et al. 2003), added to the questions surrounding the identity of cumminsii sensu lato. “Species belonging to Aedimorphus subgenera [sic] were recovered in different clusters [in their phylogenetic trees], suggesting that this subgenus is not monophyletic in this study. Sequences produced here from mosquitoes which were identified morphologically as Ae. cumminsii … clustered with Ae. pachyurus (of the same group) and Ae. quasiunivittatus (of another group within the same subgenus) and did not cluster together with sequences from Ae. cumminsii from Kenya …. This species was originally described in Ghana and is widely distributed in Africa. Subspecies based on subtle differences in abdomen scaling have been described, such as ssp. mediopunctatus (Theobald) … and it is not surprising that specimens from South Africa are different. Aedes cumminsii likely represents a complex of species which will require further studies to elucidate their taxonomy”. The nominal taxa discussed here clearly represent a species complex that will require much more effort to resolve, but there is no indication that mesostictus (= mediopunctatus) is other than a valid species related to cumminsii. We therefore elevate it to species status: Aedes (Aedimorphus) mesostictus Harbach, 2018 . Aedes mesostictus is currently listed as a species (as Ae. mediopunctatus, incorrectly attributed to Theobald 1905d), in the Encyclopedia of Life. We do not think there is enough known about this group to place the two junior subjective synonyms (fuscopalpalis and daruensis) with either Ae. cumminsii or Ae. mesostictus. We therefore choose to list them, for now, as synonyms of cumminsii., Published as part of Harbach, Ralph E. & Wilkerson, Richard C., 2023, The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification, pp. 1-184 in Zootaxa 5303 (1) on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8043342, {"references":["Theobald, F. V. (1903 a) A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Vol. 3. British Museum (Natural History), London, xvii + 1 (errata) + 359 pp., foldout table, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58067","Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6","Harbach, R. E. (2018) Culicipedia: Species-group, genus-group and family-group names in Culicidae (Diptera). CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, xviii + 378 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9781786399052.0000","Theobald, F. V. (1909) Descriptions of the new mosquitoes collected by Dr. Graham in Ashanti. Gold Coast Miscellaneous Publication No. 237. Great Britain Colonial Office. London, 31 pp., 2 pls.","Harbach, R. E. & Howard, T. M. (2007) Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Zootaxa, 1542 (1), 35 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1542.1.3","Edwards, F. W. (1941) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. - Culicine adults and pupae. Printed by order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 499 pp.","McIntosh, B. M. (1975) A taxonomic revision of certain Aedes species (Diptera: Culicidae) of the subgenus Aedimorphus in southern Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 38 (2), 251 - 287.","Edwards, F. W. (1915) New and little-known East African Culicidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 5 (4), 273 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300030303","Theobald, F. V. (1904) The mosquitoes of Egypt, the Sudan and Abyssinia. In: Balfour, A. (director), First Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College Khartoum. Department of Education, Sudan Government, Khartoum, pp. 62 - 83, 2 pls.","Edwards, F. W. (1936) New African culicine mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Series B Taxonomy, 5 (3), 49 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1936. tb 00593. x","Guarido, M. M., Riddin, M. A., Johnson, T., Braack, L. E. O., Schrama, M., Gorsich, E. E., Brooke, B. D., Almeida, A. P. G. & Venter, M. (2021) Aedes species (Diptera: Culicidae) ecological and host feeding patterns in the north-eastern parts of South Africa. Parasites & Vectors, 14, 339. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04845 - 9","Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region I. - Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of culicine larvae. 2 nd Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, viii + 355 pp.","Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L. & deWaard, J. R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceeding of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1512), 313 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2218","Theobald, F. V. (1905 d) Some new mosquitoes from Ceylon. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16 (2), 237 - 250, 2 pls."]}

Nepalmatoiulus simultaneus sp. nov. Figs 15–26, 39 Material examined. Holotype: male (dissected) (ZMUM), China, Yunnan Province, Laojunshan E slope of Laotzyunshan Mt., 26°52´58´´ N, 99°37´44´´ E, H = 4075 m, crooked Rhododendron forest, wet litter + numerous streams, sifter, 05.06.2014, leg. I. Belousov, I. Kabak. Paratypes: 1male (dissected) (FSCB), 3 females (one of them dissected) (ZMUM), same data as for holotype. Diagnosis. Differs from congeners mainly by the presence of the strongly papillate cone-shaped subapical outgrowth (d in Figs 20, 23) of the posterior gonopod mesomeral process and the absence of the velar process coupled with the apically obliquely rounded anterior gonopod and subrectangular penis. Particularly similar to Nepalmatoiulus lanpingensis and Nepalmatoiulus alternus sp. nov., but differs from these species by certain characters (see Discussion below). Description. Male. Length in alcohol 27.0–30.0 mm, midbody vertical diameter 2.0– 2.2 mm, with 56(–1) (in a male holotype), 48(–1) rings, excluding telson. Coloration in alcohol from dark brown-grey to brown-gray with broad light longitudinal dorsal strip formed by lighter dorso-anterior metazonital portions. Venter (including basal parts of legs) brown. Legs dorsally and antennae dark brown. Occiput, forehead and collum from black brown to dark brown, ventral parts of head light brown. Eyes black. Head smooth and sparsely setose, 2 epicranial setae, 4 supralabral setae; not less than 12 labral setae in the paratype. Eye patches almost oval, composed of not less than 43 ommatidia.Antennae medium-sized, rather slender and clavate. Gnathochilarium with no less than 8 nonapical stipital setae; lamellae linguales each with not less than 6 (in the paratype) setae; mandibular stipites each with subtriangular rounded smooth lobe; apical portion of the lobe without well demarcated border. Collum laterally with several distinct longer lower striae at posterior margin, not reaching to anterior margin, dorsally with short striae at posterior margin only. Length of the collum striae gradually decreasing toward dorsum. A transverse row of sparse setae at hind edge of collum. Body rings circular.Anterior body half with smooth prozona. Prozona of posterior body half generally smooth, but with barely noticeable, very shallow obliquely located striae. Metazona with dense, regular, longitudinal striae reaching hind margin (16 or 17 striae in an approximate square with sides equal to metazonital length of a dorsal side of midbody ring). Metazonite gradually growing somewhat narrower toward body venter. Limbus straight, smooth (of Type 1 in Enghoff 1987). A transverse row of thin setae at hind edge of metazonites, setae gradually growing longer and denser toward telson. Ozopores small, lying immediately behind suture dividing pro- and metazona. Caudal dorsal projection of telson straight and long, covered with setae and carrying at tip a claw-shaped process curved dorsally. Preanal ring setose; anal valves densely setose distally; subanal scale densely setose only in posterior half. Legs relatively short and slender. Very delicately serrate ventral pads on postfemur and tibia, starting from legs 2 (Fig. 17). The ventral pads gradually decrease towards telson; tibia of most hind legs with ventral pads on distal part only. Claw of all legs at base with a long (somewhat longer than claw) setiform accessory claw ventrally (Fig. 18). Leg pair 1 forming hook, distal segment not in close contact with the basal segments (“Open hook” type in Enghoff 1987). Leg pair 1: postfemur with slightly scaly-rugose ventral surface; tip ventrally slightly rugosity; coxa with one seta; distal segment laterally with small seta, without tarsal remnant (Fig. 15). Coxa 2 with one mesapical oral seta, a gland opening positioned in central and axial position (Fig. 17) according to Enghoff 1987. Penis subrectangular, about 2.2 longer than wide (Fig. 16). Ventral margin of body ring VII with lobes similar to figure 32 in Enghoff 1987. Gonopods slightly protruding. Anterior gonopod flattened, with subparallel margins, distally slightly expanded, apically relatively obliquely rounded, in caudal view subapically excavated for accommodation of mesomeral process, distal margins of the excavation papillate (especially mesal margin), rugose margin of apical excavation somewhat produced into low short blunt caudad protrusion (a), subcentrally with knoblike flattened rudimentary telopodite (Figs 21–22, 24–25). In addition, anterior gonopod apex shows some variation. Thus, male paratype has a more rounded anterior gonopod apex and a more extensive papillary field (Figs 21, 24) than that of male holotype (Figs 22, 25). Flagellum slender, short, caudally covered with cuticular spikes in the distal part. Opisthomere with apically hook-shaped mesomeral process and subapical, cone-shaped, apically strongly papillate outgrowth (d) (Figs 20, 23). Membranous velum with not very sloped smooth margin. Margin of accessory membrane (m) serrate (Figs 23, 26). Long and slender solenomere spinose anteriorly. Female. Length in alcohol 30.0–35.0 mm, midbody vertical diameter 3.2– 3.5 mm, with 58(–1), 51(–1), 47(–1) rings, excluding telson. Vulva as in Fig. 19. Etymology. The species epithet refers to the simultaneous finding of specimens of N. simultaneus sp. nov. and N. alternus sp. nov. Adjective., Published as part of Mikhaljova, Elena V., 2023, Descriptions of the new species of the genus Nepalmatoiulus Mauriès, 1983 from China, with notes on the closely coexisting species (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae), pp. 380-392 in Zootaxa 5297 (3) on pages 385-387, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8004996, {"references":["Enghoff, H. (1987) Revision of Nepalmatoiulus Mauries, 1983 - a Southeast Asiatic genus of millipedes (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae). Courier Forschung-Institut Senckenberg, 93, 241 - 331."]}

Nepalmatoiulus alternus sp. nov. Figs 1–14, 39 Material examined. Holotype: male (ZMUM), China, Yunnan Province, Laojunshan E slope of Laotzyunshan Mt., 26°52´58´´ N, 99°37´44´´ E, H = 4075 m, crooked Rhododendron forest, wet litter + numerous streams, sifter, 05.06.2014, leg. I. Belousov, I. Kabak. Paratypes: 1male, 1female (dissected) (ZMUM), 1 male (dissected) (FSCB), same data as for holotype. Diagnosis. Differs from congeners mainly by the relatively flattened apical part of the opisthomere mesomeral process with a longitudinal frontal, distinct broad excavation (ex in Figs 11, 14), by the relatively broad, somewhat flattened subapical outgrowth (d in Figs 11–12, 14) of the mesomeral process and the absence of the velar process coupled with the apically broadly rounded, slightly obtuse promere and penis as hourglass figure. Particularly similar to Nepalmatoiulus lanpingensis Mikhaljova and Nepalmatoiulus simultaneus sp. nov., but differs from these species by certain characters (see Discussion below). Description. Male. Length in alcohol 31.0–34.0 mm, midbody vertical diameter 2.3– 2.7 mm, with 57(–1) (in a male holotype), 55(–1), 52(–1) rings, excluding telson. Coloration in alcohol dark grey; sometimes posterior body half with hardly lighter dorso-anterior metazonital portions. This portions not visible in dried specimen. Venter (including basal parts of legs) black-brown.Anterior several rings (7–8) of the usual julid type pattern. Legs dorsally and antennae dark brown. Occiput and forehead marbled brown, ventral parts of head light brown. Eyes black. Head smooth and sparsely irregularly setose (in the form of blurred individual groups of setae), 2 epicranial setae, 4 supralabral setae; not less than 18 labral setae in one of the paratypes. Eye patches almost oval, composed of about 50 ommatidia (47–48 ommatidia in one of the paratypes). Antennae medium-sized, rather slender and clavate. Gnathochilarium with no less than 14 nonapical stipital setae; lamellae linguales each with not less than 6 setae; mandibular stipites each with a subtriangular rounded smooth lobe; apical portion of the lobe without well demarcated border. Collum laterally with several distinct longer lower striae at posterior margin, not reaching to anterior margin, dorsally with short striae at posterior margin only. Length of collum striae gradually decreasing toward dorsum. A transverse row of sparse setae at hind edge of collum. Body rings circular. Prozona generally smooth, but with barely noticeable, very shallow obliquely located striae. Metazona with dense, regular, longitudinal striae reaching hind margin (18 or 19 striae in an approximate square with sides equal to metazonital length of a dorsal side of midbody ring). The metazonite gradually growing somewhat narrower towards body venter. Limbus straight, smooth (of Type 1 in Enghoff 1987). A transverse row of thin setae at hind edge of metazonites, setae gradually growing longer and denser toward telson. Ozopores small, lying immediately behind suture dividing pro- and metazona. Caudal dorsal projection of telson straight and long, covered with setae and carrying at tip a claw-shaped process curved dorsally. Preanal ring setose; anal valves densely setose; subanal scale densely setose only in posterior half. Legs relatively short and slender. Very delicately serrate ventral pads on postfemur and tibia, starting from legs 2 (Fig. 2). Claw of all legs at base with a long (somewhat longer than claw) setiform accessory claw ventrally (Fig. 4, the setiform accessory claw is bent in this Figure). Leg pair 1 forming hook, the distal segment not in close contact with the basal segments (“Open hook” type in Enghoff 1987). Leg pair 1: postfemur with slightly scaly-rugose ventral surface; tip ventrally slightly rugosity, coxa with one seta, distal segment without tarsal remnant (Fig. 1). Coxa 2 with one mesapical oral seta, a gland opening positioned in central and axial position (Fig. 3) according to Enghoff 1987. Penis as hourglass figure, about 1.8 longer than wide (Fig. 6). Ventral margin of body ring VII with lobes similar to figure 32 in Enghoff 1987. Gonopods slightly protruding. Anterior gonopod flattened, with subparallel margins, distally slightly expanded, apically broadly rounded, slightly obtuse, in posterior view subapically excavated for accommodation of mesomeral process, distal margins of the excavation papillate (especially mesal margin), rugose margin of apical excavation somewhat produced into low short blunt caudad protrusion (a), subcentrally with knoblike flattened rudimentary telopodite (Figs 7–10). In addition, apex of anterior gonopod variable even within same male paratype: lateral angle (la) of top of right promere (Fig. 10) more elongated than that of left promere (Fig. 9). Flagellum slender, short, caudally covered with cuticular spikes in distal part. Opisthomere hook-shaped mesomeral process apically with longitudinal frontal broad excavation (ex); mesal margin of excavation with small knobs (k); subapical mesomeral outgrowth (d) somewhat flattened, apically poorly papillate (Figs 11–12, 14). Membranous velum with strongly sloped smooth margin. Margin of accessory membrane serrate. Solenomere spinose, basally with blade (bb), then tapering into slender apical part spinose anteriorly (Figs 11, 13). Female. Length in alcohol about 31.0 mm, midbody vertical diameter 2.4 mm, with 48(–1) rings, excluding telson. Vulva as in Fig. 5. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the alternation of Nepalmatoiulus species. Adjective., Published as part of Mikhaljova, Elena V., 2023, Descriptions of the new species of the genus Nepalmatoiulus Mauriès, 1983 from China, with notes on the closely coexisting species (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae), pp. 380-392 in Zootaxa 5297 (3) on pages 381-385, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8004996, {"references":["Enghoff, H. (1987) Revision of Nepalmatoiulus Mauries, 1983 - a Southeast Asiatic genus of millipedes (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae). Courier Forschung-Institut Senckenberg, 93, 241 - 331."]}

Asceua cingulata (Simon, 1905) Figs 1–6, 17 Suffucia cingulata Simon, 1905: 174 (♀).— Gravely, 1921: 409, fig. 2d (♁ ♀). Type material. Lectotype (here designated) ♀ and paralectotypes 2 ♀♀ from INDIA: Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry), 11°56’N 79°48’E, 5 m a.s.l., date unknown, leg. M.M. Maindron, repository MNHN, Paris (AR9978), examined based on photographs. Other material examined. INDIA: Andaman Islands: Ross Island, 11°40’N 92°45’E, 41 m a.s.l., 29 March 1911, leg. Paiva: 2 ♀♀ (NZC-ZSI 2718 /H2). West Bengal: Hooghly, Serampore, 22°45’N 88°20’E, 9 m a.s.l., July 1919, leg. Drake: 1 ♀ (NZC-ZSI 2719 /H2). Tamil Nadu: Chennai (formerly Madras), 13°04’N 80°16’E, 4 m a.s.l., 12 March, leg. Ramuni Menon: 1 ♀ (only prosoma) (NZC-ZSI 2720 /H2). Odisha (formerly Orissa): Ganjam, Chilika Lake (= Chilka Lake), Barkuda Island (formerly part of Madras Presidency), 19°33’N 85°08’E, 13 m a.s.l., 3-19 August 1919, leg. F.H. Gravely: 2 ♁♁, 4 ♀♀ (NZC-ZSI 2721 /H2). Kerala: Malappuram, Nilambur, Canolly’s Plot, 11°16’06.17’’N 76°12’22.21’’E, 20 m a.s.l., 16 May 2013, on the ground, by hand, leg. M.S. Pradeep: 3 ♀♀, 1 subadult ♁, 1 juvenile (ADSH192); Ernakulam, Karimpani, Bhoothathankettu Forest Reserve, 10°08’N 76°40’E, 24 m a.s.l., 8 September 2013, on the ground, by hand, leg. M.S. Pradeep: 1 ♀ (ADSH193); Ernakulam, Illithodu, 10°11’55.94’’N 76°33’00.57’’E, 24 m a.s.l., 25 February 2014, on the ground, by hand, leg. M.S. Pradeep: 1 ♁, 2 ♀♀, 1 juvenile (ADSH194). Diagnosis. Males of A. cingulata are closely related to those of A. thrippalurense sp. nov. by the shape of retrolateral, ventral and prolateral tibial apophyses, cymbium with basomedial conical process extending between ventral and retrolateral apophyses and embolus with similar course of running, but can be distinguished by the smaller cymbial retrolateral fold with less modified basoretrolateral extremity (vs. highly modified in A. thrippalurense sp. nov.), anterolateral margin of cymbial fold less prominent (vs. prominent in A. thrippalurense sp. nov.), retrolateral process of conductor directed at 3-o’ clock ventrally and basally acute (vs. 2-o’ clock and basally rounded in A. thrippalurense sp. nov.), median apophysis with long proximal part (vs. short in A. thrippalurense sp. nov.), and embolus with distal loop (vs. absent in A. thrippalurense sp. nov.) (compare Figs 4A–C, 5A–D with Figs 9A–C, 10A–D). Females are closely related to the females of Asceua similis Song & Kim, 1997 in the general shape and orientation of copulatory ducts, but can be separated from the latter by epigyne with anterior plate (vs. absent in A. similis), and spherical spermathecae (vs. irregular in A. similis) (compare Figs 4D–F, 5E–F with Song & Kim 1997: figs 14–15). Redescription. Male in alcohol (ADSH194) (Figs 2A–J). Body length 1.57. Carapace 0.87 long, 0.70 wide. Opisthosoma 0.74 long, 0.62 wide. Carapace, eye region, clypeus, chilum, chelicerae, endites, labium, sternum yellowish brown; leg segments creamy-white to yellowish brown; palp segments yellowish brown to brown; dorsal scutum brownish, opisthosoma shiny, greyish black with two pairs of large dull yellow patches (Fig. 2D), lateral and rear end black with creamy-white patches, streaks and dots (Figs 2C–D), venter creamy-white with yellow anterior part (Fig. 2B); spinnerets creamy-white (Fig. 2H); carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, margins of sternum, leg segments with black mottling. Carapace glossy; cephalic part without long black setae. Fovea short, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Clypeus high (Fig. 2E). Chilum inverted triangular, unipartite (Fig. 2E). Cheliceral promargin with two tiny teeth, retromargin without tooth visible (Fig. 2F). Sternum glossy, shield-shaped with posterior end truncated, rebordered, provided with scattered black setae, with coxal and intercoxal extensions (Fig. 2G). Opisthosoma oval in dorsal view, dorsal scutum complete, without long black setae (Fig. 2D); rear and lateral opisthosoma with corrugations. Colulus and anal tubercle prominent (Figs 2C, H). Femur I without retrolateral striae; metatarsi II–III with distal preening brush (Fig. 2I); all metatarsi and tarsi without scopula (Fig. 2J); all tarsi with reduced claw tuft (Figs 2I–J). Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.06, AME 0.08, PLE 0.07, PME 0.05; AME–ALE 0.03, AME– AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.05, ALE–PLE 0.04, PME–PLE 0.08, PME–PME 0.07. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.29, at ALEs 0.24. Chelicerae 0.25 long. Sternum 0.45 long, 0.44 wide. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 1.02 [0.35, 0.15, 0.10, 0.42], I 2.54 [0.66, 0.23, 0.61, 0.62, 0.42], II 2.10 [0.59, 0.23, 0.45, 0.50, 0.33], III 2.03 [0.58, 0.20, 0.41, 0.54, 0.30], IV 2.79 [0.72, 0.23, 0.62, 0.83, 0.39]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur do 2, patella spineless, tibia spineless, tarsus/cymbium spineless; legs: femora I–IV do 1; patellae I–IV spineless; tibiae I–IV spineless; metatarsi I–III spineless, IV plv 1 rlv 1; tarsi I–IV spineless. Palp (Figs 4A–C, 5A–D). Tibia with short retrolateral, broad ventral and narrow, finger-like prolateral apophyses (Figs 4A, C, 5A, C–D); RTA having triangular distal part (Fig. 5C); RTA and VTA enclose large concavity in which fits basomedial projection of cymbium (Figs 4C, 5C). Cymbium modified, with prominent cymbial retrolateral fold having less prominent anterolateral margin and less modified posteroretrolateral extremity (Figs 4B–C, 5B–D), with basomedial conical process extending between RTA and VTA (Fig. 5C). Tegulum broad, with posteromedian extension (Figs 4B, 5B). Median apophysis with broad proximal and long, slender, prolaterally oriented distal parts (Figs 4A–C, 5A–C), lying adjacent to retrolateral process of conductor (Figs 4B, 5B). Conductor broad, sclerotized, with retrolateral and mediolateral, blunt processes (Figs 4B, 5B). Embolus long, filiform, basal to tegulum, with short base, at first running anteriad along prolateral side of cymbium, then turning retrolaterad, then to posterolaterad forming distal loop, with blunt tip directed at 1-o’ clock ventrally (Figs 4A–B, 5A–B). Female in alcohol (ADSH194) (Figs 3A–I). Body length 2.00. Carapace 0.96 long, 0.68 wide. Opisthosoma 1.04 long, 0.88 wide. Habitus and details as in male except for the following: opisthosoma without scutum and corrugations (Fig. 3A); dorsum with three pairs of large patches, numerous tiny spots, and a single median patch at the rear end in front of anal tubercle, all creamy-white (Fig. 3A); laterals without stripes or dots (Fig. 3C); venter uniformly creamy-white (Fig. 3B). Palp segments yellowish brown to brown. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.06. AME 0.07. PLE 0.04. PME 0.05; AME–ALE 0.04. AME–AME 0.03. AME–PME 0.07. ALE–PLE 0.04. PME–PLE 0.08. PME–PME 0.07. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.25, at ALEs 0.21. Chelicerae 0.33 long. Sternum 0.45 long, 0.43 wide. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 0.85 [0.27, 0.16, 0.16, 0.26], I 2.28 [0.64, 0.21, 0.54, 0.53, 0.36], II 1.94 [0.55, 0.22, 0.40, 0.48, 0.29], III 2.00 [0.54, 0.22, 0.40, 0.53, 0.31], IV 2.70 [0.69, 0.22, 0.61, 0.79, 0.39]. Leg formula: 4132. Spination of palp: tibia pld 1; tarsus pl 2 pld 1 v 2; legs: metatarsi II–IV plv 1 rlv 1. Genitalia (Figs 4D–F, 5E–F). Epigyne with convex posterior margin, with an anteromedial, sclerotized, transversely oval plate (Figs 4D–E, 5E). Copulatory openings situated anteriorly behind epigynal plate, lying close to each other (Figs 4E, 5E). Copulatory ducts long, slender, with multiple windings (Figs 4F, 5F). Spermathecae small, globular, lying adjacent to each other, situated posteriorly (Figs 4F, 5F). Fertilization ducts long, narrow, diverging (Figs 4F, 5F). Variation. For checking variation in measurements, only the freshly collected specimens were considered. Female (n=6): body length 1.80–2.08. One of the female specimens collected from Malappuram presents a variation in the abdominal pattern as shown in Fig. 3J, and its epigyne also shows variation in the shape of the epigynal plate as shown in Fig. 4G. Remarks. All the specimens deposited in the NZC-ZSI, Kolkata are severely dried off due to bad preservation (Figs 6A–D). Distribution. India (Andaman Islands (Rose Island), Kerala (new record), Odisha, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal) (Gravely 1921; present data) (Fig. 17)., Published as part of Sankaran, Pradeep M., 2023, Taxonomic notes on the ant-eating spider genera Asceua Thorell, 1887 and Cydrela Thorell, 1873 from India, with comment on Indian species of Euryeidon Dankittipakul & Jocqué, 2004 (Araneae: Zodariidae), pp. 381-405 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on pages 382-389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7984039, {"references":["Simon, E. (1905) Voyage de M. Maurice Maindron dans l'Inde meridionale (mai a novembre 1901). 7 me Memoire. Arachnides (1 re partie). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 74 (1 - 2), 160 - 180.","Gravely, F. H. (1921) The spiders and scorpions of Barkuda Island. Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 22, 399 - 421, pls. 17 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1478","Song, D. X. & Kim, J. P. (1997) On seven new species of the family Zodariidae (Araneae) from China. Korean Arachnology, 13 (1), 7 - 17."]}

Asceua thrippalurense sp. nov. Figs 7–10, 17 Type material. Holotype ♁ (ADSH196) from INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad, Thrippalur, Pullodu, 10°38’16.58’’N 76°33’52.87’’E, 70 m a.s.l., 24 January 2016, on the ground, by hand, leg. M.S. Pradeep. Paratype: 2 ♀♀ (ADSH197), same data as for the holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective and referring to Thrippalur, where the type locality of the new species is located. Diagnosis. Males are similar to A. cingulata, but can be distinguished from it as stated above (compare Figs 9A–C, 10A–D with Figs 4A–C, 5A–D). Females are closely related to the females of Asceua wallacei Bosmans & Hillyard, 1990 as both share spherical spermathecae and copulatory ducts with prominent windings near copulatory openings, but can be separated from the latter species by epigyne with anteromedian pore (vs. absent in A. wallacei), and without anteromedian process (vs. present in A. wallacei) (compare Figs 9D–F, 10E–F with Bosmans & Hillyard 1990: figs 54–55). Females of A. thrippalurense sp. nov. can easily be distinguished from the females of A. cingulata by the presence of longitudinal striae retrolaterally on femur I (Fig. 8H) which is absent in A. cingulata. Description. Male in alcohol (holotype, ADSH196) (Figs 7A–J). Body length 2.06. Carapace 1.09 long, 0.88 wide. Opisthosoma 0.97 long, 0.73 wide. Carapace, eye region, clypeus dark brown; chilum, chelicerae, endites, labium, sternum brown; leg and palp segments yellowish brown to creamy-white; dorsal and lateral opisthosoma black with creamy-white streaks on laterals, dorsal scutum shiny, brownish black (Fig. 7A), venter creamy-white with yellowish brown and greyish patches; spinnerets creamy-white with black shades (Fig. 7G). Carapace finely rugose; cephalic part provided with scattered few long black setae. Fovea short, longitudinal, straight, dark. Clypeus high (Fig. 7D). Chilum inverted triangular, unipartite (Fig. 7D). Cheliceral promargin with two tiny teeth, retromargin without tooth visible (Fig. 7E). Sternum rebordered, rugose, shield-shaped with posterior end truncated, provided with scattered greyish black setae, with coxal and intercoxal extensions (Fig. 7F). Opisthosoma oval, scutum covering 2/3 rd of dorsum area (Fig. 7A), covered with long black setae; rear and lateral opisthosoma with corrugations. Colulus and anal tubercle prominent (Figs 7A, G). Femur I retrolaterally provided with longitudinal striae almost along its entire length (Fig. 7H); metatarsi II–III with distal preening brush (Fig. 7I); all metatarsi and tarsi without scopula (Fig. 7J); all tarsi with reduced claw tuft (Figs 7I–J). Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.08, AME 0.10, PLE 0.07, PME 0.05; AME–ALE 0.02, AME–AME 0.03, AME–PME 0.07, ALE–PLE 0.03, PME–PLE 0.08, PME–PME 0.09. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.32, at ALEs 0.30. Chelicerae 0.28 long. Sternum 0.54 long, 0.52 wide. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 1.36 [0.42, 0.17, 0.13, 0.64], I 3.22 [0.87, 0.27, 0.79, 0.82, 0.47], II 2.55 [0.73, 0.28, 0.54, 0.64, 0.36], III 2.46 [0.68, 0.26, 0.52, 0.67, 0.33], IV 3.54 [0.93, 0.28, 0.81, 1.08, 0.44]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur rld 1, patella do 1, tibia spineless, tarsus/cymbium spineless; legs: femora I–IV do 1; patellae I–IV spineless; tibiae I–IV spineless; metatarsus I spineless, II–IV plv 1 rlv 1; tarsi I–IV spineless. Palp (Figs 9A–C, 10A–D). Tibia with short retrolateral, broad ventral and narrow, finger-like prolateral apophyses (Figs 9A, C, 10A–D); RTA with prolaterally oriented distal part (Figs 9C, 10C); RTA and VTA enclose large concavity in which fits basomedial projection of cymbium (Figs 9C, 10C). Cymbium with large retrolateral fold having prominent anterolateral margin and highly modified basoretrolateral extremity (Figs 9B–C, 10B–C), with basomedial conical process extending between RTA and VTA (Figs 9C, 10C). Tegulum broad, with basomedian extension (Figs 9B, 10B). Median apophysis with short proximal and long, slender, prolaterally oriented distal parts (Figs 9B–C, 10A– C), lying adjacent to retrolateral process of conductor (Figs 9B, 10B). Conductor broad, sclerotized, with retrolateral and mediolateral, blunt processes (Figs 9B, 10B); retrolateral process anteriorly oriented (Figs 9B, 10B). Embolus long, filiform, with short embolar base originated basally to tegulum, at first running anteriad along prolateral side of cymbium, then turning retrolaterad, then to posterolaterad, then to anteroretrolaterad without forming distal loop, with blunt tip directed at 1-o’ clock ventrally (Figs 9A–B, 10A–B). Female in alcohol (paratype, ADSH197) (Figs 8A–J). Body length 2.46. Carapace 1.04 long, 0.88 wide. Opisthosoma 1.42 long, 1.00 wide. Habitus and details like male except for the following: leg and palp segments yellowish brown to light brown. Opisthosoma without scutum and corrugations (Fig. 8A); dorsum with three pairs of creamy-white patches, anterior C-shaped, median V-shaped and posterior dot-like (Fig. 8A); laterals black and creamy-white without streaks; venter uniformly creamy-white with black at the rear end. Eye diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.07. AME 0.08. PLE 0.04. PME 0.05; AME–ALE 0.02. AME–AME 0.04. AME–PME 0.09. ALE–PLE 0.05. PME–PLE 0.10. PME–PME 0.09. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.33, at ALEs 0.28. Chelicerae 0.42 long. Sternum 0.58 long, 0.55 wide. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 1.04 [0.34, 0.20, 0.21, 0.29], I 2.97 [0.82, 0.30, 0.67, 0.72, 0.46], II 2.44 [0.66, 0.28, 0.52, 0.62, 0.36], III 2.51 [0.69, 0.28, 0.52, 0.67, 0.35], IV 3.42 [0.91, 0.30, 0.78, 1.01, 0.42]. Leg formula: 4132. Spination of palp: tibia pld 1; tarsus pl 1 pld 1 v 2; legs: metatarsi I–III spineless. Genitalia (Figs 9D–F, 10E–F). Epigyne with W-shaped posterior margin, with a central pore leading to copulatory openings (Figs 9D–E, 10E). Copulatory openings contiguous, situated inside the central pore. Copulatory ducts long, slender, with multiple windings (Figs 9F, 10F). Spermathecae large, globular, lying adjacent to each other, situated posteriorly (Figs 9F, 10F). Fertilization ducts long, narrow, diverging (Figs 9F, 10F). Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 17)., Published as part of Sankaran, Pradeep M., 2023, Taxonomic notes on the ant-eating spider genera Asceua Thorell, 1887 and Cydrela Thorell, 1873 from India, with comment on Indian species of Euryeidon Dankittipakul & Jocqué, 2004 (Araneae: Zodariidae), pp. 381-405 in Zootaxa 5296 (3) on pages 389-394, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7984039, {"references":["Bosmans, R. & Hillyard, P. (1990) Spiders of the family Zodariidae from Sulawesi, Indonesia (Arachnida: Araneae: Zodariidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 8, 147 - 160."]}

Rhagovelia leilae Paiva, Rodrigues & Moreira, sp. nov. Figs 1, 2A, 3−5 Type material. Holotype. BRAZIL — Maranhão • Carolina, Sítio do Antônio, riacho; -07.1270°, -47.3783°; 29.I.2022; C.L. Franco leg.; 1 apterous male, CEIOC 82816. Paratypes. BRAZIL — Maranhão • same data as holotype; 1 apterous male, 2 apterous females, CEIOC 82817. — Alagoas • Murici, Estaç ã o Ecológica de Murici, Vale Socorró, Cachoeira do Socorró [photograph provided by Rodrigues et al. (2021): fig. 20]; -09.2360°, -35.8609°; 361 m a.s.l.; 22.V.2019; J.M.S. Rodrigues, W. Sousa & F.F.F. Moreira leg.; 1 macropterous male, CEIOC 82269 • Murici, Estaç ã o Ecológica de Murici [photograph provided by Rodrigues et al. (2021): fig. 19]; -09.2379°, - 35.8641°; 320 m a.s.l.; 28.IV.2018, C.F.B. Floriano, J.M.S. Rodrigues & O.M. Magalh ã es leg.; 1 apterous female, CEIOC 82268. Description. Apterous male (Figs 1, 2A). Holotype (Paratype). BL 3.08 (3.08); HL 0.32 (0.32); HW 0.80 (0.72); ANT I 0.65 (0.72); ANT II 0.35 (0.35); ANT III 0.37 (0.37); ANT IV 0.42 (0.42); EYE 0.24 (0.24); PL 0.20 (0.20); PW 0.80 (0.80); FORELEG, FEM 0.76 (0.84); TIB 0.80 (0.84); TAR I 0.02 (0.02); TAR II 0.02 (0.02); TAR III 0.20 (0.20); MIDLEG, FEM 1.36 (1.40); TIB 0.96 (0.96); TAR I 0.04 (0.04); TAR II 0.44 (0.44); TAR III 0.66 (0.66); HINDLEG, FEM 1.12 (1.12); TIB 1.28 (1.32); TAR I 0.04 (0.04); TAR II 0.12 (0.10); TAR III 0.28 (0.28); ABDT I 0.12 (0.12); ABDT II 0.16 (0.16); ABDT III 0.16 (0.16); ABDT IV 0.16 (0.16); ABDT V 0.20 (0.20); ABDT VI 0.20 (0.20); ABDT VII 0.36 (0.36). General color black, covered by golden pubescence. Head dorsally black, covered by short setae, longitudinal midline and a pair of oblique indentations at base impressed and shiny. Eyes grayish-red. Antenniferous tubercle shiny dark-brown. Antennomeres covered by short and medium-sized setae; antennomere I shiny yellow at the base, turning brown then black towards apex, with few thick long black setae; antennomeres II–IV black; II with few thick long black setae. Buccula black; labium dark-brown. Venter of head black. Pronotum mostly black, whitish behind head, with small orange mark behind vertex, covered by medium-sized dark setae. Meso- and metanota, and pro-, meso- and metapleura grayish-black, covered by short golden pubescence and medium-sized black setae. Proacetabulum yellow, with a light-brown spot medially; mesoacetabulum grayish at base, yellowish laterally and mesally, with dark-brown mark medially; metacetabulum yellow. Pro-, meso- and metasterna grayish-blue, covered by short golden setae. Fore and hind coxae yellow; middle coxa light-brown close to acetabulum, then yellow. Fore and hind trochanters yellow, with medium-sized golden setae; middle trochanter dark-brown to black. Fore femur mostly black, dorsum yellow at basal tip, venter yellow at basal 1/3; middle and hind femora, and all tibiae black, covered by short golden setae and several medium-sized black setae. Fore and hind tarsus dark brown, covered by medium-sized brown setae; middle tarsus dark-brown to black, densely covered by medium and long brown setae, with some longer brown setae on anterior surface. Abdominal medio- and laterotergites black, covered by golden pubescence; mediotergites II−VII with shiny black marks increasing in size towards posterior segments, covering almost entire mediotergite VII. Abdominal sterna II−VII grayish-blue, covered by short golden setae; VII with wide orange-brown subquadrate area medially. Abdominal segment VIII shiny black dorsally, orange-brown ventrally. Head short, compact. Antennomere I thickest, curved laterally; II–III cylindrical; IV fusiform. Labium robust, reaching mesosternum, slightly surpassing fore coxae. Pronotum shorter medially than dorsal eye length, with posterior margin slightly concave. Mesonotum slightly elevated centrally, posterior margin widely rounded. Metanotum short at midline, posterior margin slightly concave centrally. Fore trochanter unarmed. Fore femur thicker at middle than fore tibia; fore tibia thicker at apex, with grasping comb evident. Middle femur without flattening or constriction, thicker basally. Hind femur not surpassing apex of terminalia, thinner at base than middle femur, armed with two medium-sized spines followed by 4−5 smaller spines towards apex (Fig. 1C). Hind tibia straight, unarmed. Abdominal laterotergites slightly elevated; lateral margin slightly sinuous; abdomen wider between segments IV and V. Lengths of abdominal sterna on midline decreasing from II–IV; IV–V subequal, shorter than VI; VII longest, II−III weakly compressed laterally. Abdominal segment VIII cylindrical; posterodorsal margin almost straight (Figs 1 D−E). Proctiger with lateral angles and apex rounded (Fig. 1G). Paramere short, suboval, depressed at the median portion (Figs 1H, 2A). Macropterous male (Fig. 3). Paratype. BL 3.20; HL 0.32; HW 0.80; ANT I 0.72; ANT II 0.32; ANT III 0.32; ANT IV 0.45; EYE 0.28; PL 1.28; PW 1.32; FORELEG, FEM 0.68; TIB 0.72; TAR I -; TAR II -; TAR III - [lost before they could be measured]; MIDLEG, FEM 1.36; TIB 0.96; TAR I 0.04; TAR II 0.50; TAR III 0.70; HINDLEG, FEM 1.08; TIB 1.28; TAR I 0.04; TAR II 0.16; TAR III 0.30. Similar to apterous male in general color, pilosity and structure, with some exceptions. Middle coxa dark-brown to black. Dorsum of fore femur entirely black; venter black, with yellow mark at basal tip. Abdominal segment VIII shiny black dorsally, orange-brown to dark-brown ventrally. Pronotum long, subpentagonal; posterior lobe with several punctures; posterior margin slightly pointed. Wings present, but autotomized above abdominal segment VI. Forewing covered by short black setae along anterior margin, with two long basal cells; base of one apical cell visible despite autotomy. Hind femur armed with two medium-sized spines followed by 3 smaller spines towards apex (Fig. 3C). Apterous female (Fig. 4). Paratypes. BL 3.20−3.36; HL 0.32−0.36; HW 0.80; ANT I 0.62−0.67; ANT II 0.32−0.35; ANT III 0.35; ANT IV 0.42; EYE 0.24−0.28; PL 0.20−0.24; PW 0.80; FORE LEG, FEM 0.84; TIB 0.84; TAR I 0.02; TAR II 0.02−0.04; TAR III 0.22−0.24; MID LEG, FEM 1.40 − 1.44; TIB 0.96−1.00; TAR I 0.04−0.06; TAR II 0.44−0.48; TAR III 0.66−0.68; HIND LEG, FEM 1.08; TIB 1.24−1.28; TAR I 0.04; TAR II 0.10−0.12; TAR III 0.28; ABDT I 0.12; ABDT II 0.16; ABDT III 0.20; ABDT IV 0.20; ABDT V 0.24; ABDT VI 0.24; ABDT VII 0.32. Similar to apterous male in general color, pilosity and structure, with following exceptions. Middle coxa light-brown close to acetabulum, then dark-brown, or more uniformly dark-brown to black. Dorsum of fore femur black, with yellow mark at basal tip; venter black, with yellow mark on basal 1/3 to almost 1/2. Hind femur armed with 4−5 spines, the first one longer than the others. Posterolateral angle of abdominal laterotergite VII with tuft of black setae. Abdominal laterotergites horizontal to slightly elevated. Contrasting subquadrate area of abdominal sternum VII mostly dark-brown to black, orange-brown only posteriorly. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of Leila de Oliveira Paiva, mother of the first author. Comments. Rhagovelia leilae Paiva, Rodrigues & Moreira, sp. nov. belongs to the angustipes complex, based on the pronotum of the apterous form shorter than the dorsal length of the eye, with the posterior margin slightly concave. Because of the tarsal formula 3-3-3 and the occurrence in freshwater, it is certainly not part of the salina group. However, it cannot be assigned to either the bisignata or hambletoni groups because the wings of the only macropterous specimen available are autotomized, making it impossible to know for certain if there are three or four closed cells on the forewing. Although species with unknown condition of the forewings were previously treated tentatively as part of the bisignata group (Polhemus 1997; Padilla-Gil & Moreira 2013), we consider it more prudent to treat them (including the new species) as incertae sedis within the angustipes complex. Among South American species of the bisignata and hambletoni groups, Rhagovelia leilae Paiva, Rodrigues & Moreira, sp. nov. can be diagnosed by the following combination of characteristics: 1) body length 3.08−3.20 mm in the males and 3.20−3.36 mm in the females; 2) fore and hind coxae and trochanters yellow; 3) fore femur mostly black, with variable basal yellow marks; 4) middle trochanter dark-brown to black; 5) abdominal mediotergites II−VII with shiny black areas increasing towards the posterior segments; 6) abdominal sterna grayish-blue, with a large contrasting area medially on segment VII; 7) all trochanters and tibiae unarmed in both sexes; 8) hind femur not reaching apex of the terminalia, with a row of 6−7 spines in the males and 4−5 spines in the females; 9) abdominal laterotergites horizontal to slightly elevated, with a tuft of black setae at the posterolateral angle of the last segment in females; and 10) paramere short, suboval, and depressed at the median portion. Although the fore femur and middle coxa vary between our material from Maranh ã o (lighter pattern) and that from Alagoas (darker pattern), we consider this to be of intraspecific nature only, because there are many similarities in other aspects of color and structure shared by them. Variations on the color of leg segments or on the pattern of shiny abdominal areas are already known for other species of the angustipes complex, such as R. angustipes Uhler, 1894 (De Kort-Gommers & Nieser 1969; Galindo-Malagón et al. 2021) and R. tenuipes Champion, 1898 (Bacon 1956; Nieser and Polhemus 1999; Galindo-Malagón et al. 2021). Running our specimens through the keys to the angustipes complex from southeastern and southern Brazil (Nieser & Polhemus 1999) and from Colombia (Galindo-Malagón et al. 2021) ends in no logical results. However, they key to R. fontanalis Bacon, 1948 when using the key provided by Bacon (1956) for his angustipes group, which is indeed a species similar to the material at hand. The new species and R. fontanalis share the following features: 1) base of antennomere I, and fore and hind trochanters yellow; 2) presence of broad, shiny black spots on the dorsum of abdominal mediotergites II−VII; 3) abdominal sternum VII partially orange-brown in males; and 4) all trochanters and tibiae unarmed in both sexes. Nonetheless, there are several differences between them, including: 1) body length considerably different (3.08 mm [apterous male], 3.20 mm [macropterous male], 3.20−3.36 mm [apterous female] in the new species, vs. 3.45 mm [apterous male], 4.33 mm [macropterous male], 3.86 [apterous female] in R. fontanalis); 2) antennomeres II−III subequal in length in the new species, vs. II shorter than III in R. fontanalis; and 3) paramere longer and more acute at apex in R. fontanalis (compare Figs. 2A and 2B). Furthermore, Bacon (1948) did not mention the presence of a tuft of black setae on the posterolateral angle of female abdominal laterotergite VII, which is a distinctive feature in our specimens. Finally, R. fontanalis is endemic to Peru, where it occurs between about 450 and 900 m a.s.l. (Bacon 1948, 1956; Cordeiro & Moreira 2015); whereas, the new species has been collected exclusively in Cerrado and Atlantic Forest areas of northeastern Brazil, between about 300 and 350 m a.s.l., Published as part of Paiva, Nathália De Oliveira, Rodrigues, Juliana Mourão Dos Santos, Franco, Cleilton Lima & Moreira, Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo, 2023, Description of a new species and new records of Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Veliidae) from northern and northeastern Brazil, pp. 250-264 in Zootaxa 5296 (2) on pages 251-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7973330, {"references":["Rodrigues, J. M. S., Nery, L., Rodrigues, H. D. D. & Moreira, F. F. F. (2021) Survey of the semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) from Alagoas and Sergipe, Northeast Brazil. Zootaxa, 4958 (1), 103 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4958.1.9","Bacon, J. A. (1948) Some new species of Rhagovelia (Hemiptera, Veliidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 21 (3), 71 - 87. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25081858]","Bacon, J. A. (1956) A taxonomic study of the genus Rhagovelia (Hemiptera, Veliidae) of the Western Hemisphere. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38, 695 - 913. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 28892618]","Polhemus, D. A. (1997) Systematics of the genus Rhagovelia Mayr (Heteroptera: Veliidae) in the Western Hemisphere (exclusive of the angustipes complex). Entomological Society of America, Lanham, 386 pp.","Padilla-Gil, D. N. & Moreira, F. F. F. (2013) Checklist, taxonomy and distribution of the Rhagovelia Mayr, 1865 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) of the Americas. Zootaxa, 3640 (3), 409 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3640.3.5","De Kort-Gommers, M. & Nieser, N. (1969) Records of Antillean water-striders. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 30 (112), 72 - 87. [https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 506095]","Galindo-Malagon, X. A., Morales, I. & Moreira, F. F. F. (2021) Revision of the Rhagovelia angustipes complex (Insecta: Hemiptera: Veliidae) from Colombia. Zootaxa, 4958 (1), 167 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4958.1.11","Champion, G. C. (1898) Insecta: Rhynchota (Hemiptera - Heteroptera). Vol. II. In: Godwin, F. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. pp. i - xvi + 1 - 416, 22 pls.","Nieser, N. & Polhemus, D. A. (1999) Four new species of Rhagovelia (Heteroptera: Veliidae) from Minas Gerais (Brazil), with a key to the regional species of the angustipes complex. Aquatic Insects, 21 (1), 53 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1076 / aqin. 21.1.53.4540","Cordeiro, I. R. S. & Moreira, F. F. F. (2015) New distributional data on aquatic and semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha & Nepomorpha) from South America. Biodiversity Data Journal, 3, e 4913. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 3. e 4913"]}

Lacus pectinatus Otto, Muona and Córdoba-Alfaro, new species Figures 23–26 Diagnosis. The new eucnemid species is distinguished from L. laticornis by the presence of broken setal patterns on the pronotum. Lacus laticornis have a more intact bands of setal patterns present on the pronotum. Punctate striae are present in the new species, whereas striae in L. laticornis is solid. Type material. Male holotype: “ COSTA RICA: Heredia; Est.Bio. La Selva, 50–; 150 m 10°26′N 84°01′W; Proy. ALAS, INBio-OET” / “M/02/065; 15 Abril 1993; Bosque secundario” / “ HOLOTYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus ♂; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. R. L. Otto; 2019” (red printed label). Female allotype: “ COSTA RICA, Heredia; Est.Bio. La Selva, 50–; 150 m, 10°26′N 84°01′W; Apr 2000, INBio-OET” / “ 17 Abril 2000; Bosque secundario; M/19/746” / “ ALLOTYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus ♀; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. R. L. Otto; 2019” (yellow printed label). Holotype and allotype are to be deposited in INBC. Paratypes. 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀: COSTA RICA: Heredia Province: 1 ♂, “COSTA RICA: Heredia; Pr: La Selva Biol. Sta.; 3 km S Pto Viejo; 10°26′N 84°01′W ” / “ 12 FEB 1993; Bosque secundario; M/00/011” / “ PARATYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus ♂; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. R. L. Otto; 2019” (yellow printed label) (INBC); 1 ♂, “COSTA RICA: Heredia; Est.Bio. La Selva, 50–; 150 m 10°26′N 84°01′W; Proy. ALAS, INBio-OET” / “M/02/017; 02 Marzo 1993; Bosque secundario” / “ PARATYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus ♂; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. R. L. Otto; 2019” (yellow printed label) (INBC); 1 ♀, “COSTA RICA: Heredia; Pr: La Selva Biol. Sta.; 3 km S Pto Viejo; 10°26′N 84°01′W ” / “ 2 Mayo 1993; Bosque secundario; M/02/081” / “ PARATYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus ♀; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. R. L. Otto; 2019” (yellow printed label) (INBC); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, “COSTA RICA: Prov. Heredia; Est. Biol. La Selva, 50–; 150, 10°26′N 84°01′W; 09 Marzo 2004, INBio-OET-ALAS transect” (“09 Marzo” handwritten on label) / “ 09 Marzo 2004; Malaise; M/25/777” / “ PARATYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. R. L. Otto; 2019” (either ♂ or ♀ printed behind species name on label) [yellow printed label] (INBC); 1 ♂, “COSTA RICA: Prov. Heredia; Est. Biol. La Selva, 50–; 150, 10°26′N 84°01′W; 21 Marzo 2004, INBio-OET-ALAS transect” (“21 Marzo” handwritten on label) / “ 21 Marzo 2004; Malaise; M/23/785” / “Collection of the Global; Eucnemid Research Project; (Robert L. Otto)” (green framed white label) / “ PARATYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus ♂; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. R. L. Otto; 2019” (yellow printed label) (GERP); Puntarenas Province : 1 ♂, “COSTA RICA. Prov. Puntarenas; Golfito Poue Nal Corcovado Est.; Agujas, Cerro Rincón. 745 m 13 FEB; 2000. A. Azofeifa. Intersección; L S 275500 522000 #56525” / “ PARATYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus ♂; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro, Det. J. Muona; 2022 (yellow printed label) (INBC); PANAMA: Col ó n Province: 1 ♂, “IBISCA Project Panama; Colon, San Lorenzo NP; 27.3–7.3 2004” (‘27.3–7.3’ handwritten on label; black framed white label) / “IBISCA 2003-05; Morphospec. sort; Jürgen Schmidl; COEUCN 50” (‘50’ handwritten on label; black framed white label) / “ Photo PACOEUCN; #146” (‘146’ handwritten on label; black framed pink label) / “ PARATYPE:; Lacus; pectinatus ♂; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. J. Muona; 2022” (yellow printed label) (JMC); Panamá Province: 1 ♀, “ Panama; Canal Zone” / “ PARATYPE:; Lacus, pectinatus ♀; Otto, Muona & Córdoba-Alfaro; Det. J. Muona; 2022” (yellow printed label) (JMC). Paratypes are to be deposited in INBC, GERP and JMC. Description. Male holotype: Length, 6.5 mm. Width, 2.0 mm. Body obtuse; uniformly dark brown with infuscate reddish basal margin of elytral humeri, venter reddish-brown; antennae and legs reddish-brown; head, pronotum and elytra clothed with short, recumbent yellowish setae; broken setal patterns present on the pronotum (Figure 23). Head: Surface densely punctate, somewhat dullish, subspherical; frons convex, without median carina or fovea above frontoclypeal region; apical margin of frontoclypeal region rounded, about 2 times wider than base; interantennal carina absent; mandibles stout, bidentate, densely punctate. Antenna: Pectinate from flagellomeres I–VIII, attaining about 1/3the length of the body, never beyond pronotal hind angles; flagellomere I slightly longer than II; flagellomeres II–VIII each sub-equal, slightly longer than wide; rami moderately elongate, arising near apices of flagellomeres I–VIII; flagellomere IX simple, slightly longer than VIII. Pronotum: Surface somewhat dullish, densely punctate; slightly transverse, with moderate, sharp hind angles; lateral sides strongly arcuate and narrowing towards craniad; disc convex with pair of shallow circular fovea; base sinuous. Scutellar shield: Elongate, sub-triangular, setose, shallowly punctate and distally rounded. Elytra: Distinctly, shallowly punctate striate present; interstices slightly elevated; surfaces shiny, transversely rugose at humeri, dense, crowded punctures present elsewhere. Legs: First tarsomere as long as the combined lengths of the remaining four on meso- and metatarsi; tibiae rounded in cross section; metatarsomeres I–III simple; metatarsomere IV very short, excavated, slightly emarginated; metatarsomere V elongate with basally swollen, simple claws. Venter (Figure 24): Closely punctate, with elongate, recumbent yellowish setae; hypomeron with basally closed, wide, lateral antennal grooves; metepisterna parallel-sided; elytral epipleura punctate; metacoxal plates medially 3.0–6.0 times wider than laterally. Aedeagus (paratype) (Figure 25): Elongate, dorsally flattened, sinuate; median lobe free, short, apically rounded; parameres apically elongate, rounded, longer than median lobe, without lateral tooth; secondary lateral lobe absent; basal piece elongate, apically truncated. Female allotype (Figure 26): Length, 8.0 mm. Width, 2.5 mm. Antennae filiform, about 1/3the length of the body; flagellomere I longer than wide, slightly longer than II; flagellomere II longer than wide, much longer than III; flagellomeres III–VIII quadrate, sub-equal; left flagellomere IX missing; right antenna missing. Lateral side of elytra above epipleura infuscate reddish. Variations. Six paratypes were examined. Several additional included paratypes from the Osa Peninsula and Panama were not examined for variations. Four male paratypes measured 6.0–7.0 mm long and 2.0 mm wide. Two female paratypes measured 5.0–7.0 mm long and 1.5–2.5 mm wide. Two of the male paratypes have the same length and width as the holotype. One male is shorter than and just as wide as the holotype. One male is longer than and just as wide as the holotype. One female is shorter and narrower than the holotype. One female is larger and wider than the holotype. All four males have a more pronounced reddish coloration along the humeri region than the remaining areas of the elytra. The reddish area of the humeri in both females are more infuscate and blended with the surrounding dark brown coloration of the elytral region. All paratypes are slightly darker than the holotype. Distribution. This eucnemid species is known from eight specimens taken from La Selva within the province of Heredia, a single specimen each from the Puntarenas province and two sites in Panama. Biology. Three specimens were taken from a Malaise trap. Five specimens were taken from a secondary growth forest. Larvae and pupae are unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the presence of pectinate antennae found in male specimens., Published as part of Otto, Robert L., Muona, Jyrki & Córdoba-Alfaro, Jim, 2023, A new genus and sixteen new species of false click beetles (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae) described from the Heredia Province of Costa Rica with several additional records from the Osa Peninsula and Panama, pp. 1-36 in Insecta Mundi 2023 (991) on pages 12-14

Ceroputo liquidambaris Zhang & Watson sp. n. Material examined Holotype: 1 ♀, China, Jiangxi Province, Yichun City, Yuanzhou District, Hongtang Town [N 27°54′16″, E 114°18′14″] / on leaves and branches of Liquidambar formosana (Altingiaceae) / 19.ix.2022 / coll. Jiang-tao Zhang / mounted singly (CFJAU). Paratypes: 20 ♀♀, same data as holotype, all mounted singly on slides, including 7 specimens split into dorsal and ventral surfaces (CFJAU); 4 ♀♀, same data as holotype, mounted singly on slides (SWFU). Description Live appearance (Fig. 1). Adult female oval, yellowish, with short lateral filaments of white wax around entire body margin; dorsum with a thin layer of white powdery wax and some medial small tufts of white wax (Fig. 1A). At the oviposition stage, the adult female produces an ovisac of cottony white wax filaments that sometimes completely covers body (Fig. 1). Slide-mounted adult female (n=9, Fig. 2). Body elongate to broadly oval, membranous, largest specimen 4.25 mm long and 3.00 mm wide. Anal lobes moderately developed, each with ventral surface membranous, bearing an apical seta, each seta 280‒315 μm long. Antennae 577‒640 μm long, each with 9 segments; sometimes 1 intersegmental sensillum present between segments IV– V, 2 present between segments VI –VII. Eyespot prominent, about the same height or slightly smaller than the length of the first antennal segment. Legs well developed, slender, with trochanter bearing 2 campaniform sensilla on each surface. Hind leg with translucent pores on tibia; segment lengths (in μm): coxa 115‒130, trochanter + femur 375‒417, tibia + tarsus 400‒467, claw 22.5‒27.5. Claw with prominent denticle; claw digitules knobbed, longer than claw; tarsal digitules setose, longer than claw. Ratio of lengths of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 1: 1.04‒1.15; ratio of lengths of hind tibia to tarsus 1: 2.23‒2.50. Clypeolabral shield 200–225 µm long; labium 150‒200 μm long, shorter than clypeolabral shield, basal segment with 3 pairs of setae. Circulus large, transversely oval, 200–332.5 µm long and 105–167.5 µm wide, located between abdominal segments III and IV, with a slight intersegmental fold. Ostioles well developed, with inner edges of lips weakly sclerotized, each lip with 0–5 lanceolate setae and some trilocular pores. Anal ring 100–145 μm in diameter, with 3 or 4 rows of cells and 6 long setae, each 150–195 μm long; occasionally 1 short seta present between long setae. Cerarii numbering 18 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii (C 18) each containing 4–7 lanceolate cerarian setae (longest cerarian seta 23–30 μm long and 5–7 μm wide at base), 0–2 flagellate setae and some trilocular pores, all situated on a sclerotized area occupying most of lobe. Other cerarii, each containing 3–10 lanceolate cerarian setae and some trilocular pores, all situated on weakly sclerotized areas with margins not clearly defined. Discoidal pores, each smaller than a trilocular pore, scattered on dorsum and venter. Dorsum with lanceolate setae, mostly each 15–20 μm long, accompanied by shorter setae, each 10–12.5 µm long. Multilocular disc pores, each 8–9 μm in diameter and with 10 loculi, mainly present in transverse rows along posterior edges of most segments, also at anterior edges of abdominal segments, in rows or scattered. Oral collar tubular ducts of 2 main sizes present: larger type, 7–8 µm long and 4–5 µm wide; smaller type, 10–13 µm long and 3–3.5 µm wide; ducts fairly numerous, forming transverse bands across most segments. Trilocular pores, each about 4 μm in diameter, evenly distributed. Venter with normal, flagellate setae, most longer setae each 125–175 µm long, accompanied by shorter setae of various sizes, each 32.5–75 µm long; also with minute lanceolate setae, same as those on dorsum, present around margins. Multilocular disc pores similar to those on dorsum, present around vulva and in rows medially across posterior edges of abdominal segments III–VII, also around margins. Quinquelocular pores, each 5–6 μm in diameter, present on head, thorax and abdominal segments, but usually very few in median areas of pro- and mesothorax. Oral collar tubular ducts of 2 main sizes present, similar to those on dorsum: larger type present on sub-marginal and marginal areas of abdominal segments, and in marginal areas of thorax and head; smaller type present in medial and marginal areas of most segments. Trilocular pores similar to those on dorsum, but sometimes slightly smaller; few, mainly present near margins and with a few near each spiracular opening. Remarks. Ceroputo liquidambaris sp. n. differs from all other known species of the genus Ceroputo in possessing dorsal multilocular disc pores. Morphologically, C. liquidambaris is closest to C. pini (Danzig 1972b) in having quinquelocular pores, ventral multilocular disc pores and dorsal tubular ducts. However, they can be separated as follows (characteristics of C. pini are given in parentheses): (i) multilocular disc pores present on dorsum (absent); (ii) quinquelocular pores present throughout ventral surface (present only near mouthparts); and (iii) feeding on Liquidambar formosana (on Pinaceae). Host plant. Liquidambar formosana (Altingiaceae). Distribution. China (Jiangxi Province). Biology. The species forms heavy infestations on its host plant and the adult females usually produce large amounts of cottony ovisac wax (Fig. 3). Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the generic name of its host-plant, Liquidambar.

Neodietrichia depressum (Emerton, 1882) new combination (Figs. 1, 4, 5, 8, 9) Lophocarenum depressum Emerton 1882: 50, fig. 6 (Description of male). Erigone depressa Marx 1890: 533. Diplocephalus depressus Simon 1894: 615. Lophomma depressum Crosby & Bishop 1933: 125, figs. 64–68. “ Lophomma ” depressum Marusik, Gnelitsa & Koponen, 2006: 166, figs. 43–48, 78–83 (misplaced in this genus). Type. Holotype male. U.S.A.: New Hampshire: 1 male, Coös County, Mount Washington, June 1874, J. H. Emerton (MCZ 21047). Diagnosis. Males of N. depressum n. comb. possess a palp with a ventrally-projecting distal portion of the embolus with most of the embolus hidden while the embolus in N. hesperia visibly projects anteriorly towards the radical apophysis (Figs. 2B, E, 3A, 4B, E, 5A). Moreover, the palpal tibial apophysis in N. depressum n. comb. is wider than that of N. hesperia and possesses a median keel in addition to smaller distal spines, which differs from the straight and flat palpal tibial apophysis in N. hesperia that possesses 1–2 large spines (Figs. 2C–E, 3C, D, 4C–E, 5C, E, F). Females of N. depressum n. comb. may be distinguished from those of N. hesperia by the epigynum, which possesses a doubly-lobed concave anterior hood versus the single hood in N. hesperia. Moreover, the epigynum in N. depressum n. comb. possesses anteriorly-directed spermathecae that are lateral to the wide median lobe whereas in N. hesperia, these spermathecae are centrally-directed underneath the thinner part of the median lobe (Figs. 2G, H, 3F, G, 4G, H, 5G, H). Description. Male (MCZ 21047, holotype; Figs. 4A–E, 5A–F). Small to medium-sized (1.38–2.42) erigonines with carapace pale yellow to dark brown with black around eyes; legs slightly lighter in color than carapace; abdomen mottled light gray to concolorous black (Fig 4A). Eyes, teeth, pits, anterior and posterior sulci, venter, and spinnerets typical of genus. Clypeus with slight anterior bulge and many microsetae (Figs. 1, 5B). Leg lengths, macrosetae, and claw teeth typical of genus. Metatarsi I–III each with single trichobothrium; metatarsus IV lacking trichobothrium; tibia I–III each with single trichobothrium; tibia IV with 1–4 trichobothria. Pedipalp with large medial radical apophysis that, when viewed ventrally, is straight and shifted prolaterally of center (Figs. 4B, 5A). Distal portion of embolus projects ventrally retrolateral of radical apophysis though much of embolus is hidden behind tegulum. Protegulum extends anteriorly adjacent to and past tip of radical apophysis (Figs. 4B, E, 5A). Paracymbium rounded at tip (Figs. 4B, E, 5A). Female (MM 6D15, Indiana: Johnson Co.; Figs. 4F–H, 5G, H). Coloration of carapace, abdomen, and legs as in male. Females lack sulci and pits (Fig. 4F). Clypeus not bulged and lacking large numbers of clypeal hairs as in male. Eyes, teeth, venter, spinnerets, chelicerae, leg lengths, macrosetae, trichobothria, and claw teeth as in male. Epigynum with single concave anterior hood and dual, ventrally-visible spermathecae. Median plate wide posteriorly and narrows anteriorly (Figs. 4G, 5G). Spermathecae directed centrally, underneath thinner part of median plate. Dual copulatory openings exist medially near narrowing of median plate. Fertilization and copulatory ducts coiled laterally to spermathecae (Figs. 4H, 5H). Measurements. Male: (n=27): Total length, 1.38–2.42 (mean=1.98); carapace length, 0.73–1.15 (mean=0.96); carapace width, 0.57–0.93 (mean=0.74); femur I length (n=26), 0.47–0.86 (mean=0.69); (n=2): TmI (n=28), 0.52– 0.82 (mean = 0.74). Female: (n=40): Total length, 1.54–2.83 (mean=2.18); carapace length, 0.7–1.21 (mean=0.98); carapace width, 0.55–0.96, (mean=0.75); femur I length (n=39), 0.44–0.92 (mean=0.71); TmI (n=35), 0.63–0.85 (mean = 0.75). Variation. Males showed some variation in their palpal tibial apophyses, especially in the number of distal small teeth present and the size and shape of the proximal keel (Fig. 8). Males also showed some variance in the shape (curvature and length) of their sulci and their embolic division (Fig. 9). Little to no morphological variation observed in the females. Distribution. Known from British Columbia east to Nova Scotia and south to South Carolina. Likely distributed throughout North America (Fig. 7). Natural history. Adults have been collected year round from a variety of habitats, including on the trunks, underneath the bark, and lichen on trees, on buildings, within leaf litter in mature forests, in wetlands, in meadows, and sand pits. It has been found associated with a variety of trees, including aspen, poplar, white spruce, American elm, crab apple, birch, oak, maple, and jack pine. Other material examined. CANADA: New Brunswick: 1 female, Kent County, Kouchibouguac National Park, in bird nest in jack pine, 10 August 1977, E.E. Lindquist (CNC 1044595); 1 male, Madawaska County, Green River, 48.3 km. N. Edmunston, 31 July 1968, T. R. Renault (CNC, 1030077); Nova Scotia: 1 male, Kings County, Kentville, 22 March 1957, unknown collector (CNC, 1030080); Quebec: 1 male, Les Collines-de-l’Outaouais Regional County, Gatineau Park, 1 April 2009, L. Masner (CNC, 1044584); 1 male, Les Collines-de-l’Outaouais, 26 June 1992, L. Lesage (PP, LL92-51); 1 male, Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory, 119 km. N of LaSarre, 13–20 June 1997, P. Paquin and N. Dupérré (PP, 6677); Ontario: 1 female, Thunder Bay District, Pukaskwa National Park in Heron Bay near park office, 2 June 2013, C. Harpur (UG, BIOUG09421 - D04); 1 male, Lanark County, Smith Falls Collegiate Institute, 8 May 2015, V. Currie (UG, BIOUG21961 - E03); Manitoba: 1 male, Treaty 2 Territory, Riding Mountain National Park, Wasagaming, 21 August 1979, J. & M. Redner (CNC, 1030079); 1 female, Division No. 5, Turtle Mountain Provincial Park, Max Lake, 17 June - 21 August 1988, S. & J. Peck (CNC, 1044586); Saskatchewan: 1 female, Division No. 1, Moose Mountain Provincial Park, Moose Mountain, 4 June 1973, J. Redner & C. Starr (CNC, 1044591); 1 female, Division No. 15, Anglin Lake (53.73, -105.93), 4 May 1997, D. J. Buckle (DB, 7896); 1 female, Prince Albert National Park, Hwy 263, 17 May 2012, R. Thompson (UG, BIOUG03561 - E11); 1 female, Division No. 11, 12 mi. SW Saskatoon, 24 March 1973, D. J. Buckle (DB, 7900); 1 female, 30 April 1973, (DB, 7901); 1 male, Saskatoon (52.117, -106.63), 3 October 1980, D. J. Buckle (DB, 7897); 7 males, 3 females, 21 April 1993, (DB, 7898); 1 male, 12 May 1996, (DB, 7899); Alberta: 1 female, Clear Hills County (56.77, -118.37), 30 May 2006, J. Pinzon (DB, 7892); 1 female, 2 August 2008, (DB, 7893); 1 female, summer 2008, (DB, 7894); 1 female, 25 July 2008, (DB, 7895); 1 male, Lamont, Elk Island National Park, Wood Bison Trail, 2 July 2012, unknown collector (UG, BIOUG05837 - E08); 1 male, Hayburger Trail, 30 June 2012, unknown collector (UG, BIOUG12570 - H05); 1 female, Woodlands County, Whitecourt, 11 April 2012, J. Sloan (UG, BIOUG20050 - G08); 1 male, Yellowhead County, Edson, Edson Rest Stop, 5 August 2010, G. Blagoev (UG, BIOUG00511 - C04); British Columbia: 1 female, Capital Regional District, Langford, Goldstream Provincial Park, 2 January 1975, A. P. Mackie (CNC, 1044596); U. S. A.: Maine: 1 male, Washington County, Township 18 MD BPP, Field 18-HC-2A, 5 May 2003, D. T. Jennings (MCZ, 118484); 1 male, Aroostook County, New Limerick, 9 May 2008, F. M. Skinner (MCZ, 140959); 1 female, York Co., Wells, GCampground, 1 May 2007, W. Urquhart (MD); New Hampshire: 1 male, Grafton County, Grafton, Mt. Moosilauke, 4 July 1912, J. H. Emerton (MCZ, 154467); Massachusetts: 1 male, Middlesex County, Pepperell, October 1978, H. W. Levi, L. R. Levi, and F. Levi (MCZ, 47522); North Carolina: 1 male, Jackson County, Cullowhee, Cane Creek, 7 January 1984, R. G. Bennett (CNC, 1030078); Indiana: 3 males, 18 females, Johnson County, Blossom Hollow Nature Preserve, litter sift, 15 December 2017, M. A. Milne (MM, 6 D 15); 7 males, 13 females, sticky traps on Fagus grandifolia, 22 February - 15 March 2020, M. A. Milne, C. Wimmersberger, E. Mullins, and C. Venable (MM, 12 A 8); South Carolina: 1 male, Aiken Co., Jackson, 110 Cowden St., 24 November 1993, M. Draney and V. L. Medland (MD)., Published as part of Milne, Marc A., O'Neil, Caylie & Bertaux, James, 2023, A taxonomic revision of Neodietrichia (Araneae: Linyphiidae), a rarely encountered but widespread spider taxon, pp. 31-44 in Zootaxa 5296 (1) on pages 37-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7970083, {"references":["Emerton, J. H. (1882) New England spiders of the family Theridiidae. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 6, 1 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 7410","Marx, G. (1890) Catalogue of the described Araneae of temperate North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 12, 497 - 594. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.782.497","Simon, E. (1894) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme Edition. Tome Premier. Roret, Paris, pp. 489 - 760.","Crosby, C. R. & Bishop, S. C. (1933) American spiders: Erigoneae, males with cephalic pits. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 26, 105 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 26.1.105","Marusik, Y. M., Gnelitsa, V. A. & Koponen, S. (2006) A survey of Holarctic Linyphiidae (Aranei). 4. A review of the erigonine genus Lophomma Menge, 1868. Arthropoda Selecta, 15 (2), 153 - 171."]}

Neodietrichia hesperia (Crosby & Bishop, 1933) (Figs. 2, 3, 6, 7) Dietrichia hesperia Crosby & Bishop 1933: 160, figs. 199–204 (Description of male and female). Dietrichia hesperia Hackman 1954: 17, figs. 51–57. Neodietrichia hesperia Özdikmen 2008: 537 (transferred from Dietrichia). Types. Holotype male. U.S.A.: California: 1 male, Madera County, North Fork, 1 March 1920, H. Dietrich (AMNH ID AMNH _ IZC 00328051). Paratype.— U.S.A.: California: 1 female, same data as holotype [lost, see type data remarks]; Type data remarks. Holotype and paratype originally deposited in the collection of Cornell University and then transferred to the American Museum of Natural History. Female paratype not examined, missing from collection, presumed lost during transfer (Draney 1998). Diagnosis. Males of N. hesperia differ from N. depressum n. comb. in that the embolus of N. hesperia visibly projects anteriorly behind the protegulum towards the central radical apophysis while in N. depressum n. comb., much of the embolus is not visible but possesses a distal portion that projects ventrally (Figs. 2B, E, 3A, 4B, E, 5A). Moreover, the palpal tibial apophysis in N. hesperia is thinner than in N. depressum n. comb. and is relatively straight and flat except for the existence of one to two spines whereas in N. depressum n. comb. it possesses a median keel in addition to smaller distal spines (Figs. 2C–E, 3C, D, 4C–E, 5C, E, F). The female epigynum in N. hesperia possesses spermathecae that are directed centrally, underneath the median plate whereas in N. depressum n. comb. they are lateral to the median septum and directed anteriorly. Moreover, the epigynum in N. hesperia possesses a single concave anterior hood whereas in N. depressum n. comb. a dual-lobed concave anterior hood is present (Figs. 2G, H, 3F, G, 4G, H, 5G, H). Description. Male (AMNH_IZC 00328051, holotype; Figs. 2A–E, 3A–E). Smaller sized (1.38–1.70 total length) erigonines with carapace dusky dark orange to light brown, black around eyes, legs dark yellow in color, and abdomen dark gray to black, often with lighter mottling. Eyes, teeth, pits, anterior and posterior sulci, venter, and spinnerets typical of genus. Chelicerae with 10–13 stridulatory ridges. Clypeus with slight anterior bulge and hairs present. Leg lengths, macrosetae, and claw teeth typical of genus. Metatarsi I–III each with single trichobothrium; metatarsus IV lacking trichobothrium; tibia I–III each with single trichobothrium; tibia IV with 1–3 trichobothria. Pedipalp with large medial radical apophysis that, when viewed ventrally, angles prolaterally and then bends inward distally. Embolus long and extends anteriorly along the retrolateral side of the palp with the point converging near the apex of the radical apophysis. Protegulum extends anteriorly, adjacent to the radical apophysis, but exterior to the distal part of the embolus. Paracymbium small and rounded at the tip (Figs. 2B, E, 3A). Palpal tibial apophysis long, thin, straight, and relatively flat with one or two distal or semi-distal spines (Figs. 2C–E, 3C, D). Female (RB, Ohio: Vinton Co.; Figs. 2F–H, 3F, G). Smaller sized (1.48–1.80) erigonines with coloration of carapace and legs as in male. Abdomen gray as in some of the lighter-colored males. Females lack sulci and pits. Clypeus not bulged and lacking large numbers of clypeal hairs as in male. Eyes, teeth, venter, spinnerets, chelicerae, leg lengths, macrosetae, trichobothria, and claw teeth as in male. Epigynum with single concave anterior hood and dual, ventrally-visible spermathecae. Median plate wide posteriorly and narrows anteriorly. Spermathecae directed centrally, underneath thinner part of median plate. Dual copulatory openings exist medially near narrowing of median plate. Fertilization and copulatory ducts coiled laterally to spermathecae (Figs. 2H, 3G). Measurements. Male: (n=3): Total length, 1.38–1.70 (mean=1.53); carapace length, 0.66–0.76 (mean=0.71); carapace width, 0.51–0.53 (mean=0.52); femur I length, 0.44–0.52 (mean=0.47); TmI (n=2), 0.59–0.63 (mean = 0.61). Female: (n=3): Total length, 1.48–1.8 (mean=1.66); carapace length (n=4), 0.62–0.72 (mean=0.67); carapace width, 0.49–0.53, (mean=0.51); femur I length, 0.42–0.45 (mean=0.44); TmI (n=3), 0.62–0.65 (mean = 0.63). Variation. The three male specimens that are known all slightly differ in the shape (width and orientation) and number and/or location of spines on the tibial apophysis (Fig. 6). There was no morphological variation seen in the four females examined. Distribution. Known from only four locations: California (holotype), Maine, Ohio, and Quebec. Likely distributed throughout North America (Fig. 7). Natural history. Adults have been collected from March - July. Adults have been collected from sweeping lowbush blueberry in agricultural fields, from flight-intercept traps placed 5m up in spruce/fir/hardwood mix forests, under the bark of trees, and from the Berlese extraction of specimens in a broom of Picea mariana. Other material examined. CANADA: Quebec: Abitibi-Témiscamingue Region, Abitibi-Ouest, coll. P. Paquin and N. Dupérré (PP, 519), 19–26 June 1994, 1 female; Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory, 87 km. N of LaSarre, coll. P. Paquin and N. Dupérré (PP, 9384), 4 July 1997, 1 female. U.S.A.: Maine: Hancock Co., Bradley Penobscot Experimental Forest, coll. J. Jaros-Su (MCZ, 104521), 1997, 1 male; Washington Co., T 30 MD BPP, EBB Survey, coll. J. Crowe (MCZ, 140958), 20 May 2008, 1 male; Cocoa Mountain, coll. J. Collins (MCZ, 151767), 14 May 1993, 1 female. Ohio: Vinton Co., Vinton Furnace near Dundas, coll. M. A. Ivie (RB), 5 March 1983, 1 female., Published as part of Milne, Marc A., O'Neil, Caylie & Bertaux, James, 2023, A taxonomic revision of Neodietrichia (Araneae: Linyphiidae), a rarely encountered but widespread spider taxon, pp. 31-44 in Zootaxa 5296 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7970083, {"references":["Crosby, C. R. & Bishop, S. C. (1933) American spiders: Erigoneae, males with cephalic pits. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 26, 105 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 26.1.105","Hackman, W. (1954) The spiders of Newfoundland. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 79, 1 - 99.","Ozdikmen, H. (2008) Neodietrichia nom. nov., a replacement name for the genus Dietrichia Crosby & Bishop, 1933 (Araneae: Linyphiidae) non reck, 1921. Munis Entomology & Zoology Journal, 3 (1), 537 - 538.","Draney, M. L. (1998) Sougambus georgiensis Chamberlin & Ivie, a junior synonym of Goneatara platyrhinus (Crosby & Bishop) (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Journal of Arachnology, 26 (2), 247 - 248."]}

Aegognathus leuthneri Van de Poll, 1886 (Figure 2d–f: 1 major J; 1 minor J; 1 ♀) Aegognathus leuthneri Van de Poll, 1886: 153 (original combination and description) Examined material Holotype male labelled ′ Colombia ̍ (MNHN). Additional material: Ecuador, La Bonita, Sucumbios, vi. 2000, 2 500 m – 1J (CERPE); Equador, (Succ), La Bonita, xi.2000, Alt: 2100 m – 3J (EPGC).; Ecuador, La Bonita, Sucumbios, vi. 2000, 2500 m – 1♀ (CERPE).; Equador, (Succ), La Bonita, xi.2000, Alt: 2100 m – 1♀ (EPGC).; Ecuador, Napo, Cosanga xi.2001 – 1♀ (EPCG). Diagnosis Males dorsally black with red to dark red spots, ventrally mainly black with some dark red regions at head and coxae. Head glabrous, surface shagreened, mandibles with rounded to somewhat acuminate apex. Pronotal surface glabrous except for lateral margins. Elytra with coarse, densely distributed punctures with erect dendritic setae along disc, laterally with smooth decumbent setae. Abdominal ventrites laterally carinate, ventrite II laterally wrinkled. Dorsal cross bar of aedeagus with wider posterior lobes. Females same as males except for presenting darker tones along body, stronger punctation dorsally, punctures coarse, contiguous to dense. Heads and mandibles reduced with acuminate apex, asymmetrical. Elytra with weak longitudinal costae. Description – male Size: Total length. 12.1–22 mm. Total width. 2.6–4.7 mm. Colour: Body with black and red regions. Head mainly black with a small dark red region at the anterior portion; mandibles black. Pronotum with two black spots, lateral regions and disc dark red. Elytra mainly red, especially along lateral margins with three longitudinal black areas close to the suture, alternating with thin red regions. In ventral view black, except for some small dark red regions over the mentum and coxae. Head: Shape transverse; surface glabrous, shagreened; temporal process weak, practically absent in small males; mandibles as long as head and first half of pronotum, bend inwards with rounded to slightly acuminate apex, in the middle with an upwardly directed tooth, rounded apically and absent in small males. Pronotum: Surface shagreened, glabrous except laterally, with a longitudinal groove along disc; anterior angles rounded; posterior angles acuminate. Elytra: Surface uniformly punctured, punctures dense, coarse, with erect yellowish dendritic setae along the disc, becoming longer along lateral and posterior margins, present as smooth setae over the margins. Epipleural punctures large to somewhat coarse, dense, with small yellowish appressed setae. Legs: Protibiae externally serrate with variable number of external teeth, frequently with three strong distal teeth, one at apex internally and one apical spur. Mesotibiae with four apical teeth, and one median tooth. Metatibiae with a small median external tooth, apex like that of mesotibiae. Venter: Mentum trapezoidal with a transverse groove, punctate with small yellowish appressed setae. Gena carinate along the posterior region, punctures moderate and sparse. Prosternum with two continuous band of yellowish setae along anterior and posterior margins; surface strongly punctate, with small yellowish appressed setae. Mesoventrite punctate mainly over the median region and sides, with yellowish appressed setae. Metaventrite almost uniformly punctate; discrimen a longitudinal groove over the last third of metaventrite. Abdominal ventrites with a weak longitudinal carina along lateral margins, uniformly punctate, punctures large and dense; abdominal ventrite II showing two or more transverse depressions at sides. Genitalia (Figure 7b): Aedeagus symmetrical, subtriangular and somewhat truncate. Basal piece subtriangular; disc with a translucent region and concave sides; 2.0 times longer than parameres. Median lobe almost cylindrical; dorsally with ′X̍- shaped cross bar, with wider posterior lobes. Parameres with somewhat concave sides and truncate to slightly rounded ends, internal and posterior margins setose. Internal sac about as long as the basal piece, with a paired longitudinal strap-like sclerites that end at the beginning of the apical third; apex darker and subconical, ending in the gonopore. Description – female Size: Total length. 12.4–13.6 mm. Total width. 4.3–4.5 mm. Colour: In dorsal view mainly black, with several dark red spots distributed over the anterior region of head, pronotum, and elytra, also with one to a few longitudinal red lines along the suture. In ventral view black. Head: Smaller than male heads; surface highly punctate even along mandibles, punctures coarse, contiguous to dense, with small erect setae, mandibles asymmetrical, reduced compared with males, being only as long as the first half of head, with a somewhat rectangular laminar tooth, larger at the left mandible and acuminate apex. Pronotum: Surface strongly punctate, punctures coarse, mainly contiguous, with erect to curved small yellowish setae; anterior angles acute; anterior portion somewhat convergent. Elytra: Surface highly punctate, punctures coarse and dense, with yellowish curved setae along lateral margins, and dendritic along disc; irregular longitudinal costae present over disc. Legs: As in males. Venter: As in males except for presenting large and dense punctures and a more distinct continuous discrimen; with longer setae along abdominal ventrites. Genitalia (Figure 7c): Styli symmetrical, transverse, elongate. Distal coxite subquadrate with conspicuous simple setae. Proximal coxite convex, medially setose, finely sclerotised. Distribution Northern Ecuador, Northern Central Cordillera, Colombia?. Paramo province (Morrone et al. 2022). Remarks Aegognathus leuthneri is the only Aegognathus species from Ecuador, and was originally described from Colombia by Van De Poll (1886). Unfortunately the original description of the species lacks precise location data but, given the proximity of the Ecuadorian Napo province to Colombia, we expect that the current distributional range could be extended to south-western Colombia, along the eastern slopes of Colombian ′Cordilleras̍. Aegognathus leuthneri bears a strong resemblance to A. damasoi (originally considered a subspecies), but besides the differences in distribution, the two species can be separated by the highly conspicuous yellowish setae shown by males and females of A. damasoi along pronotum and elytra., Published as part of Cáceres, Juan Sebastián D. & Grossi, Paschoal Coelho, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Aegognathus Leuthner, 1883 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), pp. 557-595 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 571-573, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198736, http://zenodo.org/record/7975445, {"references":["Van De Poll JRH. 1886. Description of a second species of the Lucanoid genus Aegognathus Leuthner 29. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 29: 153 - 154.","Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodrigiuez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gomez JD. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: new map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 94 (1): 1 - 5. doi: 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167."]}

Leptinopterus spitzi (Ohaus, 1929) comb. nov. Aegognathus spitzi Ohaus, 1929: 155 (original combination and description) Aegognathus spitzi Ohaus, 1929: 155 (original combination); Didier et Séguy 1953a: 163 (774); Benesh 1960: 107; Maes 1992 d: 65; Krajcik 2001: 62, Krajcik 2003: 7; Grossi et al. 2003: 249; A. spixi [sic] Fujita 2010: 243; Grossi 2017: 110 Aegognathus iridicolor Luederwaldt 1935: 518 (original combination and description). syn. nov. Examined material Type material. Holotype major male of Aegognathus spitzi Ohaus, labelled as follows: (a) white typed and handwritten label, ′Est. São Paulo /Alto da Serra/22.1925/R. Spitz̍; (b) white typed and handwritten label, ′ Aegognathus spitzi /Ohaus/Type̍ (1J SMF); examined from images (Figure 1a). Holotype minor male of Aegognathus iridicolor Luederwaldt (MZUSP), labelled as follows: (a) white typed and handwritten label, ′ São Paulo / Alto da Serra/ E. Schwebel leg./ II.1911 ̍; (b) white black bordered handwritten label, ′ Aegognathus J/ iridicolor Lueder. / Lueder. Det. 31̍; (c) blue circle; (d) red black bordered typed label, ′TIPO̍; (e) white typed label, ′08882̍; (f) red typed label, ′ HOLOTYPUS / Aegognathus / iridicolor/ Luederwaldt 1935 ̍ (Figure 1c). Additional material Brazil. São Paulo: Salesópolis, Estação Biológica da Boracéia, January1940, L. Silva leg. (1 J CERPE). São Paulo (2 J and 1 ♀ MNRJ – destroyed by fire in 2018). São Paulo, Alto da Serra (2 J and 2 ♀ MZUSP). No data ′ Col. Alunos UNB, F.Z. Vaz de Mello ̍ (1 ♀ CERPE) (Figure 1b). São Paulo, Alto da Serra, ii.1975 (1 J and 1 ♀ SBC). Diagnosis Body mainly black with dark red tones. Head and pronotum with shagreened surface, somewhat glabrous; mandibles somewhat flattened in lateral view, strongly reduced in minor males, resembling female mandibles without internal teeth. Elytral surface shagreened, with fine and dense punctures and dendritic setae. Venter surface with variable punctation, metaventrite shagreened, discrimen present as a continuous groove; abdominal ventrites finely punctate, with appressed to strongly curved setae. Aedeagus symmetrical, subtriangular, with a square median lobe, laterally constricted; everted sac with two divergent and easily distinguished vesicles, extending beyond the edges, also with a bifurcate, convex apical sclerite. Females entirely black without conspicuous vestiture, with a finely punctate surface, apparently smooth. Mandibles asymmetrical and strongly reduced compared with males. Female genitalia with symmetrical and subquadrate gonostyli; gonocoxites gradually narrowed anteriorly, medially somewhat convex. Description – male Size: Total length: 10–25 mm. Total width: 8–9 mm. Colour: Body mainly black with some dark red to brownish tones along legs and elytra; ventrally dark red. Head: Shape transverse, surface shagreened, glabrous; anterior margin emarginate; canthus only covering anterior portion of eyes; temporal process rounded. Mandibles in major males as long as head and anterior portion of pronotum together, strongly curved inwards, apex rounded to slightly emarginate with a basal emarginate tooth at base, one median rounded tooth and a preapical weak one. Minor males the same as major except for reduced mandibles mainly at median tooth. Pronotum: Surface shagreened, bordered all around except for a small portion over the anterior margin; shape convex with no pronotal groove; yellowish to white setae present as a continuous band over anterior margin; anterior and posterior angles somewhat rounded; scutellar shield setose. Elytra: Surface shagreened to finely and densely punctate, with yellowish dendritic setae, becoming more distinct distally. Epipleural surface shagreened and apparently glabrous. Legs: Protibiae externally serrate with several teeth and at least two apical strong ones; one apical spur. Mesotibiae and metatibiae with one median tooth, and three apical teeth. Venter: Labrum with a dense group of smooth setae at apical margin, dorsally visible. Mentum trapezoidal, finely punctate with suberect to appressed yellowish smooth setae. Gena surface shagreened. Prosternum with a continuous band of yellowish setae along anterior and posterior margins; surface with coarse to large punctures laterally, medially moderately punctate, with yellowish strongly curved setae, all punctures densely distributed. Mesoventrite punctate, punctures coarse to large, dense, with yellowish strongly curved setae. Metaventrite shagreened, discrimen present as a continuous groove. Abdominal ventrites shagreened with a few fine punctures moderately distributed, apparently glabrous but presenting fine smooth appressed setae along most ventrites, becoming strongly curved at ventrite V; all ventrites with carinate external margins. Genitalia (Figure 6a): Genital capsule simple. Aedeagus symmetrical. Basal piece subtriangular with rounded proximal end; wider at the posterior portion in lateral view; 1.5 times longer than parameres. Median lobe somewhat square; basally concave; laterally presenting several lamellate constrictions; dorsal cross bar transverse, slender, not lobed, somewhat ′M̍ shaped. Parameres subtriangular with convex base, distally rounded and narrower, setose at apex. Everted internal sac 1.5 times longer than basal piece and parameres together, wider compared with Aegognathus species, with sinuous margins along mid portion; basally slender, becoming wider distally, dorsally with a single sclerite and one more at distal portion with a bifurcate, convex apex; mid portion with divergent paired papillae, easily distinguished and extending beyond the edges, apical portion of everted sac strongly curved with clearer coloration, ending in the gonopore. Description – female (Figure 1b) Size: Total length . 16 mm. Total width. 7 mm. Colour: As in males. Head: Size about half of males̍ not including the mandibles; shape transverse, anterior margin slightly emarginate, with a subtriangular to somewhat trapezoidal depression at head disc; mandibles somewhat asymmetrical, as large as head, with acuminate apex, also with an almost laminar median tooth, truncate at apex, and a short and rounded basal tooth. Pronotum: Surface finely punctate, densely distributed, apparently glabrous except for a continuous line of yellowish to white smooth setae along the anterior margin; anterior angles somewhat acuminate; posterior angles rounded. Elytra: Surface almost smooth with fine punctures densely distributed, glabrous; epipleuron with fine to moderate punctures, concave. Legs: Protibiae as in males except for presenting more distinct teeth and surface vestiture. Mesotibiae externally serrate, with two to three median teeth, three to four apical teeth and two apical spurs. Metatibiae as in males except for the presence of a median tooth. Venter: Head ventrally punctate, punctures coarse to large, densely distributed with suberect to decumbent setae. Prosternum and mesoventrite with coarse to large punctures, contiguous to dense with appressed setae. Metaventrite with coarse punctures laterally, medially with moderate to large punctures; discrimen mainly weak, posteriorly forming a subtriangular superficial groove. Abdominal ventrites with moderate to large punctures, large and dense ones mainly distributed at ventrite V, sparsely distributed along the remaining ventrites; all abdominal ventrites laterally carinate. Genitalia (Figure 6b): Styli symmetrical, with subquadrate shape, distinctly setose. Distal coxite subtrapezoidal with conspicuous setae along sides. Proximal coxite convex and narrowed anteriorly; spiculum ventrale cordiform. Distribution South-east Brazil, São Paulo State. Atlantic province (Morrone et al. 2022). Remarks The proposed synonymy is based on the identical collection data (locality, year of collection and collector) of the holotype male of Aegognathus spitzi (Figure 1a) and the holotype of Aegognathus iridicolor (Figure 1c), revised by Luederwaldt (1935) at the MZUSP. It is also based on the absence of strong morphological differences. Almost all other known specimens of A. spitzi are from the locality called ′Alto da Serra de São Paulo ̍, nowadays near the Pindamonhangaba municipality. At the moment of the description of A. iridicolor, Luederwaldt wrongly concluded that the absence of a dorsal vestiture was enough to propose a separate species; this idea was followed by Weinreich (1963), who considered some of the females included by Luederwaldt (1935) to represent A. iridicolor instead of A. spitzi, the latter at that time with unknown females. In Lucanidae, very small males have the tendency to become morphologically close to females; this occurs in many genera around the world, and has been observed in other species of Leptinopterus. In respect to the holotype of A. iridicolor (Figure 1c), it is an extremely small male, being smaller than any other female of the ′Brazilian Aegognathus ̍. Weinreich (1963) stated that all females he studied should belong to this species instead of A. spitzi, as Luederwaldt (1935) suggested. It seems that the extreme sexual dimorphism is appreciable not only in mandibles, head, and pronotum, but also along the dorsal vestiture of the body. This species has not been collected for over 75 years and is considered rare among collections, making it a good taxon to be considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List under the category Vulnerable. Leptinopterus caledoniaensis (Grossi, Racca-Filho and Vaz-de-Mello, 2003) comb. nov. (Figure 2a J; 2b ♀; 3a–c: general habitus) Aegognathus caledoniaensis Grossi et al., 2003: 249 (original combination and description), Published as part of Cáceres, Juan Sebastián D. & Grossi, Paschoal Coelho, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Aegognathus Leuthner, 1883 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), pp. 557-595 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 559-563, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198736, http://zenodo.org/record/7975445, {"references":["Ohaus F. 1929. Neue Lucaniden (Ins. Col.) des Senckenberg-Museums Senckenbergiana. 25 (11): 155 - 159.","Benesh B. 1960. Coleopterum Catalogus Supplementa, pars 8: lucanidae (sic.). Gravenhage (Netherlands): W. Junk; p. 178.","Maes JM. 1992. Lista de los Lucanidae (Coleoptera) del mundo. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia. 22: 1 - 121.","Krajcik M. 2001. Lucanidae of the world - Catalogue - part I. Checklist of the Stag Beetles of the world (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Most (Czech Republic): Milan Krajcik; p. 108.","Krajcik M. 2003. Lucanidae of the world Catalogue - part II, encyclopedia of the Lucanidae (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Plzen (Czech Republic): Milan Krajcik; p. 197.","Grossi PC, Racca-Filho F, Vaz-de-Mello FZ. 2003. A new Aegognathus Leuthner, 1883 (Coleoptera, Lucanidae) from Brazil. Deutsche entomologische zeitschrift. 50 (2): 249 - 254. doi: 10.1002 / mmnd. 20030500209.","Fujita H. 2010. The Lucanid Beetles of the world. Vol. II. Japan: Mushi-sha; p. 248.","Grossi PC. 2017. Lucanidae da Floresta Atlantica: diversidade, identificacao e aspectos da biologia (Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). In: Monteiro-Filho ELA, Conte CE, editors. Revisoes em Zoologia: Mata Atlantica. 1 st ed. Curitiba: UFPR; p. 527.","Luederwaldt H. 1935. Monographia dos Lucanideos Brasileiros. Revista del Museu Paulista. 19: 448 - 574.","Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodrigiuez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gomez JD. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: new map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 94 (1): 1 - 5. doi: 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167.","Weinreich VE. 1963. Revision sudamerikanischer Lucanidae (Ins Col.), IIi). Die Gattungen Pholidotus, Aegognathus, Macrocrates, Auxicerus, und Erganzungen zu Metadorcus, Scortizus, Beneshius, und Sclerostomus. Senckenb Biol. 44: 183 - 212."]}

[21] Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. nov. Habitus: Figs 46A, 46B. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11I. Type locality. Sichuan, Muli County, Liziping xiang, N28.110, E101.138, 3059 m. Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 46A): female, body length = 6.7 mm, board mounted, " China Sichuan Muli county, / Liziping xiang, river bank with / sparse tree / N28.11032 E101.13768 ", "2012,V,6. D 3059 m / Huang Hao leg / Inst. of Zoology, CAS", "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / emarginata sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Paratype (IZAS): 1 female, " Xizang, Cona county, Lai xiang / 2500 m, Yang Xiaodong leg. / 2013.VI.20 " [in Chinese], "IOZ(E)1700238", "PARATYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / emarginata sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Diagnostic characters. Dorsum pale yellow, pronotum with a pair of dark stripes, elytra with a pair of short basal stripes and a pair of well separate subapical spots; labrum slightly dilated to apex, apex strongly emarginate; antennae extended only slightly beyond elytral base; elytra intervals with very sparse fine punctures. Comparisons. The new species is different from all other species of the genus Parena by the apex of labrum strongly emarginate (Fig. 46C). Several other species of the P. tripunctata group have the labrum apex very weakly emarginate, but the labrum apex is straight or slightly curved in all other species groups of the genus. The elytral color pattern of the new species is similar to some individuals of P. taiwana with four spots. However, the new species can be easily distinguished from P. taiwana by: labrum apex emarginate; pronotum with a pair of dark stripes; elytral intervals without dense punctures; and antennae shorter, extended beyond the elytra base by the length of only one antennomere. Description. Body length 6.3–6.7 mm; body relatively narrow for the genus; dorsum without microsculpture. Color. Dorsum mostly pale yellow to light brown; head yellowish brown, vertex with indistinct dark brown patch, mouthparts and antennae yellow, apices of mandibles dark. Pronotum disc with a pair of dark stripes aside median line, not extended to anterior or posterior margins. Elytra with four black patches: a pair of short stripes slightly distant from elytra base, about one-fifth as long as elytra, extending from outer half of interval 4 to inner half interval 6; another pair of round spots near apical third of elytra, extending from outer half of interval 3 to inner half of interval 5. Scutellum, epipleura, legs and venter yellow. Head with sporadic fine punctures on vertex and occiput; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, as long as supraorbital setae. Antennae extended beyond elytral base by length of only one antennomere. Labrum slightly dilated to apex, apex strongly emarginate; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of long median setae, lateral lobes short, apex narrow, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins rounded, epilobes rather wide. Pronotum nearly rectangular, PW/PL = 1.35–1.37, about same width as head, PW/HW = 1.00–1.03, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins fully rounded at anterior half and then narrowed to base with distinct sinuation before posterior angles; posterior angles weakly pointed outwards, forming rectangular angles with rounded apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin oblique at sides; disc convex, with very fine transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex. Striae very shallowly incised at basal half, almost flat at apical half, with rows of fine punctures on basal five-sixth, punctures absent from apical sixth; intervals weakly convex, with very sparse fine punctures. Disc without depression, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present at base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on a level much behind scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 23–24 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. In females, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor rounded rectangle, basal width much greater than length, apex straight, with five or six very short ensiform setae nearly evenly arranged. Male unknown. Distribution (Map 8, dark green). China (Sichuan, Xizang). Only known from two specimens from well separated localities. Etymology. The scientific name of the new species " emarginata " is derived from Latin referring to its labrum apex strongly emarginate, which is the unique character of this species. Remarks. The holotype was collected in a sparse riparian forest, about six meters high in the canopy, using a long-stick sweep net., Published as part of Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina), pp. 1-144 in Zootaxa 5286 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958937

[24] Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, 1860 Habitus: Figs 50A, 50B, 50C. Male genitalia: Fig. 51. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11K. Motschulsky, 1860: 31 (type locality: Java; syntype in ZMUM: Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia); Chaudoir, 1877: 207; Andrewes, 1928: 16; Xie & Yu, 1993: 190 (misidentification of Parena monticola); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88. Notes on types. This species was described from an unspecific number of specimens from Java. Andrewes (1928) examined the type and redescribed this species. We did not examine any type material, but Andrewes' ample redescription and our examined specimens from the type locality (Java) permit good recognization of this species. Non-type material examined. Java: 1 male (MNHN), "Java, Radja Mendala, Ledru 1899", "Museum Paris, 1952, Coll. R. OBERthur" . 1 female (NNML), "Native Collectors", "Java; 1000 m, Soekapoera kolot. II-V. '99". Sumatra: 1 female (MNHN), "Sumatra Medan, Env. de Dolok-Baros, 2e semestre 1905", "Museum Pares, Ex col. M. MAINdron, Coll. G. Babault, 1930". 1 female (MNHN), "Juillet", "Medan, Doloc Bans Esta te Sumatra, Collection le Moult ", "Museum Paris, 19, Guy Babault", "Museum Paris, ex coll., R. OBERthur, 1952". 1 female (MNHN), "Paggar Alam, Sumatra, J. Bouchard ", "Museum Paris, ex coll., R. OBERthur, 1952". 1 ex (CMB), "W-Sumatra, Payakumbuh, Harau-Valley, 1000 m, 9.- 29.10.1991, leg. A. Riedel ". 1 male (CRS), " INDONESIA, Sumatra, 20km N of Payakumbuh, Harau valley, h= 700 m, VI.2009 " . 2 females (IZAS), "Indonesia, Mentawai Is. S. Siberut Island, 3-4.2005, 50-100 m ". Sulawesi: 1 male (MNHU), "42358", " Celebes " [yellow label], " spec. ". 1 female (MNHN), "Macassar, VI.96. Doherty.", "Museum Paris, ex coll., R. OBERthur, 1952" . The Philippines: 1 male (CRS), "Filippine, Samar, E. Visayas — Lope de Vega, III.2017 " . 1 male (CRS), "Filippine, Mindanao, Compostela Valley, Davao, I.2014 " . Comparisons. This species is clearly most similar to P. rubripicta. The two are distinguished from all other species in the genus by the combination of the following two characters: (1) elytra metallic; (2) postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae. Some individuals are superficially similar to P. pendleburyi or P. monticola in general appearance but can be readily differentiated by the presence of suborbital setae. Description. Body length 6.3–8.3 mm. Head and pronotum reddish yellow to dark brown; antenna reddish brown, antennomeres 5–11 same as basal four antennomeres or darker; elytra metallic green or bluish green, with copper lustre near apices in some specimens, elytra without red patch, interval 1 completely green, epipleura same color as abdomen; venter of head and prothorax same as dorsum, venter of mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen yellowish red or piceous; legs same color as pronotum, femora with apex darker in some specimens, metatibiae same color as abdomen. Postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotum base; labrum quadrate, apex very weakly protruded at middle; mentum with a pair of short median setae. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.26–1.41, nearly same width as head, PW/HW = 0.96–1.09; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then clearly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface usually without or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture, with distinct microsculpture in a few specimens; striae very shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals weakly convex, very sparsely punctate; disc with shallow and large depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and most of length of mesotarsomeres 2 and 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus slightly slender (AL/AW = 4.7–5.2), gradually narrowed to apex, ventral margin nearly straight; right margin very weakly sinuate before apex in dorsal view; apical lamella wide and short, apex rounded, weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with primary sclerite linear, without flared basal expansion; apical flagellum ending before middle of median lobe; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, strongly chitinized, basal core distinct, elongate, right to the major part of apical sclerite; basal sheath large, well scaled; apical sheath large and coarsely scaled; squamate sac large and well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal sac strongly chitinized at apex, forming a dentate semicircular piece; distal sac file-like, smaller than proximal sac, much closer to apex than proximal sac. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, same length as basal width, apex strongly concave, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, and two on outer apical angle. Distribution (Map 9, red). Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, The Philippines. This species was recorded from China (Anhui) by Xie & Yu (1993). After examining the specimen, we found that their record was based on a misidentified specimen of P. monticola. Geographical variation. This species is known from four regions of the Malay Archipelago. Specimens from different localities are different in the following aspects. (1) Elytra color. Elytra are generally metallic green (Fig. 50A) but slightly different in some specimens. For all examined specimens from the Philippines and a few from Sumatra, the elytra are bluish green (Fig. 50C); for some other specimens from Sumatra, the elytra have bright copperish lustre near the apices (Fig. 50B), giving them an appearance very similar to P. pendleburyi. (2) Color of venter, including mesothorax, metathorax, abdomen, epipleura, and metatibiae. These parts are always in the same color in any one specimen. They are piceous in specimens from Java and Sumatra (Fig. 50B), and red in those from Sulawesi and the Philippines (Fig. 50C). (3) Color of antennae. In most specimens, the antennae are completely reddish brown or apical the seven antennomeres slightly darker (Fig. 50B). However, for the two examined specimens from the Philippines, antennae are distinctly bicolor with the basal four antennomeres reddish brown and apical seven black (Fig. 50C). (4) Elytra microsculpture. The elytra are without or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture in specimens from most localities, but distinctly present in one female from Makassar examined., Published as part of Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina), pp. 1-144 in Zootaxa 5286 (1) on pages 86-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958937, {"references":["Motschulsky, V. (1860) Entomologie speciale. Insectes des Indes orientales, et de contrees analogues. 2: de serie. Etudes Entomologiques, 8 [1859], 25 - 118.","Chaudoir, B. M. (1877) Genres nouveaux et especes inedites de la famille des Carabiques. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 52 (2), 188 - 268.","Andrewes, H. E. (1928) On the types of Oriental Carabidae described by V. de Motschulsky. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 76, 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1928. tb 01185. x","Xie, W. P. & Yu, P. Y. (1993) On the Chinese species of Parena Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 185 - 195.","Kirschenhofer, E. (2006) Neue Arten der Gattung Parena Motschulsky aus Japan, China Und Indonesien (Sulawesi) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Mitteilungen des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins E. V. Frankfurt, 31 (3 - 4), 87 - 103."]}

[43] Parena (Parena) ruficornis sp. nov. Habitus: Fig. 76F. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11W. Type locality. the Central African Republic, Lobaye province, La Maboke. Type material. Holotype (MNHN, Fig. 76F): female, body length= 9.2 mm, board mounted, "LAMABOKE / 2.v. 19 67 ", "MUSEUM PARIS / CENTRAFRIQUE / P. Teocchi" [blue label], " HOLOTYPE / Parena (Parena) / ruficornis sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label]. Paratypes (a total of 3 females): 1 female (MNHN), "Muséum Paris / LA MABOKE / Rep. Centrafric.", " 13.IX.1966 / R. Pujol". 1 female (MNHN)," Boukoko / 23-IV-70 ", " Piege / Lumineur " . 1 female (MNHN)," Boukoko / 25-IV-70 " . Diagnostic characters. Dorsum reddish brown, elytra largely black, suture and apex reddish brown; antennae uniformly reddish brown; tarsi yellow; elytra without microsculpture; elytral apices evidently truncate, outer apical angles well rounded, sutural angles slightly pointed, forming small denticles; gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, apex shallowly emarginate, with very long ensiform setae. Comparisons. This new species is very similar to other two African species, P. plagiata and P. africana, in elytra pattern (elytra largely dark with narrow red apices). However, the new species is quite different from them in: (1) elytra without microsculpture (with shallow isodiametric microsculpture in the other two species); (2) elytral apices distinctly truncate, apical margin straight near suture, and sutural angles slightly denticulate (Fig. 5B) (apical margin evenly rounded, sutural angles not pointed in the latter two species, Fig. 5A); and (3) antennomere 1 with the ventroapical seta only slightly shorter than the dorsoapical seta (Fig. 1D) (the ventroapical seta less than half length of the dorsoapical seta in the other two species, Fig. 1C). These three characters are considered to be important and support placing these three species in different species groups. (see discussions for P. scutata species group). The new species is sympatric with P. africana in the Central African Republic. In addition to the differences mentioned above, these two species are also different in having (1) first elytral interval completely reddish brown in P. ruficornis sp. n., but largely black in P. africana; (2) pronotum with lateral margins hardly sinuate before posterior angles in P. ruficornis sp. n., but more evidently sinuate in P. africana; and (3) in P. ruficornis sp. n., gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate with very long ensiform setae (much longer than half of the basal width), but in P. africana, gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly subulate (strongly pointed near inner angle) with relatively short ensiform setae (less than half of the basal width). Despite the different elytra pattern, P. ruficornis sp. n. is considered to be close to P. scutata and P. valeriae based on similarities in the shape of the elytral apices, elytra microsculpture, and setae on antennomere 1. The new species is different from P. scutata in: (1) P. scutata has seven apical antennomeres nearly black and basal ones reddish brown, but in the new species the antennae are entirely reddish brown; (2) in P. scutata, the elytral disc has a large red central patch which occupies the inner four or five intervals, but in the new species the elytra have no such red patch, instead just a narrow red stripe occupying the full length of interval 1; (3) in P. ruficornis sp. n., the elytral apices are more distinctly truncate and the sutural angles are more strongly pointed. The new species differs from P. valeriae in having slightly shallower elytra striae, smaller elytral sutural denticles, and a quite different elytra pattern. The above differences, especially for the color of antennomeres and shape of the elytral apices, are consistently useful for distinguishing different species in other groups of the genus. Therefore, we are confident that the new species is different from all related species, although the males of P. scutata and P. ruficornis sp. n. are both unknown at present. Description. Body length 9.2–9.7 mm, median-sized for the genus, subconvex. Color. Dorsum reddish brown; elytra disc largely black, the apical eighth, entire length of first interval, lateral margins, and basal area near scutellum reddish brown; scutellum reddish brown; antennae entirely reddish brown; venter reddish brown; all legs uniformly reddish brown. Head with sparse fine punctures on vertex; frons with shallow V-shaped depression; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae without suborbital setae. Antennae extended beyond pronotal base by length of one antennomere; antennomere 1 with two apical setae close to each other, the ventral one slightly shorter than the dorsal one, longer than antennomere 2. Labrum quadrate, apex weakly convex; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of long median setae, lateral lobes short and wide, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins completely rounded, epilobes wide. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.43–1.47, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.02–1.06, widest at anterior fourth, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins rounded at anterior half and then gradually narrowed to base, slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded obtuse; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin weakly oblique at sides; disc convex, with fine punctures, without transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture. Striae very shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures; intervals faintly convex, with very sparse fine punctures. Discal depressions shallow and large, nearly triangular, occupying intervals 3 to 6, greatest length near to one-third of elytra length; lateral weakly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 usually with three discal setigerous pores: first one slightly behind level of scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3 or isolated; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; on left elytron of one paratype, an additional pore present between the second and third pores; interval 9 with 24–26 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation evident, outer apical angles well rounded, apical margin gradually straighten to sutural angles, sutural angles slightly pointed, forming small denticles. Venter. Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side in females. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length subequal to basal width, apex shallowly emarginate, inner apical angle not pointed; apical margin with six to eight long ensiform setae, all longer than half of basal width, two or three of them grouped on inner and outer apical angles respectively, the remainder arranged near middle of apical margin. Distribution (Map 13, magenta). Only known form the Lobaye Province, the Central African Republic. Etymology. The scientific name is derived from two Latin roots: " ruf- " meaning red and " corn -" referring to the antennae. It refers to the uniformly reddish brown antennae, which distinguish the new species from related species., Published as part of Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina), pp. 1-144 in Zootaxa 5286 (1) on pages 132-133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958937

[22] Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. nov. Habitus: Fig. 47A. Male genitalia: Fig. 48. Type locality. Sichuan, Luding County, Hailuogou, N29.605, E102.080, 1940 m. Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 47A): male, body length = 6.6 mm, board mounted, "Hailuogou, Luding, Sichuan / 27-VII-2007 / alt. 1940 m Liu, Zhang, Zhou, & Bi lgt." [in Chinese], " HOLOTYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / gonggaica sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Diagnostic characters. Dorsum reddish yellow, elytra with four black spots: a pair of basal spots distant from elytra base, not covering first discal pore; a pair of subapical spots adjacent to interval 1, each of them large and oblique-rounded, divergent from each other toward the elytral base, interval 1 yellow between the two subapical spots; labrum apex straight; median lobe of aedeagus well narrowed at apex, apical lamella narrow and long, LL subequal to LW. Comparisons. The new species is distinguished in subgenus Bothynoptera by its unique elytra pattern. It is most similar to another new species, P. triguttata sp. n., which may be sympatric with it. These two new species differ as follows: (1) in P. gonggaica, the dorsal background color is dark reddish yellow, but in P. trigutata, it is vivid reddish yellow, slightly brighter than P. gonggaica sp. n.; (2) in P. gonggaica, the elytra basal spots are more distant from elytra base, not covering first discal pore on interval 3, but in P. trigutata, the basal spots cover the first discal pore; (3) in P. gonggaica, the elytra subapical patch (composed of two nearly adjacent spots) is concave at the anterior margin, and the interval 1 is yellow between the patches, but in P. trigutata, the subapical patch is extended anteriorly at its anterior margin, and the first interval is black inside the patch; and (4) in P. gonggaica, the median lobe of the aedeagus is more narrowed toward the apex and apical lamella is longer, LL equal to LW, whereas in P. trigutata, the apical lamella is shorter, LW much greater than LL. There are other two species (P. taiwana and P. emarginata sp. n.) that also have four black patches on the elytra, but in these species the subapical spots are well separated, not adjacent to the middle. Description. Body length 6.6 mm; body relatively narrow for the genus; dorsum without microsculpture. Color. Dorsum mostly dark reddish yellow; frons with a triangular light patch, clypeus yellow, mouthparts, and antennae yellow, apices of mandibles dark. Pronotum slightly lighter on lateral explanations and subbasal region. Elytra base dark reddish yellow, gradually graded to light reddish yellow at basal fourth of inner intervals and to half of outer intervals; elytra with four black spots: a pair of basal spots far distant from elytra base, length between first and second setigerous pore on interval 3, extended from interval 4 to inner half of interval 6; a pair of subapical spots adjacent to elytral interval 1, each of them large and oblique-rounded, at widest point extended to inner half of interval 6, divergent from each other toward the elytral base, interval 1 yellow between them. Scutellum, epipleura, legs and venter reddish yellow. Head glabrous on vertex and occiput; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, as long as supraorbital setae. Antennae extended beyond elytral base by length of only one antennomere. Labrum nearly quadrate, apex straight; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of long median setae, lateral lobes short, apex narrow, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins rounded, epilobes rather wide. Pronotum nearly rectangular, PW/PL = 1.40, about same width as head, PW/HW = 1.03, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins fully rounded at anterior half and then narrowed to base with distinct sinuation before posterior angles; posterior angles weakly pointed outwards, forming rectangular angles with rounded apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin oblique at sides; disc convex, with very fine transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex. Striae shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures, striae absent at elytra apical eighth; intervals slightly convex, with sparse fine punctures. Disc without depression, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on a level much behind scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 18–19 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. In male, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side. Male with biseriate adhesive setae on apical end of mesotarsomere 2 and apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 3. Male genitalia. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, AL/AW = 3.7; in lateral view, ventral margin weakly expanded near middle, apical lamella slightly bent to dorsum; in dorsal view, apex strongly narrowed and bent to right, apical lamella narrow, LL subequal to LW. Endophallus with squamate sac not divided. Female unknown. Distribution (Map 8, cyan). China (Sichuan). Only known by the holotype collected from Hailuogou. Etymology. The scientific name of the new species " gonggaica " is derived from the type locality of the new species. It was collected from the foot of the famous mountain, Gongga Mt. in the central part of Sichuan Province, China.

[9] Parena (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. nov. Habitus: Fig. 25. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11 γ. Type locality. Guadalcanal of the Solomon Islands. Type material. Holotype (CRS, Fig. 25): female, body length = 11.3 mm, board mounted, "South Pasific, Solomon Is. / GUADALCANAL I., 750–900 m / Karukiki env., 20-25 km SSE / of Honiara, 1-18.XII.2016 / St. Jakl leg."; " HOLOTYPE / Parena (Crossoglossa) / sciakyi sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Diagnostic characters. Dorsum pale yellow, elytra with large median black patch; antennomeres 1 to base of 4 yellow, apical antennomeres black; tibiae yellowish brown except apex dark brown; pronotum strongly transverse; elytra striae not incised, replaced by rows of fine punctures; disc shallowly depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6; sutural angles simple, without pointed denticles (Fig. 14H); female abdominal sternite VII with apical margin straight at middle (Fig. 8A). Comparisons. P. sciakyi sp. n. is the only known species in the subgenus Crossoglossa which has a black patch on elytra. Besides the conspicuous large patch, the new species is also different from all other species of the P. testacea species group by: (1) elytral sutural angles not at all pointed, without denticles or spines; (2) pronotum much wider (PW/PL 1.82) than other species (PW/PL 1.60–1.71); (3) elytra microsculpture stronger than in other species. Description. Body length 11.3 mm. Body wide and stout, elytra subconvex. Color. Head yellowish brown, slightly darker than pronotum, pronotum pale yellow; antennomeres 1 to 3 yellowish brown, apex of 2 and 3 slightly darker, antennomere 4 gradually darkened from brown base to black apex, remaining antennomeres black, apex of antennomere 11 yellow; apex and inner margins of mandibles black; apex of laciniae and galea black; terminal labial palpomere black except apex, terminal and penultimate maxillary palpomeres black except apex. Elytra with margins pale yellow, disc with a conspicuous trapezoidal black patch, extended from basal pore basally to apical pore on interval 3 apically, extended to interval 6 near humerus and to interval 8 on outer apical angle. Scutellum yellow. Tibiae yellowish brown, apex dark brown; tarsomeres black; claws yellow. Venter of head reddish brown; metasternum and metaepisterna black; remaining parts of venter pale yellow. Head without microsculpture, vertex and frons with fine punctures; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction slightly less than one-third of eyes' diameter; postgenae with a pair of long suborbital setae. Antennae barely reaching pronotum base. Mentum without median seta, lateral lobes extremely large, inner margins nearly straight, outer and apical margins widely rounded, epilobes very narrow; submentum with two setae on each side. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.82, distinctly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.26; widest at anterior third; lateral margin largely rounded, very weakly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded, obtuse; anterior margin slightly curved inward at middle; anterior angles widely rounded. Disc slightly convex, without microsculpture, with very fine and sparse punctures; lateral explanations very wide. Elytra with isodiametric microsculpture, very faint near base, fine but distinct in other regions. Striae well defined, not incised, replaced by rows of very fine punctures; intervals completely flat, with punctures much sparser than in striae; disc shallowly depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6, depressions subtriangular; lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal pores: first one on level of scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3, second one on basal two-fifth, adjacent to stria 3, third one on apical twelfth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 27 umbilicular pores.Apical truncation distinct, nearly straight; outer apical angles completely rounded; sutural angles not pointed, without denticles. Venter. Metasternum with short setae behind mesocoxae; abdominal sternite III to VI with long setae medially; in female, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two long setae on each side (Fig. 8A). Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, outer branch slightly wider than inner branch, similar in length, each branch with two long ensiform setae on apex (Fig. 11 γ). Male unknown. Distribution (Map 4, orange). Only known by the holotype from the Solomon Islands. Etymology. The new species is named for Dr. Riccardo Sciaky (Milano), who kindly provided several important specimens of Parena under his care for the present study, including this new species., Published as part of Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina), pp. 1-144 in Zootaxa 5286 (1) on pages 44-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958937

Aegognathus aguirei Arnaud and Bomans, 2007 (Figure 5c–d: 1J, 1♀) Aegognathus aguirei Arnaud and Bomans, 2007: 2 (original combination and description) Examined material Holotype J and allotype ♀: Peru, Ayacucho, dist. Chalcos, 1800 m, xi.2006, A. Damaso rec., in coll. CPFA. Paratypes 4J, 4♀, same data as holotype, in CPFA. Additional material Peru, Ayacucho, Sucre, Chalcos Distr., 1400 m, 18.xi.2007, A. Damaso coll. – 1♀, 3J (UNSM); Peru, Ayacucho, District of Chalcos., 1800 m, 19.ii.2007, D. Aguirre col. – 2♀, 2J (EPGC). Diagnosis Males dorsally dark red with carmine to bluish tones and black spots, ventrally black. Head shape trapezoidal, wider than elytra and larger compared with other Aegognathus species; temporal process rounded and somewhat lamellate; mandibles almost straight and wide. Pronotum wider than elytra. Elytral surface with coarse, dense to contiguous punctures, setae varying from dendritic to smooth. Gena with two oblique carinae besides the one at theposterior margin, present in all members of the genus; abdominal ventrite II laterally wrinkled. Dorsal cross bar of aedeagus slightly lobed posteriorly. Females with normal size heads, showing darker tones along whole body; body surface with coarse, dense to contiguous punctation; elytra with distinct yellowish setae laterally; gena lacking oblique carinae, instead with a strong and conspicuous, coarse punctation. Description – male Size: Total length. 15.6–16 mm. Total width. 5–7 mm. Colour: In dorsal view dark red, with carmine to bluish tones and black spots. Head mainly black except for a dark carmine region medially. Pronotum dark red with two black spots. Elytra carmine with bluish reflections along disc, darker close to margins. Legs seem black at first glance but on closer examination are dark red. Ventrally mainly black with some dark red regions along the gula and coxae. Head: Shape somewhat trapezoidal, emarginate anteriorly, wider than elytra and larger compared with other Aegognathus species; surface shagreened, mainly glabrous, anterior margin with an interrupted band of yellowish setae; temporal process distinct, rounded and somewhat lamellate. Mandibles as long as the head and the anterior portion of pronotum, less curved compared with other members of the genus, wide, with two rounded basal teeth, one located more over the anterior third, rounded apically. Pronotum: Wider than elytra; surface shagreened with some moderate to somewhat large punctures along the posterior region, with yellowish short setae along lateral and posterior margins; anterior angles rounded and somewhat convex; sides convergent posteriorly; posterior angles rounded. Elytra: Surface strongly punctured, punctures coarse, dense to somewhat contiguous at some striae, with yellowish dendritic setae mainly distributed along disc, becoming smooth and suberect over lateral and posterior regions, setae more distinct closer to margins. Epipleuron with large to coarse punctures, with short yellowish setae. Legs: Protibiae externally serrate with variable number of teeth but presenting at least two strong ones at apex, one internal tooth and one apical spur. Mesotibiae with two median teeth, when two present the second one reduced, four apical teeth and two apical spurs. Metatibiae with one median tooth, apically as described for mesotibiae. Venter: Mentum trapezoidal with a weak transverse groove present in some individuals; surface punctured, punctures moderate to large, with yellowish curved to somewhat appressed smooth setae. Gena with two oblique carinae, also with a curved one along the posterior margin, strongly but not densely punctured, punctures large over posterior region, coarse anteriorly, glabrous to poorly covered by setae. Prosternum strongly punctate, punctures large to coarse, dense, mainly distributed along lateral portions, with yellowish appressed setae. Mesoventrite punctate, punctures moderate to large, dense, mainly distributed medially, with yellowish appressed to suberect setae. Metaventrite punctate mainly along anterior margin and lateral portions, punctures large to somewhat coarse, with yellowish curved setae; discrimen present as a continuous suture, becoming a distinct groove posteriorly. Abdominal ventrites mainly punctate laterally, punctures large to somewhat coarse, densely distributed at lateral portions, becoming sparse medially, with yellowish curved to appressed setae, and a somewhat continuous discrete longitudinal carina over lateral margins of every ventrite, ventrite II wrinkled. Genitalia (Figure 8c): Aedeagus symmetrical, subtriangular, somewhat convex along the proximal region and slightly divergent distally. Basal piece subtriangular with slightly convex sides; slightly convex in lateral view, disc translucent, 1.0 times longer than the parameres. Median lobe almost cylindrical, slightly convex distally, laterally punctured, in dorsal view with ′X̍-shaped cross bar struts that are slightly lobed posteriorly. Parameres rounded over the posterior margin, setose, almost straight in lateral view. Everted sac 1.5 times longer than the basal piece and parameres together, with two strap-like sclerites that end at the beginning of the apical third, apex subconical with concave lateral margins over the median portion, ending in the gonopore. Description – female Size: Total length. 12–15.6 mm. Total width. 4.7–5.5 mm. Colour: In dorsal view dark red, with darker tones along the head, and two large spots at pronotum. Elytra with dark red and black longitudinal interleaved lines. Legs presenting dark red tones distally. Ventrally black with a few dark red regions. Head: Smaller than male heads, about a half, not including the mandibles; surface highly punctate, punctures coarse, dense to contiguous with minute yellowish setae, also with some slightly carinate areas close to the anterior angles, and over the disc; anterior margin emarginate with an interrupted line of yellowish suberect setae; temporal process minute; mandibles reduced, being as long as the first half of the head, with acuminate apex and a median laminar tooth, asymmetrical, laminar teeth with three acuminate projections, more distinct at left mandible. Pronotum: Surface strongly punctate, punctures large to coarse, densely distributed along margins and somewhat contiguous at disc, with yellowish erect setae, mainly visible laterally; lateral margins somewhat convergent and rounded anteriorly, posterior margin as wide as elytra. Elytra: Surface highly punctate, punctures coarse, contiguous at disc and densely distributed along margins, with yellowish, curved, dendritic setae, more distinct along distal portions; weak irregular longitudinal costae present over each elytra. Legs: As in males except for presenting two to three median teeth at mesotibiae and one at metatibiae. Venter: As in males except for presenting more distinct punctation along whole venter; mentum and gena with coarse punctures, gena not carinate; discrimen present as a continuous suture at the metaventrite. Abdominal ventrites almost regular punctate, with yellowish appressed setae, and a somewhat continuous discrete longitudinal carina along lateral margins of every ventrite. Genitalia (Figure 8d): Styli symmetrical, almost quadrate, with a slightly concave apex and fine setae. Distal coxite with convex internal sides, externally somewhat sinuous. Proximal coxite almost straight, distally with a concave portion. Lateral paraproct with a truncate lateral extension, basally straight. Distribution Southern Peru, Central Cordillera. Yungas province (Morrone et al. 2022). Remarks A. aguirei shows colour patterns similar to those shown by several species of the genus, but it is probably most easily recognisable by its males with wider head, mandibles not curved and wide, temporal process somewhat lamellate, and a gena distinctly carinate. In the case of female specimens, the correct identification is more difficult. Aegognathus leuthneri, A. similis, A. damasoi, A. soulai and A. aguirei are all very similar, and the best characteristic to separate A. aguirei female from females of other species is likely the strong coarse punctation at the gena, that replaces the oblique carinae present in males., Published as part of Cáceres, Juan Sebastián D. & Grossi, Paschoal Coelho, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Aegognathus Leuthner, 1883 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), pp. 557-595 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 586-589, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198736, http://zenodo.org/record/7975445, {"references":["Arnaud P, Bomans H. 2007. Descriptions de trois nouvelles especes de Coleopteres Lucanidae du Perou. Besoiro. 16: 2 - 5.","Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodrigiuez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gomez JD. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: new map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 94 (1): 1 - 5. doi: 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167."]}

[25] Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, 1928 Habitus: Figs 50D, 50E, 50F. Male genitalia: Fig. 52. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11L. Andrewes, 1928: 17 (type locality: Nilgiri Hills; holotype in NHML); Jedlička, 1963: 441; Xie & Yu, 1993: 188 (Yunnan); Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1047 (Nepal); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89. Type material examined. Parena rubripicta Andrewes: Holotype (NHML, Fig. 50D): female, body length = 8.1 mm, pin mounted, "H.L. Andrewes. / Nilgiri Hills.", " 788 ", "Type" [red label]; " Parena / rubripicta / Type Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.". Paratypes: 1 male (NHML), "Co-type" [round label with yellow circle], " Doherty ", " 22809 ", " Birmah / Momeit ", "Fry Coll. / 1905.100.", " Parena / rubripicta / Cotype Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.". 1 female (NHML), "Niambur, Madras. / S.N. Chatterjee., 7.XI. 192 5 ", "Predaceous / on Hybloea / puera larva", " 301 ", "For. Res. Ins. / Dehra Dun ", "Co-type" [round label with green circle], " Parena / rubripicta / Cotype Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.". Non-type material examined. India: 1 ex (CMB), "India, West Bengalen, Distr. Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kunti village, 900 m, 11.VIII.1996, leg. N. Dangal". 3 ex (NHMB), "NE India, Arunachal Pr., Etalin vicinity, 800+- 100 m, 28°35' N95°52 E, Pacholatko leg. 1.-3.vi.2007 ". 1 ex (NHMB), "India-S. Kerala, Periyar Lk. 900 m, 13.-20.V.1991, leg. Jiri Kolibac". 4 ex (NHMB), "Kalimpong, 6th mi 800 m, 15.IV.1985 ", "Indien, Darjeeling D. Ch.J. Rai". 1 ex (NHMB), "Kalimpong, Chibo 900 m, 27.IV.1987 ", "Indien, Darjeeling D. Ch.J. Rai". 1 ex (NHMB), "S. India, Kerala, Thekkady; Periyar Lake; 9,34N, 77,10E, 900-1000 m, 19.-27.iv.1997; Dembicky & Pacholatko leg". 1 ex (NHMB), "S. India, Karnataka, W. Ghats, 20km W Talguppa, JOG Falls, 14°14' N 74°44 E, 500+- 200 m, P. Pacholatko leg. 22.-28.v.2002 ". 1 ex (NHMB), "Pudung 900 m, 3.V.1985 ", "Darjeeling D. India Bhakta B.". Nepal: 1 ex (NHMB), "Kali-G. Khola, Tatopani 1100-1400 m, 27-28.VI.1986 ", "Nepal, Dhawalagiri, C. Holzschuh". 1 ex (NHMB), "Nepal, Kosi-#14, Barabishe 27°26'N/ 87°18'E to Deorali 27°24'N/ 87°20'E, 560-1450 m, 13.vi.01", "NHMB Basel, expedition to Nepal 2001". Vietnam: 1 ex (MNHN), "Hoa-Binh, Tonkin, A. de Cooman", "Museum Paris, Coll. Ch. Alluaud". 1 ex (MNHN), "Tonkin, Region de, Hoa-Binh", "Museum Paris, 1931, A. de Cooman", "Museum Paris ex coll. R. Oberthur, 1952". 1 ex (MNHN), "Chapa, Tonkin, (ex. Jeanvoine), Coll. Clermont", "Museum Paris, 1988, Coll. J. Negre". 1 ex (MNHN), "Hoa-binh (Tonkin), (A. de cooman), Coll. J. Clermont", "Museum Paris, 1988, Coll. J. Negre". 1 ex (MNHN), "env. Hoah binh, Tonkin", "Museum Paris, 1988, Coll. J. Negre". 1 male (NHML), "Cochinchine, Tayninh, le 1.XII.1924, R. Vitalis de Salvaza". Myanmar: 1 ex (MNHN), "Hte Birmanie, Etat de Momeit, 600 m, Doherty, 1890", "Museum Paris, 1952, Coll. R. OBERthur". Thailand: 1 ex (MNHN), "Museum Paris, Isth, de KRA, harmand, 1885", "Museum Paris, ex Coll. R. Oberthur, 1952". China: 1 female (IZAS), " Guangxi, Longzhou, Daqingshan, 360 m, 1963.IV.19, Wang Shuyong lgt." . 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Meng’a, 1050-1080 m, 1958.V.29, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menglun Botany Garden, 2009.XII. 1, 560 m, Tang Guo lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Lincang, Zhenkang county, N23°54’18’’, E98°55’15’’, 855 m, 2009.XI.14, beating, Zhang Xiaoning lgt." . 1 female (HBUM), " 2007-8-8, Yunnan, Mengla, Menglun, Shi FM & Mao SL leg.". 1 male (HBUM), " Xizang, Mêdog, between Baibung-Mêdog, 800-1300 m, 2003.VIII.13, Ren Guodong lgt." . 1 male (IZAS), "China, Tibet, Mêdog, road to Gelin village, N29.481 E95.1881, 960 m, 2015.8.24 D, Liang HB coll.". Comparisons. This species is most similar to P. bicolor, distinguished as follows: (1) elytra with a median red patch of one to four intervals width, versus elytra entirely metallic in P. bicolor; (2) right margin of median lobe distinctly sinuate before the apex (Fig. 52), versus only very weakly sinuate in P. bicolor (Fig. 51); (3) P. ribripicta occurs on the Asian mainland and P. bicolor is known only from the Malay Archipelago. P. rubripicta may be also confused with some species in the P. latecincta group based on a similar appearance, but it is readily distinguished from them by the presence of suborbital setae. Description. Body length 7.1–8.8 mm. Head and pronotum reddish yellow to dark brown; antennae completely reddish brown or apical seven antennomeres slightly darker than basal ones; elytra metallic green, copperish green in some specimens, with a median red patch of one to four intervals width, with the patch edge not distinctly defined; epipleura reddish brown; venter of head and prothorax same as dorsum, venter of mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen red to dark reddish brown; legs reddish brown, femoral apices darker in some specimens. Postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; antennae barely extended pronotum base; labrum quadrate, apex very weakly protruded at middle; mentum with a pair of short median setae. Pronotum nearly cordate, PW/PL = 1.28–1.40, nearly same width as head, PW/HW = 0.99–1.04; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then distinctly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface without or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture; striae very shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals weakly convex, very sparsely punctate; disc with large shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and most of length of mesotarsomeres 2 and 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus slightly slender, gradually narrowed to apex, ventral margin nearly straight; right margin distinctly sinuate before apex in dorsal view; apical lamella wide and short, apex rounded, weakly bent upward in lateral view; endophallus identical to that of P. bicolor. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, same length as basal width, apex strongly concave, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, and two on outer apical angle. Distribution (Map 9, green). India, Nepal, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, China (Xizang, Yunnan, Guangxi). Remarks. This species differs from P. bicolor only in the color of elytra and subtle differences in the apex of male genitalia. Considering their allopatric distributions and stable differences, we treat them as distinct species., Published as part of Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina), pp. 1-144 in Zootaxa 5286 (1) on pages 89-90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958937, {"references":["Andrewes, H. E. (1928) On the types of Oriental Carabidae described by V. de Motschulsky. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 76, 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1928. tb 01185. x","Jedlicka, A. (1963) Monographie der Truncatipennen aus Ostasien, Lebiinae- Odacanthinae- Braehyninae (Coleptera, Carabidae). Entomologische Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Staatlichen Museum fuer Tierkunde in Dresden, 28, 269 - 579.","Xie, W. P. & Yu, P. Y. (1993) On the Chinese species of Parena Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 185 - 195.","Kirschenhofer, E. (1994) Neue und wenig bekannte Carabidae aus der palaarktischen und orientalischen Region (Col. Carabidae, Lebiinae, Odacanthinae, Brachininae, Panagaeinae). Linzer Biologische Beitrage, 26, 999 - 1067.","Kirschenhofer, E. (2006) Neue Arten der Gattung Parena Motschulsky aus Japan, China Und Indonesien (Sulawesi) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Mitteilungen des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins E. V. Frankfurt, 31 (3 - 4), 87 - 103."]}

Aegognathus similis Arnaud and Bomans, 2006 (Figure 4f–g: 1J, 1♀) Aegognathus similis Arnaud and Bomans, 2006a: 5 (original combination and description) Examined material Holotype J and allotype ♀: Peru, Huánuco, Chinchao, 1800 m, i.2006, in coll. CPFA. Paratypes 2J, 1♀, Peru, same data as holotype, in CPFA. Additional material Peru, Huánuco, Bella Vista – Carpish, 3.000 m, vi.2006. – 1J (UNSM); Peru, Huánuco, Chinchao, S 09.634̍; W76.067, 1500–2000 m, vii.2005, coll. M. Büche. 1♀; Peru, 44 Huánuco, Chinchao, 1500–2000 m; iii.2006, M. Büche. 1♀ 1J (UNSM); Peru, Huánuco, Carpish, ii.2007, 2700 m, R. Koike leg. – 2♀ 4J (EPGC); same data but v.2006 2♀ 4J(CERPE). Diagnosis Body dorsally dark red to carmine red with blackish areas, also with two orange spots at pronotum, darker in some specimens, present in those cases as brownish regions. Mandibles with truncate apex and in some specimens with a preapical tooth. Elytral surface with coarse, contiguous punctation, also with yellowish dendritic setae. Abdominal ventrites with coarse to large punctures, moderate to sparse along whole ventrites except V which present a denser punctation. Dorsal cross bar at genitalia poorly lobed. Females same as males except for showing darker tones along body, also differing in the presence of coarse, dense to contiguous punctures along the body. Mandibles asymmetrical with laminar teeth, showing three tooth-like projections, more distinct at left mandible. Female genitalia similar to those of Aegognathus soulai females except for presenting an antero-posterior fine compression. Description – male Size: Total length. 17.2–23 mm. Total width. 3.8–9 mm. Colour: In dorsal view mainly with dark red to carmine red tones, also with somewhat orange tones. Head dark red mainly over the anterior region, becoming darker posteriorly, showing an almost black tone. Pronotum dark orange with two darker spots, somewhat black. Elytra mainly black, with dark red longitudinal interleaved regions. Legs black with some dark reddish tones. In ventral view mainly black with dark red tones. Head: Shape transverse; surface shagreened, with minute yellowish setae distributed along lateral and posterior margins. Temporal process weak, rounded. Mandibles as long as head and the anterior portion of pronotum; bend inwards with truncate apex, sometimes with a preapical transverse tooth; medially with an upwardly directed rounded tooth. Pronotum: Surface shagreened, with dense, large to coarse punctures along lateral and posterior margins; anterior angles rounded and somewhat convex; posterior angles rounded. Elytra: Surface with coarse to somewhat contiguous punctures, with small yellowish dendritic setae. Epipleuron with large, densely distributed punctures, with minute yellowish setae. Legs: Protibiae externally serrate with variable number of teeth but with at least two strong ones distally, one internal tooth at the apex and one apical spur. Mesotibiae with one to two median teeth, four apical teeth and two apical spurs. Metatibiae with one median tooth, apically as described for mesotibiae. Venter: Mentum trapezoidal with a transverse groove, punctate, punctures large and moderate with yellowish appressed setae. Gena with coarse punctures, moderately distributed, almost sparse, with a curved carina over the posterior region. Prosternum with coarse to large, densely distributed punctures, with small yellowish appressed setae. Mesoventrite punctate mainly over the median region and sides, punctures large to coarse, dense, with yellowish appressed setae. Metaventrite with large to coarse punctures, moderate, with yellowish appressed setae; discrimen present as a continuous suture from the mesosternal process to the posterior margin of the metaventrite. Abdominal ventrites punctate, punctures large to somewhat coarse, moderate to sparse, dense at ventrite V, with yellowish appressed setae; all ventrites with a somewhat continuous weak longitudinal carina along lateral margins. Genitalia (Figure 7f): Aedeagus symmetrical, subtriangular and rounded at the anterior margin. Basal piece subtriangular, slightly convex at sides, with a larger and clearer translucent area over the disc compared with other Aegognathus species; 2.4 times longer than the parameres. Median lobe almost cylindrical, dorsally presenting an ′X̍-shaped cross bar strut poorly lobed over the posterior and anterior margins. Parameres almost straight in lateral view; rounded distally; setose. Internal sac about the same length as the basal piece and parameres together, with two strap-like sclerites that end at the beginning of the last third; darkened apically showing an almost cylindrical apex, with a minute emargination along sides and ending in the gonopore. Description – female Size: Total length. 11–12.1 mm. Total width. 3–4 mm. Colour: In dorsal view with dark red and brownish tones, darker at head, with two blackish spots at pronotum. Elytra showing darker tones, close to carmine red. Ventrally mostly carmine. Head: Smaller than male heads, about a half, not including mandibles; surface highly punctate, punctures coarse, somewhat contiguous with small yellowish erect setae; shape somewhat rectangular, emarginated at anterior margin; temporal process minute; mandibles asymmetrical, reduced, being as large as the first half of head, with acuminate apex and a median laminar tooth that shows three tooth-like projections, being more distinct at left laminar tooth. Pronotum: Surface strongly punctate, punctures coarse and contiguous with yellowish dendritic setae; bordered all around and presenting the same band of yellowish setae along the anterior and posterior margins; lateral margins somewhat convergent anteriorly, posterior margin as wide as elytra. Elytra: Surface highly punctate, punctures coarse, dense to contiguous, with small yellowish dendritic setae; one to two weak irregular longitudinal costae present over each elytron. Legs: As in males except for presenting two to three median teeth at mesotibiae. Venter: Strongly punctate, punctures coarse to large, densely distributed along whole venter, with yellowish appressed setae; discrimen more distinct than in males, present as a suture or a weak groove. Abdominal ventrites with a somewhat continuous weak longitudinal carina along lateral margins. Genitalia (Figure 7g): Styli flattened, with conspicuous setae. External margins of distal coxite slightly concave. Proximal coxite elongate, with almost straight margins. Distal portion of lateral paraproct extended laterally. Distribution Central Peru, Central Cordillera. Yungas-Ucayali provinces (Morrone et al. 2022). Remarks This species is remarkably more convex and shiny than all the other Aegognathus species., Published as part of Cáceres, Juan Sebastián D. & Grossi, Paschoal Coelho, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Aegognathus Leuthner, 1883 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), pp. 557-595 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 578-580, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198736, http://zenodo.org/record/7975445, {"references":["Arnaud P, Bomans H. 2006 a. Descriptions de deux genres et quatre nouvelles especes de Coleopteres Lucanidae du Perou. Besoiro. 12: 2 - 7.","Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodrigiuez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gomez JD. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: new map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 94 (1): 1 - 5. doi: 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167."]}

[35] Parena (Parena) monticola Shibata, 1987 Habitus: Figs 69C, 69D. Male genitalia: Fig. 71. Shibata, 1987: 63 (type locality: Taiwan, Nantou; holotype in KCMI: Kashihara City Museum of Insects, Kashihara, Japan); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89. Misidentification: Parena bicolor Motschulsky: Xie & Yu, 1993: 190 (Anhui). Non-type material examined. China: 1 female (IZAS), " Huangshan, June 21 1936 ". 1 male (IZAS), " Jiangxi, Wugongshan, 1300–1900 m, 2008.VII.15-16, Yang Zaihua lgt. ". 1 female (IZAS), " Guizhou, Leishan, Fangxiang, 900 m, Liu Ye lgt., 2005.IX.18 ". 1 female (CRS), "China. C Sichuan, Emei Shan, 24.- 26.6.1996, Scepal lgt.". 1 male (NHMB), " China: Sichuan Mt. Emei, 1050 m, 18.VII.1990, L.&M. Bocak lgt." . 1 teneral male (MTMB), "Taiwan, Taipei county, Haeng-Ly Dyi, around lights, 14-24.XI.2002, L. Ronkay & O. Merkl. ". 1 female (CCCC), " Taiwan, Taichung county, Hoping, Kukuan, Chen Changchin lgt. 1994.VI.20 ". Comparisons. This species differs from other species of the genus by the combination of: elytra entirely metallic green, postgenae without suborbital setae, and males with adhesive setae on mesotarsomere 1. Compared with other species in this group, P. monticola is most similar to P. pendleburyi in having elytra without lateral stripes and microsculpture. However, P. monticola is different in having elytra without reddish copper lustre on elytral humeri and subapices, elytral striae deeper, elytra discal depressions deeper, venter lighter in color, and apical lamella of aedeagus narrower. This species is also similar to P. bicolor in having elytra entirely metallic green. However, P. monticola is slightly larger in body size, most specimens have the elytra with a slightly copperish hue, and, most importantly, the postgenae lack suborbital setae. Description. Body length 8.5–9.1 mm. Head and pronotum dark brown to piceous, strongly polished; mouthparts yellowish brown, apices of mandibles dark brown; basal four antennomeres reddish brown, apical ones dark brown; pronotal disc much darker than lateral explanations; elytra metallic copperish green in most specimens, cyanic green in some specimens, without distinct pattern, but disc often somewhat brown; elytral suture mostly brown, gradually graded to green in apical third; elytral lateral margins and epipleura brown without metallic hue; legs yellowish brown, apices of femora sometimes slightly darker; venter reddish brown to dark brown. Vertex distinctly punctate; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex usually very weakly pointed at middle; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens. Pronotum sub-cordate, PW/PL = 1.34–1.37, usually slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.94–1.02; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse; disc usually with transverse wrinkles. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, without microsculpture; striae well incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals convex, with denser punctures than previous two species; disc with large shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 2, and almost full length of mesotarsomere 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII nearly straight in males. Median lobe of aedeagus stout (AL/AW = 4.1), right margin weakly sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella thick, rounded-triangular in dorsal view, LL slightly greater than LW, not declined to left; subuliform in lateral view, apex not bent upward. Endophallus with very large flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending almost to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well-defined, basal core indistinct; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, similar size as basal sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; distal sac same size as proximal sac, closer to apex. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly trapezoid, slightly longer than width, apex curved, angulate near inner apical angle, with two ensiform setae on outer apical angle, three on inner apical angle, one of them slightly distant from other two. Distribution (Map 11, green). China (Taiwan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan)., Published as part of Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina), pp. 1-144 in Zootaxa 5286 (1) on pages 117-118, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958937, {"references":["Shibata, T. (1987) Three new species and a new record of Carabidae from Taiwan (Truncatipennes) (Coleoptera). Entomological Review of Japan, 42 (1), 63 - 67.","Kirschenhofer, E. (2006) Neue Arten der Gattung Parena Motschulsky aus Japan, China Und Indonesien (Sulawesi) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Mitteilungen des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins E. V. Frankfurt, 31 (3 - 4), 87 - 103.","Xie, W. P. & Yu, P. Y. (1993) On the Chinese species of Parena Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Sinozoologia, 10, 185 - 195."]}

Aegognathus waterhousei Leuthner, 1883, by monotypy. Diagnosis Body colour from entirely black to body surface with reddish and bluish tones with black spots. Males, head transverse and emarginate; ocular canthus covering first third of eyes; mandibles strongly curved inwards with one median tooth, mandibles straight in one species, in that case head wider than elytra. Pronotum with a longitudinal groove at disc, anterior margin with a continuous fringe of setae. Head and pronotal surface shagreened, elytral surface with coarse punctures, dense to contiguous. Ventrally with variable size of punctation, almost uniform along prosternum, meso- and metaventrite. Abdominal ventrites laterally carinate. Genitalia mostly subtriangular, sometimes elongate and cylindrical, with long everted sac, flat and short in one species; dorsal cross bar ′X̍ shaped. Females same as males except for presenting darker colour tones, reduced heads, short mandibles, asymmetrical with acuminate apex and one laminar tooth. Body surface with coarse, dense to contiguous punctures. Description – male Colour: Variable, entirely black, with small dark red areas, in some cases presenting red to orange tones along body; elytra sometimes with bluish reflections, and covered by yellow small setae. Head: Shape transverse; surface, shagreened; anterior margin emarginate medially; usually with almost parallel lateral margins. Antennae 10 segmented, lamellae with yellowish setae over distal region. Ocular canthus covering only the first third of eyes. Mandibles strongly curved inwards, with a long medial internal tooth directed upwards, reduced or absent in small males; apex acuminate to truncate, some species with wavy inner margin; one species (A. aguirei) with wide, flat, less curved mandibles, lacking the median tooth. Pronotum: Anterior margin slightly emarginate, margins completely bordered, interrupted on the anterior margin, with a continuous band of yellowish setae; anterior angles rounded to acute, sides almost straight, narrowing near the posterior angles; surface shagreened, disc usually flat, weakly concave. Elytra: Surface strongly and uniformly punctate, punctures large to coarse, dense to somewhat contiguous, with white to yellow smooth or dendritic setae, sometimes with some longitudinal costae, never smooth. Epipleuron punctures moderate to large. Legs: Protibiae showing variable number of external teeth but presenting at least two strong distal ones; one apical spur, glabrous. Mesotibiae and metatibiae with four apical teeth, inner spur slightly longer and slenderer than the external one; mesotibiae sometimes with 1–3 median acuminate teeth; metatibiae usually with one median acuminate tooth only. Venter: Mentum trapezoidal, punctate, usually with small yellowish appressed setae, anterior margin not differentiated. Gena punctate, showing a posterior carina that clearly delimits its posterior margin. Prosternum punctate with yellowish appressed setae; anterior and posterior margins showing a fringe of yellowish setae. Mesoventrite punctate with appressed yellowish setae, concentrated medially. Metaventrite moderately punctate over the median region, with yellowish appressed setae that become denser laterally. Discrimen present as a longitudinal suture along the metaventrite. Abdominal ventrites usually bordered, sometimes with a weak to distinct carina along lateral margins; puncture size variable, with a dense to sparse distribution. Genitalia: Genital capsule simple with dark and translucent regions; aedeagus shape usually subtriangular; basal piece with a translucent area over the disc; median lobe elongate, sides parallel, never folded, with an ′H̍ to ′X̍-shaped cross bar, never as a transverse bar; everted internal sac flat to cylindrical, apex generally cylindrical, darkened by minute spicules. Description – female Colour: As in males but always presenting darker tones along the whole body. Head: Shape subquadrate, smaller than males, narrower than the pronotum; strongly punctate; mandibles asymmetrical, presenting a transverse tooth with variable shape. Pronotum: Surface strongly and uniformly punctate, angles more distinct, anterior ones usually acute, posterior ones somewhat rounded; anterior margins reaching the posterior region of head. Elytra: Surface strongly punctate, punctures contiguous, coarse with yellowish erect setae, becoming denser posteriorly. Legs: General aspect stronger, less slender, with a variable number of external teeth on protibiae. Venter: Punctures more distinct, and almost uniformly distributed along entire ventral surface; discrimen generally more distinct than in males. Genitalia: Gonostyli symmetrical, slightly prolonged laterally with somewhat truncate posterior margin presenting some scattered setae. Accessory gland wide, almost as large as the gonocoxites together. Bursa copulatrix slightly wider at base, becoming narrower distally, sometimes uniformly wide, cylindrical. Spermatheca narrow, ′C̍ shaped with sclerotised dilated apex. Spermathecal gland absent. Supra anal projection subtriangular, with acuminate to rounded apex. Distribution Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. South American Transition Zone and Brazilian sub-region (Pacific and South Brazilian dominions) (Morrone et al. 2022). Remarks Aegognathus Leuthner, in its new sense, includes nine species distributed in Colombia (two species), Ecuador (one species) and Peru (seven species). Aegognathus leuthneri Van de Poll, 1886 is reported from both Colombia and Ecuador. For the key to Aegognathus species, see Cáceres et al. (2019)., Published as part of Cáceres, Juan Sebastián D. & Grossi, Paschoal Coelho, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Aegognathus Leuthner, 1883 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), pp. 557-595 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 567-570, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198736, http://zenodo.org/record/7975445, {"references":["Leuthner F. 1883. Aegognathus waterhousei, a new genus and species of Dorcidae from Peru. Trans Entomol Soc. 4: 445 - 447.","Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodrigiuez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gomez JD. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: new map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 94 (1): 1 - 5. doi: 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167.","Van De Poll JRH. 1886. Description of a second species of the Lucanoid genus Aegognathus Leuthner 29. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie. 29: 153 - 154.","Caceres JSD, Rios-Malaver I, Grossi PC. 2019. Taxonomic contribution on the Andean species of Aegognathus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) with two new species from Colombia and Peru. J Nat Hist. 53 (35 - 36): 2145 - 2164. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2019.1692089."]}

[23] Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. nov. Habitus: Figs 47B, 47C. Male genitalia: Fig. 49. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11J. Type locality. Sichuan, Kangding County, Yangchang valley, N30.127, E102.161, 1650 m. Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 47B): male, body length= 6.4 mm, board mounted, " Sichuan prov., Kangding county / Guza town, Yangchang valley " [in Chinese], "23.VII.05 / Wen Liang" [in Chinese], "Tsuga"[in Chinese], "IOZ(E)1891837", "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / emarginata sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Paratype (IZAS): 1 female, " CHINA, Sichuan, Ebian / county, Heizhugou forestry / park, mixed forest / N29.03432 E102.98993 ", " 1800 m, 2012.VI.17, / on vegetation. / HUANG Hao lgt", "IOZ(E)1700239", "PARATYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / triguttata sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Diagnostic characters. Dorsum reddish yellow, elytra with three black patches: a pair of basal spots close to elytra base, covering first discal pore; subapical spots completely continuous at elytral suture, forming single large median patch with anterior margin projected to elytral basal third, interval 1 black inside median patch; labrum with apex straight; median lobe of aedeagus not narrowed at apex, apical lamella short, LW much greater than LL. Comparisons. The new species is distinguished within subgenus Bothynoptera by its unique elytra pattern. It is very similar to P. gonggaica sp. n. Externally, they are only slightly different in the elytra pattern and occur in the same general geographical area. However, their very different male genitalia support their status are distinct species. Description. Body length 6.4–7.0 mm; body relatively narrow for the genus; dorsum without microsculpture. Color. Dorsum mostly vivid reddish yellow, head and pronotum slightly darker than elytra; mouthparts and antennae yellow, apices of mandibles dark. Pronotum with disc slightly darker than sides. Elytra with three black patches: a pair of elongate spots slightly distant from elytra base, length between level of scutellar apex and elytra basal third, width from intervals 4 to 6, its inner margin covering first setigerous pore on interval 3; subapical spots continuous at elytral suture, forming single large median patch near apical third of elytra, extended to interval 6 at its widest point, anterior margin extended to elytral basal third, interval 1 black inside subapical patch. Scutellum, epipleura, legs, and venter reddish yellow. Head with very sparse punctures and short wrinkles on vertex and occiput; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, as long as supraorbital setae. Antennae extended beyond elytral base by length of only one antennomere. Labrum nearly quadrate, apex straight; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of long median setae, lateral lobes short and wide, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins completely rounded, epilobes wide. Pronotum nearly rectangular, PW/PL = 1.32–1.35, about same width as head, PW/HW = 1.00–1.04, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins fully rounded at anterior half and then narrowed to base with distinct sinuation before posterior angles; posterior angles weakly pointed outwards, forming rectangular angles with rounded apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin oblique at sides and slightly sinuate at middle; disc convex, with very fine transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex. Striae shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures, almost reaching elytral apices; intervals slightly convex, with sparse fine punctures. Disc without depression, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on a level much behind scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 22–23 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. In both sexes, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical third of mesotarsomere 2 and apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 3. Male genitalia. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, length / median width = 3.6; in lateral view, ventral margin weakly expanded near middle, apical lamella not bent to dorsum; in dorsal view, apical portion slightly narrowed and strongly bent to right, apical lamella wide, LL much smaller than LW, apex widely rounded. Endophallus with squamate sac well divided. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly less than basal width, apex slightly concave, with six or seven ensiform setae, two or three near each angle, one near middle of apical margin. Distribution (Map 8, orange). China (Sichuan). Only known from two specimens from Kangding and Ebian respectively. Etymology. The scientific name of the new species is composed of two Latin roots, " tri- " meaning three and " gutt- " meaning spots, referring to the three black patches on elytra.

[10] Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. nov. Habitus: Figs 26A, 26B. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11A. Type locality. NE Laos. Houaphan Prov., Mt. Phu Pane, N20°12' E103°59', 1200–1900 m. Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 26A): female, body length = 8.5 mm, board mounted, "NE LAOS / Hua Phan Prov., MT. Phu Pane / 1200–1900 m, 18.V.-2.VI.2012 / 20°12'N 103°59'E / St Jakl and Lao Collectors Lgt. ", "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / heteronycha sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Paratype: 1 female (CRS), " LAOS NE / PHU PANE prov. / BAN SALUEI 900–1400 M / 10.- 25.6.2010 / ST. JAKL LGT. ", "PARATYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / heteronycha sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Diagnostic characters. Elytra gradually turned from dark brown at base to light yellow at apex; elytra dorsal pores forming black umbilicular spots, in sharp contrast with yellow background; pronotum lateral margins strongly sinuate before posterior angles; pronotum base and sixth interval of elytra with small humps; mandibles moderately widened with strongly extended apical hooks; claws asymmetric: outer claw normal, inner claw elongate with pectinations restricted on basal half (opposite for prolegs). Comparisons. The new species is conspicuous in the genus, and different from other congenetic species by its distinctive color, asymmetric claws, and many other special features mentioned above. Description. Body length 8.5–8.7 mm; body relatively narrow in the genus, elytra subconvex, widened to apex; dorsum without microsculpture. Color. Head dark brown, clypeus, frons, and genae distinctly lighter; antennae largely light yellow, antennomere 1 slightly darkened; labrum dark brown; mandibles yellow, gradually darkened to apex; mentum yellow, terminal labial and maxillary palpomeres black with yellow apex, other palpomeres yellowish brown. Pronotum dark brown with pale yellow narrow lateral margins. Elytra base dark brown, gradually turned to pale yellow before middle, background of apical half evenly pale yellow; elytral dorsal pores black, forming dark umbilicular spots in sharp contrast with light background; epipleura same color as elytra. Scutellum dark brown. Prosternum light yellow with darker lateral sides; venter of meso- and metathorax dark brown; abdominal sternite yellow, basal two segments slightly darker. Legs pale yellow, meso- and metafemora with dark brown and light yellow stripes, setose area near mesotibiae apex dark brown. Head. Vertex finely punctate and rugose, occiput finely punctate; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of short suborbital setae, suborbital setae about one-third as long as supraorbital ones. Antennae slightly exceeding pronotum base. Labrum quadrate; mandibles distinctly longer than other species of the genus, lateral margins moderately widened at middle, apical hooks extended and pointed, not evidently turned inward, retinacular ridge of right mandible about two-thirds length of terebral ridge; mentum with a pair of very short median setae, lateral lobes short and narrow, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins slightly curved, epilobes rather wide. Pronotum narrow, PW/PL = 1.19–1.20, slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.88–0.92; widest at anterior third, constricted to base and then widened, posterior margin only slightly narrower than widest point; lateral explanations narrow; lateral margins slightly rounded at anterior half, and then strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles acute, sharply pointed outwards, apex rounded; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin oblique at sides. Disc convex, with very fine and sparse punctures and transverse wrinkles, with a pair of small humps near base; median line interrupted at middle, forming shallow dimples near anterior and posterior ends. Elytra uneven at base, interval 6 with two small humps at basal quarter and middle, interval 8 shallowly uneven through its length. Striae not incised, replaced by rows of very fine punctures; intervals with fine and sparse punctures. Elytral basal pore present on base of first stria; interval 3 with three large discal pores in black color: first one on a level much behind scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3, second one on middle, adjacent to stria 3, third one largest, on apical twelfth; interval 9 with 21–22 umbilicular pores, with six or seven small ones near outer apical angles yellow, the others larger and black; interval 7 with one black pore near apex. Apical truncation distinct, nearly straight; outer apical angles distinct; sutural angles slightly pointed, forming short denticles. Legs. Metatarsomere 4 asymmetrically bilobed, outer lobe much longer than inner one; tarsomere 5 slightly longer and slenderer than in other species of the genus, with lobes of tarsomere 4 only reaching its basal third; claws asymmetrical: inner claw of meso- and meta-legs longer than outer one (opposite for prolegs), with seven or eight pectinations restricted to basal half of claw and shorter than those on outer claw, apical half smooth and elongated; outer claws as in other species, with seven or eight longer pectinations. Venter. Metasternum densely and shortly setose; abdominal sternite III to VI with a few accessory setae; in females, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly greater than basal width, apex curved, with six ensiform setae nearly evenly arranged. Male unknown. Distribution (Map 5, red). Only known from NE Laos, Houaphan Province. Localities of two known specimens are very close to each other, both not far from Ban Saleuy (20°13'30" N 103°59'26" E). Etymology. The scientific name of the new species is composed of two Greek roots, " hetero- " meaning unequal and " onych- " meaning claw, referring to its asymmetric claws. Remarks. The highly derived external features of this species, in particular the elongated mandible apex (Fig. 26C) and asymmetric claws (Figs 26E–G), suggest a specialized habitat. However, no biology data are available for this species.

[39] Parena (Parena) fulva sp. nov. Habitus: Figs 73C, 73D. Male genitalia: Fig. 75. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11U. Type locality. Tanzania, Dodoma, S6.17, E35.74, 1120 m. Type material. Holotype (MNHN, Fig. 73C): male, body length= 9.2 mm, board mounted, " Dodoma, E. Afr. / H.L. Andrewes, 1918 ", " Crossoglossa / ferruginea / Chaud. / Alluaud, det. 19 30 ", "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label], "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Parena) / fulva sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Paratypes (a total of 4 males, 3 females): Tanzania : 1 female (MNHN), " Dodoma, E. Afr. / H.L. Andrewes, 1918 "; "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label]. 1 male (NHML), " Dodoma, E. Afr. / H.L. Andrewes, 1918 ", " Crossoglossa / ferruginea / Chaud. / Alluaud. det. 1924", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.". 2 males (NHML), " Dodoma, E. Afr. / H.L. Andrewes, 1918 ", " H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.". Zimbabwe: 1 female (CSF), "ZIMBABWE-S / BUBI env. / Bubi river / lgt. S. Bečvář 8.xii.1998 "; " Parena / ferruginea / CHD. / Det. Facchini " . 1 female (NHML), " S. Rhodesia: / Victoria Falls. / December 1915 / R. Lowe Thompson ", "Pres. By / Imp. Bur. Ent. / Brit. Mus. / 1925-184.", " Metallica / ? sp. nov. ", " Parena / ferruginea Chaud / E.B. Britton. / det. 6.3. 193 6 " . 1 male (NHML), " Rhodesia / Salisbury / ja. O'herl / 1920.143 ", " Empanduri /13.1.19", "Pres. by / Imp. Bur. Ent.", " Crossoglossa / ferruginea, Chd. / DET. FR. DESCR. / G.A.K. MARSHALL." . Diagnostic characters. Dorsum yellowish brown, elytra without pattern; antennae with basal three antennomeres yellow, apical half of fourth and remaining tarsomeres black; tarsi black; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with lateral margins nearly straight before posterior angles; elytra discal depression indistinct; median lobe of aedeagus very stout; apical lamella thick and coniform. Comparisons. P. fulva sp. n. is different from most African species in having suborbital setae. Compared with the two other African species with suborbital setae, the new species can be readily distinguished in having the dorsum with paler color, antennae distinctly bicolored, elytra without discal depressions, and pronotum with lateral margins nearly straight before posterior angles. From the original labels, we found that several specimens of this new species were misidentified as P. ferruginea. However, P. fulva sp. n. is different from the latter species in having suborbital setae present and the pronotum wider and with lateral margins only faintly sinuate before posterior angles. In several important features, the "unicolor" form of P. fasciata distributed in the Oriental Realm is most similar to P. fulva sp. n., but the Oriental species differs in having antennae uniformly yellow and male genitalia much slenderer. The new species also differs from all other African species in having its male genitalia very stout (AL/AW = 3.7–3.9), resembling some species from the Oriental realm, such as P. latecincta. Description. Body length 9.2–10.4 mm; body median-sized in the genus, subconvex. Color. Dorsum uniformly yellowish brown, head and pronotal disc slightly darker than elytra; apices of mandibles dark brown; antennae distinctly bicolor: antennomeres 1–3, and basal half of antennomere 4 yellowish brown, remainder of antennae nearly black; venter uniformly reddish brown; legs yellowish brown, tarsomeres dark brown. Head with sparse fine punctures on vertex; frons with shallow V-shaped depression; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, slightly shorter than supraorbital ones. Antennae nearly extended to pronotal base. Labrum quadrate, apex weakly convex; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of very short median setae, lateral lobes short and wide, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins completely rounded, epilobes wide. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.46–1.56, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.01–1.08, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins rounded at anterior half and then gradually narrowed to base, straight before posterior angles; posterior angles obtuse, rounded at apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin gradually oblique at sides; disc convex, usually with very fine punctures and transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture. Striae very shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures; intervals faintly convex, with very sparse fine punctures. Disc without depressions, lateral sides weakly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on level of scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 24–26 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, outer angles completely rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. Apex of abdominal sternite VII with two setae on each side in both sexes, straight in females, very weakly emarginate in males. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Male genitalia. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout (AL/AW = 3.7–3.9); in lateral view, ventral margin slightly swollen near middle, dorsal margin strongly expanded, apical lamella thick, coniform, very weakly bent to dorsum; in dorsal view, right margin weakly sinuate before apex, apical lamella narrow, LL equal to LW, slightly narrowed to apex, apex rounded. Endophallus with very large and thick flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum thick and short, extending slightly beyond middle of median lobe; apical sclerite widely V-shaped, weakly defined, basal core distinct, strongly extended forming a well-defined transverse scaled belt; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, smaller than basal sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal sac small and dorsal-ventrally compressed, distal sac larger than proximal sac. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly wider than length, apex nearly straight, weakly pointed near inner apical angle, with six ensiform setae on apical margin, two of them grouped on inner apical angle, other four equally arranged. Distribution (Map 12, red). Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Etymology. The scientific name " fulva " is derived from the Latin root " fulv- " meaning yellow. It refers to the uniformly reddish yellow dorsal color of the new species.

Aegognathus damasoi Arnaud and Bomans, 2006 (Figures 5a–b: 1J, 1♀) Aegognathus leuthneri damasoi Arnaud and Bomans, 2006c: 2 (original combination and description) Aegognathus damasoi Fujita, 2010: 288 (revised status) Examined material Holotype J and allotype ♀: Peru, Piura, Sicchez, 1400 m, 15.viii.2006, A. Damaso rec., in coll. CPFA. Paratypes 12J, 10♀, same data as holotype, in CPFA, and 1♀ 1J, labelled Peru, Huánuco, La Unión Llata, xii.2006, R. Koike leg. (EPGC). Additional material Peru, Piura region, Ayabaca, Sicchez, 1400 m, x.2007. – 1♀ 3J (UNSM); Peru, Piura reg, Ayabaca, Sicchez, Ditr, 1500 m, 8.i.2007, A. Damaso leg. 1♀ 1J (UNSM); Peru, Piura, Sicchez, viii.2006, 1400 m, A. Damaso leg. 1♀ 1J (CEMT); Peru, Huánuco, Carpish, 2000 m, 23.ii.2008 2J (CERPE). Diagnosis Males dorsally dark red with black spots, ventrally mainly black. Mandibles with rounded apex and a preapical laminar tooth. Pronotum with a few distinct yellowish erect setae along lateral margins. Elytra with coarse and dense to somewhat contiguous punctures, with dendritic to smooth yellowish setae, distributed all over the surface becoming more distinct along lateral and posterior regions. Abdominal ventrites almost uniformly punctate, with appressed setae, becoming more erect at ventrite V; ventrite II laterally wrinkled. Dorsal cross bar of genitalia poorly lobed posteriorly but with wider apex than the anterior portion. Females same as males except for the darker tones along body and the strongly punctate body surface, with coarse, dense to contiguous punctation, also distinguishable by the mandible features present in all Aegognathus females; ventrite II not wrinkled. Description – male Size: Total length. 14–20.5 mm. Total width. 4–7 mm. Colour: In dorsal view dark red, with several black spots. Head with dark red tones, black along margins, and along the median region extending to the posterior margin. Pronotum dark red along the disc, lateral and anterior margins with two black spots. Elytra dark red but showing clearer tones in some individuals, sometimes with bluish reflections close to the scutellum. Legs apparently black but presenting dark red tones. In ventral view mainly black with some dark red regions along mentum, gula and coxae. Head: Shape transverse; surface shagreened; glabrous. Temporal process variable in size among individuals, rounded. Mandibles as long as the head and the anterior half of pronotum; bend inwards with rounded apex and a pre apical laminar tooth, and one median rounded tooth, upwardly directed. Pronotum: Surface shagreened, with fine to moderate punctures along lateral and posterior margins, with yellowish erect setae; anterior angles rounded and somewhat convex; posterior lateral margins convergent; posterior angles rounded Elytra: Surface with coarse punctures, dense to somewhat contiguous, with dendritic to smooth yellowish setae, distributed all over the surface becoming more distinct along lateral and posterior regions. Epipleuron with large to coarse punctures and a few appressed yellowish setae. Legs: Protibiae externally serrate with variable number of teeth but presenting at least two strong ones apically, one internal apical tooth, and one apical spur. Mesotibiae with one to two median teeth, when two present the second one reduced, four apical teeth and two apical spurs. Metatibiae apically as described for mesotibiae. Venter: Mentum trapezoidal with a transverse groove, punctate, punctures moderate to somewhat large, with minute yellowish to white appressed setae. Gena mainly smooth and glabrous, with a curved carina over the posterior region. Prosternum punctate, with coarse punctures along lateral regions, medially with large punctures; curved to appressed yellowish setae all over prosternal surface. Mesoventrite punctate mainly over the median region, punctures large, with yellowish suberect setae. Metaventrite almost uniformly punctate, punctures moderate to large with yellowish appressed setae; discrimen present as a continuous longitudinal suture covering the whole surface, forming a weak groove distally. Abdominal ventrites punctate showing an almost regular distribution, punctures moderate to large, with yellowish appressed setae becoming more erect at ventrite V; all ventrites with a somewhat continuous discrete longitudinal carina over lateral margins of every ventrite, ventrite II wrinkled. Genitalia (Figure 8a): Aedeagus symmetrical, subtriangular, narrow proximally. Basal piece subtriangular with almost straight sides, concave in lateral view, proximally narrower, showing a translucent region at disc; 3.3 times longer than the parameres. Median lobe almost cylindrical with almost straight lateral margins, with a ′X̍-shaped cross bar struts poorly lobed posteriorly but wider than the anterior region. Parameres with almost truncate posterior margins. Internal sac 1.5 times shorter than the parameres and basal piece together, with two strap-like sclerites that end at the beginning of the apical third; subconical apex presenting a cylindrical projection that ends in the gonopore. Description – female Size: Total length. 10–10.3 mm. Total width. 4–6 mm. Colour: In dorsal view dark red, darker along the main part of head; pronotum mainly black with two dark red spots laterally; elytra with longitudinal dark red and black interleaved regions; legs black, with dark red tones distally; ventrally black. Head: Size smaller than male heads, about a half, not including the mandibles; surface strongly punctate, punctures coarse, dense to contiguous, with somewhat carinate areas; shape transverse, slightly emarginate; temporal process minute; mandibles reduced, being as long as the first half of the head with acuminate apex, asymmetrical, with a median laminar tooth larger on left mandible, with three acuminate projections on each laminar tooth, wider on left mandible as well. Pronotum: Surface strongly punctate, punctures coarse, dense to contiguous, with yellowish erect setae along sides, margins completely bordered; lateral margins somewhat convergent and rounded anteriorly, posterior margin as wide as elytra. Elytra: Surface highly punctate, punctures coarse, dense to contiguous, with yellowish smooth setae, more distinct compared to males, but presenting a similar appearance along lateral and posterior regions; some weak irregular longitudinal costae present along disc. Legs: As in males except for presenting two to three median teeth at mesotibiae and one at metatibiae. Venter: As in males except for a more distinct punctation along whole venter with yellowish appressed smooth setae; punctures large to coarse, densely to moderately distributed along mentum, meso and metaventrite; gena with a few coarse and dense punctures; abdominal ventrites with moderate to large punctures, moderately to sparsely distributed, and a somewhat continuous weak longitudinal carina along lateral margins of every ventrite, ventrite II not laterally wrinkled. Genitalia (Figure 8b): Styli symmetrical, transverse, subquadrate, with concave external margin and simple setae. Distal coxite elongate, projected with an oblique angle. Proximal coxite somewhat ovoid, finely pigmented and setose. Lateral paraproct convex. Distribution Northern and Central Peru. Cauca, Puna and Yungas provinces (Morrone et al. 2022). Remarks This species is similar to the Ecuadorian A. leuthneri, sharing, in both males and females, some similarities in coloration patterns and punctation, but the two species can be separated by the darker red tones present in A. damasoi, the wider mandibles and the presence of a laminar preapical tooth, and also by the strong yellowish coloration of setae, which are distinctly distributed along lateral margins of pronotum and elytral surface. The resemblance of the two species led Arnaud and Bomans (2006b) to describe A. damasoi as a subspecies of A. leuthneri, but later this taxon was elevated to species status by Fujita (2010)., Published as part of Cáceres, Juan Sebastián D. & Grossi, Paschoal Coelho, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Aegognathus Leuthner, 1883 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), pp. 557-595 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 580-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2198736, http://zenodo.org/record/7975445, {"references":["Fujita H. 2010. The Lucanid Beetles of the world. Vol. II. Japan: Mushi-sha; p. 248.","Arnaud P, Bomans H. 2007. Descriptions de trois nouvelles especes de Coleopteres Lucanidae du Perou. Besoiro. 16: 2 - 5.","Caceres JSD, Rios-Malaver I, Grossi PC. 2019. Taxonomic contribution on the Andean species of Aegognathus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) with two new species from Colombia and Peru. J Nat Hist. 53 (35 - 36): 2145 - 2164. doi: 10.1080 / 00222933.2019.1692089.","Morrone JJ, Escalante T, Rodrigiuez-Tapia G, Carmona A, Arana M, Mercado-Gomez JD. 2022. Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: new map and shapefile. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 94 (1): 1 - 5. doi: 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765202220211167.","Arnaud P, Bomans H. 2006 b. Descriptions de trois nouvelles especes de Coleopteres Lucanidae du Perou. Besoiro. 15: 2 - 5."]}

[32] Parena (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir, 1883) Habitus: Figs 62E, 62F. Male genitalia: Fig. 65. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11Q. Chaudoir, 1883: 20 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Nouvelle-Calédonie; lectotype in MNHN); Andrewes, 1927b: 13 (Samoa). Type material examined. Crossoglossa politissima Chaudoir: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 62E), designated herein: female, body length = 10.1 mm, pin mounted, "Ex Musaeo / Chaudoir", "TYPE" [red label], "politissima / Chaudoir / Nouv. Calidonie / H. Deyrolle" [ex Chaudoir’s box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR". Notes on types. This species was originally described from an unspecified number of specimens from "Nouvelle-Galedonie". In the collection of MNHN, we examined one female perfectly in accord with the original description. We designate it as the lectotype herein. The abdomen of lectotype was partly damaged by dermestid beetles, with the abdominal sternite nearly complete but ovipositor missing. Non-type material examined. 1 male (NHML), "Samoan Is., Malololelei, Upol Is. 18.iv.25. P.A. Buxton and G.H. Hopkins.", "Brit. Mus.1927-518.", " Parena politissima Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det." . 1 female (NHML), "Samoan Is., Malololelei, Upol Is. 18.iv.25. P.A. Buxton and G.H. Hopkins.", "Ex. Coll. Brit. Mus.", " politissima Chaud. Compared with type. E.B.B.", " Parena politissima Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det.", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. B.M. 1945-97.". 1 female (NHML), " New Hebrides: Malekula, Ounua. Feb.1929. Miss L.E. Cheesman. B.M. 1929-234.", "Ounua Malekula 8.ii.29 127", " Parena politissima Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det." . Comparisons. This species is easily distinguishable from all other Oriental-Australian species of the subgenus by its completely pitchy or dark brown dorsum. It might be close to P. andrewesi for their shallow elytra striae and deep elytra disc depression. Description. Body length 7.3–10.1 mm. Dorsum uniformly pitchy or dark brown, polished; antennomeres pitchy or dark brown, the basal four antennomeres lighter than the apical ones; apices of mandibles reddish brown, legs brown, tarsomeres same color as tibiae; venter pitchy or dark brown, abdominal sternites lighter than metasternum. Frons sparsely punctate; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex nearly straight; mentum with a pair of very short median setae. Pronotum transverse, PW/PL = 1.30–1.55 (the holotype with pronotum much wider than other three specimens), wider than or subequal to head, PW/HW = 0.98–1.13; widest near anterior third, lateral margins well curved before middle, gradually narrowed to base and slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with shallow isodiametric microsculpture; striae barely incised, with fine puncture rows; interval not convex, with very spares punctures; disc with deep and large depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with reduced adhesive setae on venter of mesotarsi, only present by two short rows near apex of mesotarsomere 2. Abdominal sternite VII with two setae on each side in both sexes; apex shallowly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus relatively stout (AL/AW = 4.8), ventral margin gradually curved in lateral view; right margin hardly sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella narrow rounded-triangular, LL slightly greater than LW, apex weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum ending before middle of median lobe; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well chitinized, basal core distinct, small and ovate; squamate sheath heavily scaled, basal sheath much smaller than apical sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal and distal sacs dorsal-ventrally compressed, similar in size, distal sac much closer to apex than proximal one. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly greater than basal width, apex strongly concave with small denticle near inner apical angle, with two ensiform setae on inner apical angle, one near apical denticle, two on outer apical angle. Distribution (Map 10, black). New Caledonia, Samoa (Upolu Is.), Vanuatu (Malekula Is.). Remarks. This species is only known by four specimens collected from three Pacific Islands. However, the three ones from Samoa and Vanuatu (Fig. 62F) are somewhat different from the holotype (Fig. 62E) in: (1) size much smaller, Body length = 7.3–8.3 mm (10.1 mm for the holotype); (2) dorsal color lighter, dark reddish brown (pitchy for the holotype); (3) pronotum much narrower, PW/PL = 1.30–1.39 (PW/PL = 1.55 for the holotype). These three specimens were determined as P. politissima by Andrewes (1927b). We follow his treatment and consider the above differences as geographical variation, whereas the males from the type locality are necessary for future studies to prove this., Published as part of Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina), pp. 1-144 in Zootaxa 5286 (1) on pages 108-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958937, {"references":["Chaudoir, B. M. (1883) Description de carabiques nouveaux. p. 17 - 39. In: Coleopterorum novitates. Recueil specialement consacre a l'etude des Coleopteres. Tom. I. Livr. I. Rennes: Oberthur, 48 pp., 2 pl.","Andrewes, H. E. (1927 b) Insects of Samoa. Part IV. Coleoptera, Fasc. 1, Carabidae. In: Andrewes, H. E., et al (eds.), Insects of Samoa and other Samoan Terristrial Anthrapoda. London: British Museum (Natural History), 66 pp. [pp. 1 - 14.]"]}

[30] Parena (Parena) picipes sp. nov. Habitus: Figs 62A, 62B. Male genitalia: Fig. 63. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11O. Type locality. Borneo, Sabah, Trus Madi forest Reserve, N5.4430, E116.4512, 1182 m. Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 62A): male, body length= 8.5 mm, board mounted, " Borneo: Sabah, Keningau / district, Jungle Girl Camp / N5.4430, E116.4512; 1182 m / Shi H.L. & Liu Y. Lgt. light trap / Ins. Zoo. CAS. 2016.IV.28 N", "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Parena) / picipes sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] . Paratypes (IZAS): 3 males, 5 females, same data as the holotype, with different date from 2016.IV.24 to 2016.V.2 . Diagnostic characters. Dorsum reddish brown, elytra with black lateral stripes, without metallic lustre, elytra lateral margins black; legs with apical third of femora and entire tibiae black; postgenae without suborbital setae; median lobe of aedeagus stout, right margin weakly sinuate before apex, apical lamella narrow, LL 1.5 times LW, apex slightly bent dorsally. Comparisons. P. picipes sp. n. is distinguishable by its black tibiae among all Parena species with elytral lateral stripes. It is most similar to P. nigrolineata and P. amamiooshimensis, but different in the black color of tibiae, femoral apices, and elytra lateral margins. The new species also has the male genitalia very different from the other two species. Compared to P. nigrolineata, the new species is different in the median lobe stouter (AL/AW 4.4–4.6, versus 5.3–6.0 in P. nigrolineata) and apical lamella much narrower (LL 1.5 times LW, versus LL slightly greater than LW in P. nigrolineata). Compared to P. amamiooshimensis, the new species is different in median lobe less stout and apical lamella much narrower. Description. Body length 8.5–9.3 mm; body median-sized in the genus, subconvex. Color. Dorsum mostly reddish brown, elytra with black lateral stripes, without trace of metallic lustre; mouthparts yellowish brown, inner margin of mandibles black; antennae bicolor with sharp contrast, antennomeres 1–2 brown, antennomere 3 brown to piceous; the rests black to pitchy brown; pronotum reddish brown, lateral margins slightly darkened; elytra with lateral black stripes, sixth to ninth intervals and elytra lateral margins completely black, median red patch usually widest to fifth striae, lateral stripes widely continuous at apex, reaching interval 2 or 3 at base; venter reddish brown, mesosternal process dark brown; legs with apical third of femora and entire tibiae black, tarsomeres dark brown. Head with sparse fine punctures on vertex; frons with V-shaped depression; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae without suborbital setae. Antennae barely reaching pronotal base. Labrum nearly quadrate, apex nearly straight; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens, lateral lobes short and wide, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins completely rounded, epilobes wide. Pronotum rounded-hexagon, PW/PL = 1.34–1.40, usually slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.00–1.09, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins fully rounded at anterior half and then strongly narrowed to base with shallow sinuation before posterior angles; posterior angles obtuse, rounded at apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin gradually oblique at sides; disc convex, usually with very fine transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex. Striae shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures; intervals slightly convex, with sparse fine punctures about half dense as interval punctures. Disc with very faint depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of first stria; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on level of scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 21–23 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. Apex of abdominal sternite VII very shallowly emarginate in males, straight in females, with two setae on each side in both sexes. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1 ventrally, and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Male genitalia (Fig. 63). Median lobe of aedeagus slightly stout (AL/AW = 4.4–4.6); in lateral view, ventral margin almost straight near middle, apical lamella slightly bent to dorsum; in dorsal view, right margin slightly sinuate before apex, apical lamella narrow, LL 1.5 times LW, slightly narrowed to apex, apex rounded. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well chitinized, basal core distinct, ovate, heavily chitinized; squamate sheath heavily scaled, basal sheath larger than apical sheath; squamate sac heavily scaled and well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal-right to squamate sheath; proximal and distal sacs laterally compressed, forming a pair of file-like pieces in dorsal view, distal sac slightly smaller and closer to apex than proximal one. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II (Fig. 11O) of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly wider than length, apex slightly concave, slightly pointed near inner apical angle, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, two on outer apical angle. Distribution (Map 10, green). Only known from the type locality in N. Boreno. Etymology. The scientific name of the new species is derived from Latin meaning black legs. The black-colored tibiae is one of the most important diagnostic character of the new species., Published as part of Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2023, Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina), pp. 1-144 in Zootaxa 5286 (1) on pages 104-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958937

Omophron (Omophron) clavareaui Rousseau, 1900: 412 Loc. Typ.: Léopoldville [Kinshasa]. Material examined. CHAD: Rives du Moyen Chari, Gory-Domraou, Mission Chari-Chad, 1904, Decorse leg. [9.196254, 18.366246] (1 ♀, MNHN), Rives du Moyen Chari, Mandjaffa, Mission Chari-Chad, 1904, Decorse leg. [11.182631, 15.414086] (MNHN). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Leopoldville, juli juin 1899, E. Clavareau [-4.318447, 15.345390] (2 ♀, syntype, ISNB); Tanganyka, Moero, Niunzu, 1935, H. De Saeger leg. [- 5.861334, 28.144550] (1 ♀, comp. Typ. Basilewsky, MRAC); Bundundu, Kuamouth, 02.01.1922, Schouteden leg. [-3.273766, 17.379498] (1 ♀, MRAC). TANZANIA: S Tanzania, Morogoro region, E of Mikumi, S 07°23’700’’, E 037°00’080’’, 522m, 10–14.xii.2010, leg. M., M. & M. Hiermeier [-7.384114, 37.050259] (1 ♀, DUBC). ZAMBIA: Kashitu, 07.1915, Dollman leg. [-13.736257, 28.646550] (1 ♁, ETHZ); NW Rhodesia, Namwala, Dollman leg. [-15.999410, 26.138941] (11 ♁, 16 ♀, BMNH); N Rhodesia, N’Changa, 1931, Macnamara leg. [-12.521129, 27.831529] (1 ♀, BMNH); NW Rhodesia, Kashitu, 09.1915, Dollman leg. [-13.736257, 28.646550] (1 ♁, 1 ♀, BMNH); NW Rhodesia, Kashitu, N. of. Broken Hill, 09.1914, Dollman leg. [-13.738068, 28.643003] (1 ♁, BMNH); Western Zambia, 30 km NW Sesheke, S17°17´21 E24°09´08, 13.01.2010, P. Schüle leg. [-17.283746, 24.150543] (1 ♀, PSC); Central Zambia, 140 km NE Kapiri Mposhi, 40 km SW Serenje, 30.11.2004, Snižek & Tichy leg. [- 13.387240, 29.877297] (1 ♀, PSC); Zambia, Western Prov., 13km SW Lusu, 1025m, S17°16’04’’ E24°00’07’’, S. Rojkoff leg. (SRC). ZIMBABWE: S. Rhodesia, Filabusi, 11.1948 [-20.546091, 29.275492] (1 ♁, 3 ♀, MNHN). Differential diagnosis. Similar to O. minutum and O. secundum sp. n. but differ from the latter in having deeper elytral striae, more convex intervals, and more densely punctate pronotum and head, and from the former in having completely reduced elytral pattern, less convex intervals on the disc of elytra, and elongate punctures on the pronotum. Redescription. Body length 3.84–4.25 mm; width 2.89–3.23 mm. Habitus (Fig. 17). Color: head, pronotum, elytra, and mandibles dark brown. Legs, antennae, mouth parts and lateral elytral pattern brownish yellow. Labrum, sides of pronotum and external interval of elytra of pearl color. Venter brown. Head fairly flat, coarsely punctate laterally and posteriorly. Subocular ridge well developed, curved upwards and slightly rounded. Clypeus moderately punctate near hind margin, bisetose. Labrum with almost straight anterior margin, with moderately rounded sides and six setae. Antennal scape unisetose at apex, antennomeres 3 and 4 smooth, with only some longer setae near the apex. Antennomeres 5–11 pubescent. Medial side of fourth palpomere of maxillary palpi distinctly curved, last palpomere with acute apex. Gula smooth, gena rugose and coarsely punctate. HW: 1.36 –1.64 mm. Pronotum (PL: 1.15–1.24 mm, PW: 2.47–2.74 mm.) distinctly convex, base bisinuated on each side, sides evenly rounded, with wide border, without pattern. Anterior angles acute and prominent. Disc of pronotum evenly coarsely and densely punctate, punctures slightly elongate. Median impression obsolete. Prosternum and proepisternum coarsely and densely punctate, proepipleura with 2–3 small punctures in anterior half. Elytra (EL: 2.31–2.71 mm, EW: 2.89–3.23 mm.) very convex, sides strongly rounded, with border gradually narrowed from shoulders to apices. Elytral pattern barely visible, consisting of diffused brown lateral band. Elytra with 15 striae. Striae densely punctate, punctures moderately deep. Intervals 1–5 almost flat on disc, lateral intervals clearly convex. Venter (Fig. 19). Mesepisternum punctate. Metasternum sparsely punctate on center, metepisternum and metepimeron coarsely and densely punctate, elytral epipleura crumpled and irregularly punctate. Ventrites IV and V punctate laterally and with row of punctures along transverse furrow; ventrite VI with large and coarse punctures throughout. Metacoxa bisetose, with 8–9 additional punctures. Aedeagus (Fig. 13), ventral side of median lobe slightly and evenly arcuate from base to apex. Apical lamella in dorsal view wide and widely rounded. Apex strongly downturned. Distribution. Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Map. 2). References: Csiki 1927; Deleve 1924; Rousseau 1900., Published as part of Anichtchenko, Alexander & Valainis, Uldis, 2023, Revision of the subgenus Omophron (s. str.) Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae Omophron) of the Afrotropical region, pp. 201-246 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 211-213, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7923218, {"references":["Rousseau, E. (1900) Contribution a l'etude des Carabides de l'Afrique Centrale. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 44, 410 - 423.","Csiki, E. (1927) Tribe Omophronini, Coleopterorum Catalogus. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterum Catalogus. Vol 1. Carabidae I. Part 92. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin and s-Gravenhage, pp. 404 - 412.","Deleve, J. (1924) Les Omophron congolais des collections du Musee de Tervueren. Extrait de la Revue Zoologique Africaine, 12 (1), 103 - 111."]}

Omophron (Omophron) minutum Dejean, 1831: 583 Loc. Typ.: „parties supérieures du Sénégal ”. Material examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Congo (1 ♀, ISNB). MALI: Haut Senegal, Khayes, 06.08.1882, Nodier leg. [14.463585, -11.473446] (1 ♁, BMNH; 2 ♁, 4 ♀, MNHN); Khayes, Ht Senegal (1 ♁, 1 ♀, SAM-COL-A006515); Thies Region, Khayes, 6–8.1882, Nodier leg. (3 ♁, 5 ♀, ETHZ; 1 ♁, 1 ♀, MRAC); Thies Region, Khayes (1 ♀, ETHZ); SENEGAL: Casamance, Sedhiou, 1891, Legalaize leg. [12.694360, -15.548995] (1 ♁, ZMHB; 3 ♀, MNHN); Senegal, Parc National du Niokolo Koba, Badi, 15.08– 25.09.1955, Basilewsky leg. [13.125648, -13.322802] (1 ♀, MRAC). Differential diagnosis. Similar to O. riedeli, but differ by its smaller size, less punctured disc of pronotum, and absence of metallic reflection on the head and pronotum. The punctures on the pronotum, elytral epipleura and ventrites are smaller than those of O. riedeli. Additional material of O. riedeli and O. minutum needs to be studied. It may turn out that these are two extreme forms of the same species. Redescription. Body length 4.0– 4.36 mm; width 2.93–3.01 mm. Habitus (Fig. 7). Color: head dark reddish brown, frons with diffused brown triangular spot; pronotum dark reddish brown, anterior-, posterior- and lateral margins lighter; elytra dark reddish brown, elytral pattern often barely visible, consisting of lighter humeral and sub-humeral spots; oblique post-median band, extended from 5 th stria to lateral margin; preapical spots, and 2–3 marginal intervals of elytra. Labrum, edges of pronotum and elytra pearl color, legs and antennae brownish yellow. Venter rufopiceous. Head relatively flat, coarsely punctate laterally and posteriorly, with one supraorbital setiferous puncture on each side of head. Subocular ridge well developed, curved upwards and slightly rounded. Clypeus with few punctures near the posterior margin, bisetose. Clypeal suture barely visible. Labrum with slightly bisinuate anterior margin, moderately rounded sides and six setae. Antennal scape unisetose at apex, antennomeres 3 and 4 smooth, with a few longer setae around the apex. Antennomeres 5–11 pubescent. Gula slightly wrinkled, gena strongly wrinkled, coarsely and densely punctate. HW: 1.41–1.43 mm. Pronotum (PL: 1.12–1.17 mm, PW: 2.58–2.63 mm.) clearly convex, base bisinuate on each side, with wide border, sides very slightly rounded posteriorly and almost straight anteriorly. Anterior angles acute. Disc sparsely punctate, more densely punctate near anterior margin and sides. Median impression reduced or barely visible. Prosternum wrinkled, coarsely and densely punctate, episternum and proepipleura with few punctures in anterior half. Elytra (EL: 2.79–2.86 mm, EW: 2.93–3.01 mm.) strongly convex, sides regularly rounded, with 15 deep striae extended from the base to the apex. Striae densely punctate, punctures large and deep. Intervals moderately convex on the disc, strongly convex laterally. Venter (Fig. 9). Metasternum, metepisternum and metepimeron coarsely and densely punctate, elytral epipleura coarsely punctate. Ventrites IV and V with a transverse row of large punctures. Metacoxa with 12–14 punctures. Aedeagus (Fig. 11). Median lobe short and stout, ventral side slightly arcuate from base to apex. Apex straight in lateral view. Apical lamella short, in dorsal view broadly rounded. Endophallus with preapical group of large spines, situated in distal part of long, tubular formation, extended to basal orifice and covered with scales, with a long and thin row of spines of moderate size (Fig. 15) situated to the right of that formation. Distribution. Senegal, country record for Mali and Democratic Republic of Congo (Map. 2). References. Csiki 1927; Dejean 1831; Rousseau 1908., Published as part of Anichtchenko, Alexander & Valainis, Uldis, 2023, Revision of the subgenus Omophron (s. str.) Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae Omophron) of the Afrotropical region, pp. 201-246 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 207-209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7923218, {"references":["Dejean, P. F. M. A. (1831) Species General des Coleopteres de la Collection de M. le Conte Dejean. Vol. 5. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, 583 pp.","Csiki, E. (1927) Tribe Omophronini, Coleopterorum Catalogus. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterum Catalogus. Vol 1. Carabidae I. Part 92. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin and s-Gravenhage, pp. 404 - 412.","Rousseau, E. (1908) Coleoptera Adephaga Fam. Carabidae subfam. Omophroninae. Genera Insectorum Fascicule 83. P. Wytsman, Brussels, 5 pp."]}

Omophron (Omophron) oligoxanthum Kuntzen, 1919: 113 stat. n. = Omophron picturatum oligoxanthum Kuntzen, 1919: 113 Loc. Typ.: nördl. Sandfeld zwischen Löwenomuramba und Owangowa-Veld (v. Zastrow). [-18.607141, 20.557201] (ETHZ, ZMHB). 6 syntypes. NAMIBIA: “ Nördlich. Sandfeld, zw. Löwen-Omuramba, u. Owangowa Veld., v. Zastrow leg. 1912–13”, ”Hamburg. deutsch—südwestafrikanische Studienreise 1911”, ”v. Zastrow ded. 5.IX.1913 ”, ”Paratypus [red label]”, ” Om. Picturatus Boh. sbsp.Oligoxanthus Ktzn.” [-17.146914, 13.229330] (1 ♁, Paratype of oligoxanthum, ZMHB); Opuwo District, Ruacana Fall, 9 km E of Kunene river, 17°20’S, 14 o 09’E, 17.04.1998, at light, Deckert leg. [-17.398203, 14.220021] (2 ♁, ZMHB); Popa Falls, 18°07’16’’S, 21°34’51’’E, lux, 28.02.– 05.03.1994, Uhlig leg. [-18.127962, 21.581099] (1 ♀, ZMHB); Oshikoto reg, NE Etosha-Andoni 1090m, Hot Springs, 12.xii.2011, Rudolf Kmeco leg. (15 ♁, 12 ♀, DUBC, cRK); 29km S Ondangwa Nakambale Museum, Oshikoto prov., 17°59.024S, 16°01.358E, 25.XI.2012, P. Schüle leg. [-17.983774, 16.022462] (2 ♀, PSC); 40km NE Ondangwa, 12.III.2003, Werner & SMRZ leg. [-17.645660, 16.232317] (2 ♀, PSC); Oshikoto reg., 25km SE of Tsumeb, 1400m, 10.xii.2011, Rudolf Kmeco leg. [-19.391549, 17.906598] (2 ♁, DUBC, cRK); Omaheke str., zw Gobabis, u. Witvlei, B6, Lodge West Nest, 1470m, S22°26.5 E018°42.0, 7,3,2014, leg A. Puchner [-22.441806, 18.700000] (1 ♁, PSC); Otjozondjupa Str. zw Rundu u. Grootfontein Lodge Roy’s Camp, Kreuzung C44, 1220m, S19°14 E018°30, 3.1.2012, leg. A. Puchner [-19.233624, 18.499997] (1 ♁, PSC); K. H. Barnard, Apr. 1923, Onolongo [-18.056573, 15.972807] (1 ♀, SAM-COL-A006497); Kunene, Ruacana Dorp, 17°26’S, 14°21’E, 26.02.1994, Uhlig leg. [-17.433384, 14.349979](1 ♁, ZMHB); Roy’s Restcamp, 58 km NE Grootfontein, 19°13’57’’S, 18°30’01’’E, 21–22.04,2001, Uhlig leg. [- 19.217476, 18.500119] (1 ♁, 2 ♀, ZMHB). . ANGOLA: Cunene prov., 10km E Namacunde, 15°57.10E 17°20.05S, 26.XI.2012, P. Schüle leg. [-17.264772, 16.009640] (2 ♀, PSC). BOTSWANA: Nata, 14.01.1978, Holm, Jacobs, Kirsten, Scholtz leg. [-20.184622, 26.185821](1 ♁, TMSA); N. Gweta, 20°11’S, 25°15’E, 22.04.1972 [-20.308020, 25.453682] (1 ♁. BMNH); 5 E Gweta, Planet Baobab, S20°11.25 E25°18.15, 10.1.2010, P. Schüle leg. [-20.187451, 25.302931] (29 ♁, 11 ♀, cPS, DUBC). Differential diagnosis. Similar to O. picturatum in body size, pattern, and shape of apex of aedeagus, but differ in having less protruding humeri, metacoxa with a single seta, and especially an endophallus with two large groups of large spines. Reescription. Body length 5.53–6.52 mm; width 5.37– 4.42 mm. Habitus (Figs. 62–64). Color: head, pronotum and elytra rufopiceous, legs and antennae brownish yellow. Mandibles brown, their apical part dark brown, almost black. Venter rufopiceous. Dark pattern on elytra, pronotum, and head dark green. Head fairly flat, faintly wrinkled, coarsely punctate on vertex and near eyes, smooth on frons, with several coarse punctures near the border with the clypeus. Subocular ridge well developed, curved upwards and slightly rounded. Pale pattern on head V-shaped and well-developed. Clypeus slightly convex and bisetose. Labrum with moderately rounded sides and six setae, anterior margin of labrum bisinuate. Antennal scape unisetose at apex, antennomeres 3 and 4 smooth, only with some longer setae around the apex, 5–11 pubescent. Gula nearly smooth, gena coarsely punctate and wrinkled near eyes. HW: 1.85–2.07 mm. Pronotum (PL: 1.42–1.59 mm, PW: 2.81–3.36 mm.) moderately convex, base bisinuate on each side, sides unevenly rounded, with narrow border. Dark pattern of pronotum broad, well developed on base and disc, obsolete laterally and at apex. Anterior angles strongly raised anteriorly. Pronotum coarsely and evenly punctate. Median impression shallow, weakly developed. Prosternum and proepisternum coarsely but sparsely and unevenly punctate, proepipleura smooth. Elytra (EL: 3.52–4.28 mm, EW: 5.37– 4.42 mm.) moderately convex, ovate, with narrow border. Elytral dark pattern with distinct boundaries, consisting of three transverse bands. Form of elytral pattern varied: apical band joined with median band and median band joined with the basal band on the tenth interstria in some specimens. Elytra with 15 striae. Striae deep, distinctly punctate, punctures broad and deep. Intervals weakly convex on the disc, moderately convex laterally. Venter (Fig. 80). Mesepisternum smooth. Metasternum, metepisternum and metepimeron coarsely but sparsely and unevenly punctate, elytral epipleura smooth. Ventrites smooth, bisetose. Metacoxa with one seta, otherwise smooth in most specimens, with 1–2 asymetrically-placed punctures in a few specimens. Aedeagus (Fig. 84–85). Median lobe relatively short and robust, ventral side very slightly arcuate at mid length, apical quarter of lobe slightly downturned. Apex almost straight in lateral view. Apical lamella in dorsal view acute, sides straight and convergent to the narrowly rounded tip. Endophallus with two large, elongate groups of long spines (Figs. 84–85). Distribution. Angola, Botswana, Namibia (Map. 5). References. Boheman 1860; Csiki 1927; Kuntzen 1919; Péringuey 1885; Péringuey 1896., Published as part of Anichtchenko, Alexander & Valainis, Uldis, 2023, Revision of the subgenus Omophron (s. str.) Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae Omophron) of the Afrotropical region, pp. 201-246 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 235-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7923218, {"references":["Kuntzen, H. (1919) Die Carabidenfauna Deutsch-Sudwestafrikas. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 9 (2), 91 - 156.","Boheman, C. H. (1860) Coleoptera samlade af J. A. Wahlberg i Syd-Vestra Afrika. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 17 (1), 3 - 22.","Csiki, E. (1927) Tribe Omophronini, Coleopterorum Catalogus. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterum Catalogus. Vol 1. Carabidae I. Part 92. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin and s-Gravenhage, pp. 404 - 412.","Peringuey, L. (1885) First contribution to the South-African coleopterous Fauna. Transactions of the South African philosophical Society, III, 74 - 149, 4 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21560382.1881.9526176","Peringuey, L. (1896) A descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa. Cicindelidae-Carabidae. Vol. VII. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society Printed by West, Newman and Co., Hatton Garden, London, 623 pp."]}

Omophron (Omophron) riedeli Emden, 1932: 5 Loc. Typ.: Ost-Africa, Kwa Mtoro bei Kondoa Irangi [Tanzania]. Material examined. ETHIOPIA: Sidamo Prov. 1 km S of Sidambale Bridge, 1130 m, 18– 21.05.1975, Clarke leg. [5.707720, 39.538622] (1 ♀, MRAC). KENYA: Eastern Province, Makueni District, Mukaa, 01.1924 [-1.846862, 37.302846] (1 ♀, BMNH); Kiu, Someren leg. (6 ♁, 4 ♀, BMNH). TANZANIA: Kondoa Irangi, 07.1929, J. Riedel Geschenk leg. [-4.896620, 35.795991] (Holotype ♁, SMTD); Longido Masai Distr., 1500 m, 19.04.1957, Basilewsky & Leleup leg. [-2.727270, 36.698107] (1 ♀, MRAC). ZIMBABWE: Shangani near Gweru, 3.12.1998, A. Kudrna Jr. leg. [-19.743178, 29.413479] (2 ♀, DUBC, PSC); Rhodesia, Sebakwe, SAM-COL-A018083, [-18.862753, 29.836817] (1 ♀, SAMC); Plumtree, Rhodesia 18.5.06 [-20.503250, 27.825116] (1 ♁, 1 ♀, SAM-COL-A006514). REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: 35 km W Hoedspruit, 450m, 16– 21.12.2009, A. Kudrna Jr. leg. [-24.444283, 30.597157] (1 ♀, PSC); 70 km NE Polokwane, cca 10 km SW Morebeng, 1100 m, 09– 10.12.2009, A. Kudrna Jr. leg. [-23.589578, 29.888979] (1 ♀, DUBC). Differential diagnosis. Similar to O. minutum but differ by their larger size, coarsely punctured pronotum, and metallic green or blue pattern on the head and pronotum. Redescription. Body length 4.98–5.23 mm; width 3.51–3.62 mm. Habitus (Fig. 8). Color: head, pronotum, elytra, and mandibles dark reddish brown, labrum, edge of pronotum and elytra yellow, legs and antennae brownish yellow. Pattern on head and pronotum dark green or blue. Pattern on elytra dark brown. Venter dark brown. Head relatively flat, coarsely punctate laterally and posteriorly, with one supraorbital setiferous puncture on each side. Subocular ridge well developed, curved upwards and slightly rounded. Pattern on head V-shaped, with indistinct boundaries. Front margin of clypeus formed by two straight lines meeting at an obtuse angle, clypeus bisetose, coarsely but sparsely and unevenly punctate. Labrum with slightly jagged anterior margin, with moderately rounded sides and six setae. Antennal scape unisetose at apex, antennomeres 3 and 4 smooth, with some longer setae at the apex, 5–11 pubescent. Gula smooth, gena moderately wrinkled, coarsely but sparsely punctate. HW: 1.62–1.67 mm. Pronotum (PL: 1.23–1.29 mm, PW: 2.97–3.09 mm.) clearly convex, base bisinuate on each side, with moderately wide border, sides slightly rounded near the base and straight near the anterior angles. Pronotum with dark green or blue longitudinal arranged pattern. Anterior angles almost acute and strongly raised anteriorly. Pronotum coarsely and densely, sometimes confluente punctate on the disc. Median impression reduced or barely visible. Prosternum coarsely and densely punctate, episternum coarsely but sparsely punctate, proepipleura with few punctures in anterior half. Elytra (EL: 3.27–3.38 mm, EW: 3.51–3.62 mm.) clearly convex, sides strongly rounded, with narrow edge. Elytral pattern dark brown, consisting of three bands. Elytra with 15 striae extended from the base to the apex. Striae well developed, coarsely and densely punctate, punctures broad and deep. Intervals moderately convex on the disc, clearly convex laterally. Venter (Fig. 10). Metasternum coarsely and densely punctate, metepisternum and metepimeron, and elytral epipleura coarsely but sparsely punctate. Ventrites IV and V with a transverse row of large punctures. Metacoxa with 8–11 punctures. Aedeagus (Fig. 12). Median lobe relatively short and robust, ventral side slightly and evenly arcuate from base to apex. Apical lamella in dorsal view triangular, short, sides straightly convergent to rounded tip. Apex straight in lateral view. Endophallus structure (Fig. 16) is similar to O. minutum. See comments. Comments. Additional material of O. riedeli and O. minutum needs to be studied. It may turn out that these are two extreme forms of the same species. Distribution. Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Republic of South Africa (Map. 2). References. Emden 1932., Published as part of Anichtchenko, Alexander & Valainis, Uldis, 2023, Revision of the subgenus Omophron (s. str.) Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae Omophron) of the Afrotropical region, pp. 201-246 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 209-211, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7923218, {"references":["Emden, F. (1932) Einige neue Carabinae de Staatlichen Museums fur Tierkunde zu Dresden. Insektenkunde, 5 (4 - 5), 62 - 69."]}

Omophron (Omophron) schuelei sp. n. Material examined. Holotype, ♀: Zambia, Southern Kafue NP NW Nanzhila Plains, 16°12’35S, 25°47’40E, 18.01.2010, P. Schüle leg. [-16.209732, 25.794541] (PSC). Differential diagnosis. A very unusual species, easily distinguished from all known species by the following combination of characters: size large, pronotum strongly oblate, with widely explanate sides. Description. Body length 6.4 mm; width 4.2 mm. Habitus (Fig. 22). Color: head uniformly dark brown, almost black, except narrow brown margin of clypeus. Labrum pearl color. Mandibles dark brown. Pronotum deep brown, almost black, with wide, reddish lateral margins. Elytra deep brown, almost black, with narrow reddish brown lateral pattern, lateral interval of pearl color. Legs, antennae and mouth parts light reddish brown. Venter dark brown. Head relatively flat, evenly, densely and coarsely punctate, moderately wrinkled near the eyes, with a deep impression between frons and clypeus. Subocular ridge well developed, curved upwards and slightly rounded. Clypeus moderately convex, smooth, bisetose. Labrum slightly emarginate, with moderately rounded sides and six setae. Antennal scape unisetose apically, antennomeres 3 and 4 smooth, with a few longer setae around the apex, 5– 11 pubescent. Gula smooth, gena coarsely and densely punctate, strongly wrinkled near the eyes. HW: 2.18 mm. The shape of the pronotum is peculiar and easy distinguishable from that of other African Omophron species. Pronotum (PL: 1.86 mm, PW: 3.64 mm.) strongly oblate on disc, base bisinuate on each side sides evenly rounded, with widely explanate border. Pale margin of pronotum wide, extended from base to anterior margin, becoming obsolete at the edge Anterior angles strongly acute. Disc of pronotum with wide transverse impression in anterior half, and with two wide impressions on the base; coarsely and densely punctate, sides smooth. Median impression absent Prosternum coarsely but sparsely punctate, proepisternum coarsely and more densely punctate, proepipleura almost smooth, with only 1–2 small punctures in anterior part. Elytra (EL: 4.37 mm, EW: 4.23 mm.) moderately convex, flattened on disc and expressly oblate near pronotum, ovate, moderately rounded laterally, strongly rounded at apex. Border of elytra widened near shoulders and narrower towards apex. Elytra with 15 striae. Striae deep, densely but finely punctate. Intervals weakly convex on the disc, moderately convex on sides. Venter (Fig. 25). Mesepisternum punctate. Metasternum coarsely but sparsely punctate, metepisternum and metepimeron coarsely but unevenly punctate, slightly wrinkled near epipleura. Elytral epipleura almost smooth, with only 1–2 small punctures. Ventrites I–III coarsely but sparsely punctate, ventrites IV–V with 2–3 large punctures on sides and a row of small punctures along transversal sulcus; last ventrite VI with deep and very large punctures. Metacoxa bisetose, with 2–4 additional punctures. Aedeagus. Male unknown. Etymology. New species named after our friend and colleague Peter Schüle (Herrenberg, Germany), who collected the specimen. Distribution. Zambia (Map. 2)., Published as part of Anichtchenko, Alexander & Valainis, Uldis, 2023, Revision of the subgenus Omophron (s. str.) Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae Omophron) of the Afrotropical region, pp. 201-246 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 216-217, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7923218

Omophron (Omophron) mimeticum sp. n. Material examined. Holotype, ♀: “ Namibia, Okavango reg., 80 km W of Divundu, 1080m, 5–6.XII.2011, Rudolf Kmeco leg.” (DUBC). Differential diagnosis. In overall appearence, similar to O. capense, but easely distinguished by punctate epipleura and ventrite VI. Description. Body length 4.8 mm; width 3.5 mm. Habitus (Fig. 23). Color: head green with light purple tinge, frons with diffused brown triangular spot; pronotum green, laterally with light purple tinge, anterior and posterior margins dark brown, sides of pronotum widely yellow, with greenish pearl tinge; elytra green, laterally with purple tinge, elytral pattern consisting of isolated and diffused, brown prescutellar spot, a large humeral spot, an oblique post-median band, extended from stria 5 to lateral margin, a preapical spot, and 3 marginal intervals connecting all other pale areas. Lateral edge of elytra narrowly greenish-pearl color. Labrum of pearl color. Legs and antennae brownish yellow. Venter rufopiceous. Head relatively flat, sparsely punctate laterally and posteriorly, with one supraorbital setiferous puncture on each side of head. Subocular ridge well developed, curved upwards and slightly rounded. Clypeus smooth, bisetose. Clypeal suture distinct. Labrum with slightly bisinuate anterior margin, moderately rounded sides and six setae. Antennal scape unisetose at apex, antenomeres 3 and 4 smooth, with a few longer setae around the apex, 5–11 pubescent. Gula slightly wrinkled, gena strongly wrinkled, coarsely and densely punctate. HW: 1.41–1.43 mm. Pronotum (PL: 1.12–1.17 mm, PW: 2.58–2.63 mm.) moderately convex, base bisinuate on each side, with wide lateral border, sides almost regularly and slightly rounded. Anterior angles acute. Disc coarsely and densely punctate, punctures sparsein center. Median impression barely visible. Prosternum, episternum, and proepipleura coarsely but sparsely punctate. Elytra (EL: 2.79–2.86 mm, EW: 2.93–3.01 mm.) strongly convex, sides regularly rounded; with 15 deep, densely punctate striae. Intervals moderately convex on the disc, distinctly convex laterally. Venter (Fig. 26). Mesepisternum sparsely punctate. Metasternum, metepisternum, metepimeron and elytral epipleura coarsely and densely punctate. Ventrites I–III coarsely punctate laterally; ventrites IV–V with 2–3 large punctures on sides and 4–6 punctures across middle; ventrite VI coarsely punctate. Aedeagus. Male unknown. Etymology. From Greek mimçtikos “imitative, good at imitating”, because at first glance, it is easy to confuse with O. capense, with which it occurs. Distribution. Known only from type locality in Namibia (Map. 2)., Published as part of Anichtchenko, Alexander & Valainis, Uldis, 2023, Revision of the subgenus Omophron (s. str.) Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae Omophron) of the Afrotropical region, pp. 201-246 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 215-216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7923218

Omophron (Omophron) capense s. str. Loc. Typ.: Cap de Bonne Espérance. = Omophron suturale Guérin-Méneville, 1842: 24 Loc. Typ: Cap de Bonne Esperance. = Omophron dominicense Chaudoir, 1868: 58 Loc. Typ.: “S Domingo” [label error]. Syn. n. Material examined. BOTSWANA: Botswana 1922 (1 ex, ETHZ); Bechuanaland, 1922 (1 ♁, BMNH); 20 km N Maun, 16.01.1978, Holm leg. [-20.009395, 23.416671] (1 ♀, TMSA). MOZAMBIQUE: Beira, A. Bodong leg. [- 19.769238, 34.808530] (1 ♁, ETHZ). NAMIBIA: Windhoek, Eros Mt., 1600 m, 22°34’S–17°06’E, 10.09.1974, Endrody & Younga leg. [-22.566270, 17.102200] (1 ♁, TMSA); Oshakati, 12.1982, Holm & Scholtz leg. [- 17.777564, 15.707188] (1 ♁, TMSA); Tsumkwe, 1151 m, 19°35’S–20°29’E, 10.03.2006, Muller leg. [-19.580891, 20.485568] (1 ♀, TMSA); S. Africa (W52), Swakop R., 3 mls. S. Okahandja, 07.04.1972 [-22.045604, 16.909570] (2 ♁, 3 ♀, BMNH); Mariental, Hardap dam, 10– 14.04.1972, Strodym & Jones leg. [-24.498859, 17.861124] (1 ♁, TMSA); Fish River mouth, shore washing, 28°05’32’’S,17°10’19’’E 01.09.2002, Uhlig leg.[-28.096683, 17.172637] (1 ♀, 1 ♁, ZMHB); Namibia-exp. ZMB 1992, Windhoek: Daan Viljoen sparlich bewachsenes Ufer, 22°26’S / 16°53E, 13–15.ii.92, leg. M. Uhlig [-22.433373, 16.883290] (3 ♁, 1 ♀, ZMHB); Voigts Farm, Okaparakaha, 90km NO von Windhoek, 2–4.iii.2001, lux, leg. U. Gröllner [-22.202034, 17.407282] (1 ♀, ZMHB); Khomas Str. zw. Aris u.Brack Auas Game Lodge D 1463, 1780m S22°47’46.9 E17°19’45.4, leg. A. Puchner 5.III.2016 [-22.796381, 17.329149] (1 ♁, 7 ♀ PSC); Otjozondjupa zw. Osire u. Otjiwarongo Osire, Burgkellefarm, S21°06’42.2 E17°26’21.1, 1360m, 27.II.2018, leg. A. Puchner [-21.111231, 17.440360] (1 ♁, PSC); Maltahöhe 12.X.2004, Werner [- 24.850377, 16.953813] (1 ♁, PSC); Zoutpansberg, 13.11.2000, Werner leg. [-23.000817, 29.780251] (3 ♀, PSC); 29km S Ondangwa Nakambale Museum, Oshikoto prov., 17°59.024S, 16°01.358E, 25.XI.2012, P. Schüle leg. [- 17.981951, 16.024006] (1 ♀, PSC). REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: Ex Musaeo Chaudoir, Type capensis Gory [red label], ♀ [blue square] [-34.355952, 18.479917] (Holotype ♀, MNHN); Ezemvelo Nat. Res., 1374 m, 25°42’S– 29°01’E, 27.01.2005 [-25.700396, 29.017268] (2 ♀, TMSA); Ezemvelo NR, 20 km NE Bronkhorstspruit, 1190m, 25°42’S–29 °00’E, 19– 20.01.2008, P. Schüle leg. [-25.705101, 28.991184] (6 ♀, 2 ♁, PSC); Transvaal Klaserie, 23.01.1999, P. Schüle leg. [-24.523440, 31.064283] (1 ♀, 1 ♁, PSC); Badplaas, 1000m, 01.12.2000, P. Schüle leg. (1 ♁, 1 ♀, PSC); Vaal River, 1250 m W of Bothaville, 22.12.2007, M. Snizeg. leg [-27.386549, 26.515146] (1 ♀, DUBC; 7 ♀, 2 ♁, PSC); W of Bothaville, Vaalriver, 26.X.2009, M. Snizeg. leg (11 ♁, 5 ♀, PSC); Lindani Nature Res., nr. Vaivaater, 1190m, 04– 06.01.2008, P. Schüle leg. (1 ♀, PSC); KwaZulu-Natal, 35km N Port Edward, 26.12.2009 A.Kudrna leg, (2 ♀, PSC); M’fongosi, Zululand, Misses Jones, Feb. 1923 [-28.703599, 30.834583] (1 ♁, SAM-COL-A006504; 2 ♁, 3 ♀, SAM-COL-A08085); idem, but Dec. 1922 (1 ♁, SAM-COL-A006505); idem, but Dec.– Feb. 1935 (1 ♀, SAM-COL-A018086); Natal, Malvern., C. N. Barker 1909 (2 ♁, SAM-COL-A006501); Natal, Estcourt, Haviland, 1894 (1 ♀, SAM-COL-A006506); R. S. Africa, 14.xi.1993, 33°24’S / 22°40’E, Cape Province, Grootswartberg ca. 10km SE Swartbergpass, leg. M Uhlig (1 ♀, ZMHB); South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Cathedral Peak NR, Didima (camps), 28°57.4’S 29°14.4E 1420m, 19–20.XI.2006, P. Bulirsch (PBC); S. Africa Rep., WC, Biedouw valley, Enjo Nature Farm, 32°08’S 19°17’E, 285m, 28– 29.08.2017 [-32.140490, 19.287212] (1 ♁, DUBC); Wiedouw farm, 31°43’S–18°43’E, 19.08.1983, Endrody & Penriht leg. [-31.714827, 18.706439] (1 ♀, 1 ♁, TMSA); Soutpans, Tswaing, 25°24’S–27°33’E, 04.12.1996, Muller leg. [-25.395941, 27.567688] (2 ♀, TMSA); Groot Toren farm, 31°20’S–19°44’E, 15.09.1994, Endroy & Younga leg. [-31.336277, 19.741493] (5 ♁, 1 ♀; TMSA); Nuweberg, 34°00’S–19°06’E, 13.11.1973, Endrody & Younga leg. [-34.001429, 19.100473] (1 ♀, TMSA); Villiersdorp, 20.11.1968 [-33.979608, 19.278715] (1 ♁, 1 ♀, TMSA); Le Cap (4 ♁, MRAC); Donker hoek, 13.03.1980, A.P. du Toit leg. [-25.799967, 28.459624] (1 ♁, TMSA); Beaufort Distr., Tldburg Toll, berges vaseuses, Kat. Riv., 01.1961, Leleup leg. (1 ♀, MRAC); Beaufort Distr., Katberg, bancs sabl. Ruisseau, 01.1961, Laleup leg. [-32.524080, 26.701004] (11 ♁, 7 ♀,); Sasolburg, 18.10.1996, Kruger leg. (5 ♁, 3 ♀, TMSA); Maghaleen 03– 07.03.1969, Jones & Snyman leg. (3 ♁, 5 ♀, TMSA); Oranjekrag, 26– 30.10.1970, Snyman & Jenes leg. (1 ♁, TMSA); Ladybrand, Italy farm, 09.– 10.11.1970, Snyman & Jones leg. (1 ♁, 1 ♀, TMSA); Ladybrand, 12.11.1970, Snyman & Jones leg. (1 ♀, TMSA); Transvaal Rodeplaat Dam, 25°37S–28°23E, 14.08.1974, Strydom leg (1 ♁, TMSA); Transvaal Rodeplaat, 17.– 18.03.1960, Neubecker leg (1 ♀, TMSA); idem but 08– 10.10.1960 (1 ♁, TMSA); idem but 30.10.– 10.11.1960 (2 ♀, TMSA); Cullinan Premier Mine Game Res., 25°40’S–28°29’E, 17.01.2002 (1 ♀, TMSA); Ezemvelo Nat. Res., 1350 m, 25°42’S–29°00’E, 19.01.2008, Muller leg. (1 ♁, 1 ♀, TMSA); Pretoria, Roodeplaat, 17– 18.10.1960, Neubecker leg. (1 ♀, TMSA); Bundu Inn, 25°28’S–28°55’E, 24.03.1974, Endrody & Younga leg. (4 ♀, TMSA); Rivonia, 03.11.1967, Russel leg. (1 ♀); Eastern Cape Province (1 ♀, ETHZ); Doornkraal, 33°39’S–24°22’E, 04.12.1995, Bellamy leg. (1 ♁, TMSA); Elizabeth port, 1917, Marshall leg. (1 ♀, BMNH); Port Elizabeth (10 ♁, 8 ♀, ETHZ; 1 ♀, ZIN); Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, Bänninger leg. (1 ♁, MRAC); Pt. Elizabeth, Kapland (1 ♀, MNHN); Elizabeth Port, Brauns leg. (6 ♀, 2 ♁, ZMHB); Amatole, Isidenge For. St., 32°41’S– 27°16’E, 22.11.1987, Endrody & Younga leg. (1 ♁, TMSA); Little Karroo Baviaans kloof, 33°38’S–24°15’E, 27.10.1993, Endrody & Younga leg. (4 ♁, 2 ♀, TMSA); Middelberg, 12.1961 (3 ♁, 2 ♀, TMSA); Transkei Port St Jones, Silaka, 31°33’S–29°30’E, 23.11.1987, Endrody & Younga leg.(1 ♀, TMSA); Transkei, The Haven, 24.02.1985, Duke leg. (1 ex, TMSA); Transkei, Longeni Forest, 13.12.1984, Duke leg. (1 ♀, TMSA); Uitenhage, 1904, Marshall leg. (1 ♁, BMNH); 1917, O’Neil leg. (1 ♀, BMNH); Katberg, 4000 ft., 14.– 26.11.1932, Turner leg. (1 ♀, BMNH); Natal, Reiswnik leg (1 ♀, SMTD); Umfolosi Game Reserve, 02.1967, J. & L. Lauw-Bourguin (1 ♁, 2 ♀, TMSA); Natal Midlands, Karkloof, 29°18’S–30°13’E, 02.12.1989, Endrody & Klimaszew leg. [-29.300300, 30.217667] (1 ♀, TMSA); idem but 03.12.1989 (1 ♁, TMSA); idem but 13.12.1989 (1 ♁, TMSA); Estcourt, 1917, Marshall leg. (1 ♁, BMNH); Weenen, 01.1924, Thomasset leg. (1 ♁, BMNH); Weenen, 09.1929, Thomasset leg. (1 ♀, MRAC); Natal: Drakensberg: Dragons Peak Park 29°02’S / 29°26E, 8.ii.1994, leg. M. Uhlig (1 ♀, ZMHB); Natal: Itala Game Reserve, 27– 29.1.1994, 27°30’S, 31°20’E, lux, U. Göllner leg. (1 ♁, ZMHB); Cape Province, Swellendam, Bontebok Nat.P. 2– 3.1.1993, leg. F. Koch (1 ♁, ZMHB); Royal NP, Tugela River banks, 28°43’S, 28°53’E, sievings (2 ♁, 5 ♀); Penge, 13– 17.11.1972, Strydom leg. (2 ♁, 3 ♀, TMSA); Rhenosterpoort, 25°45’S–28°55’E, 19.02.1975, Pot & Scoble leg. [-25.753020, 28.957033] (1 ♁, TMSA); 01.04.1986, Schuze leg. (1 ♀, TMSA); Waterberg, Farm 223, 24°11’S–27°50’E, 11.02.1976, Strydom leg. (4 ♁, 2 ♀, TMSA); Waterberg, Matlabas river, 24°25’S–27°36’E, 06.10.1995, Endrody & Bellamy leg. (1 ♁, 2 ♀, TMSA); Waterberg, Geelhoutbush farm, 24°22’S–27°33’E, 19.12.1995, Bellamy leg. (7 ♁, 9 ♀, TMSA); Waterberg, Matlabas river, Hippo P., 24°21’S–27°38’E, 07.10.1995, Endrody & Bellamy leg. (6 ♁, 5 ♀, TMSA); Ocoloco, 05.– 13.12.1958, G. Van Son leg. (2 ♁, TMSA); Soutpansberg, 23°00’S–29°47’E, 14.03.1973, Endrody & Younga leg. (1 ♀, TMSA); Letaba, 05.10.1980, Honiball leg. (1 ♁, 1 ♀, TMSA); N. Tvl.: Letaba Valley, Tzanen Dist., 12.1958, Capener leg. (1 ♁, MRAC); Transvaal, Letaba Distr., Letaba Riv., berges, 09.1960, Leleup leg. (2 ♁, 2 ♀, MRAC); Thabaphaswa, 24°00’S–28°55’E, 14.12.2003, Muller leg. (2 ♁, 2 ♀, TMSA); Nylsvley, 07.10.1977, Scholtz leg. (2 ♁, 1 ♀, TMSA); N. Transvaal, Nylsvley, Smith farm, 24°40’S–28°42’E, 20.07.1975, Endrody-Younga leg. (2 ♁); idem but 27.08.1975 (1 ♀); idem but 17.09.1975 (2 ♁); idem but 13.12.1975 (2 ♁, MRAC); N. Tvl.: Gravelotte Letsitele Valley, 16– 12.12.1958, Capener leg. (1 ♁, 2 ♀, MRAC); Elandshoek, 09.1947, Capener leg. [-25.500568, 30.699013] (1 ♀, TMSA); Nelshoogte, galery for below St., 25°51’S–30°53’E, 04.12.1986, Endrody & Younga [-25.849900, 30.885138] (1 ♁, 1 ♀, TMSA); Kopees Kraal, Lydenberg, 25°07’S–30°12’E, 05.12.1996, Endrody & Younga leg. [-25.114782, 30.211891] (4 ♁, TMSA); idem but 06.12.1996, (3 ♁, TMSA); Helena Farm, 1091 m, 25°02’S–30°07’E, 22.10.2001, TMSA staf leg. [-25.033134, 30.118736] (1 ♁, TMSA); idem but 11.02.2002 (1 ♁, TMSA); Barberton, Rendall leg. (1 ♁, BMNH ); Transvaal, Barberton Distr., Suid Kaap Riv., rives sabl. argil., 10.1961, Leleup leg. [-25.608914, 31.238459] (7 ♁, 10 ♀, MRAC); Transvaal, Lydenburg Disr., Ohrigstad, 1200m, 21.03.1962, Leleup leg. [-24.749446, 30.543391] (4 ♁, 6 ♀, MRAC); Botshabelo, Transvaal [-23.434354, 30.529504] (1 ♁, MNHN); RSA, Northern Prov., Soutpansberg Mts., Medike res., 4– 6.12.2003 R. Kmeco leg [-22.993408, 29.611937] (3 ♁, 3 ♀, DUBC, RKC); Warrenton, 09.03.1978, F. De Moor leg. [-28.110515, 24.843204] (1 ♁, TMSA); Upington, Schüle leg. [-28.473178, 21.230935] (3 ♁, 5 ♀, SMNS); Nietverdiend, 08.01.1978, Holm leg. [-25.035948, 26.154621] (1 ♀, TMSA); Ingwavuma River, valee rives, 10.1961, Leleup leg. [-27.078750, 32.016142] (2 ♁, 8 ♀, MRAC). O. capense f. suturalis: Dunbrody, Esper leg. (1 ♀, ISNB); Dunbrody (9 ♁, 7 ♀, ISNB); Dunbrody (4 ♁, 3 ♀, MRAC); Dunbrody [-33.474672, 25.552932] (1 ♁, SAM); Dunbrody pres Grahamstown, Cap de B. Esper. [-33.328017, 26.563948] (1 ♁, ISNB); Algoa Bay, Capland, Brauns leg. 1.12.92 [-33.849003, 25.592648] (1 ♀, TMSA; 1 ♁, 4 ♀, SAMC; 1 ♀, SMTD); Cap., Gory leg. (1 ♀, 2 ♁, MNHN), Cap. B. Esp. (1 ♀, MNHN); Cap de Bonne Esperance (1 ♀, MRAC); Le Cap, Burgeon leg. (1 ♀, MRAC); Cape Town (1 ♁, 1 ♀, SMTD); Cape Town, Table Bay (1 ♁, ZIN); Cubha Lake, 11.1980, Oberprieler leg. [-28.848655, 31.943981] (1 ♁, TMSA); Mtunzini, 11.1980, Oberprieler leg. [-28.948662, 31.775811] (1 ♁, TMSA); Durban, Tongaat beach, 29°35S–31°11 E, 18– 30.01.1992, Endrody & Younga leg. [- 29.578230, 31.181660] (1 ♁, TMSA); Durban, 01.1939, Kobrow leg. [-29.884271, 31.019884] (1 ♁, TMSA); Durban, 1903, Marley leg. (1 ♁, 1 ♀, BMNH); Durban, 1917, Marshall leg. (1 ♀, BMNH); Zululand, Mtubatuba, 28°22’S–32°19’E, 04.04.1974, Endrody — Younga leg. [-28.367091, 32.318099] (15 ♁, 11 ♀, TMSA); Zululand, Empangeni, 23.01.1975, Ereavel leg. [-28.768451, 31.885523] (1 ♁, TMSA); “S Domingo” [label error], “Ex Musaeo Chaudoir”, “ Omophron dominicense Chaud. Holotype, det. George E. Ball ”, “Type” [red square], Omophron dominicense Chaudoir, 1868 = O. suturalis Guerin-Meneville 1829 det. S.W. Nichols 1983” (♁, MNHN). ZAMBIA: 30 km NW Sesheke, S17°17´21 E24°09´08, 13.01.2010, P. Schüle leg. [-17.289167, 24.152222] (1 ♁, 1♀ PSC); N. Rhodesia, Namwala, Dollman leg. [-15.999410, 26.138941] (8 ♁, 5 ♀, BMNH). ZIMBABWE: Salisbury, Mashonaland, 1908, Marshall leg. [-17.927256, 30.875280] (3 ♁, BMNH); Harare, Bodong leg. (5 ex, ETHZ); Mashonaland (1 ♁, MNHN ) ; S. Rhodesia, Marandellas, 02.1962, 18°10’S, 31°36’E, Weir leg. [-18.167591, 31.599725] (2 ♁, 3 ♀, BMNH); S. Rhodesia, Khami (Bulawayo) (a la lumiere) 10.01.1954, Cooke leg. [-20.151822, 28.428814] (1 ♁, 2 ♀, MRAC); „ Rhodesia, Sebakwe, Dods 190”, „O. picturatus”, „ var oligoxanthus ”, SAM-COL-A018083, [-18.862753, 29.836817] (3 ex, SAMC); Rhodesia, Sebakwe, Dods 1902, SAM-COL-A052163 (3 ♁, 1 ♀, SAMC). Differential diagnosis. Similar to O. picturatum and O. oligoxanthum, with which this subspecies co-occurs in many parts of its distribution. Reliably distinguished only by shape of the apex of aedeagus, pointed in O. picturatum and O. oligoxanthum, but obtuse in O. capense (Figs. 39–45). Redescription. Body length 5.02–6.05 mm; width 3.35–4.03 mm. Habitus (Fig. 27–30). Color: Elytra, sides of pronotum and head yellow. Labrum, antennae and legs flavescent; pattern on elytra, pronotum and head metallic green. Venter, excluding epipleura, dark rufopiceous. Proepipleura and elytral epipleura pale piceous. Head moderately flat, coarsely punctate laterally and posteriorly, more sparsely punctate around clypeus and on middle of frons, with punctures deep and with sides distinctly margined. Pale pattern on head V-shaped and well-developed. Clypeus with small wrinkles and bisetose, anterior margin formed by two straight lines meeting at an obtuse angle. Labrum slightly bisinuate, with six setae. Subocular ridge well developed. Antennal scape unisetose at apex, antennomeres 3 and 4 with 4–6 setae, antennomeres 5–11 pubescent. HW: 1.59–1.75 mm. Pronotum (PL: 1.18–1.37 mm, PW: 2.63–2.91 mm.) moderately convex, transverse, base bisinuate, sides slightly rounded, hind angles almost acute. Sides of pronotum with relatively wide border. Pronotum sparsely but coarsely punctate, punctures denser along anterior and posterior margins; metallic green pattern wide, anterior margin more or less yellowish, lateral margins with broad yellow edging. Median line almost obsolete or reduced. Prosternum coarsely and irregularly punctate. Elytra (EL: 3.18–3.49 mm, EW: 3.35–4.0 mm) moderately convex, ovate, sides hardly widened behind humerus. Elytra with 15 striae, extended from base to apex. Striae deep, punctate, with punctures distinct, well separated, shallower toward apex. Intervals moderately convex and smooth, more convex and narrower laterally. Venter (Fig. 35). Mesepisternum smooth. Metasternum coarsely and irregularly punctate. Ventrite I punctate along anterior margin; ventrite II with few punctures near coxa and near elytral epipleura; ventrites III–VI smooth. Metacoxae bisetose, without additional punctures. Aedeagus (Figs. 39–41). Apical lamella slightly downturned, apex relatively wide in comparison with other subspecies. Endophallus is typical for the species: with two groups of medium sized spines. One group is large and situated in distal part tubular formation, extended to basal orifice of median lobe, and covered with scales. The second group of spines is much smaller, located more apically and to the right (anatomically) of the first and extended apically beyond the first group by about half its length (Fig. 46). Comments. Omophron dominicense was described by Chaudoir, 1868: 58 based on a single specimen received from A. Deyrolle with label “S Domingo” [label error]. The type specimen was studied by S.W. Nichols in 1983 and synonymy with O. capensis was established, but not published. This synonymy is confirmed here. The population living on the coast, in the Cape Town area, is distinguished by a slightly larger body size and a reduced green pattern on the elytra (Fig. 27–28), and was described by Guérin-Méneville (1842: 24) as Omophron suturale. No differences were found in the structure of the aedeagus. The previously proposed by S.W. Nichols, but unpublished synonymy is confirmed. Distribution. Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Republic of South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Map. 3). References: Csiki 1927; Gory 1833; Guérin-Méneville 1842; Péringuey 1896., Published as part of Anichtchenko, Alexander & Valainis, Uldis, 2023, Revision of the subgenus Omophron (s. str.) Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae Omophron) of the Afrotropical region, pp. 201-246 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on pages 218-222, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7923218, {"references":["Guerin-Meneville, F. E., (1842) Iconographie de Regne Animal de G. Cuvier 1829 - 1844 Insectes. J. B. Bailliere, Paris and London, 576 pp. [1829 - 1844]","Chaudoir, M. (1868) Note monographique sur le genre Omophron. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee et de Sericiculture Comparee, 2 (20), 54 - 63.","Csiki, E. (1927) Tribe Omophronini, Coleopterorum Catalogus. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterum Catalogus. Vol 1. Carabidae I. Part 92. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin and s-Gravenhage, pp. 404 - 412.","Gory, H. L. (1833) Centurie de carabiques nouveaux. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 2, 168 - 247.","Peringuey, L. (1896) A descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa. Cicindelidae-Carabidae. Vol. VII. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society Printed by West, Newman and Co., Hatton Garden, London, 623 pp."]}

Omophron (Omophron) capense isolatum ssp. n. Material examined. Holotype, ♁: TANZANIA: Mts Uluguru Mgeta, river bank, 1000 m, 23.07.1971, L. Berger, N. Leleup, J. Debecker leg. [-7.044622, 37.569428] (MRAC); Paratypes, 3 ♁, 2 ♀, idem (MRAC). Differential diagnosis. Similar to O. muellerae sp. n. in body color pattern, but differ in having the elytral striae less punctate, form of elytral pattern different, and venter paler and less punctate. Description. Body length 5.25–5.33 mm; width 3.39–3.44 mm. Habitus (Fig. 34) Color: head, pronotum, elytra, and venter brown, legs and antennae light brown. Mandibles dark brown. Pattern on head, elytra and pronotum dark green, with purple tinge. General taxon characteristics correspond to those given in the description of the nominate subspecies. Distinguishing features are indicated in the differential diagnosis and key. Head (HW: 1.54–1.60 mm). Pronotum (PL: 1.32–2.36 mm, PW: 2.72–2.79 mm). Elytra (EL: 3.42–3.51 mm, EW: 3.39–3.44 mm.) moderately convex, elongate, sides moderately rounded at the shoulders and near the apex, with relatively wide border. Elytral pattern broad, with isolated pale spot near humerus in the area of intervals 8–9. Elytral striae deep, weakly punctate, punctures small and shallow, evanescent in the anterior two-thirds of the elytra but extended to the apex. Intervals flat on the disc, moderately convex on sides. Venter (Fig. 38). Metasternum, metepisternum and metepimeron sparsely and unevenly punctate; elytral epipleura smooth. Metacoxa bisetose. Aedeagus (Fig. 45). Ventral side of median lobe moderately arcuate from base to apex. Apex truncate, strongly downturned in lateral view. Apical lamella long, sides of aedeagus taper sharply towards the top, forming the shape of a “bottle neck”. Endophallus is typical for the species: with two groups of medium sized spines. One is large and situated in distal part tubular formation, extended to basal orifice of median lobe, and covered with scales. The second group of spines is much smaller, located more apically and to the left of the first and extended apically beyond the first group by about half its length (Fig. 51). Etymology. The adjectival species epithet isolatum signifies the geographic isolation of this subspecies, which is distributed in the region of the Uluguru mountain range in eastern Tanzania. Distribution. Tanzania (Map. 3)., Published as part of Anichtchenko, Alexander & Valainis, Uldis, 2023, Revision of the subgenus Omophron (s. str.) Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Carabidae Omophron) of the Afrotropical region, pp. 201-246 in Zootaxa 5284 (2) on page 226, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7923218