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Progress of the industrial safety and occupational health movements in the United States toward their common goal of protecting the physical welfare of workers is discussed in this article. When these activities and workmen's compensation began, about a half century ago, it was anticipated that they would be "complementary and mutually sustaining." Besides presenting historical accounts of the safety and health movements, the authors evaluate the current problems and relationships among safety, health, and compensation activities. This article constitutes part of a broader study by the authors to be published under the title, Workmen's Compensation and Occupational Disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An analysis of the industrial accident prevention effect of the hazardous machine safety certification system was performed. • The necessity of the safety certification system was confirmed using three statistical methods. • Surveys, industrial accident data analysis, field surveys, and expert interviews were conducted. • It was confirmed that the safety certification system has a positive effect on industrial accident prevention. • The safety certification system must ensure efficiency by considering the safety policy and industrial environment of each country. The "4th industrial revolution" is accelerating changes in technology, industry, and machinery, and the "Internet of everything" (IoE) requires comprehensive integration of people and machines. Despite the development of these technologies, fatal accidents continue to occur due to malfunctions of dangerous machinery, so the importance of the safety certification system is increasing, but there are few objective analysis data. In this study, the necessity of a safety certification system was confirmed by analyzing the effect of the safety certification system on the prevention effect of industrial accidents in three methods. Based on these analysis results, the industrial accident prevention effect of the current safety certification system and necessary supplementary tasks were derived. Safety certification systems for more than 30 machines and equipment are in operation in South Korea. In this research, the press, crane, catapult, and lift machines most commonly used in industrial fields were analyzed. This study was conducted in five steps: a safety certification system operation status investigation, a survey and interviews, an analysis of dangerous machinery and equipment accidents, focus group interviews, and study of the direction of safety certification systems in consideration of recent IoE developments. As a result of the analysis, various opinions were presented on the safety certification system by subject, and it was found that it was necessary to prepare supplementary measures for the advancement of the safety certification system advancement, expand its field applicability, and improve the efficiency of safety certification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inzynieria Mineralna is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Przerobki Kopalin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to measure human safety when using a system during its design process. Safety is defined as no danger or no conditions that can create a risk. Based on this definition of safety, we established a safety indicator used at the earliest design phases based. The proposed safety indicator depends on two values indicating the presence or absence of danger and the level of importance of hazardous conditions. The power take-off drive shaft is used as a case study to illustrate and examine the proposed safety indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience is becoming a prevalent agenda in safety research and organisational practice. In this study we examine how the peer-reviewed safety science literature (a) formulates the rationale behind the study of resilience; (b) constructs resilience as a scientific object; and (c) constructs and locates the resilient subject. The results suggest that resilience engineering scholars typically motivate the need for their studies by referring to the inherent complexities of modern socio-technical systems; complexities that make these systems inherently risky. The object of resilience then becomes the capacity to adapt to such emerging risks in order to guarantee the success of the inherently risky system. In the material reviewed, the subject of resilience is typically the individual, either at the sharp end or at higher managerial levels. The individual is called-upon to adapt in the face of risk to secure the continuous performance of the system. Based on the results from how resilience has been introduced in safety sciences we raise three ethical questions for the field to address: (1) should resilience be seen as people thriving despite of, or because of, risk?; (2) should resilience theory form a basis for moral judgement?; and finally (3) how much should resilience be approached as a trait of the individual? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the mechanisms, processes, and rationales for causal attribution, blame, and liability within the legal context of Norwegian risk regulation, using the petroleum industry as a point of reference. Legalistic and judicial norms and practices have traditionally favored blaming approaches, whereas mature risk management philosophies have gradually abandoned single-cause/human error approaches. A variety of systemic models are developed that analyze accidents and incidents or near-misses as complex interactions between a variety of underlying root causes. Technical failure and human error may be triggering causes, but allowed only by failures in underlying systems, conditions, or barriers. This has created contradictions between legal liability approaches and risk management approaches to industrial failure and accidents. The purpose of the former has been criminalization and punishment, whereas the purpose of the latter has been organizational learning, preferably across sectors and domains. The paper examines how systemic models gradually have entered into the judicial context and discusses different factors that can account for this development. First, a mature model of risk management adapted to complex technologies and encompassing a highly institutionalized no-blame culture within the regulatory domain; second, the combination of close and – in terms of professional expertise – asymmetric relations between the regulators and the police/prosecuting authority; third, available legal rationales and warrants that allow systemic and situational attribution of causes; fourth, national egalitarianism and an institutionalized tripartite regulatory system, including strong unions that actively and effectively resist any attempts to attribute causes of industrial failures and accidents to operational error at the blunt end (‘human error’). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the industrial health and safety practices implemented by the Spanish company Hero España. The authors comment on the plans designed for workplace accident reduction and prevention, as well as the incorporation of both business managers and employees in the planning process. The use and effectiveness of training, regular safety inspections, and audits within the company are also analyzed.

This article discusses a worldwide campaign to promote industrial safety and the reduction and prevention of workplace accidents. The author comment on the role of business managers and leaders in implementing plans relating to job health and safety, as well as improving employee motivation and morale.

Abstract: This main issue of this article analyses the possible way to use for availability improvement, the organisational analysis methodology initially developed for accident safety investigations. As the last decade examples in the industrial world prove that some organisational weaknesses could either impact safety or availability, we have for purpose to make some important clarifications, with the help of the organisational paradigm, and grounded on our knowledge of safety accidents or local inquiries in hazardous technical complex systems. We will first give our definition of an availability event, by comparison with a safety event and recall what is for us an organisational analysis. Then we will consider the safety organisational paradigm pathogenic factors in wondering if these factors could also be seen as pathogenic factors for availability; or if specific availability pathogenic factors can be inferred from these safety pathogenic factors. In the end we will try to assess the common points and the differences between an availability oriented organisational analysis and a safety oriented one, with a particular attention to possible negative follows-up on safety issues and to the methodology issue. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The goals of this study were twofold: (1) to confirm a relationship between employee perceptions of psychological safety climate and safety behavior for a sample of workers in the rail industry and (2) to explore the relative strengths of relationships between specific facets of safety climate and safety behavior. Non-management rail maintenance workers employed by a large North American railroad completed a survey (n =421) regarding workplace safety perceptions and behaviors. Three facets of safety climate (management safety, coworker safety, and work-safety tension) were assessed as relating to individual workers’ reported safety behavior. All three facets were significantly associated with safety behavior. Dominance analysis was used to assess the relative importance of each facet as related to the outcome, and work-safety tension evidenced the strongest relationship with safety behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Looking back over 30 years of my own and other safety-climate scholars’ research, my primary reflection is that we have achieved an enormous task of validating safety climate as a robust leading indicator or predictor of safety outcomes across industries and countries. The time has therefore come for moving to the next phase of scientific inquiry in which constructs are being augmented by testing its relationships with antecedents, moderators and mediators, as well as relationships with other established constructs. Whereas there has been some significant progress in this direction over the last 30 years (e.g. leadership as a climate antecedent), much more work is required for augmenting safety climate theory. I hope this article will stimulate further work along these lines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Work in the construction industry is considered inherently dangerous, despite the technological improvements regarding the safety of work conditions and equipment. To address the urgent need to identify organizational predictors of safety performance and outcomes among construction workers, the present study examined multi-level effects of two important indicators of safety climate, namely contractor error management climate and worker safety communication, on safety behavior, injury, and pain among union construction workers. Data were collected from 235 union construction workers employed by 15 contractors in Midwest and Northwest regions of the United States. Results revealed significant main effects for safety communication and error management climate on safety behaviors and pain, but not on injuries. Our findings suggest that positive safety communication and error management climate are important contributors to improving workplace safety. Specific implications of these results for organizational safety research and practice are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study presented a model specifying the relationship of unit-level safety climate and perceived colleagues’ safety knowledge/behavior (PCSK/B) to safety behavior (safety compliance and safety participation), as well as safety performance (injuries and near misses). PCSK/B, a measure of descriptive norms, was taken as a new individual-level predictor. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated the significant cross-level interaction effects of unit-level safety climate and PCSK/B on safety behavior, i.e., the more positive the safety climate, the stronger effects PCSK/B has on safety behavior. The effect of PCSK/B on injuries was mediated by safety behavior. Implications for management and safety climate research were discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between the organizational tenure of employees at a given worksite and safety climate strength (i.e., the variability of employees’ perceptions of the policies, procedures, and practices regarding workplace safety). Results revealed that average worksite tenure was related to safety climate strength such that higher average tenure was associated with stronger safety climates. The moderating effect of tenure level on the relationship between tenure and climate strength was also examined. Results revealed a curvilinear relationship between mean worksite tenure and safety climate strength, such that at higher levels of worksite tenure, smaller increases in the group''s average tenure improved climate strength to a greater extent than at lower levels of worksite tenure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Alongside the Safety at Work Act (N.N., Nos. 59/96, 94/96, 114/03 and 100/04), other supporting legislation (implementation provision) has been passed. The legislation in question is the Safety and Health Regulations in Using Working Equipment (N.N., No. 21 of 18 February 2008). The Regulations set out the obligations of both employer and employee with regard to use of working equipment. For working equipment incorporated into buildings, aside from the Regulations, special provisions regarding physical planning and building are implemented. The paper stresses the specific importance of the Regulations, which came into force on 26 February 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of occupational health and safety activities ale possible with establishing, measuring and monitoring performance indicators Thus, performance indicators need to be tied to policies and strategies developed to prevent workplace accidents and health of workers. Top management should use the PMM system to answer the key questions such as; "Is the existing PMM system beneficial? "Arc PMM indicators improving?" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information concerning the objectives and challenges faced by safety, health and environment (SH&E) professionals in a nontraditional work environment. It explains the responsibilities of SH&E professionals, with difference between their tasks in a traditional and nontraditional work environment. Moreover, it regards the intensity on the tasks of SH&E professionals in a nontraditional work environments, highlighting the significance of not abandoning the tasks even when it is deemed unsafe by conventional measures. Furthermore, details on the responsibilities and mission of SH&E professionals, regardless of risks, are discussed.

The article offers information on the industrial application of safety engineering in the U.S. It explores the practice of safety engineering, specifically concerning whether it is a distinct engineering discipline. It tackles the differences between a safety engineer and a safety professional, with relation to its practice of safety engineering. It also examines the education requirement for becoming a safety engineer, regarding the scientific and engineering principles of safety. Furthermore, several safety engineering recommendations for the prevention of hazards in the industry are included.

Organisational culture has a significant impact on the quality of work in companies and organisations, making its planning and adoption a generally recognised means of ensuring safety and health at work. In introducing the policy and strategy of safety and health at work in an organisation, it is useful to take into consideration the importance of the safety culture as one of the crucial elements for successful achievement of the set aims. With this purpose in mind, a theoretical and empirical study was conducted on the safety culture. The theoretical aspects of the study were based on an analysis of relevant international and domestic literature in the field of general culture and safety culture and its various facets, such as values, ethics, habits, etc. In the empirical (practical) part of the study we applied the survey method to gather quantitative data. The survey comprised a study of the field of integral management, values and principles, development and education of the employees, management and its effectiveness, and innovations and improvements. The sample was composed of all 159 employees in a company. The responses in the survey indicated that the awareness regarding safe and healthy work was at a high level, with an average 84% positive answers and an average of 6% negative answers. A model was proposed incorporating those elements that should be developed to further improve the safety culture in the company. The findings shall prove to be a useful tool for those believing that safety culture can be used as an effective tool in the management of safety and health at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on how to improve employee safety. It implies the need of hiring conscientious employees who care about safety in order to increase employee involvement for safety. Meanwhile, effective training and development are also needed to cultivate and maintain desirable employee behaviors and attitudes. It suggests the need for organizations to find creative ways to increase employee involvement for safety by making wellness programs and mentoring between experienced and inexperienced employees.

The article focuses on the importance of preventing and reducing serious injuries and workplace fatalities. It is stated that safety, health and environmental (SH&E) professionals must adopt a new mindset that gives serious injury prevention a higher priority by addressing the phenomenon that seems to have developed in companies which report serious injuries and fatalities. Moreover, additional research and knowledge are also needed about causation and preventive measures so that safety professionals can give counsel on how these injuries and fatalities can be reduced.

The focuses on the implications of goal-setting and planning for safety excellence at a corporate level. It mentions that planning and goal setting must take place on both the corporate and project levels in order to produce positive safety performance. It involves understanding the company's strategic plan and developing safety goals that correspond with the plan to achieve attainable project-specific safety objectives. It suggests that safety, health and environmental professionals should work with upper management to identify the corporate goals and understand how they relate to safety.

The paper focuses on the issues of heat and air quality in the work environment, considered as being part of occupational safety. The starting points were drawn from relevant legal provisions and regulations and from the criteria set out in the EN and ISO standards. The key point argued in the paper is that, in performing a work task, safe operation of equipment and machinery is not the only prerequisite, but that heat and air quality should be regarded as equally important ergonomic factors. Furthermore, a rational approach to energy utilisation for these purposes in technological processes should be adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is vital to provide for employees adequate health and safety conditions at work, particularly for professional musicians in the music business, who experience exposure to noise, as their very career depends on suitable working conditions. Inadequate health and safety precautions against the effects of noise result, after long years of playing or working in the music industry, in the loss of hearing for many employees. The noise produced by various instruments and other sources may thus present a serious hazard, which needs to be addressed with suitable measures, such as appropriate working conditions, workplace arrangement, use of personal protective equipment etc., all with the basic aim of providing suitable health and safety at work to all involved in the music business. This article presents some hazards related to noise in the music business and suggests solutions for ensuring a suitable workplace arrangement, working conditions, work equipment and the use of personal protective equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the net monetary benefit of setting up cost-effective rollover protective structures (CROPS) instead of using existing ROPS retrofits for all estimated non-ROPS tractors in the year 2004. Results suggest that compared with the baseline option , the Install-ROPS option leads to a loss of $310 million to society, while the Install-CROPS option leads to a net monetary benefit of $276 million over 20 years. Break-even analysis suggests that the unit of cost of intervention for the Install-CROPS option can escalate by around 58% and still be able to pay for itself.

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology that evaluates safety management information systems (SMIS) for general contractors mainly in terms of managerial effectiveness. Characteristics and variables of safety management assessments were investigated first, and several assessment techniques were then developed. A single index system measuring safety management performance of projects is also proposed for practical application. The assessments of safety management tasks are performed by several different variables including measures, project lifecycle, organization, etc. The assessment result from a case-company shows that a limited number of safety tasks can effectively represent the overall safety performance of a project. Among these tasks, managing the “daily safety meeting minutes” through the information systems was found to be the most important task. Details and implications of a case are outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This research work presents useful framework and mechanism for integrated fault diagnostic system, or FDS. The proposed system is composed of three major subsystems: fault detection, root cause and consequence analyzer, and maintenance analyzer. Learning mechanisms are proposed to extract knowledge about deviationsfailure modes from real time process and equipment monitoring data. Fault semantic network is proposed to represent failure modes and fault propagation models as integrated with process and equipment models. Qualitative rules are defined and associated with fault semantic networks for practical Actual maintenance findings are used to tune training data for more accurate fault detection and root cause and consequence analysis. Case study is used to illustrate the proposed idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Despite significant reductions, the number of injuries and fatalities in mining remains high. A persistent area of concern continues to be equipment-related incidents. Method: Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and Current Population Survey (CPS) data were used to examine equipment-related injuries over the period 1995–2004. Incidents were reviewed to determine which types of mining equipment were most often involved and to identify and characterize trends. Results: Non-powered hand tools was the equipment category most often involved with non-fatal injuries while off-road ore haulage was the most common source of fatalities. Summary: Younger employees had an elevated risk of injury while workers >55 years had an elevated risk for fatality. A large majority of incidents involve workers with <5 years experience. Impact on Industry: Results should increase hazard awareness and enable mine management to select and prioritize problem areas and safety system weaknesses in both underground and surface mining. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article highlights the revision of American National Standards Institute/American Society of Safety Engineers (ANSI/ASSE) Z359 code, the national voluntary consensus fall protection equipment standard for general industry, which affects safety, health and environmental professionals including manufacturers and other stakeholders in the U.S. It introduces standards by the new code based on the original 1992 edition that includes Z359.0: Definitions and Nomenclature Used for Fall Protection and Fall Arrest, Z359.1: Safety Requirements for Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems and Components, and Z359.2: Maximum Requirements for a Comprehensive Managed Fall Protection Program. Moreover, the fall protection code improves product performance intended to protect worker safety and health.

The article provides information on the importance of lean concepts application in the manufacturing industry. According to the author, the application of lean concepts aims to eliminate waste, improve efficiency and lower production costs, which has become known among senior-level management. The lean process application focuses on minimizing handling and storing of materials and work in process, and avoiding interruptions in the workflow. The application of lean concepts throughout the industry presents an opportunity for safety, health and environmental (SH&E) professionals to call management's attention to address an element of waste in the lean process, particularly from the direct and ancillary costs of accidents.

The article discusses the effect of green design and construction practices on the safety and health of the workers. Green design and construction practices are primarily aimed at minimizing environmental and resource impacts and improving the safety, health and productivity of a building's final occupants. The goal of these practices is to create facilities that are sustainable. Designing and constructing buildings using current sustainability practices may or may not benefit construction worker safety and health.

The article discusses the study determining the relationships between organizational climate factors and occupational health outcomes, such as lost workdays, musculoskeletal injury, blood and body fluid exposures, injuries, and burnout among hospital-based nurses in the U.S. Several measures were obtained through a self-administered, anonymous survey distributed in 13 New York City Hospitals. Organizational climate is significantly associated with the health and well-being of hospital nurses. The results of the study are also emphasized in the article.

The article discusses the professional opinion by the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) to address occupational safety and health hazards concern specifically the step taken by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) towards a unified rulemaking on hazard communications. The ASSE provided explanations on key issues involving hazard communications in industries including construction, chemical, and manufacturing. With a team of professionals who are experts in their respective fields, ASSE affirms its desire to help educate and inform the employer community the importance of health and safety management.

The article investigates the efficiency of an integrated workplace-based program called Prevention and Early Active Return-to-Work Safely (PEARS) program developed by the Occupational Health and Safety Agency for Healthcare in British Columbia. The study aims to decrease musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) and analyze the effects of these injuries among healthcare workers in the region. It found that the workplace-based program was effective in lowering the incidence of MSI-associated time loss and compensation costs. The study concluded that PEARS recognized a shift from previous injury prevention and return-to-work programs by concentrating on primary intervention and adopting stakeholder involvement in its design, implementation, and evaluation.

The article discusses a new approach to analyzing emerging technologies for occupational safety and health consequences, both positive and negative. A foundation for a prospective analysis of emerging technologies to examine their risk and benefits to occupational safety and health is provided by a streamlined risk assessment model. Teamwork and continuous iterations within the team are necessary as new facts emerge in advancing occupational safety and health throughout the emerging technology development process. The application of inherently safer design principles for improving construction safety is described.

This paper concerns the prospective implementation of the proposed ‘corporate killing’ offence. These proposals suggested that the Health and Safety Executive (HSE)—the body currently responsible for regulating work-related health and safety issues—should handle cases in which a ‘corporate killing’ charge is a possibility. Relatively little attention has been paid to this issue of implementation. An empirical investigation was undertaken to assess the compatibility of the HSE's methodology and enforcement philosophy with the new offence. It was found that inspectors categorize themselves as enforcers of criminal law, see enforcement action as valuable and support the new offence, but disagree over its use. They also broadly supported the HSE taking responsibility for the new offence. This suggests that ‘corporate killing’ may not necessarily be incompatible with the HSE's modus operandi, and there may be positive reasons for giving the HSE this responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I term the dichotomy that exists over how to regulate corporate violations the ‘punishment model versus compliance school debate’. I then demonstrate that in the area of workplace health and safety, this classic debate on corporate offending has evolved with the shift to ‘regulation through individual responsibility’. This regulatory shift has resulted in a diffusion of responsibility for safety risks as workers have increasingly become individually responsible for enforcing regulation as well as a target of regulation. In essence, workers are being transformed from a victim to a health and safety offender. In this study, I re-conceptualize the role of worker agency in regulatory enforcement by introducing several grounded ethnographic themes, such as the policing of minor violations and the creation of Potemkin Villages, which represent the ‘hidden side’ of the local culture of reactions to health and safety enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study that attempts to determine the factors affecting track worker safety in the rail industry. Interviews with management representatives of maintenance companies and rail safety bodies, coupled with focus-group discussions with Scottish and English track maintenance workers, revealed that in the structure of a privatized rail industry safety improvements are often constrained by economic and organizational pressure. In addition, there is a discrepancy between higher level safety structures and the experience of employees at track level.

The article focuses on the adverse progression over the past several years with respect to serious injuries and workers' compensation claims costs. Significantly, the types of activities out of which many serious injuries occur are discussed which include: (1) the results of studies on the characteristics of incidents resulting to severe injuries; (2) significant conceptual barriers to serious injury prevention; and (3) actions that practitioners can take to reduce serious injury potential. Finally, a procedure that professionals can use to assess serious injury experience and determine what proposals should be made for improvements in safety management systems is provided.

Abstract: This paper describes the development of a management model to control barriers devised to prevent major hazard scenarios. Additionally, an audit technique is explained that assesses the quality of such a management system. The final purpose of the audit technique is to quantify those aspects of the management system that have a direct impact on the reliability and effectiveness of the barriers and, hence, the probability of the scenarios involved. First, an outline of the management model is given and its elements are explained. Then, the development of the audit technique is described. Because the audit technique uses actual major hazard scenarios and barriers within these as its focus, the technique achieves a concreteness and clarity that many other techniques often lack. However, this strength is also its limitation, since the full safety management system is not covered with the technique. Finally, some preliminary experiences obtained from several test sites are compiled and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article focuses on the application of the research methodology to validate a safety audit tool. Workplace audits are a common form of measuring an organization's safety performance. Many traditional forms of audits emphasize compliance activity. The practice of accepting audits as a valid measure of excellence is questionable, unless the audits have passed some rigorous tests. The article seeks to demonstrate a method to validate safety audit tools by using scientific methods commonly used in the field of psychology.

The article focuses on the various goal-setting approaches in measuring performance. The measurement standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has been used to measure occupational safety indicators: (1) total cases; (2) nonfatal cases without lost workdays; (3) total lost workday cases; (3) cases with days away with work; and (4) measure of fatalities. The levels of severity includes injuries without lost time, injuries with lost time, fatalities, and catastrophes. Experience with standards for reporting and measuring accident experience has led to widespread dissatisfaction on the part of many responsible for safety management activities and performance. Significantly, the article also tackles the various flaws in the industrial management that leads to industrial accidents of catastrophic proportions. The safety culture of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the ideal industrial safety management system. Finally, there is no right way for companies in managing industrial safety.

The article talks about the various issues and concerns regarding the implementation of the Department of Energy's (DOE) national security and environmental management programs which centers on the nuclear safety issue in the U.S. The approaches to nuclear safety work must be integrated with other requirements for safety programs designed to prevent catastrophic consequences and high-consequence accidents due to mishandling and mismanagement of nuclear safety initiatives. Furthermore, the nuclear weapons programs managed by DOE have not experienced a major system failure and that its predecessors have a long and improving safety performance record in nuclear operations. Statistics from surveys shows that the Department of Energy has a successful safety program than its other administrative agency counterparts. It is necessary to have conservative engineering of safety systems as well as social science considerations to ensure safe nuclear operations. Finally, organizations can provide added risk reduction by implementing the attributes of highly reliable organizations.

A serious injury can temporarily raise employee awareness and management commitment to safety, improving perception of a company's safety culture. However, that awareness and participation often fade over time, after the injury becomes a memory, giving way to other concerns, such as production or financial viability, until the next injury. The author discusses how to manage the paradox involved in this type of reactive management. When not handled in a constructive manner, paradoxes can defeat safety efforts at the first misstep. Conversely, when managers are prepared to manage polarities, a misstep can become an opportunity to build credibility and trust. One case history presents a worst-case scenario where a safety initiative was abandoned because people perceived a polarity as a threat and reacted with mistrust and self-protective actions. Holders of opposing viewpoints took unbending stances and both sides withdrew to defend their positions. A second case history presents an example of how recognizing and managing a polarity can strengthen commitment to a safety program and the company.

The article reports on the results of a test of the main properties of safety climate through the multilevel statistical models. The main objectives of the study include empirical testing of safety climate's property of shared perceptions, testing of the predictive power of safety climate on accident occurrence and the determine the relative importance of the safety climate dimensions in the Spanish industrial context.

This paper brings to light forms of interpretive closure embedded in a Government inquiry into rail industry occupational safety and heath. The paper shows how particular interpretive moves by the Inquiry had the effect of obscuring a critical analysis of economic and political relations. The analysis uses publicly available documentary data and is undertaken using interpretive and political economic forms of analysis in a multiple framework approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]