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Fulvio Ricceri, Joseph A. Rothwell, Amanda J. Cross, Graham G. Giles, Elisabete Weiderpass, Tilman Kühn, Emily Sonestedt, Yi Yang, Rudolf Kaaks, Valeria Pala, Anna Karakatsani, Dallas R. English, Rosario Tumino, Pilar Amiano, Antonia Trichopoulou, John L. Hopper, Leila Lujan-Barroso, Allison M. Hodge, Bengt Wallner, Ruth C. Travis, María Dolores López, Anne Tjønneland, Hazel M. Mitchell, Kostas Tsilidis, Domenico Palli, Harindra Jayasekara, Elio Riboli, Antonio Agudo, Robin Room, Heiner Boeing, Eva Ardanaz, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Torkjel M. Sandanger, Pietro Ferrari, Robert J. MacInnis, Susana Merino, Andrew Haydon, Eleni Peppa, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Salvatore Panico, María José Sánchez, Marc J. Gunter, Hanna Sternby, Roger L. Milne, Gianluca Severi, Ana Lucia Mayen-Chacon, Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), VicHealth Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Wellcome Trust, WT Medical Research Council, MRC: MC‐UU_12015/1, MR/M012190/1, MR/N003284/1 British Heart Foundation, BHF Department of Health and Social Care, DH Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/ A16491, C8221/A19170, C864/A14136 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Food Standards Agency, FSA Stroke Association European Commission, EC National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC: 1074383, 209057, 396414, GNT1163120 Cancer Council Victoria Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Stavros Niarchos Foundation, SNF Vetenskapsrådet, VR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, FARE Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: 1074383, 209057, 396414, GNT1163120, Cancer Council Victoria (Australia), Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: C570/ A16491, C8221/A19170, C864/A14136, Catalan Institute of Oncology ‐ ICO (Spain), Danish Cancer Society, Deutsche Krebshilfe, the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (Germany), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, European Commission (Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs), Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (Australia), French Ministry of Health, Grant/Award Number: Grant GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01, Health Research Fund (FIS) ‐ Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece), Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), Italian Association for Research on Cancer and the National Research Council (Italy), Ligue Contre le Cancer (France), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, the Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, Medical Research Council (UK), Grant/Award Numbers: MC‐UU_12015/1, MR/M012190/1, MR/N003284/1, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) (the Netherlands), Netherlands Cancer Registry, Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece), Stroke Association, the British Heart Foundation, the Department of Health, the Food Standards Agency and the Wellcome Trust (UK), Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Scientific Council and the Regional Government of Skåne (Sweden), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), VicHealth (Australia), World Cancer Research Fund and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), the Institut Gustave Roussy Funding information, We thank Carine Biessy and Bertrand Hemon for their technical contribution to EPIC data used in this work. We are also grateful to all the EPIC participants who have been part of the project, and to the many members of the study teams who enabled this research. We thank the original MCCS investigators and the diligent team, who recruited the participants and who continue working on follow‐up, for their contribution. We also express our gratitude to the many thousands of Melbourne residents who continue to participate in the study. This work was supported by the Direction Générale de la Santé (French Ministry of Health, Grant GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01), by the European Commission (Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), the Ligue Contre le Cancer, the Institut Gustave Roussy, the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), the Deutsche Krebshilfe, the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece), the Italian Association for Research on Cancer and the National Research Council (Italy), the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, the Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, the World Cancer Research Fund and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution and ongoing support to the EPIC Study, the Health Research Fund (FIS) ‐ Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology ‐ ICO (Spain), the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Scientific Council and the Regional Government of Skåne (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136 to EPIC‐Norfolk, C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC‐Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC‐UU_12015/1 to EPIC‐Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford, United Kingdom), the Stroke Association, the British Heart Foundation, the Department of Health, the Food Standards Agency and the Wellcome Trust (UK). MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by Cancer Council Victoria ( https://www.cancervic.org.au/ ) and VicHealth ( https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/ ). The MCCS was further supported by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) ( https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/ ) grants 209057, 396414 and 1074383, and ongoing follow‐up and data management has been funded by Cancer Council Victoria since 1995. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. Harindra Jayasekara is supported by NHMRC grant GNT1163120. John L. Hopper is a NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow. Yi Yang is supported by a Melbourne Research Scholarship from the University of Melbourne. Robin Room's position was funded by the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education. The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data, preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript, and and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Tri Wangrangsimakul, Supalert Nedsuwan, Ivo Elliott, Nicholas P. J. Day, Soawapak Hinjoy, Serge Morand, Kittipong Chaisiri, Rawadee Kumlert, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health [Oxford, UK], Nuffield Department of Medicine [Oxford, UK] (Big Data Institute), University of Oxford [Oxford]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Mahosot Hospital, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Ministry of Public Health [Thailand], Mahidol University [Bangkok], Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Kasetsart University - KU (THAILAND), Kasetsart University (KU), TW and NPJD are funded by the Wellcome Trust, UK, as part of the MORU Tropical Health Network institutional funding support. IE is funded by the Wellcome Trust, UK, as part of a Clinical Training Fellowship (grant number 105731/Z/14/Z). SM, RK and KC are supported by the French ANR FutureHealthSEA (ANR-17-CE35-0003-02) 'Predictive scenarios of health in Southeast Asia: linking land use and climate changes to infectious diseases'., ANR-17-CE35-0003,FutureHealthSEA,Scénarios de la santé en Asie du Sud-Est: changements d'utilisation des terres, changement climatique et maladies infectieuses(2017), Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), ANR: ANR17-CE35-0003-01,FutureHealthSEA, University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust, University of Oxford-University of Oxford, and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)

Magritt Brustad, Veronika Fedirko, Marc J. Gunter, Anja Olsen, Antonia Trichopoulou, Geneviève Nicolas, Anna Karakatsani, Veronique Chajes, Gianluca Severi, Elom K. Aglago, Eva Ardanaz, Aurora Perez-Cornago, Kim Overvad, Cristina Lasheras, Salvatore Panico, Verena Katzke, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, José María Huerta, Neil Murphy, Christina C. Dahm, Maria Wennberg, Teresa Norat, Bodil Ohlsson, Elisabete Weiderpass, Antonio Agudo, Heather Ward, Anne Tjønneland, Valeria Pala, Tilman Kühn, Bethany Van Guelpen, Guri Skeie, Rosario Tumino, María José Sánchez, A. M. May, Corinne Casagrande, Jeroen W.G. Derksen, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Elio Riboli, Agnès Fournier, Sophie Hellstrand, Inge Huybrechts, Georgia Martimianaki, Alessio Naccarati, Tobias Pischon, Amanda J. Cross, Pilar Amiano, Domenico Palli, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), RD06/0020 6236 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Wellcome Trust, WT: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170, MR/M012190/1 National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC British Heart Foundation, BHF Cancer Research UK, CRUK World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: WCRF 2013/1002 Food Standards Agency, FSA Stroke Association European Commission, EC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Stavros Niarchos Foundation, SNF Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica, AIRE Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece Fondation Gustave Roussy Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF, Funding Supported by a grant from the World Cancer Research Fund ( WCRF ) to Marc Gunter (grant number: WCRF 2013/1002 ). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer . The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Gustave Roussy , Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale , and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) (France), German Cancer Aid , German Cancer Research Center ( DKFZ ), and Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) (Germany), Hellenic Health Foundation , Stavros Niarchos Foundation , and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece), Italian Association for Research on Cancer ( AIRC ), National Research Council , and Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica (AIRE-ONLUS) Ragusa, Associazione Volontari Italiani Sangu ( AVIS ) Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health , Welfare and Sports ( VWS ), Netherlands Cancer Registry ( NKR ), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund ( WCRF ), and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway), Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andalucía , Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236) and Navarra, and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Salud Carlos II ( ISCIII RETIC) ( RD06/0020 ) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society , Swedish Scientific Council , and Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK , Medical Research Council , Stroke Association , British Heart Foundation , Department of Health , Food Standards Agency , the Wellcome Trust (UK), Cancer Research UK ( 14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council ( 1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom)., Funding Supported by a grant from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) to Marc Gunter (grant number: WCRF 2013/1002). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, and Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany), Hellenic Health Foundation, Stavros Niarchos Foundation, and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece), Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC), National Research Council, and Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica (AIRE-ONLUS) Ragusa, Associazione Volontari Italiani Sangu (AVIS) Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236) and Navarra, and the Centro de Investigaci?n Biom?dica en Red en Epidemiolog?a y Salud P?blica and Instituto de Salud Carlos II (ISCIII RETIC) (RD06/0020) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, and Regional Government of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, the Wellcome Trust (UK), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk, and C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom).

Steven R. Belmain, Minoarisoa Rajerison, Oswaldo Cabanillas, Nils Chr. Stenseth, Peter Horby, Christian E. Demeure, Sandra Telfer, Xavier Vallès, Beza Ramasindrazana, Ratsitorahina M, Inès Vigan-Womas, Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana, Pablo Tortosa, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Laurence Baril, Javier Pizarro-Cerdá, David M. Wagner, Arnaud Fontanet, Eric D'Ortenzio, Jane Lynda Deuve, Romain Girod, Paul S. Mead, Holger C. Scholz, B. Joseph Hinnebusch, Guia Carrara, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO)-Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Yersinia, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), University of Oxford, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oficina General de Epidemiologia [Lima, Peru], Ministerio de Salud de Perú [Lima], Unité Peste - Plague Unit [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Unité d'immunologie des maladies infectieuses [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Aberdeen, REACTing, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IRD-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Natural Resources Institute [Chatham], University of Greenwich, The workshop meeting where the contents of this article were developed was hosted by the Institut Pasteur (Paris, France) with financial and organizational support from the Department of International Affairs, the Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit, the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit and REACTing-Inserm. Oswaldo Cabanillas’s travel was financed by the Department of International Affairs at the Institut Pasteur (Paris, France). Travel costs for Laurence Baril and Maherisoa Ratsitorahina were financially supported by USAID (Grant n° AID-687-G-13-00003), and for Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanan and Minoarisoa Rajerison by Northern Arizona University (through HDTRA1-11-16-BRCWMD-BAA). Attendance of Steven Belmain was supported by the African Union (Grant AURGII/1/006/2016). Travel and accommodation for Feno Rakotoarimanana, and accommodation for Romain Girod, Beza Ramasindrazana, Voahangy Andrianaivoarimanana, and Minoarisoa Rajerison, were financially supported by the Wellcome Trust/UK Department for International Development (Grant 211309/Z/18/Z) and REACTing-Inserm. All other participants financially supported travel and accommodation through their own institutional funding. The preparation and editing of the manuscript was financially supported by Wellcome Trust/UK Department for International Development (Grant 211309/Z/18/Z)., List of the other participants to the Plague Workshop (by alphabetical order): Fabrice Biot, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, France, Carine Brouat, IRD, France, Simon Cauchemez, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Rob Cohen, USAID, Washington, DC, USA, Koussay Dellagy, Department of International Affairs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Nathalie Denoyes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Hebert Echenique-Rivera, Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Florence Fouque, TDR, WHO, Lyon, France, Stephen Francesconi, Defence Threat Reduction Agency, Washington, DC, USA, Anna Funk, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Finnian Hanrahan, DG Research, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, Mireille Harimalala, Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Nadia Khellef, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Anne-Sophie Le Guern, Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Nadine Lemaitre, Bacteriology Department, CHU Lille, France, Jean-Claude Manuguerra, CIBU, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Jodie Mac Vernon, GLoPID-R, University of Melbourne, Australia, Serge Morand, CIRAD, Bangkok, Thailand, Birgit Nikolay, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Juliette Paireau, Infectious Diseases Mathematical Modelling Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, Anna Paoletti, Ministry for Higher Education and Research, Paris, France, Feno MJ Rakotoarimanana, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Zely Randriamanatany, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Laurent Raskine, Fondation Mérieux, Stéphanie Simon, CEA de Saclay, France, Cathy Roth, Department for International Development, London, UK, Alex Salam, Epidemic Diseases Research Group Oxford (ERGO), Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Florent Sebbane, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France, Christophe Shako, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Democratic Republic of Congo, Quirine Ten Bosch, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar, Kathleen Victoir, Department of International Affairs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France., Demeure, Christian E., Institut Pasteur [Paris], University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IRD-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de La Réunion (UR)

Amanda J. Cross, Petra H.M. Peeters, Pietro Ferrari, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Salvatore Panico, Augustin Scalbert, Anja Olsen, José María Huerta, Paolo Vineis, Gianluca Severi, Eva Ardanaz, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Ruth C. Travis, Bénédicte Elena-Herrmann, Nicholas J. Wareham, Pagona Lagiou, Talita Duarte-Salles, Christina Bamia, Anne Tjønneland, Rudolf Kaaks, Bodil Ohlsson, Magdalena Stepien, Antonio Agudo, Krasimira Aleksandrova, Heiner Boeing, Isabelle Romieu, Kay-Tee Khaw, Veronika Fedirko, Domenico Palli, Julie A. Schmidt, Anne Fages, Rosario Tumino, Valeria Pala, Anna Floegel, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Miren Dorronsoro, Marc J. Gunter, Klas Sjöberg, Clément Pontoizeau, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Elisabete Weiderpass, Tilman Kühn, Elio Riboli, Mazda Jenab, Antonia Trichopoulou, Esther Molina-Montes, Fages, Anne, Duarte Salles, Talita, Stepien, Magdalena, Ferrari, Pietro, Fedirko, Veronika, Pontoizeau, Clément, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Aleksandrova, Krasimira, Tjønneland, Anne, Olsen, Anja, Clavel Chapelon, Françoise, Boutron Ruault, Marie Christine, Severi, Gianluca, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kuhn, Tilman, Floegel, Anna, Boeing, Heiner, Lagiou, Pagona, Bamia, Christina, Trichopoulos, Dimitrio, Palli, Domenico, Pala, Valeria, Panico, Salvatore, Tumino, Rosario, Vineis, Paolo, Bueno de Mesquita, H. Ba, Peeters, Petra H, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Agudo, Antonio, Molina Montes, Esther, Huerta, José María, Ardanaz, Eva, Dorronsoro, Miren, Sjöberg, Kla, Ohlsson, Bodil, Khaw, Kay Tee, Wareham, Nick, Travis, Ruth C, Schmidt, Julie A, Cross, Amanda, Gunter, Marc, Riboli, Elio, Scalbert, Augustin, Romieu, Isabelle, Elena Herrmann, Benedicte, Jenab, Mazda, ISA NMR Methods for Metabolism - Methodes RMN en métabolomique (2014-2018), Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ISA - Centre de RMN à très hauts champs, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), parent, International Agency for Cancer Research (IACR), Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School [Athens], Department of Epidemiology, Deutsches Institut für Ernahrungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIFE), Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Department of Food Science [Copenhagen] (UCPH FOOD), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Thermo Fisher Scientific, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute – ISPO, Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, National Cancer Institute [Bethesda] (NCI-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-IRCCS Foundation, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, Civile - M.P.Arezzo Hospital, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], Imperial College London-School of public health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø (UiT), Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway-Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut Català d'Oncologia, Spain Institute of Oncology, Andalusian School of Public Health [Granada], Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Murcia Regional Health Council, Sección de Epidemiología de Enfermedades No Transmisibles, Navarre Public Health Institute, Epidemiology and Health Information, Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, Volvo, VOLVO-VOLVO, Skane University Hospital [Lund], University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, MRC epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratoire d'informatique Fondamentale de Marseille (LIF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), School of Public Health [London, UK] (Faculty of Medicine), Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Biomarkers Group, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, This work was supported by the French National Cancer Institute (L'Institut National du Cancer, INCA, grant number 2009-139, PI: M. Jenab). AF received financial support (BDI fellowship) from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Bruker Biospin. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, and Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece), Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC), National Research Council, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, and AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), European Research Council (ERC, grant number ERC-2009-AdG 232997) and Nordforsk, and Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway), Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236) and Navarra, and ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, and Regional Government of Skane and Vasterbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, and Wellcome Trust (UK). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation presented in this article. They were neither involved in the writing of the manuscript, nor in the decision to submit it for publication., Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Centre Européen de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs (CERMNTHC), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Hôpital Paul Brousse-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), 'Civile M. P. Arezzo' Hospital, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), [Fages,A, Pontoizeau,C, Elena-Herrmann,B] Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à très hauts champs, CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon-1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France. [Duarte-Salles,T, Stepien,M, Ferrari,P, Scalbert,A, Romieu,I, Jenab,M] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France. [Fedirko,V] Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, USA. [Trichopoulou,A] Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece. Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece. [Aleksandrova,K, Floegel,A, Boeing,H] Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany. [Tjønneland,A, Olsen,A] Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Clavel-Chapelon,F, Boutron-Ruault,M] INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), nutrition, Hormones and Women’s Health Team, Villejuif, France. Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France. Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. [Severi,G, Vineis,P] Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy. [Kaaks,R, Kuhn,T] Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany. [Lagiou,P, Bamia,C] Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Goudi, Athens, Greece. [Lagiou,P, Trichopoulos,D] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA. [Palli,D] Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute – ISPO, Florence, Italy. [Pala,V] Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy. [Panico,S] Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. [Tumino,R] Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, 'Civic - M.P. Arezzo' Hospital, Ragusa, Italy. [Vineis,P, Peeters,PH] MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. [Bueno-de-Mesquita,HB] Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [Bueno-de-Mesquita,HB, Cross,A, Gunter,M, RibolI,E] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. [Peeters,PH] Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [Weiderpass,E] Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland. [Agudo,A] Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. [Molina-Montes,E] Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. [Molina-Montes,E, Huerta,JM, Ardanaz, E] CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. [Huerta,JM] Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain. [Ardanaz,E] Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain. [Dorronsoro,M] Public Health Direction and Biodonostia CIBERESP, Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain. [Sjöberg,K] Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [Ohlsson,B] Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. [Khaw,K] University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [Wareham,N] MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [Travis,RC, Schmidt,JA] Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK., This work was supported by the French National Cancer Institute (L’Institut National du Cancer, Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236) and Navarra, and ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, and Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden), Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, and Wellcome Trust (UK). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation presented in this article. They were neither involved in the writing of the manuscript, nor in the decision to submit it for publication, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, and University of Oxford

Pietro Ferrari, Fulvio Ricceri, Christina C. Dahm, Kim Overvad, Sabina Sieri, Elisabete Weiderpass, Eleni Peppa, María José Sánchez, Leila Luján Barroso, Marta Solans Margalef, Matthias B. Schulze, Federico Canzian, Giovanna Masala, Florentin Spaeth, Dagfinn Aune, Roel Vermeulen, Tilman Kühn, Delphine Casabonne, Karin Jirstom, Anna Karakatsani, José María Huerta, Yahya Mahamat-Saleh, Paul Brennan, Cecilie Kyrø, Mats Jerkeman, Caroline Besson, Pilar Amiano Exezarreta, Virginia Menéndez, Elio Riboli, Julie A. Schmidt, Rosario Tumino, Sairah L.F. Chen, Marc J. Gunter, Eva Ardanaz, Antonia Trichopoulou, Alexandra Nieters, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Anne Tjønneland, Fatemeh Saberi Hosnijeh, Sabine Naudin, Salvatore Panico, Centre international de Recherche sur le Cancer (CIRC), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Centre Hospitalier de Versailles André Mignot (CHV), Direction Générale de la Compétitivité, de l’Industrie et des Services, DGCIS Food Standards Agency, FSA Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C864/A14136, C8221/A19170, C570/A16491 RD06/0020 Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UCBL Wellcome Trust, WT Ligue Contre le Cancer 6236 German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Department of Health, Australian Government Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS British Heart Foundation, BHF Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII National Research Council, NRC Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF Stroke Association Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Fondation Gustave Roussy European Commission, EC Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, IARC Deutsche Krebshilfe Cancerfonden World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Stavros Niarchos Foundation, SNF Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01 Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, MR/N003284/1, MC‐UU_12015/1, We thank Carine Biessy and Bertrand Hemon for their technical support and contribution to this work. We are also grateful to all the EPIC participants who have been part of the project and to the many other members of the study teams who have enabled this research. This work was supported by the Direction Générale de la Santé (French Ministry of Health, Grant GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01), by the European Commission (Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), the Ligue Contre le Cancer, the Institut Gustave Roussy, the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France), the Deutsche Krebshilfe, the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece), the Italian Association for Research on Cancer and the National Research Council (Italy), the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, the Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, the World Cancer Research Fund and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands), the Health Research Fund, Regional Governments of Andalucýa, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (project 6236) and Navarra, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Redes de Investigacion Cooperativa (RD06/0020, Spain), the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Scientific Council and the Regional Government of Skåne (Sweden), Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136 to EPIC‐Norfolk, C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC‐Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC‐UU_12015/1 to EPIC‐Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford, and United Kingdom), the Stroke Association, the British Heart Foundation, the Department of Health, the Food Standards Agency and the Wellcome Trust (UK). This work was part of Sabine Naudin's PhD at Claude Bernard Lyon I University (France), funded by Région Auvergne Rhône‐Alpes, ADR 2016 (France).

Meng-Chuan Lai, Elena Maria Busuoli, Antonio M. Persico, Bonnie Auyeung, Eva Loth, Sarah Durston, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Sven Bölte, Carolin Moessnang, Stavros Trakoshis, Marianne Oldehinkel, Prantik Kundu, Steve C.R. Williams, Jan K. Buitelaar, Sarah Baumeister, Tony Charman, Michael V. Lombardo, Isotta Landi, Richard A. I. Bethlehem, Rosemary Holt, Veronica Mandelli, Christine Ecker, Natasha Bertelsen, Julian Tillmann, Declan G. Murphy, Christian F. Beckmann, Jakob Seidlitz, Eleonora Satta, Mark H. Johnson, Will Spooren, Simon Baron-Cohen, Guillaume Dumas, Luke Mason, Emily J.H. Jones, Thomas Bourgeron, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), University of Trento [Trento], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP ), University of Pennsylvania, University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), University of Edinburgh, King‘s College London, Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Stockholm Health Care Services (SLSO), Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, University of London [London], Monash University [Melbourne], University of Messina, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma / University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome ( UCBM), University of Vienna [Vienna], Roche Pharma Research and Early Development [Basel] (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche [Basel], Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [Toronto] (CAMH), The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), University of Toronto, National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 755816 (ERC Starting Grant to MVL). This work was also supported by EU-AIMS and EU AIMS-2-TRIALS, which both received support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115300 and the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 777394, the resources of which are composed of financial contributions from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (Grant No. FP7/2007–2013), from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies’ in-kind contributions, and from Autism Speaks, Autistica and the Simons Foundation for Autism Research Initiative. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the IMI 2JU. This work was also supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through Vidi grants (Grant No. 864.12.003 [to CFB]), from the FP7 (Grant Nos. 602805) (AGGRESSOTYPE) (to JKB), 603016 (MATRICS), and 278948 (TACTICS), and from the European Community’s Horizon 2020 Programme (H2020/2014–2020) (Grant Nos. 643051 [MiND] and 642996 (BRAINVIEW). This work received funding from the Wellcome Trust UK Strategic Award (Award No. 098369/Z/12/Z) and from the National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (to DGMM). M-CL was supported by the Academic Scholars Award from the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, the Slaight Family Child and Youth Mental Health Innovation Fund from the CAMH Foundation, the Ontario Brain Institute via the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental Disorders (POND) Network (IDS-I l-02), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Sex and Gender Science Chair (GSB 171373), and the Innovation Fund of the Alternative Funding Plan for the Academic Health Sciences Centres of Ontario (CAM-20-004). R.A.I.B acknowledges research support by the Autism Research Trust and a British Academy Fellowship (PF2\180017). MHJ, TC, and EJHJ acknowledge support from a UK MRC Programme Grant., the EU-AIMS LEAP group : Jumana Ahmad, Sara Ambrosino, Bonnie Auyeung, Tobias Banaschewski, Simon Baron-Cohen, Sarah Baumeister, Christian F. Beckmann, Sven Bölte, Thomas Bourgeron, Carsten Bours, Michael Brammer, Daniel Brandeis, Claudia Brogna, Yvette de Bruijn, Jan K. Buitelaar, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, Tony Charman, Chris Chatham, Ineke Cornelissen, Daisy Crawley, Flavio Dell’Acqua, Guillaume Dumas, Sarah Durston, Christine Ecker, Jessica Faulkner, Vincent Frouin, Pilar Garcés, David Goyard, Lindsay Ham, Hannah Hayward, Joerg Hipp, Rosemary J. Holt, Mark H. Johnson, Emily J. H. Jones, Prantik Kundu, Meng-Chuan Lai, Xavier Liogier D’ardhuy, Michael V. Lombardo, Eva Loth, David J. Lythgoe, René Mandl, Andre Marquand, Luke Mason, Maarten Mennes, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Carolin Moessnang, Nico Mueller, Declan G. M. Murphy, Bethany Oakley, Laurence O’Dwyer, Marianne Oldehinkel, Bob Oranje, Gahan Pandina, Antonio M. Persico, Barbara Ruggeri, Amber N. V. Ruigrok, Jessica Sabet, Roberto Sacco, Antonia San José Cáceres, Emily Simonoff, Will Spooren, Julian Tillmann, Roberto Toro, Heike Tost, Jack Waldman, Steve C. R. Williams, Caroline Wooldridge & Marcel P. Zwiers, European Project: 0755816(2008), European Project: 115300,EC:FP7:SP1-JTI,IMI-JU-03-2010,EU-AIMS(2012), European Project: 602805,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,AGGRESSOTYPE(2013), European Project: 603016,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,MATRICS(2014), European Project: 278948,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,TACTICS(2012), European Project: 643051,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,MiND(2015), European Project: 642996,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,BRAINVIEW(2015), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], University of Cyprus (UCY), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Bethlehem, Richard A I [0000-0002-0714-0685], Seidlitz, Jakob [0000-0002-8164-7476], Bourgeron, Thomas [0000-0001-8164-9220], Charman, Tony [0000-0003-1993-6549], Persico, Antonio M [0000-0001-8910-4479], Lombardo, Michael V [0000-0001-6780-8619], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, and Bethlehem, Richard AI [0000-0002-0714-0685]

Broberg, Karin E., Kippler, Maria J., Veldink, Jan Herman, Van Den Berg, Leonard H., Middleton, Lefkos T., Travis, Ruth C., Bergmann, Manuela M., Mancini, Francesca Romana, Katzke, Verena Andrea, Agudo, Antonio T., Gómez, Jesús Humberto, Rodríguez-Barranco, Miguel A., Trichopoulou, Antonia D., Vermeulen, Roel C.H., Peters, Susan, Broberg, Karin, Gallo, Valentina, Levi, Michael, Kippler, Maria, Vineis, Paolo, Veldink, Jan, Berg, Leonard, Middleton, Lefkos, Travis, Ruth, Bergmann, Manuela, Palli, Domenico, Grioni, Sara, Tumino, Rosario, Elbaz, Alexis, Vlaar, Tim, Mancini, Francesca, Kühn, Tilman, Katzke, Verena, Agudo, Antonio, Goñi, Fernando, Gómez, Jesús‐humberto, Rodríguez‐barranco, Miguel, Merino, Susana, Barricarte, Aurelio, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Jenab, Mazda, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Vermeulen, Roel, Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), FOOD‐CT‐2005‐513943 Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs Cancer Research UK, CRUK Wellcome Trust, WT German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Department of Health, Australian Government Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: C03/09 Stichting Diabetes Onderzoek Nederland British Heart Foundation, BHF Norges Forskningsråd QLK4CT199900927 Stroke Association European Commission, EC Deutsche Krebshilfe World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Kreftforeningen, NCS Medical Research Council, MRC, The EPIC study is funded by a number of grants, however, no funding source had any role in the preparation of this article. The EPIC study was funded by the Europe against Cancer program of the European Commission (SANCO), Italian Association for Research on Cancer, and Italian National Research Council. In addition, the authors thank the following for their financial support: the Environmental Cancer Risk, Nutrition, and Individual Susceptibility Network of Excellence, operating within the European Union Sixth Framework Program, Priority 5: Food Quality and Safety (FOOD‐CT‐2005‐513943), European Community Fifth Framework Program (grant QLK4CT199900927), ISCIII, Red de Centros RCESP (C03/09), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Danish Cancer Society, Health Research Fund of the Spanish Ministry of Health, Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia, and Navarra, Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, UK, Stroke Association, UK, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, UK, Food Standards Agency, UK, Wellcome Trust, UK, Greek Ministry of Health, Greek Ministry of Education, Italian Association for Research on Cancer, Italian National Research Council, Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare, and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, World Cancer Research Fund, Statistics Netherlands, Swedish Cancer, Swedish Scientific Council, Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten, Sweden, Norwegian Cancer Society, Research Council of Norway, French League against Cancer, INSERM, Mutuelle Generale l'Education National, and IGR. The EPIC‐Norfolk study (DOI 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC‐UU_12015/1) and Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136)., and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Zabihi, Mariam, Floris, Dorothea L, Kia, Seyed Mostafa, Wolfers, Thomas, Tillmann, Julian, Arenas, Alberto Llera, Moessnang, Carolin, Banaschewski, Tobias, Holt, Rosemary, Baron-Cohen, Simon, Loth, Eva, Charman, Tony, Bourgeron, Thomas, Murphy, Declan, Ecker, Christine, Buitelaar, Jan K, Beckmann, Christian F, Marquand, Andre, EU-AIMS LEAP Group, Zabihi, Mariam [0000-0002-7083-2318], Kia, Seyed Mostafa [0000-0002-7128-814X], Banaschewski, Tobias [0000-0003-4595-1144], Charman, Tony [0000-0003-1993-6549], Murphy, Declan [0000-0002-6664-7451], Buitelaar, Jan K [0000-0001-8288-7757], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, TILT, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], King‘s College London, University of Vienna [Vienna], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Medical Faculty [Mannheim], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre [Nijmegen], University of Oxford [Oxford], The work is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research VIDI Grant Nos. 016.156.415 (to A.F.M.) and 864.12.003 (to C.F.B.), European Union Seventh Framework Program Grant Nos. 602805 (AGGRESSOTYPE) (to J.K.B.), 603016 (MATRICS) (to J.K.B.), and 278948 (TACTICS) (to J.K.B.), European Community’s Horizon 2020 Program (H2020/2014–2020) Grant Nos. 643051 (MiND) (to J.K.B.) and 642996 (BRAINVIEW) (to J.K.B.), Wellcome Trust UK Strategic Award Grant No. 098369/Z/12/Z (to C.F.B.), and EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions), which receives support from Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking Grant No. 115300, the resources of which are composed of financial contributions from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (Grant No. FP7/2007–2013), from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies’ in-kind contributions and Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking Grant No. 777394 for the project AIMS-2-TRIALS. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and EFPIA and AUTISM SPEAKS, Autistica, SFARI. D.M. was also supported by the NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre. S.B.-C. was funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Autism Research Trust during the period of this work., European Project: 602805,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,AGGRESSOTYPE(2013), European Project: 603016,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,MATRICS(2014), European Project: 278948,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,TACTICS(2012), European Project: 643051,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,MiND(2015), European Project: 642996,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,BRAINVIEW(2015), European Project: 115300,EC:FP7:SP1-JTI,IMI-JU-03-2010,EU-AIMS(2012), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Oxford, Buitelaar, Jan K. [0000-0001-8288-7757], and Baron-Cohen, Simon [0000-0001-9217-2544]

David Goyard, Tony Charman, Sarah Durston, Marianne Oldehinkel, Vincent Frouin, Sven Bölte, Andre F. Marquand, Christine Ecker, Simon Baron-Cohen, Mariam Zabihi, Christian F. Beckmann, Tobias Banaschewski, Jan K. Buitelaar, Rosemary Holt, Guillaume Dumas, Eva Loth, Declan G. Murphy, Thomas Wolfers, Julian Tillmann, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, King‘s College London, Central Institute of Mental Health [Mannheim], Medical Faculty [Mannheim], Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Stockholm County Council, Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Department of Psychiatry, The work is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research VIDI Grant Nos. 016.156.415 (to AFM) and 864.12.003 (to CFB), European Union Seventh Framework Programme Grant Nos. 602805 (AGGRESSOTYPE) (to JKB), 603016 (MATRICS) (to JKB), and 278948 (TACTICS) (to JKB), European Community’s Horizon 2020 Programme (H2020/2014-2020) Grant Nos. 643051 (MiND) (to JKB) and 642996 (BRAINVIEW) (to JKB), Wellcome Trust UK Strategic Award Grant No. 098369/Z/12/Z (to CFB), and EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions), which receives support from Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking Grant No. 115300, the resources of which are composed of financial contributions from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (Grant No. FP7/2007-2013), from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies’ in-kind contributions., JKB has been a consultant to, advisory board member of, and a speaker for Janssen Cilag BV, Eli Lilly, Shire, Lundbeck, Roche, and Servier. He is not an employee of any of these companies, and not a stock shareholder of any of these companies. He has no other financial or material support, including expert testimony, patents or royalties. CFB is director and shareholder in SBGNeuro Ltd. SB discloses that he has in the last 5 years acted as an author, consultant or lecturer for Shire, Medice, Roche, Eli Lilly, Prima Psychiatry, GLGroup, System Analytic, Ability Partner, Kompetento, Expo Medica, and Prophase. He receives royalties for text books and diagnostic tools from Huber/Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, and UTB. TB served in an advisory or consultancy role for Actelion, Hexal Pharma, Lilly, Lundbeck, Medice, Novartis, and Shire. He received conference support or speaker’s fee by Lilly, Medice, Novartis, and Shire. He has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Shire and Vifor Pharma. He received royalities from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, and Oxford University Press. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. The other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest., We gratefully acknowledge the support of the EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions) Longitudinal European Autism Project study team for data acquisition, quality control, and preprocessing., European Project: 602805,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,AGGRESSOTYPE(2013), European Project: 603016,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,MATRICS(2014), European Project: 278948,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,TACTICS(2012), European Project: 643051,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,MiND(2015), European Project: 115300,EC:FP7:SP1-JTI,IMI-JU-03-2010,EU-AIMS(2012), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Sackler Institute of Translational Neurodevelopment [London]

Marianne Oldehinkel, Maarten Mennes, Andre Marquand, Tony Charman, Julian Tillmann, Christine Ecker, Flavio Dell’Acqua, Daniel Brandeis, Tobias Banaschewski, Sarah Baumeister, Carolin Moessnang, Simon Baron-Cohen, Rosemary Holt, Sven Bölte, Sarah Durston, Prantik Kundu, Michael V. Lombardo, Will Spooren, Eva Loth, Declan G.M. Murphy, Christian F. Beckmann, Jan K. Buitelaar, Jumana Ahmad, Sara Ambrosino, Bonnie Auyeung, Thomas Bourgeron, Carsten Bours, Michael Brammer, Claudia Brogna, Yvette de Bruijn, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, Ineke Cornelissen, Daisy Crawley, Guillaume Dumas, Jessica Faulkner, Vincent Frouin, Pilar Garcés, David Goyard, Lindsay Ham, Hannah Hayward, Joerg Hipp, Mark H. Johnson, Emily J.H. Jones, Meng-Chuan Lai, Xavier Liogier D’ardhuy, David J. Lythgoe, René Mandl, Luke Mason, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Nico Mueller, Bethany Oakley, Laurence O’Dwyer, Bob Oranje, Gahan Pandina, Antonio M. Persico, Barbara Ruggeri, Amber Ruigrok, Jessica Sabet, Roberto Sacco, Antonia San José Cáceres, Emily Simonoff, Roberto Toro, Heike Tost, Jack Waldman, Steve C.R. Williams, Caroline Wooldridge, Marcel P. Zwiers, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Monash University [Melbourne], Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, King‘s College London, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy [Mannheim], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Stockholm County Council, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), University of Cyprus [Nicosia], Roche Pharma Research and Early Development [Basel] (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche [Basel], University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Edinburgh, Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma / University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome ( UCBM), University of Reading (UOR), Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), University of Toronto, Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development [Birkbeck College], Birkbeck College [University of London], Janssen Research & Development, This work was supported EU-AIMS, which receives support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115300 and the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 777394, the resources of which are composed of financial contributions from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (Grant No. FP7/2007-2013), from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies’ in-kind contributions, and from Autism Speaks. This work was also supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through Vidi grants (Grant No. 864.12.003 [to CFB] and Grant No. 016.156.415 [to AFM]), from the FP7 (Grant Nos. 602805) (AGGRESSOTYPE) (to JKB), 603016 (MATRICS), and 278948 (TACTICS), and from the European Community’s Horizon 2020 Programme (H2020/2014-2020) (Grant Nos. 643051 [MiND] and 642996 (BRAINVIEW). This work received funding from the Wellcome Trust UK Strategic Award (Award No. 098369/Z/12/Z) and from the National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (to DM)., European Project: 602805,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,AGGRESSOTYPE(2013), European Project: 603016,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,MATRICS(2014), European Project: 278948,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,TACTICS(2012), European Project: 643051,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,MiND(2015), European Project: 642996,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,BRAINVIEW(2015), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), University of Oxford, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Zurich, Oldehinkel, Marianne, University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Lombardo, Michael V. [0000-0001-6780-8619]

Sara Montagnese, Hamza El Hadi, Simon D. Taylor-Robinson, Roger Williams, Mark J. W. McPhail, I. Jane Cox, Manuela Villanova, Piero Amodio, Mary M.E. Crossey, and Wellcome Trust, UK

K Rowan, Francesca Parrott, William Bernal, Julia Wendon, David A Harrison, Mark J. W. McPhail, and Wellcome Trust, UK

Rodrigo Guabiraba, Remo Castro Russo, Mauro M. Teixeira, Rafael Elias Marques, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Brazilian funding agency CNPq, Brazilian support agencies (CNPq, FAPEMIG, FINEP), European community, Wellcome Trust, UK, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT)

Alain Viari, Chantha Ngan, Vincent Deubel, Sowath Ly, Sivuth Ong, Veasna Duong, Bunthin Y, Rekol Huy, Niall J. Lennon, Philippe Buchy, Matthew R. Henn, Bruce W. Birren, Jeremy Farrar, Laurent Gavotte, Roger Frutos, Cameron P. Simmons, Sirenda Vong, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (BROAD INSTITUTE), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Oxford University Clinical Research Unit [Ho Chi Minh City] (OUCRU), National Center of Parasitology (CNM), National Malaria Center [Phnom Penh], Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), An algorithmic view on genomes, cells, and environments (BAMBOO), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides (UMR INTERTRYP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), This study was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust UK. Roger Frutos was supported in part by the PHC Grant 20624 VK and the FP7 Erasmus Mundus project MAHEVA. Alain Viari was supported in part by the PHC Grant 20624 VK. We are very grateful to the Doctorate School SIBAGHE (University Montpellier 2) and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for providing scholarships supporting in part Veasna Duong., Duong V, Henn MR, Ly S, Vong S, Birren BW, Farrar JJ, Deubel V, Frutos R, Buchy P., Simmons C, Ngan C, Y B, Gavotte L, Viari A, Ong S, Huy R, Lennon NJ, Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bordeaux (UB)

Giovanna Tagliabue, Ingegerd Johansson, José María Huerta, Domenico Palli, Anne Tjønneland, Petra H.M. Peeters, Aurelio Barricarte, Anne M. May, Göran Hallmans, Francesca L. Crowe, Madlen Schütze, Daphne L. van der A, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Birgit Teucher, George Makrygiannis, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Jonas Manjer, Isabelle Romieu, Laudina Rodríguez, H. B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, Veronique Chajes, Kim Overvad, Guy Fagherazzi, Nadia Slimani, Karen Margrete Due, Nicholas J. Wareham, Dimosthenis Zylis, Heiner Boeing, Pilar Amiano, Kay-Tee Khaw, Claus Dethlefsen, Amalia Mattiello, Marianne Uhre Jakobsen, Rudolf Kaaks, Jytte Halkjær, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Elisabet Wirfält, Esther Molina-Montes, Noémie Travier, Elio Riboli, Antonia Trichopoulou, [Jakobsen,MU] Department of Clinical Epidemiology. [Jakobsen,MU, Dethlefsen,C, Due,KM, Overvad,K] Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg. [Jakobsen,MU, Overvad,K] Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. [Slimani,N, Chajès,V, Romieu,I] Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. [May,AM, Peeter,PHM] Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht. [May,AM, van der A,DL, Bueno-de-Mesquita,HB] National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. [Sørensen,TIA] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital. [Halkjær,J, Tjønneland,A] The Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Clavel-Chapelon,F, Boutron-Ruault,M, Fagherazzi,G] Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Institut Gustave Roussy. Paris South University, Villejuif, France. [Teucher,B, Kaaks,R] German Cancer Research Center, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg. [Boeing,H, Schütze,M, Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany. [Trichopoulou,A, Zylis,D] WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School. [Trichopoulou,A, Zylis,D, Makrygiannis,G] Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece. [Palli,D] Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, ISPO, Florence. [Mattiello,A] Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples. [Tagliabue,G] Cancer Registry and Environmental Epidemiology Division, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy. [Bueno-de-Mesquita,HB] Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands. [Rodríguez,L] Public Health and Participation Directorate, Health and Health Care Services Council, Asturias. [Travier,N] Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Barcelona. [Molina-Montes,E] Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada. [Molina-Montes,E, Huerta,JM, Barricarte,A, Amiano,P] CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona. [Huerta,JM] Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia. [Barricarte,A] Public Health Institute of Navarra, Pamplona. [Amiano,P] Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, Spain. [Manjer,J] Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University. [Wirfält,E] Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö/Nutrition Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö. [Johansson,I] Department of Odontology, Umeå University. [Hallmans,G] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Nutritional Research, Umeå, Sweden. [Khaw,K] Clinical Gerontology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge. [Wareham, NJ] MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge. [Crowe,F] Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford. [Riboli,E, Peeters, PHM] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK., This work is part of the project Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating out of Home and Obesity (PANACEA), which is supported by the European Union in the framework of the Public Health Programmme (Contract 2005328). The work was further supported by the European Commission: Public Health and Consumer Protection Directorate 1993–2004, Research Directorate-General 2005, Ligue contre le Cancer, Société 3M, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), Danish Cancer Society (Denmark), ISCIII (RETICC RD06/0020) of the Spanish Ministry of Health, the participating regional governments and institutions (Spain), Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, The Wellcome Trust (UK), Greek Ministry of Health, Greek Ministry of Education, Hellenic Ministry of Health, Stavros Niarchos Foundation, and the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece), Italian Association for Research on Cancer, National Research Council (Italy), Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Dutch Ministry of Health, Dutch Prevention Funds, LK Research Funds, Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland (ZON), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) (The Netherlands), and and Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, Regional Government of Skane and Västerbotten (Sweden). This work is also part of the project Hepatic and Adipose Tissue and Functions in the Metabolic Syndrome (HEPADIP, www.hepadip.org), which is supported by the European Commission as an Integrated Project under the 6th Framework Programme (Contract LSHM-CT-2005-018734) and part of the research program of the Danish Obesity Research Centre (DanORC, www.danorc.dk), which is supported by the Danish Council for Strategic Research (Contract 2101-06-0005).

Mark J. W. McPhail, Hugo Farne, William Bernal, Julia Wendon, Naz Senvar, and Wellcome Trust, UK

Agnès Wiedemann, Andy Tsun, Jenson Lim, Jayesh C Patel, Yvette van Kooyk, Emmanuelle Caron, Molecular cell biology and Immunology, Imperial College London, and Wellcome Trust, UK (068556/Z/02/Z), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (28/C18637)

Sabina Sieri, Elio Riboli, Konstantinos Tsiotas, Fulvio Ricceri, Raul Zamora-Ros, Florence Perquier, Pilar Amiano, Domenico Palli, Kim Overvad, José María Huerta, Marina Touillaud, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Anne Tjønneland, Petra H.M. Peeters, Guy Fagherazzi, Peter Wallström, Dagrun Engeset, Joseph A. Rothwell, Rosario Tumino, Carlos González, Ingegerd Johansson, Kay Thee Khaw, Vassiliki Benetou, Francesca L. Crowe, Aurelio Barricarte, Isabelle Romieu, Rikard Landberg, Jana Förster, Nadia Slimani, Augustin Scalbert, Martine M. Ros, Ulrika Ericson, Jytte Halkjær, Viktoria Knaze, Nicholas J. Wareham, Verena A. Grote, Heiner Boeing, Petra A. Wark, Elisabete Weiderpass, Esther Molina-Montes, Kuanrong Li, Guri Skeie, Virginia Menéndez, Maria Santucci de Magistris, Antonia Trichopoulou, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Clermont Université, Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer (CIRC), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Consejo de Salud de la Región de Murcia, Partenaires INRAE, Instituto Navarro de Salud Publica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia (Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Bioengineering Area), Dirección General de Salud Pública, Civile - M.P.Arezzo Hospital, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevezione Oncologica, Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)-Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens., Hellenic Health Foundation, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Imperial College London, Danish Cancer Society, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Lund University [Lund], Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), University of Tromsø (UiT), European Commission: Public Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, Research Directorate-General, Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France), Institut National du Cancer (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Danish Cancer Society: Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health (RTICC) [DR06/0020], Catalan Institute of Oncology of Spain, Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, UK, Stroke Association, UK, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, UK, Food Standards Agency, UK, Wellcome Trust, UK, Hellenic Ministry of Health, Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Italian Association for Research on Cancer, Compagnia San Paolo, Italy, Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Dutch Ministry of Health, Dutch Prevention Funds, LK Research Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, Regional Government of Skane, Sweden, Nordforsk - Centre of Excellence programme, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [CD09/00133], Universitat de Barcelona, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), University of Oxford, ProdInra, Migration, and IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori [Milano]

James Alexander, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Damo Xu, Rodrigo Guabiraba, Mousa Komai-Koma, Dong Li, Charles McSharry, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, King Abdulaziz University, Umm Al-Qura University, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde [Glasgow], Arthritis Research UK, Medical Research Council UK, Wellcome Trust, UK, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT)

Helmut Wittkowski, Johannes Roth, Vanita Shah, Lucy R. Wedderburn, Thomas Vogl, Kiran Nistala, Kamel Mamchaoui, Petra Krol, Paul A. Brogan, Hemlata Varsani, Rheumatology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, Department of General Pediatrics, Münster University Children Hospital, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU)-Institute of Immunology, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Thérapie des maladies du muscle strié, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), University Children's Hospital Muenster, Institute of Immunology-Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University [Prague] (CU)-First Faculty of Medicine-General University Hospital in Prague, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The JDM Cohort Study and this work have been supported by generous grants from the Wellcome Trust UK (085860), Action Medical Research UK, (SP4252), and The Henry Smith Charity. LW is supported in part by the Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity. KN is a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Clinical Fellow (097259). TV and JR were supported by grants from the Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research at the University of Muenster (Vo2/014/09 to T.V. as well as grant Ro2/004/10 to J.R) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG project RO 1190/9-1)., BMC, Ed., and HAL UPMC, Gestionnaire

Amélie de Vallée, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Benoit Chassaing, Maelle Prorok-Hamon, Sa’ad Y. Salim, Christel Neut, Johan D. Söderholm, Jean-Pierre Hugot, Jean-Frederic Colombel, Barry J. Campbell, Nathalie Rolhion, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont­ Ferrand, Linköping University (LIU), University of Liverpool, Université de Lille, Droit et Santé, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Clermont Université, Ministere de la Recherche et de la Technologie [JE2526], INRA [USC-2018], Association F. Aupetit (AFA), European Commission, Swedish Research Council [VR-M 2005-7013], National Institute of Health Research Specialist Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Disease [01CD1], Wellcome Trust UK [074949/Z/04/Z], and National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease UK [M/08/1]

Antonio Agudo, Carla H. van Gils, Naomi E. Allen, Miren Dorronsoro, Tobias Pischon, Christina C. Dahm, Antonia Trichopoulou, Madlen Schütze, Sabine Rohrmann, Tara Kehoe, Nadia Slimani, Nicholas J. Wareham, Aurelio Barricarte, Paolo Boffetta, Kim Overvad, Rudolf Kaaks, Petra H.M. Peeters, María José Sánchez, Jürgen Rehm, Anja Olsen, Gerrit Gmel, Laudina Rodríguez, Manuela M. Bergmann, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Heiner Boeing, Franco Berrino, Petra A. Wark, Mazda Jenab, Elio Riboli, María Dolores Chirlaque, Vasiliki Benetou, Anne Tjønneland, Dora Romaguera, Kay-Tee Khaw, Rosario Tumino, Paolo Vineis, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Dimosthenis Zylis, Domenico Palli, Timothy J. Key, Schütze, M., Boeing, H., Pischon, T., Rehm, J., Kehoe, T., Gmel, G., Olsen, A., Tjønneland, A.M., Dahm, C.C., Overvad, K., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.C., Trichopoulou, A., Benetou, V., Zylis, D., Kaaks, R., Rohrmann, S., Palli, D., Berrino, F., Tumino, R., Vineis, P., Rodríguez, L., Agudo, A., Sánchez, M.J., Dorronsoro, M., Chirlaque, M.D., Barricarte, A., Peeters, P.H., van Gils, C.H., Khaw, K.T., Wareham, N., Allen, N.E., Key, T.J., Boffetta, P., Slimani, N., Jenab, M., Romaguera, D., Wark, P.A., Riboli, E., Bergmann, M.M., [Schuetze,M, Boeing,H, Pischon,T, Bergmann,MM.] German Inst Human Nutr Potsdam Rehbrucke, Dept Epidemiol, Nuthetal, Germany. [Rehm,J, Kehoe,T, Gmel,G] CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada. [Rehm, J] Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Clin Psychol & Psychotherapy, Dresden, Germany. [Olsen,A, Tjonneland,AM.] Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Epidemiol, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Dahm,CC] Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Epidemiol, Aalborg, Denmark. [Overvad,K] Aarhus Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Aarhus, Denmark. [Clavel-Chapelon,F, Boutron-Ruault,M-C] Inst Gustave Roussy, Ctr Res Epidemiol & Populat Hlth,Villejuif, France. [Clavel-Chapelon,F, Boutron-Ruault,MC] Paris S Univ, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France. [Trichopoulou, A, Benetou,V, Zylis,D] Univ Athens, Sch Med, Dept Hyg Epidemiol & Med Stat, WHO Collaborating Ctr Food & Nutr Policies, Athens, Greece. [Kaaks,R, Rohrmann,S] German Canc Res Ctr, Div Canc Epidemiol, Heidelberg, Germany. [Palli,D] Canc Res & Prevent Inst, Mol & Nutr Epidemiol Unit, Florence, Italy. [Berrino, Franco] Fdn IRCCS Ist Nazl Tumori, Dept Prevent & Predict Med, Epidemiol Unit, Milan, Italy. [Tumino,R] Civile MP Arezzo Hosp, Canc Registry, Ragusa, Italy. [Vineis, Paolo] Inst Sci Interchange Fdn, Turin, Italy. [Rodriguez,L] Hlth & Hlth Care Serv Council, Publ Hlth & Participat Directorate, Asturias, Spain. [Tumino,R] Civile MP Arezzo Hosp, Histopathol Unit, Ragusa, Italy. [Agudo,A] Catalan Inst Oncol IDIBELL, Canc Epidemiol Res Programme, Unit Nutr Environm & Canc, Barcelona, Spain. [Sanchez,MJ] Andalusian Sch Publ Hlth, Granada, Spain. [Sanchez,MJ, Dorronsoro,M, Chirlaque,MD, Barricarte,A] CIBERESP, San Sebastian, Spain. [Dorronsoro, Miren] Publ Hlth Dept Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain. [Chirlaque,MD] Murcia Reg Hlth Council, Dept Epidemiol, Murcia, Spain. [Peeters,PH., van Gils,CH.] Univ Med Ctr, Ctr Hlth Sci & Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Khaw,K_T] Univ Cambridge, Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care, Cambridge, England. [Wareham,N] MRC, Epidemiol Unit, Cambridge, England. [Allen,NE., Key,TJ.] Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Canc Epidemiol Unit, England. [Boffetta, P, Slimani,N, Jenab,M] Int Agcy Res Canc, Lyon, France. [Boffetta,P] Mt Sinai Sch Med, Tisch Canc Inst, New York, NY USA. [Vineis,P, Romaguera,D, Wark,PA., Riboli,E] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, London, England., The work was performed (partly) within the coordinated action EPIC (SP23-CT-2005-006438), which has received research funding from the Community’s Sixth Framework Programme, as well as by the 'Europe Against Cancer' Programme of the European Commission (SANCO), Deutsche Krebshilfe, German Cancer Research Center, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Danish Cancer Society, Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health (grant No: Network RCESP C03/09), Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII, Red de Centros RETIC(RD06/0020) (grant No: C03/09), Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, UK, Stroke Association, UK, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, UK, Food Standards Agency, UK, Wellcome Trust, UK, Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC), Compagnia di San Paolo, Progetto Integrato Oncologia-PIO, Regione Toscana, Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, National Cancer Registry of the Netherlands, Greek Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, and Hellenic Health Foundation and Stavros Niarchos Foundation

Catherine Kyobutungi, Alex Ezeh, Thaddaeus Egondi, and National Institutes of Health, Wellcome Trust UK, Flora and William Hewlett foundation

Mark A. Collinson, Wellcome Trust, UK, Medical Research Council, South Africa, and Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, USA

Jakob Linseisen, Pierre Hainaut, Antonia Trichopoulou, Eiliv Lund, Pietro Ferrari, Sophie Morois, Kay-Tee Khaw, Kim Overvad, Philippe Autier, Gesthimani Misirli, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Timothy J. Key, Andrew W. Roddam, Carla H. van Gils, Salvatore Panico, María J. Tormo, Paolo Vineis, Graham Byrnes, Eugene Jansen, Fränzel J.B. Van Duijnhoven, María José Sánchez, Martine M. Ros, Teresa Norat, Anja Olsen, Anne Tjønneland, Rudolf Kaaks, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Tobias Pischon, Göran Hallmans, R. Palmqvist, Domenico Palli, Rosario Tumino, Sabina Rinaldi, Manuela M. Bergmann, Franco Berrino, Magritt Brustad, Eva Ardanaz, Heiner Boeing, Miren Dorronsoro, Nadia Slimani, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Petra H.M. Peeters, Elio Riboli, Mazda Jenab, Laudina Rodríguez, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Carlos A. González, [Jenab M, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Byrnes G, Rinaldi S, Autier P, Hainaut P] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France. [Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJB, Jansen EHJM, Ros MM] National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands. [Ferrari P] Data Collection and Exposure Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy. [van Duijnhoven FJB, van Gils CH, Peeters PH] Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Norat T, Vineis P, Riboli E] School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK. [Pischon T, Boeing H, Bergmann MM] Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany. [Tjonneland A, Olsen A] Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Overvad K] Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. [Boutron-Ruault M-C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Morois S] Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) ERI 20, EA. [Kaaks R, Linseisen J] Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. [Trichopoulou A, Misirli G] Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Greece. [Trichopoulou A] Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece. [Trichopoulos D] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, USA and Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Greece. [Berrino F] Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Etiologic Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (National Cancer Institute), Milan, Italy. [Vineis P] ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy. [Panico S] Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. [Palli D] Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, ISPO (Cancer Research and Prevention Institute), Florence, Italy. [Tumino R] Ragusa Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, 'Civile M.P.Arezzo' Hospital, ASP 7 Ragusa, Italy. [Ros MM] Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands. [Brustad M, Lund E] Centre for Sami Health Research, Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. [Tormo MJ] Epidemiology Service, Murcia Regional Health Authority, Spain. [Ardanaz E] Public Health Institute of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. [Ardanaz E, Sánchez MJ] CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain. [Rodríguez L] Health Information Section, Public Health and Participation Directorate, Health and Health Care Services Council, Asturias, Spain. [Sánchez MJ] Andalusian School of Public Health-Granada (Spain). [Dorronsoro M] Epidemiology Unit, Public Health Division of Guipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain. [Gonzalez CA] Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain. [Hallmans G] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå, Sweden. [Palmqvist R] Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. [Roddam A, Key TJ] Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [Khaw KT] Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [Bueno-de-Mesquita HB] Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Linseisen J] Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany, We thank the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF, London, UK, grant number 2005/12) for grant funding for the present study. The EPIC study was supported by the Europe Against Cancer Programme of the European Commission (SANCO), Ligue contre le Cancer (France), Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Danish Cancer Society, Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health (RETIC-RD06/0020), the participating regional governments and institutions of Spain, The ISCIII Red de Centro RCESP (C03/09), Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, UK, the Stroke Association, UK, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, UK, Food Standards Agency, UK, the Wellcome Trust, UK, Greek Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Hellenic Health Foundation and Stavros Niarchos Foundation, Greek Ministry of Education, Italian Association for Research on Cancer, Italian National Research Council, Compagnia di San Paolo, Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Dutch Ministry of Health, Dutch Prevention Funds, LK Research Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, Regional Governments of Skane and Vasterbotten, Sweden, and Norwegian Cancer Society., Jenab, M, Bueno de Mesquita, Hb, Ferrari, P, van Duijnhoven, Fj, Norat, T, Pischon, T, Jansen, Eh, Slimani, N, Byrnes, G, Rinaldi, S, Tjønneland, A, Olsen, A, Overvad, K, Boutron Ruault, Mc, Clavel Chapelon, F, Morois, S, Kaaks, R, Linseisen, J, Boeing, H, Bergmann, Mm, Trichopoulou, A, Misirli, G, Trichopoulos, D, Berrino, F, Vineis, P, Panico, Salvatore, Palli, D, Tumino, R, Ros, Mm, van Gils, Ch, Peeters, Ph, Brustad, M, Lund, E, Tormo, Mj, Ardanaz, E, Rodríguez, L, Sánchez, Mj, Dorronsoro, M, Gonzalez, Ca, Hallmans, G, Palmqvist, R, Roddam, A, Key, Tj, Khaw, Kt, Autier, P, Hainaut, P, Riboli, E., and University of Groningen

Kathleen Kahn, Benn Sartorius, Mark A. Collinson, Penelope Vounatsou, Stephen Tollman, INDEPTH, SACEMA, and MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit(Agincourt) through the Wellcome Trust, UK

Henning Urlaub, Oliver Bischof, Anne Dejean, Prabhat Kumar Purbey, Sanjeev Galande, P. Pavan Kumar, Dimple Notani, National Centre for Cell Science [Pune, India] (NCCS), Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry [Göttingen], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Work was supported by grants from the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, the Wellcome Trust, UK, the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, the Fondation de France, the European Economic Community 'Intact', and the Association Laurette Fugain. O.B. is a senior research fellow from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. P.K., D.N. and P.K.P are supported by fellowships from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India. S.G. is an international senior research fellow of the Wellcome Trust., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Cheriet Rauline, Samia

Mark A. Collinson, Stephen Tollman, Kathleen Kahn, Paul Mee, Sizzy Ngobeni, F. Xavier Gómez-Olivé, Bernard Silaule, Peter Byass, Chodziwadziwa W. Kabudula, Wellcome Trust, UK, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand, and Anglo-American Chairman’s Fund, South Africa, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) of the NIH

Renqingpengcuo, Alexander Mastin, Wei-Ping Wu, Patrick Giraudoux, Jing-Ye Shang, Qian Wang, Wei He, Yan Huang, Liang Huang, Philip S. Craig, Bo Zhong, Wen-Jie Yu, Zhang Guangjia, Sichuan Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Sichuan Government, University of Salford, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Sichuan Bureau of Science and Technology [2014SZ0151], Wellcome Trust (UK) [094324/Z/10/Z], Institut Universitaire de France ( IUF ), Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche ( M.E.N.E.S.R. ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Wang, Qian, and Zhong, Bo