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1. Ecology for Sustainable and Multifunctional Agriculture

Author: Brice Giffard, Camille Coux, Mickaël Hedde, Vincent Bretagnolle, Marine Zwicke, Stéphanie Aviron, Franck Jabot, Jane Lecomte, Sabrina Gaba, Denis Couvet, Antoine Gardarin, Séverine Piutti, Sébastien Barot, Paul Miguet, Antoine Le Gal, Adrien Rusch, Bérenger Bourgeois, Sébastien Bonthoux, Alan Vergnes, Anne Bonis, Audrey Alignier, Manuel Blouin, Rui Catarino, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), SAD Paysage (SAD Paysage), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale (GEOLAB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Cités, Territoires, Environnement et Sociétés (CITERES), Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agronomie, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMR SAVE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), UPEC, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris – UMR7618, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) (UMRSV), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de la Nature et du Paysage (ENSNP), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), AgroParisTech, Bordeaux Sciences Agro [Gradignan], Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 ( CEBC ), Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), USC 1339, INRA, Villiers en Bois, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, SAD Paysage ( SAD Paysage ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris ( IEES ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes ( ECOSYS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, UR LISC, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand, Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture ( IRSTEA ), UMR 5175 CEFE, (CNRS, UM UPVM3, EPHE, IRD)MontpellierFrance, Université Paul Valéry (Montpellier 3), UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ), UMR 7324 CITERES, INSA Centre Val de Loire, Ecole de la Nature et du Paysage, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372, CNRS, Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution ( ESE ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles ( PSH ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé Végétale (INRA/ENITA) ( UMR SAVE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux ( ENITAB ) -Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), Université Paris-Est Créteil ( UPEC ), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation ( CESCO ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé [France] (USC 1339 INRA), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours (UT)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Socio-ecological systems, Biotic interactions, Ecological intensification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Ecosystem services, Agricultural productivity, Agroecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Intensive farming, Ecology, business.industry, Eco-evolutionary dynamics, Landscape heterogeneity, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Ecological network, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Sustainability, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Business, Green Revolution
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmesChapter 1; International audience; The Green Revolution and the introduction of chemical fertilizers, synthetic pesticides and high yield crops had enabled to increase food production in the mid and late 20th. The benefits of this agricultural intensification have however reached their limits since yields are no longer increasing for many crops, negative externalities on the environment and human health are now recognized and economic inequality between farmers have increased. Agroecology has been proposed to secure food supply with fewer or lower negative environmental and social impacts than intensive agriculture. Agroecology principles are based on the recognition that biodiversity in agroecosystems can provide more than only food, fibre and timber. Hence, biodiversity and its associated functions, such as pollination, pest control, and mechanisms that maintain or improve soil fertility, may improve production efficiency and sustainability of agroecosystems. Although appealing, promoting ecological-based agricultural production is not straightforward since agroecosystems are socio-ecosystems with complex interactions between the ecological and social systems that act at different spatial and temporal scales. To be operational, agroecology thus requires understanding the relationships between biodiversity, functions and management, as well as to take into account the links between agriculture, ecology and the society. Here we review current knowledge on (i) the effect of landscape context on biodiversity and ecosystem functions and (ii) trophic and non-trophic interactions in ecological networks in agroecosystems. In particular, many insights have been made these two previous decades on (i) the interacting effects of management and landscape characteristics on biodiversity, (ii) the crucial role of plant diversity in delivering multiple services and (iii) the variety of ecological belowground mechanisms determining soil fertility in interaction with aboveground processes. However, we also pinpointed the absence of consensus on the effects of landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity and the need for a better mechanistic understanding of the effects of landscape and agricultural variables on farmland food webs and related services. We end by proposing new research avenues to fill knowledge gaps and implement agroecological principles within operational management strategies.
Published: 2018

2. Assessing broomrape risk due to weeds in cropping systems with an indicator linked to a simulation model

Author: Jean Villerd, Delphine Moreau, Stéphanie Gibot-Leclerc, Olivia Pointurier, Floriane Colas, Nathalie Colbach, Christian Bockstaller, Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar ( LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], General Decision Sciences, Biology, Regression tree, Biological interaction, 01 natural sciences, Phelipanche ramosa, Crop, Crop rotation, parasitic diseases, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Ecology, fungi, Sowing, food and beverages, Management techniques, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, respiratory system, Crop protection, Obligate parasite, Tillage, Agronomy, Holoparasite, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Weed, Cropping, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: EA SPE GESTAD INRA UB AGROSUP SUPDAT DOCT; International audience; Integrated crop protection tolerates residual weed floras if they are not harmful for crop production. These weeds can host harmful crop pests, among which parasitic plants such as branched broomrape (Phelipanche ramosa). This holoparasite is responsible for large yield losses in French crops such as oilseed rape. To date, there are no herbicides available to control it. To evaluate ex ante the impact of crop management practices on weed mediated parasite infection of crops, we developed an indicator calculated from outputs of the weed dynamics model FLORSYS. It consists of three components assessing weed impact on (1) stimulation of parasite germination during the whole cropping season, i.e. the potential risk reduction for future crops via a reduction of the parasite seed bank, (2) the stimulation of parasite germination in host crops, i.e. the potential risk increase for the current crop, (3) parasite reproduction on weed plants, i.e. the potential risk increase for future crops. This indicator was then used to predict weed-mediated broomrape risk in cropping systems from six regions from France and one from Spain. Antagonisms and synergies with other indicators of weed-harmfulness for crop production and weed contribution to plant and functional biodiversity were investigated with Pearson correlation analyses. For instance, cropping systems with a high parasite risk also had a high functional biodiversity (e.g. weed-based food offer for bees). Effects of crop management practices on the weed-mediated parasite risk indicator were identified with linear models; regression trees were used to identify the combinations of management practices that maximised or minimised weed-mediated broomrape risk. Parasite risk depended on crop rotation, sowing and harvest dates, tillage, herbicides and mechanical weeding. The lowest risk was observed in fields that were last tilled less than 21 days before sowing, with more than 0.6 herbicides per year (i.e. 3 applications in 5 years) with multiple entry modes into the weeds (e.g. leaves and roots) and the last herbicide sprayed no later than 127 days before harvest. RLQ analyses were used to identify correlations between weed species traits (Q matrix) and simulated parasite risk (R matrix), via simulated weed densities (L matrix). Early summer-emerging weed species increased parasite risk. No other notable correlations were found, indicating that parasite risk results from a weed community of interacting species, and not simply from individual weed species. An advice table was built to summarize and explain the effects of crop management practices on weed-mediated parasite risk.
Published: 2017

3. Assessing multiple goods and services derived from livestock farming on a nation-wide gradient

Author: Gilles Allaire, Olivier Aznar, Caroline Guinot, Edmond Tchakérian, Catherine Disenhaus, Jacques Lasseur, Julie Ryschawy, Sophie Bertrand, Muriel Tichit, Claude Aubert, Christophe Perrot, Etienne Josien, Sylvain Plantureux, AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Service Environnement,Direction des Affaires Scientifiques et Techniques, CNIEL, Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural (US ODR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Territoires (Territoires), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Département Environnement et Territoires, Interprofession Betail et Viandes (INTERBEV), Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Economie, Institut de l’Élevage, Institut de l'élevage (IDELE), ITAVI, Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, UMR : AGroécologie, Innovations, TeRritoires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Territoires - UMR 1273 (Territoires), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut de l'Elevage, Institut Technique de l'Aviculture et des Elevages de Petits Animaux (ITAVI), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] ( PEGASE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural ( US ODR ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Institut d'Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche en Alimentation, Santé Animale, Sciences Agronomiques et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Interprofession Betail et Viandes ( INTERBEV ), Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux ( UMR SELMET ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement ( CIRAD ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), Institut Technique de l'Aviculture et des Elevages de Petits Animaux ( ITAVI ), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires ( SADAPT ), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), and VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: agroecology, Conservation of Natural Resources, Livestock, multi-criteria, 010501 environmental sciences, SF1-1100, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Goods and services, 11. Sustainability, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Agroecology, Environmental quality, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, trade-off, 2. Zero hunger, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Food security, business.industry, indicator, Environmental resource management, 0402 animal and dairy science, Biodiversity, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, 040201 dairy & animal science, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Animal culture, ecosystem service, Geography, Sustainability, Animal Science and Zoology, France, Rural area, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, [ SDE.ES ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Abstract: Livestock farming is an essential activity in many rural areas, where it contributes to the maintenance of soil fertility and farmland biodiversity, as well as to a set of social public goods including food security, rural vitality and culture. However, livestock sustainability assessments tend to focus primarily on environmental and economic dimensions; therefore, these valuations might be limited because they do not consider the complete set of associated goods and services (GS). Hence, a need exists to recognise the multiple contributions provided by livestock to human well-being and society. The objective of this study was to analyse the provision of multiple GS derived from livestock across regions in France and empirically demonstrate sets of GS that repeatedly appeared together. We designated these multiple GS provided by livestock as contributions to productive, environmental, rural vitality and cultural benefits that human populations derive directly or indirectly from livestock agroecosystems. First, we combined expert knowledge with results of a literature review to define a bundle of GS provided by livestock. We then described indicators that quantified each good or service and screened national databases to determine the availability of supporting data. Finally, we assessed the GS and their relationships (synergies or trade-offs) on a nation-wide gradient in France at the department level (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 3). Four main categories of GS were considered: provisioning (e.g. food quantity and quality), environmental quality (e.g. biodiversity, landscape heterogeneity, water quality), rural vitality (e.g. employment, rural dynamism) and culture (e.g. gastronomy and landscape heritage). Four major types of GS bundles were identified, which suggested strong contrasts among French rural areas in terms of the nature of the GS that occurred together and their levels of provision. GS bundles in France had a non-random spatial distribution. This study represents an initial step towards developing a methodology to consider GS bundles provided by livestock. Nonetheless, further research is needed to understand socio-economic, environmental, political and geographic determinants of the composition of GS bundles.
Published: 2017

4. Correlative Analysis of Fluorescent Phytoalexins by Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Fluorescence Microscopy in Grapevine Leaves

Author: Patrick Chaimbault, Anne Poutaraud, Didier Merdinoglu, Sébastien Bellow, Vincent Carré, Loïc Becker, Spencer C. Brown, Gwendal Latouche, Zoran G. Cerovic, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique - Approche Multi-échelle des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), Université de Lorraine (UL), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Santé de la vigne et qualité du vin (SVQV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Conseil Interprofessionnel du Vin de Bordeaux (CIVB, Bordeaux, France), ANR (ANR-10-ISBN-04-01, ANR-11-IDEX-0003-02), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, Institut des sciences du végétal (ISV), Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique - Approche Multi-échelle des Milieux Complexes ( LCP-A2MC ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar ( LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Santé de la vigne et qualité du vin ( SVQV ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule ( I2BC ), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Université Paris Sud (Paris 11), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy, Pterostilbene, Ultraviolet Rays, mass spectrum analysis, Analytical chemistry, Resveratrol, 01 natural sciences, Fluorescence, Mass Spectrometry, Mass spectrometry imaging, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, phytoalexine, vitis vinifera, Stress, Physiological, Phytoalexins, spectrométrie de masse, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Guard cell, Stilbenes, Fluorescence microscope, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Vitis, feuille végétal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Microscopy, Confocal, biology, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, [ SDV.BV.PEP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, biology.organism_classification, 0104 chemical sciences, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Plant Leaves, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Oomycetes, Plasmopara viticola, Biophysics, [ CHIM.ANAL ] Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, phytoncides, Sesquiterpenes, 010606 plant biology & botany, microscopie à fluorescence
Abstract: International audience; Plant response to their environment stresses is a complex mechanism involving secondary metabolites. Stilbene phytoalexins, namely resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceids and viniferins play a key role in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaf defense. Despite their well-established qualities, conventional analyses such as HPLC-DAD or LC-MS lose valuable information on metabolite localization during the extraction process. To overcome this issue, a correlative analysis combining mass spectroscopy imaging (MSI) and fluorescence imaging was developed to localize in situ stilbenes on the same stressed grapevine leaves. High-resolution images of the stilbene fluorescence provided by macroscopy were supplemented by specific distributions and structural information concerning resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceids obtained by MSI. The two imaging techniques led to consistent and complementary data on the stilbene spatial distribution for the two stresses addressed: UV-C irradiation and infection by Plasmopara viticola. Results emphasize that grapevine leaves react differently depending on the stress. A rather uniform synthesis of stilbenes is induced after UV-C irradiation, whereas a more localized synthesis of stilbenes in stomata guard cells and cell walls is induced by P. viticola infection. Finally, this combined imaging approach could be extended to map phytoalexins of various plant tissues with resolution approaching the cellular level.
Published: 2017

5. A methodology for multi-objective cropping system design based on simulations. Application to weed management

Author: Wilfried Queyrel, Nathalie Colbach, Floriane Colas, Jean Villerd, Olivia Pointurier, Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, agroecology, Crop residue, business.product_category, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], design, Soil Science, Plant Science, cropping system, 01 natural sciences, Plough, Cropping system, multi-criteria performance, Mathematics, 2. Zero hunger, model, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Agroforestry, Crop yield, indicator, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Weed control, Tillage, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Weed, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Cropping, 010606 plant biology & botany, weed
Abstract: EAGESTADINRAAGROSUPSUPDATDOCT; Weeds are harmful for crop production but important for biodiversity. In order to design cropping systems that reconcile crop production and biodiversity, we need tools and methods to help farmers to deal with this issue. Here, we developed a novel method for multi-objective cropping system design aimed at scientists and technical institutes, combining a cropping system database, decision trees, the “virtual field” model FLORSYS and indicators translating simulated weed floras into scores in terms of weed harmfulness (e.g. crop yield loss, weed-borne parasite risk, field infestation), weed-mediated biodiversity (e.g. food offer for bees) and herbicide use intensity. 255 existing cropping systems were simulated with FLORSYS, individual indicator values were aggregated into a multi-performance score, and decision trees were built to identify combinations of management practices and probabilities for reaching performance goals. These trees are used to identify the characteristics of existing cropping systems that must be changed to achieve the chosen performance goals, depending on the user's risk strategy. Alternative systems are built and simulated with FLORSYS to evaluate their multi-criteria performance. The method was applied to an existing oilseed rape/wheat/barley rotation with yearly mouldboard ploughing from Burgundy which was improved to reconcile weed harmfulness control, reduced herbicide use and biodiversity promotion, based on a risk-minimizing strategy. The best alternative replaced a herbicide entering plants via shoot tips (during emergence) and roots after barley sowing by a spring herbicide entering via leaves, introduced crop residue shredding before cereals and rolled the soil at sowing, which reduced the risk of unacceptable performance from 90% to 40%. When attempting to reconcile harmfulness control and reduced herbicide use, the best alternative changed the rotation to oilseed rape/wheat/spring pea/wheat, replaced one herbicide in oilseed rape by mechanical weeding, delayed tillage before rape and applied the PRE herbicide before oilseed rape closer to sowing. This option reduced the risk of unacceptable performance to 30%. None of the initial or alternative cropping systems succeeded in optimal performance, indicating that more diverse cropping systems with innovative management techniques and innovative combinations of techniques are needed to build the decision trees. This approach can be used in workshops with extension services and farmers in order to design cropping systems. Compared to expert-based design, it has the advantage to go beyond wellknown options (e.g. plough before risky crops) to identify unconventional options, with a particular focus on interactions between cultural techniques.
Published: 2017

6. A tool to design fuzzy decision trees for sustainability assessment

Author: Bernard Amiaud, Vincent Manneville, Christian Bockstaller, R. Botreau, Sandra Beauchet, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar ( LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie ( ADEME ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), GRAPPE USC1422, Université Bretagne Loire ( UBL ), Institut de l'Elevage, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] ( EEF ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores ( UMR 1213 Herbivores ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Université de Lorraine (UL), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de l'élevage (IDELE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), and VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement
Subjects: Engineering, Environmental Engineering, AIDE, CONTRA, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Fuzzy set, Decision tree, 010501 environmental sciences, Évaluation multicritère, 01 natural sciences, FISPRO, Software, Fuzzy decision tree, LOGIC, IMPACT ENVIRONNEMENTAL, INDEX, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, INDICATEURS COMPOSITES, MODÈLE, Logique floue, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Management science, business.industry, Ecological Modeling, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Decision rule, DEXi, Transparency (behavior), agrégation, SYSTÈMES DE CULTURE ALTERNATIVE, Sensitivity test, Risk analysis (engineering), Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, NIVEAU, business, indicateur, ÉVALUATION EX ANTE
Abstract: Assessment of sustainability is a multicriteria problem that addresses several criteria belonging tovarious themes structured in sustainability dimensions. There is the need for a relevant aggregationmethod in addition to the disaggregated indicators. To face this challenge, we developed a new aggregationmethod, CONTRA, which is based on a decision tree using fuzzy sets. We attempted to combinethe advantages of previous tools like DEXi and FisPro that ensure simplicity, flexibility and transparencywhile limiting subjectivity in the design of decision trees. The results of two examples of implementationin the agricultural sector and a sensitivity test highlight the functionalities of the tool and its discriminationpotential. The possibility offered by the tool to correct predetermined decision rules makes itpossible to cope with compensation between input variables, an important issue in aggregation. The nextstep will be the finalisation of the Excel prototype in a user-friendly software; L'évaluation de la durabilité est un problème multicritère qui répond à plusieurs critères appartenant à différents thèmes structurés dans des dimensions de durabilité . Il est nécessaire d' une méthode d'agrégation pertinente en plus de les indicateurs ventilés par sexe. Pour relever ce défi, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode d'agrégation, CONTRA, basée sur un arbre de décision utilisant des ensembles flous . Nous avons essayé decombiner les avantages des outils précédents comme DEXi et FisPro qui garantissent la simplicité, la flexibilité et la transparence tout en limitant la subjectivité dans la conception des arbres de décision . Les résultats de deux exemples de mise en œuvre dans le secteur agricole et un test de sensibilité mettent en évidence les fonctionnalités de l' outil et son potentiel de discrimination. La possibilité offerte par l' outil de corriger des règles de décision prédéterminées permet de faire face à la compensation entre variables d'entrée, enjeu important dans l'agrégation. La prochaine étape sera la finalisation du prototype Excel dans un logiciel convivial.
Published: 2017

7. Grassland species show similar strategies for sulphur and nitrogen acquisition

Author: Nicolas Legay, Emmanuelle Personeni, Jean-Bernard Cliquet, Séverine Piutti, Sophie Slezack-Deschaumes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions (EVA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine ( LECA ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions ( EVA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Soil Science, Plant Science, Root system, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Sulphate uptake capacity, Nutrient, [ SDV.SA.AGRO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Ecosystem, 2. Zero hunger, Rhizosphere, Biomass (ecology), geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, fungi, Community structure, food and beverages, Sulphur acquisition, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Plant N strategies, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Arylsulphatase, Plant nutrition, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Plant nutrition strategies play a crucial role in community structure and ecosystem functioning. However, these strategies have been established only for nitrogen (N) acquisition, and it is not known whether similar strategies hold for other macronutrients such as sulphur (S). The aim of our study was to determine whether strategies for S acquisition of some grassland species were similar to those observed for N acquisition, and to analyse the relationships between these plant strategies and the soil microbial activity involved in soil organic S mineralisation. We used three exploitative and three conservative grass species grown with and without S fertilisation. We measured a set of plant traits, namely root and shoot biomass, leaf area, root length, N and S content, leaf nutrient use efficiency, and sulphate uptake rates in plants, and one microbial trait linked to S mineralisation, namely soil arylsulphatase activity. The set of plant traits differentiated exploitative from conservative species. Close relationships were found between traits associated with strategies for N acquisition, namely total N content and Leaf N Use Efficiency (LNUE), and traits associated with strategies for S acquisition, namely total S content and Leaf S Use Efficiency (LSUE). Exploitative species exhibited similar or lower sulphate uptake capacities per unit of biomass than conservative species, but acquired more S through their larger root systems. Greater arylsulphatase activity was observed in the rhizosphere of the most exploitative species. Overall, our results show that nutrient strategies defined in grassland species for N acquisition can be extended to S.
Published: 2013

8. Long-term organic farming fosters below and aboveground biota: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity

Author: Andreas Fließbach, Jaap Bloem, Michael Bonkowski, Soren Christensen, Christophe Robin, Heikki Setälä, T. Martijn Bezemer, Juha Mikola, Paul Mäder, Stefan Scheu, David Dubois, Wim H. van der Putten, Katarina Hedlund, Klaus Birkhofer, F. Ekelund, Lucie Gunst, Fabienne Tatin-Froux, Microelectronic Systems Institute ( MES ), Darmstadt University of Technology [Darmstadt], DAIMI ( DAIMI ), DAIMI, University of Copenhagen ( KU ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), CONSIDER, Microelectronic Systems Institute (MES), DAIMI (DAIMI), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences [Lahti], University of Helsinki, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO), Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Agroscope, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture - Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL), Lund University [Lund], Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Multitrophic Interactions (MTI), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, generalist predators, respiration microbienne, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], faune du sol, natural enemies, alternative prey, 01 natural sciences, nitrogen, food-web, Soil, agriculture biologique, cycle biologique, herbicide, minéralisation de l'azote, fertilisation organique, fertilisation minérale, Wageningen Environmental Research, Laboratory of Entomology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, Intensive farming, agriculture biodynamique, agriculture conventionnelle, food and beverages, nutrient cycling, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, sustainability, PE&RC, long terme, 6. Clean water, mycorrhizal fungi, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, ennemi naturel, microbial community structure, ecosystem functioning, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Organic farming, DOK trial, farming system, fertilization, microbial community, soil fauna, soil quality, agricultural systems, management, Nutrient cycle, agroecosystems, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Soil biology, Soil Science, Microbiology, Soil quality, suisse, productivité, culture céréaliere, Alterra - Centrum Bodem, Organic matter, triticum aestivum, biomasse microbienne, Laboratorium voor Nematologie, biomass, Soil Science Centre, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Laboratorium voor Entomologie, Manure, qualité biologique du sol, Agronomy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Biodiversity and ecosystem services, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Laboratory of Nematology, Cereals, pulses and oilseeds, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Organic farming may contribute substantially to future agricultural production worldwide by improving soil quality and pest control, thereby reducing environmental impacts of conventional farming. We investigated in a comprehensive way soil chemical, as well as below and aboveground biological parameters of two organic and two conventional wheat farming systems that primarily differed in fertilization and weed management strategies. Contrast analyses identified management related differences between “herbicide-free” bioorganic (BIOORG) and biodynamic (BIODYN) systems and conventional systems with (CONFYM) or without manure (CONMIN) and herbicide application within a long-term agricultural experiment (DOK trial, Switzerland). Soil carbon content was significantly higher in systems receiving farmyard manure and concomitantly microbial biomass (fungi and bacteria) was increased. Microbial activity parameters, such as microbial basal respiration and nitrogen mineralization, showed an opposite pattern, suggesting that soil carbon in the conventional system (CONFYM) was more easily accessible to microorganisms than in organic systems. Bacterivorous nematodes and earthworms were most abundant in systems that received farmyard manure, which is in line with the responses of their potential food sources (microbes and organic matter). Mineral fertilizer application detrimentally affected enchytraeids and Diptera larvae, whereas aphids benefited. Spider abundance was favoured by organic management, most likely a response to increased prey availability from the belowground subsystem or increased weed coverage. In contrast to most soil-based, bottom-up controlled interactions, the twofold higher abundance of this generalist predator group in organic systems likely contributed to the significantly lower abundance of aboveground herbivore pests (aphids) in these systems. Long-term organic farming and the application of farmyard manure promoted soil quality, microbial biomass and fostered natural enemies and ecosystem engineers, suggesting enhanced nutrient cycling and pest control. Mineral fertilizers and herbicide application, in contrast, affected the potential for top-down control of aboveground pests negatively and reduced the organic carbon levels. Our study indicates that the use of synthetic fertilizers and herbicide application changes interactions within and between below and aboveground components, ultimately promoting negative environmental impacts of agriculture by reducing internal biological cycles and pest control. On the contrary, organic farming fosters microbial and faunal decomposers and this propagates into the aboveground system via generalist predators thereby increasing conservation biological control. However, grain and straw yields were 23% higher in systems receiving mineral fertilizers and herbicides reflecting the trade-off between productivity and environmental responsibility.
Published: 2008

9. Links between functional composition, biomass production and forage quality in permanent grasslands over a broad gradient of conditions

Author: Audrey Michaud, Sylvain Plantureux, René Baumont, E. Pottier, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Institut de l’Élevage, French Ministry of Agriculture, CAS DAR programme, VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Unité associée INPL-ENSAIA/INRA Agronomie et environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de l'élevage (IDELE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores ( UMR 1213 Herbivores ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Growing season, Forage, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [ SDV.SA.AGRO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Genetics, Organic matter, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, Biomass (ecology), geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Phenology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, chemistry, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Forb, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: SUMMARYTo upgrade the use of permanent grasslands in livestock farming systems for their economic and environmental utility, their value needs better assessment in terms of both quantity (biomass production) and quality (nutritive value: organic matter digestibility (OMD) and crude protein content (CP)). The wide variability in permanent grassland botanical composition makes it important to understand the links between vegetation characteristics and permanent grassland value, and how far environmental factors influence this value. The current work investigated how vegetation characteristics and weather explained the variability of the biomass production and nutritive value of permanent grasslands. Two models were used to determine the best vegetation characteristics for the prediction: (i) plant functional types (PFT), proportions of grasses, legumes and forbs and weather, and (ii) two proxies for PFT (dry matter content (DMC) and phenological development at medium plant stage (MPS)), proportion of grasses, legumes and forbs, and weather. The study was conducted on a set of 190 permanent grasslands distributed over a wide range of soil, climatic and management conditions, and lasted 2 years (2009/10). For each of the permanent grasslands, climatic data, values of vegetation characteristics, biomass production and nutritive value were collected at the beginning and end of spring, and during summer and autumn regrowths. Contribution of weather was important and particularly for regrowths. Composition in terms of botanical families, plant stage and sward DMC was the common variables that explained both biomass production and nutritive value during the growing season. Biomass production was mainly explained by the proportion of legumes and forbs, MPS and DMC considering both models. Grass nutritive value was linked to the same factors, including PFT. However, the contribution of grass PFTs was lower in models. Both models could be used to predict biomass production and nutritive value:R2of the two models are quite similar. Over a wide range of environmental and management conditions, vegetation characteristics and climatic data explained almost half of the variance of forage quality and 20–40% of the variance of biomass production.
Published: 2015

10. Dual function of the cytochrome P450 CYP76 family from Arabidopsis thaliana in the metabolism of monoterpenols and phenylurea herbicides

Author: Sébastien Grec, René Höfer, Michel Miesch, Benoît Boachon, Hugues Renault, Carole Gavira, Lionel Allouche, Danièle Werck-Reichhart, Jean-François Ginglinger, Laurence Miesch, Juliana Iglesias, Romain Larbat, CNRS, Université de Lille, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes [IBMP], Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg [ICS], Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria [INTA], Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Stress Abiotiques et Diffenciation des Végétaux Cultivés [Stress Abiotiques], Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement [LAE], Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Pergamino, Argentina, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Genetics, Comparative genomics, 0303 health sciences, Subfamily, biology, Physiology, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Cytochrome P450, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Gene duplication, biology.protein, Arabidopsis thaliana, Gene family, Ectopic expression, Gene, Herbicides, Multigene Family, Oxidation-Reduction, Arabidopsis, Genomics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Monoterpenes, Phenylurea Compounds, Phylogeny, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, 030304 developmental biology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Comparative genomics analysis unravels lineage-specific bursts of gene duplications related to the emergence of specialized pathways. The CYP76C subfamily of cytochrome P450 enzymes is specific to Brassicaceae. Two of its members were recently associated with monoterpenol metabolism. This prompted us to investigate the CYP76C subfamily genetic and functional diversification. Our study revealed high rates of CYP76C gene duplication and loss in Brassicaceae, suggesting the association of the CYP76C subfamily with species-specific adaptive functions. Gene differential expression and enzyme functional specialization in Arabidopsis thaliana, including metabolism of different monoterpenols and formation of different products, support this hypothesis. In addition to linaloolmetabolism, CYP76C1, CYP76C2, and CYP76C4 metabolized herbicides belonging to the class of phenylurea. Their ectopic expression in the whole plant conferred herbicide tolerance. CYP76Cs from A. thaliana. thus provide a first example of promiscuous cytochrome P450 enzymes endowing effective metabolism of both natural and xenobiotic compounds. Our data also suggest that the CYP76C gene family provides a suitable genetic background for a quick evolution of herbicide resistance.
Published: 2014

11. Assessing population maturity of three perennial grass species: Influence of phenology and tiller demography along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients

Author: Audrey Michaud, Michel Duru, Pablo Cruz, Pascal Carrère, René Baumont, E. Pottier, Jean-Louis Fiorelli, Nicolas Rossignol, Sylvain Plantureux, Donato Andueza, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt (ASTER Mirecourt), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre Interrégional d'Information et de Recherche en Production Ovine (CIIRPO), French Ministry for Agriculture, Conseil Regional d'Auvergne, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores ( UMR 1213 Herbivores ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Unité de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), AGrosystèmes et développement terrItoRial ( AGIR ), Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt ( ASTER Mirecourt ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centre Interrégional d'Information et de Recherche en Production Ovine ( CIIRPO ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Perennial plant, Range (biology), Population, perennial grasses, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Tiller (botany), Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, 01 natural sciences, phenology, Grassland, [ SDV.SA.AGRO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, sward morphological structure, education, growing degree days, sward maturity, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, geography, Biomass (ecology), geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Phenology, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Growing degree-day, 15. Life on land, tiller development synchrony, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; To assess the whole-sward maturity, which is a primary concern for grassland managers, we studied three forage grass species with contrasting phenology over a range of climatic conditions among sites. We considered two main issues: (i) How is grass population maturity related to population phenology, and is this relation affected by environmental factors? and (ii) Is the sum of temperatures a good index to describe phenological development under contrasting climates? To explore the role of temperature accumulation in species population development, we described the phenological development of populations of three grass species along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients at eight locations across France. We used a numerical index of tiller development to quantify sward morphological structure and discriminate phenological peak from average maturity. We report that phenological development rates were similar among sites for each species, but required fewer growing degree days to start at higher latitudes and altitudes. However, we found that population maturity and phenological peak differed significantly due to among-site variability in vegetative tiller percentage in whole-population biomass. Our results underlined the importance of considering tiller distribution among phenological stages, especially tiller development synchrony, together with phenology to assess sward maturity in semi-natural permanent grasslands.
Published: 2014

12. Reconciling pesticide reduction with economic and environmental sustainability in arable farming

Author: François Boissinot, Vincent Bretagnolle, Martin Lechenet, Nicolas Munier-Jolain, Christian Bockstaller, Marie-Sophie Petit, Sandrine Petit, Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (Colmar), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Chambre d'Agriculture des Pays de la Loire, Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture de Bourgogne, Munier-Jolain, Nicolas, Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), French National Research Agency ANR (STRA-08-02 Advherb project), Region Bourgogne, European Network of Excellence ENDURE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 ( CEBC ), Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA )
Subjects: Environmental Impacts, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, lcsh:Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, [ SDE ] Environmental Sciences, carburant, Sustainable agriculture, Cropping system, lcsh:Science, système de culture, [ SDV.SA ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Multidisciplinary, Agroforestry, food and beverages, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Agricultural Methods, Organic Farming, rotation culturale, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Organic farming, Arable land, Agrochemicals, Research Article, Crops, Agricultural, Conservation of Natural Resources, agriculture durable, Crops, Environment, 12. Responsible consumption, Integrated Control, Agricultural Production, Pesticides, pesticide, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, lcsh:R, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, fungi, engrais azoté, Biology and Life Sciences, durabilité, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, Crop Management, Sustainable Agriculture, 13. Climate action, Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Pest Control, business, Agronomic Ecology, Cropping, High-Input Farming, Agroecology
Abstract: International audience; Reducing pesticide use is one of the high-priority targets in the quest for a sustainable agriculture. Until now, most studies dealing with pesticide use reduction have compared a limited number of experimental prototypes. Here we assessed the sustainability of 48 arable cropping systems from two major agricultural regions of France, including conventional, integrated and organic systems, with a wide range of pesticide use intensities and management (crop rotation, soil tillage, cultivars, fertilization, etc.). We assessed cropping system sustainability using a set of economic, environmental and social indicators. We failed to detect any positive correlation between pesticide use intensity and both productivity (when organic farms were excluded) and profitability. In addition, there was no relationship between pesticide use and workload. We found that crop rotation diversity was higher in cropping systems with low pesticide use, which would support the important role of crop rotation diversity in integrated and organic strategies. In comparison to conventional systems, integrated strategies showed a decrease in the use of both pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers, they consumed less energy and were frequently more energy efficient. Integrated systems therefore appeared as the best compromise in sustainability trade-offs. Our results could be used to re-design current cropping systems, by promoting diversified crop rotations and the combination of a wide range of available techniques contributing to pest management.
Published: 2014

13. How do plant community ecologists consider the complementarity of observational, experimental and theoretical approaches?

Author: Bernard Amiaud, Pierre Mariotte, Thomas Spiegelberger, François Gillet, Aurélie Thébault, Alexandre Buttler, Laboratoire des systèmes écologiques (ECOS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire des systèmes écologiques ( ECOS ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Ecosystèmes montagnards ( UR EMGR ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, literature review, Science, Phylogenetic Structure, Plant Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, modelling, Database, ECOLOGIE DES COMMUNAUTES, MODELISATION, METHODOLOGIE, Imagery, Plant ecology, Taxonomy, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Climate-Change, Ecology, Management science, approaches, Plant community, experiments, Biodiversity, Dispersal, Metaanalysis, 15. Life on land, Traits, MODELISATION, Complementarity (physics), observations, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ECOLOGIE DES COMMUNAUTES, Observational study, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, community ecology, METHODOLOGIE
Abstract: International audience; Background and aims - A large variety of methods are used by ecologists for studies at plant community level. While early works were mainly descriptive, more manipulative experiments are now being undertaken because they provide a better functional understanding and a greater insight into underlying mechanisms. Mathematical models are also being increasingly used, in particular for predicting biodiversity under global change. The aim of this study is to highlight the strengths, limitations, and advantages of these three approaches, namely observational, experimental and theoretical modelling. Methods - We assessed 149 papers published during the last four years in three specialized disciplinary journals (DJ) and 151 papers in three generalist high impact journals (HIJ) dealing with plant ecology, and checked the methods that were used. We asked participants of the ECOVEG7 meeting held in Switzerland (Lausanne, April 2011) whether observational, experimental and theoretical modelling approaches can, or should, be used alone or in combination when studying plant communities and ecosystem functioning in the context of global change. Key results - About 50% of articles published in both journal types used only a single approach. Nevertheless, papers in HIJ used the approaches in similar proportions, while articles in DJ had eight times more observational than modelling studies. Combined approaches represented only 8% in DJ, while this percentage was more than double in HIJ. Conclusion - Plant community ecologists favour a combination of several approaches, but for practical difficulties (communicating among people using different approaches and publication strategies), singleapproach studies are generally preferred. A combination of the three highlighted approaches seems to be the most appropriate way to respond to future challenges in plant community ecology such as biodiversity loss and impact of climate change as such studies require work on different temporal and spatial scales.
Published: 2012

14. Les flux d’azote liés aux élevages : réduire les pertes, rétablir les équilibres

Author: Jean-Louis Peyraud, Pierre Cellier, Frans Aarts, Fabrice Béline, Christian Bockstaller, Magalie Bourblanc, Luc Delaby, Catherine Donnars, Jean-Yves Dourmad, Pierre Dupraz, Patrick Durand, Philippe Faverdin, Jean-Louis Fiorelli, Carl Gaigné, Agnès Girard, Francoise Guillaume, Peter Kuikman, Alexandra Langlais, Philippe Le Goffe, Sophie Le Perchec, Philippe Lescoat, Thierry Morvan, Christian Nicourt, Virginie Parnaudeau, Olivier Rechauchère, Philippe Rochette, Francoise Vertes, Patrick Veysset, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Agrosysteemkunde, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR)-Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Unité de Recherche Gestion environnementale et traitement biologique des déchets, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Délégation à l'Expertise scientifique collective, à la Prospective et aux Etudes (UAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1302 Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt (ASTER Mirecourt), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), DIST Délégation Information Scientifique et Technique (DV-IST), Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek, Institut de l'Ouest : Droit et Europe (IODE), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Risques, Travail, Marchés, Etat (RiTME), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Programme 215 fonctionnel, Ministère de l'alimentation, de l'agriculture et de la pêche et Ministère de l'écologie, de l'énergie, du développement durable, des transports et du logement, Contrat : Etude 10.06, Financement : Ministère de l’alimentation, de l’agriculture et de la pêche, Commanditaire : Ministère de l'Ecologie, de l'Energie, du Développement Durable, des Transports et du Logement (France), Type de commanditaire ou d'auteur de la saisine : Ministères, parlements et les structures qui leur sont directement rattachées, Date de signature : 2010-08-02, Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] ( PEGASE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes ( ECOSYS ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AgroParisTech, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar ( LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Prospective ( PROSPECTIVE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires ( SMART ), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation ( SAS ), UR 0055 Agro-Sytèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Agro-Sytèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt ( ASTER Mirecourt ), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons ( LPGP ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), DIST Délégation Information Scientifique et Technique ( DV-IST ), Institut de l'Ouest : Droit et Europe ( IODE ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), UR 1323 Risques Travail Marché Etat, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Risques, Travail, Marchés, Etat ( RiTME ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] ( AAFC ), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores ( UMR 1213 Herbivores ), VetAgro Sup ( VAS ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR)-Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Unité Prospective (PROSPECTIVE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Risques, Travail, Marchés, Etat (RiTME), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART-LERECO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC)
Subjects: 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 01 natural sciences, [ SDE.ES ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: absent
Published: 2012
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15. Net N immobilisation during the biodegradation of mucilage in soilas affected by repeated mineral and organic fertilisation

Author: Thierry Morvan, Christophe Robin, Fabienne Froux, Christophe Nguyen, Sylvie Recous, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Unité d'agronomie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ( LAE ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Transfert Sol-Plante et Cycle des Eléments Minéraux dans les Ecosystèmes Cultivés (TCEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement - UMR-A 614 (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, maïs, Ammonium nitrate, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, MINERALISATION, FULURE ANIMALE, Soil Science, maize, 01 natural sciences, nitrogen, fertilisation, zea mays, chemistry.chemical_compound, soil quality, ROOT MUCILAGE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, RHIZODEPOSITION, azote, Remineralisation, Rhizosphere, MANURE, indian corn, Soil organic matter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biodégradation, root, Soil quality, Manure, racine, [ SDE.MCG ] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, chemistry, Agronomy, Mucilage, fertilization, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Agronomy and Crop Science, IMMOBILISATION, qualité du sol, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Repeated fertilisation of crops with manure commonly increases both the amount and the quality of soil organic matter, the mineralisation of which strongly determines the availability of N to plants. In the rhizosphere, the microbial mineralisation/immobilisation of N is enhanced due to rhizodeposition (release of organic compounds from roots). In this work, we studied N transformations during incubation of maize root mucilage in soils that had been previously fertilized with composted pig manure or with ammonium nitrate for 7 years. Our work revealed mucilage was rapidly mineralised (average half-life of 3 days), inducing a rapid N immobilisation of 94 mg N g(-1) of mucilage C, followed by a slow remineralisation. Fertilisation with manure induced a persistent stimulation of the soil organic matter mineralisation, leading to an enhanced content of soil inorganic N (+23% in 58 days of incubation). Due to this stimulation of microbial activity in the soil fertilized with manure, the decrease in inorganic N during the biodegradation of mucilage lasted a shorter time as compared to the mineral fertilisation. However, the type of fertilisation did not significantly change the amount of N immobilised.
Published: 2008

16. Facial area and hairiness of pollinators visiting semi‐natural grassland wild plants predict their facial pollen load

Author: Mathilde Baude, Geoffrey Mesbahi, Jérémie Goulnik, Colin Van Reeth, Sylvain Plantureux, Alice Michelot-Antalik, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre de Recherches sur les Ecosystèmes d'Altitude (CREA Mont-Blanc), Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Orléans (UO), and Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Pollination, media_common.quotation_subject, Semi natural, Insect, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, Pollinator, Pollen, medicine, Ecosystem, functional trait, media_common, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Diptera, pollination function, Plant community, Bees, 15. Life on land, effect trait, 010602 entomology, Insect Science, insect, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; 1. Consequences of a decline in pollination function in semi-natural ecosystems are largely unknown due to variability in pollinator effectiveness, that is, their contribution to pollen deposition alone. While pollination effectiveness has been shown to be related to body size and hairiness of pollinators for some crops, studies encompassing a wide diversity of pollinators interacting with wild plant communities are lacking. 2. Thus, the relationships between pollen load, which is a measurement of pollen transport ability and a proxy of pollinator effectiveness, and morphological traits of pollinators sampled in 16 grasslands in Moselle, France, were investigated. The area, hairiness, and pollen load of each pollinator's face were measured for 658 individuals from 127 bee and fly species interacting with 36 wild plant species. Pollinator dry mass was also measured on 543 individuals from 109 species. 3. Dry body mass and facial area of pollinators were positively linked. This study highlights that bees transported significantly more pollen grains on their face than flies. Furthermore, bees' faces were larger and hairier. We also found that pollinators' facial pollen load increased with facial area and hairiness when we considered all pollinators. However, hairiness is not significant within pollinator group (bees or flies), mirroring a potential phylogenetic signal. 4. Hence, this study shows a wide diversity of pollinator and plant species in which larger and hairier pollinators may transport more pollen grains, at least on their face. However, future studies involving other pollinator body parts are needed to generalise these relationships.
Published: 2020

17. Promoting crop pest control by plant diversification in agricultural landscapes: A conceptual framework for analysing feedback loops between agro-ecological and socio-economic effects

Author: Aude Vialatte, Anaïs Tibi, Audrey Alignier, Valérie Angeon, Laurent Bedoussac, David A. Bohan, Douadia Bougherara, Alain Carpentier, Bastien Castagneyrol, Stéphane Cordeau, Pierre Courtois, Jean-Philippe Deguine, Jérôme Enjalbert, Frédéric Fabre, Fabienne Féménia, Hélène Fréville, Frédéric Goulet, Régis Grateau, Benoît Grimonprez, Nicolas Gross, Mourad Hannachi, Philippe Jeanneret, Laure Kuhfuss, Pierre Labarthe, Marie Launay, Marianne Lefebvre, Virginie Lelièvre, Stéphane Lemarié, Gilles Martel, Abel Masson, Mireille Navarrete, Manuel Plantegenest, Virginie Ravigné, Adrien Rusch, Frédéric Suffert, Abdoulaye Tapsoba, Olivier Therond, Sophie Thoyer, Vincent Martinet, Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement (ECODEVELOPPEMENT), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA), Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART-LERECO), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) (GQE-Le Moulon), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Santé et agroécologie du vignoble (UMR SAVE), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d’Etudes et de Coopération Juridique Interdisciplinaire (CECOJI), Université de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), Agroscope, University of St Andrews [Scotland], Agroclim (AGROCLIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management (GRANEM), Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage-AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Université d'Angers (UA), Département agronomie et sciences de l'environnement pour les agroécosystèmes (AgroEcoSystem), Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble (GAEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Biodiversité agroécologie et aménagement du paysage (UMR BAGAP), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (UMR PHIM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Centre d’études et de coopération juridique interdisciplinaire - Université de Poitiers (CECOJI-UP), Université d'Angers (UA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage, Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, French Office for Biodiversity (OFB) through the national ECOPHYTO plan, David A. Bohan, Alex J. Dumbrell, Adam J. Vanbergen, Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université d'Angers (UA), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Gestion des ressources renouvelables et environnement (UPR GREEN), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université d'Angers (UA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, 13. Climate action, 11. Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, 01 natural sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Given the negative environmental effects of conventional agricultural techniques, the need for biodiversity-friendly agriculture systems that rely more on ecosystem services and less on chemical inputs is becoming increasingly urgent. In this paper, we focus on crop protection strategies that are alternatives to the use of pesticides. Diversification of the plant component of agricultural areas at different space and time scales has been presented as a powerful socio-economic and agro-ecological mechanism for the sustainable control of pests. Our interdisciplinary group of scientific experts examined the literature on the ecological effects of plant diversification on pests and their natural enemies, as well as the social science literature on the conditions for farmers to adopt the corresponding practices, to assess the potential offered by plant diversification.We developed a conceptual framework that connects the agro-ecological and socio-economic components of an agricultural landscape in a dynamic loop accounting for interactions among elements at different spatial and temporal scales and their feedback effects. This article presents this framework and illustrates its application to the case of wheat production and protection. By explicitly connecting each level of agro-ecological organization with the potential socio-economic drivers and limitations underpinning the adoption and implementation of plant diversification in landscapes, this framework makes it possible to ana yse the synergies and antagonisms between different modes of diversification and the conditions of their deployment. Exploring this framework is a prerequisite to the identification of opportunities and key feed-back loops for designing diversification strategies that unlock the agro-ecological potential of f uture production systems. We conclude that there is a need for interdisciplinary research in experimental landscapes involving farmers and other local stakeholders to design sustainable future agricultural landscapes that deliver high levels of biological control services..
Published: 2022

18. Suitability of operational N direct field emissions models to represent contrasting agricultural situations in agricultural LCA: review and prospectus

Author: Victor Galland, Angel Avadí, Christian Bockstaller, Antoine Versini, Recyclage et risque (UPR Recyclage et risque), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Crops, Agricultural, Biogeochemical cycle, Environmental Engineering, organic, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Nitrous Oxide, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Agricultural engineering, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, nitrogen, fertilisation, Soil, Planetary boundaries, Environmental Chemistry, Drainage, Fertilizers, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, agriculture, 2. Zero hunger, business.industry, Soil organic matter, tropical, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, Pollution, field emissions, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Sustainability, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract: International audience; N biogeochemical flows and associated N losses exceed currently planetary boundaries and represent a major threat for sustainability. Measuring N losses is a resource-intensive endeavour, and not suitable for ex-ante assessments, thus modelling is a common approach for estimating N losses associated with agricultural scenarios (systems, practices, situations). The aim of this study is to review some of the N models commonly used for estimating direct field emissions of agricultural systems, and to assess their suitability to agricultural systems featuring organo-mineral or organic fertilisation, non-arable crops, or happening under tropical and subtropical conditions. Simple N models were chosen based on their frequent use in LCA, following a literature review, including ecoinvent v3, Indigo-N v1/v2, AGRIBALYSE v1.2/v1.3, and the Mineral fertiliser equivalents (MFE) calculator. Model sets were contrasted, among them and with the dynamic crop model STICS, regarding their consideration of the biophysical processes determining N losses to the environment from agriculture, namely plant uptake, nitrification, denitrification, NH 3 volatilisation, NO 3 leaching, erosion and runoff , and N 2 O emission to air; using four reference agricultural datasets. Models' consideration of management drivers such as crop rotations and the allocation of fertilisers and emissions among crops in a crop rotation, overfertilisation and fertilisation technique, were also contrasted, as well as their management of the mineralisation of soil organic matter and organic fertilisers, and of drainage regimes. We highlighted the reasons for the differing model outputs. Among these models, Indigo-N is the most data intensive, and ecoinvent the least. For the four agricultural datasets, the ecoinvent model predicted significantly lower values for NH 3 than the AGRIBALYSE and the STICS models. For N 2 O, no significant differences were found among models. For NO 3 , the ecoinvent and AGRIBALYSE models predicted significantly higher emissions than the STICS model, regardless of the fertilisation regime. For both emissions, values of Indigo-N were close to those of the STICS model. By analysing the reasons for such differences, and the underlying factors considered by models, a list of recommendations was produced regarding more accurate ways to model N losses (by including, for instance, the main drivers regulating emissions).
Published: 2022

19. The Evolution of Leaf Function during Development Is Reflected in Profound Changes in the Metabolic Composition of the Vacuole

Author: Alice Destailleur, Théo Poucet, Cécile Cabasson, Ana Paula Alonso, Jean-Christophe Cocuron, Romain Larbat, Gilles Vercambre, Sophie Colombié, Pierre Petriacq, Marie Hélène Andrieu, Bertrand Beauvoit, Yves Gibon, Martine Dieuaide-Noubhani, Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Plateforme Metabolome Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of North Texas (UNT), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-11-INBS-0010,METABOHUB,Développement d'une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l'innovation(2011), ANR-11-INBS-0012,PHENOME,Centre français de phénomique végétale(2011), and Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, subcellular metabolome, vacuole, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Microbiology, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, QR1-502, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, non-aqueous fractionation, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Molecular Biology, tomato leaf, 030304 developmental biology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; During its development, the leaf undergoes profound metabolic changes to ensure, among other things, its growth. The subcellular metabolome of tomato leaves was studied at four stages of leaf development, with a particular emphasis on the composition of the vacuole, a major actor of cell growth. For this, leaves were collected at different positions of the plant, corresponding to different developmental stages. Coupling cytology approaches to non-aqueous cell fractionation allowed to estimate the subcellular concentrations of major compounds in the leaves. The results showed major changes in the composition of the vacuole across leaf development. Thus, sucrose underwent a strong allocation, being mostly located in the vacuole at the beginning of development and in the cytosol at maturity. Furthermore, these analyses revealed that the vacuole, rather rich in secondary metabolites and sugars in the growth phases, accumulated organic acids thereafter. This result suggests that the maintenance of the osmolarity of the vacuole of mature leaves would largely involve inorganic molecules.
Published: 2021

20. Simplifying a complex computer model: Sensitivity analysis and metamodelling of an 3D individual-based crop-weed canopy model

Author: Jean Villerd, Jean-Pierre Gauchi, Floriane Colas, Nathalie Colbach, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MaIAGE, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, France, LAE, INRAE, Univ. Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement [Jouy-En-Josas] (MaIAGE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and ANR-14-CE18-0007,CoSAC,Conception de Stratégies durables de gestion des Adventices dans un contexte de Changement (climat, pratiques agricoles, biodiversité)(2014)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Polynomial, Scale (ratio), Computer science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, photosynthetically active radiation PAR, light interception, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, sensitivity analysis, Sensitivity (control systems), 2. Zero hunger, metamodel, Sensitive-plant, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecological Modeling, Simulation modeling, crop:weed canopy, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Metamodeling, Precision agriculture, Interception, Biological system, simulation time
Abstract: International audience; Complex biological models such as mechanistic research models often need to extend their current use to a broader audience. Simplification and faster simulations would increase their use. Here, a step-by-step method- ology was developed and applied to partially metamodel, hence accelerate, the mechanistic model FLORSYS. This is a process-based, multiannual and multispecies model ("virtual field") which simulates crop growth and weed dynamics and allows users to assess cropping systems for crop production and biodiversity. The model is rela- tively slow, which makes it difficult to test numerous and diverse cropping systems needed to identify those reconciling crop production and biodiversity. Here, we (1) identified the slowest submodel of FLORSYS, i.e. the 3D voxelized light interception submodel, (2) identified and applied a relevant methodology to metamodel this submodel in the simplest situation, i.e. we predicted light interception and absorption directly at the scale of the plant instead of the voxel for a single plant in a field, and (3) extrapolated the method to more complex situ- ations, i.e. a plant in diverse and heterogeneous crop:weed canopies, (4) replaced the original process-based FLORSYS submodel by the metamodels, which required additional equations and decision rules, (5) evaluated the metamodelled FLORSYS with independent field observations, showing an adequate prediction quality com- bined with an increased speed at fine-grained scale since the metamodelled version was 28 times faster than the process-based version. For steps 2 and 3, we used the global sensitivity method based on a truncated Legendre polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) whose coefficients were estimated by Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression to simultaneously (i) rank inputs with respect to their polynomial and total effects on outputs via the so-called PCE- PLS sensitivity indices, and (ii) provide metamodels predicting light interception and absorption at the plant level. These metamodels were then shortened into parsimonious metamodels via a LASSO-PLS method. The study showed that there was a trade-off between speed gain due to the metamodelled 3D light submodel and the speed loss due to the additional functions for neighbourhood effects. The metamodelled version is best used for testing complex systems where plant location must be modelled precisley (e.g., precision agriculture, intercropping with precision sowing) whereas the voxelized version with a large voxel size is better for simpler cropping systems. The present step-by-step process may be helpful for investigating and speeding up other complex simulation models with interacting objects/agents. It notably uses a hybrid approach, using a process-based (albeit simplified) approach for the most sensitive plant stage (newly emerged tiny plants) and separate sampling plans and metamodels to ensure that the more sensitive stages/components are adequately covered (small plants).
Published: 2021

21. Additional carbon inputs to reach a 4 per 1000 objective in Europe: feasibility and projected impacts of climate change based on Century simulations of long-term arable experiments

Author: E. Bruni, B. Guenet, Y. Huang, H. Clivot, I. Virto, R. Farina, T. Kätterer, P. Ciais, M. Martin, C. Chenu, Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Ciencias, Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Zientziak Saila, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria = Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: DYNAMICS, DECOMPOSITION, AGRICULTURE, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT, Soil Science, Soil organic carbon (SOC), Climate change, Organic C inputs, SEQUESTRATION, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Climate warming, Life, ROOT, QH501-531, TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY, STOCKS, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, QH540-549.5, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 2. Zero hunger, QE1-996.5, Ecology, Nutrient management, Global warming, Environmental Sciences (social aspects to be 507), Geology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, 13. Climate action, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Arable land, Soil fertility, MATTER
Abstract: The 4 per 1000 initiative aims to maintain and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks for soil fertility, food security, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. One way to enhance SOC stocks is to increase carbon (C) inputs to the soil. In this study, we assessed the amount of organic C inputs that are necessary to reach a target of SOC stocks increase by 4 ‰ yr−1 on average, for 30 years, at 14 long-term agricultural sites in Europe. We used the Century model to simulate SOC stocks and assessed the required level of additional C inputs to reach the 4 per 1000 target at these sites. Then, we analyzed how this would change under future scenarios of temperature increase. Initial stocks were simulated assuming steady state. We compared modeled C inputs to different treatments of additional C used on the experimental sites (exogenous organic matter addition and one treatment with different crop rotations). The model was calibrated to fit the control plots, i.e. conventional management without additional C inputs from exogenous organic matter or changes in crop rotations, and was able to reproduce the SOC stock dynamics. We found that, on average among the selected experimental sites, annual C inputs will have to increase by 43.15 ± 5.05 %, which is 0.66 ± 0.23 MgCha-1yr-1 (mean ± standard error), with respect to the initial C inputs in the control treatment. The simulated amount of C input required to reach the 4 ‰ SOC increase was lower than or similar to the amount of C input actually used in the majority of the additional C input treatments of the long-term experiments. However, Century might be overestimating the effect of additional C inputs on SOC stocks. At the experimental sites, we found that treatments with additional C inputs were increasing by 0.25 % on average. This means that the C inputs required to reach the 4 per 1000 target might actually be much higher. Furthermore, we estimated that annual C inputs will have to increase even more due to climate warming, that is 54 % more and 120 % more for a 1 and 5 ∘C warming, respectively. We showed that modeled C inputs required to reach the target depended linearly on the initial SOC stocks, raising concern on the feasibility of the 4 per 1000 objective in soils with a higher potential contribution to C sequestration, that is soils with high SOC stocks. Our work highlights the challenge of increasing SOC stocks at a large scale and in a future with a warmer climate.
Published: 2021

22. Integrating plant-plant competition for nitrogen into a 3D individual-based model simulating the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics

Author: Nathalie Colbach, Nicolas Beaudoin, Delphine Moreau, Jean Villerd, Laurène Perthame, Olivia Pointurier, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro (Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and LAE, INRAE, Univ. Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, media_common.quotation_subject, Soil Science, Agricultural engineering, cropping system, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), nitrogen, Cropping system, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), model, Simulation modeling, biological regulation, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Plant ecology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Weed, Agronomy and Crop Science, Cropping, competition, 010606 plant biology & botany, weed
Abstract: International audience; Promoting biological weed regulation via competition for resources requires better understanding the func- tioning of heterogeneous canopies in nitrogen-deficient situations. Mechanistic simulation models are powerful tools to reach this goal. Our objective was to integrate plant-plant competition for nitrogen into the preexisting FLORSYS model simulating the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics and crop production. The formalisms were either created or inspired from other models and adapted to make them compatible with the individual- based representation of FLORSYS. Plant nitrogen uptake was simulated by confronting plant nitrogen demand (driven by shoot growth) to plant nitrogen supply (depending on root characteristics, soil-nitrogen availability and the presence of neighboring plants with roots in the same soil zone). A nitrogen stress index allowed ac- counting for the impact of plant nitrogen nutrition on plant photosynthesis, biomass allocation and morphology. The new formalisms consisted of only seven species-specific parameters. Despite simplifying hypotheses in formalisms, predictions were in good agreement with knowledge on canopy functioning and crop-weed in- teractions. We provide the first mechanistic cropping system model focusing on weeds that simulates plant-plant competition for nitrogen (in addition to competition for light). It will be useful to understand the role of nitrogen in crop-weed interactions and identify agroecological management strategies promoting weed regulation by competition.
Published: 2021

23. Costs, quantity and toxicity: Comparison of pesticide indicators collected from FADN farms in four EU-countries

Author: Christian Bockstaller, Szilárd Keszthelyi, Peter Zander, Andras Molnar, Yann Desjeux, Sandra Uthes, Eszter Kis-Csatári, Ines Heyer, Wioletta Wrzaszcz, Monika Juchniewicz, Annemarie Kaiser, Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART-LERECO), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Research Institute of Agricultural Economics (VUZE), Agricultural and Food Economics, European Project: 613800,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,FLINT(2014), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Index (economics), farm level sustainability, Pesticide application, General Decision Sciences, Sample (statistics), crop protection expenditure, 010501 environmental sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Pesticide toxicity, Agricultural science, lethal dose, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, Pesticide, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, people.cause_of_death, Crop protection, treatment index, Ecological indicator, Sustainability, Business, pesticide use, FADN, people
Abstract: International audience; There is a growing demand in the last years for farm-level sustainability data reflected in various initiatives from farmers, science and food industries. An alternative to creating new tools and indicator assessment frameworks is to further develop existing farm monitoring systems, such as the EU-wide Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), towards inclusion of sustainability-related data. This article reports on a study carried out within the EU-project FLINT comparing indicators for pesticide costs, application quantity and pesticide toxicity calculated for 416 farms in four EU countries (France, Germany, Hungary, Poland). The farm sample was a non-representative subsample of the national FADN samples in these countries. Major focus of the comparison was to analyse the suitability of the indicators for implementation in a large so-far primarily economic farm-level monitoring system, such as the FADN. The FADN currently includes farm-level expenditure for crop protection as the only indicator with reference to pesticides. We show that it is possible to extend the current FADN with reasonable effort towards indicators for pesticide application quantity (pesticide usage, treatment index) and pesticide toxicity (here exemplarily used: lethal dose 50 in rats), while the data demands of more elaborated indicators could not be met with the current system. The correlation between indicators, reflecting the extent to which indicators come to the same conclusion, was small between pesticide costs and pesticide usage or toxicity, thus the use of pesticide costs as an ecological indicator, as was done in other studies, cannot be recommended. A combined consideration in the FADN system of pesticide quantity and toxicity, which showed moderate correlation, could be a suitable approach instead.
Published: 2019

24. Modeling soil organic carbon evolution in long-term arable experiments with AMG model

Author: Sabine Houot, Stéphanie Sagot, Annie Duparque, Hugues Clivot, Pascal Denoroy, Jean-Christophe Mouny, Françoise Vertès, Jean-Louis Dinh, Alain Bouthier, Robert Trochard, Bruno Mary, Agroressources et Impacts environnementaux (AgroImpact), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agro-Transfert Ressources et Territoires, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Station Expérimentale de La Jaillière, ARVALIS - Institut du végétal [Paris], Station du Magneraud, ARVALIS - Institut du Végétal, Pôle du Griffon, Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses et de Recherche (LDAR), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Unité d'Agronomie de Laon-Reims-Mons (AGRO-LRM), and AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Carbon inputs, Mineralization, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil science, Carbon sequestration, AMG model, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Soil organic carbon, Ecological Modeling, Soil organic matter, Soil chemistry, Soil carbon storage, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Soil quality, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Errors-in-variables models, Soil fertility, Arable land, Software
Abstract: Reliable models predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) evolution are required to better manage cropping systems with the objectives of mitigating climate change and improving soil quality. In this study, data from 60 selected long-term field trials conducted in arable systems in France were used to evaluate a revised version of AMG model integrating a new mineralization submodel. The drivers of SOC evolution identified using Random Forest analysis were consistent with those considered in AMG. The model with its default parameterization simulated accurately the changes in SOC stocks over time, the relative model error (RRMSE = 5.3%) being comparable to the measurement error (CV = 4.3%). Model performance was little affected by the choice of plant C input estimation method, but was improved by a site specific optimization of SOC pool partitioning. AMG shows a good potential for predicting SOC evolution in scenarios varying in climate, soil properties and crop management.
Published: 2019

25. Defence mechanisms of Ficus: pyramiding strategies to cope with pests and pathogens

Author: Ryosuke Munakata, Alain Hehn, Romain Larbat, Cloé Villard, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), IMPACT Biomolécules, ANR-15-IDEX-0004,LUE (ISITE),Lorraine Université d'Excellence(2016), and ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE,LUE,Lorraine Université d'Excellence(2016)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Proteases, Latex, métabolite secondaire des végétaux, medicine.medical_treatment, Defence mechanisms, Ficus, ficus, Plant Science, structure cellulaire, Biology, 01 natural sciences, minéraux, cellular structures, adaptation au milieu, 03 medical and health sciences, Botany, Genetics, medicine, Herbivory, adaptation to the environment, Protease, Secondary metabolites, fungi, Defence, Trichomes, minerals, 15. Life on land, rubberplant, mécanisme de défense de la plante, défense contre les pathogènes, biology.organism_classification, Trichome, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Plant Leaves, 030104 developmental biology, protéine, Calcium Oxalate Crystals, Laticifer, Adaptation, protein, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Ficus species have adapted to diverse environments and pests by developing physical or chemical protection strategies. Physical defences are based on the accumulation of minerals such as calcium oxalate crystals, amorphous calcium carbonates and silica that lead to tougher plants. Additional cellular structures such as non-glandular trichomes or laticifer cells make the leaves rougher or sticky upon injury. Ficus have also established structures that are able to produce specialized metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics) or proteins (proteases, protease inhibitors, oxidases, and chitinases) that are toxic to predators. All these defence mechanisms are distributed throughout the plant and can differ depending on the genotype, the stage of development or the environment. In this review, we present an overview of these strategies and discuss how these complementary mechanisms enable effective and flexible adaptation to numerous hostile environments.
Published: 2019

26. PECTIN ACETYLESTERASE9 Affects the Transcriptome and Metabolome and Delays Aphid Feeding

Author: Ondřej Novák, Nicolas Delhomme, Karen J. Kloth, Ivan Petřík, Cecilia Ström, Thomas Moritz, Benedicte R. Albrectsen, Fariba Amini, Ilka N. Abreu, Cloé Villard, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University-Umeå University, Laboratory of Entomology [Wageningen], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Laboratory of Growth Regulators [Univ Palacký] (LGR), Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IEB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS)-Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS)-Faculty of Science [Univ Palacký], Palacky University Olomouc-Palacky University Olomouc, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Palacky University Olomouc, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University-Arak University, Laboratory of Growth Regulators-Palacký, University - Olomouc, and Swedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Indoles, Physiology, Resistance, Arabidopsis, Secondary Metabolism, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Myzus-persicae, Transcriptome, chemistry.chemical_compound, Arabidopsis-thaliana, Plant Growth Regulators, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Genes, Regulator, Camalexin, Arabidopsis thaliana, Gene Regulatory Networks, Laboratory of Entomology, Polysaccharide, Abscisic acid, Research Articles, Defense Responses, Phytoalexin Accumulation, Jasmonic acid, food and beverages, Green Peach Aphid, Biosystematiek, Biochemistry, Metabolome, Plant-cell Wall, Glucosinolates, Down-Regulation, Biology, Stress-response, Genetics, Animals, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Life Science, Herbivory, Oxylipins, Arabidopsis Proteins, Biotic stress, biology.organism_classification, Laboratorium voor Entomologie, Oxidative Stress, Thiazoles, chemistry, Aphids, Mutation, Host-pathogen Interactions, Biosystematics, Acetylesterase, Transcription Factors, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; The plant cell wall plays an important role in damage-associated molecular pattern-induced resistance to pathogens and herbivorous insects. Our current understanding of cell wall-mediated resistance is largely based on the degree of pectin methylesterification. However, little is known about the role of pectin acetylesterification in plant immunity. This study describes how one pectin-modifying enzyme, PECTIN ACETYLESTERASE 9 (PAE9), affects the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transcriptome, secondary metabolome, and aphid performance. Electro-penetration graphs showed that Myzus persicae aphids established phloem feeding earlier on pae9 mutants. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed a set of 56 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between uninfested pae9-2 mutants and wild-type plants. The majority of the DEGs were enriched for biotic stress responses and down-regulated in the pae9-2 mutant, including PAD3 and IGMT2, involved in camalexin and indole glucosinolate biosynthesis, respectively. Relative quantification of more than 100 secondary metabolites revealed decreased levels of several compounds, including camalexin and oxylipins, in two independent pae9 mutants. In addition, absolute quantification of phytohormones showed that jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-Ile, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid were compromised due to PAE9 loss of function. After aphid infestation, however, pae9 mutants increased their levels of camalexin, glucosinolates, and JA, and no long-term effects were observed on aphid fitness. Overall, these data show that PAE9 is required for constitutive up-regulation of defense-related compounds, but that it is not required for aphid-induced defenses. The signatures of phenolic antioxidants, phytoprostanes, and oxidative stress-related transcripts indicate that the processes underlying PAE9 activity involve oxidation-reduction reactions.
Published: 2019

27. Datura innoxia plants hydroponically-inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes display an enhanced growth and alkaloid metabolism

Author: Michèle Boitel-Conti, Séverine Schiltz, Armand Guckert, Thi Dao Vu, Christophe Robin, Julie Moussaron, Laure-Anne Bouquet, Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen, Eric Gontier, Flore Biteau, Alain Hehn, Frédéric Bourgaud, Cyril Jousse, Thi Le Minh Tran, Corinne Assaf-Ducrocq, Nathalie Pawlicki-Jullian, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Biologie des Plantes et Innovation - UR UPJV 3900 (BIOPI), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Nong Lam University [Hô-Chi-Minh], Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées du Val de Grâce, Service de Santé des Armées, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Nong Lam University [Hô-Chi-Minh] (NLU), Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), and Sigma CLERMONT (Sigma CLERMONT)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Agrobacterium, Plant Development, GUS reporter system, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Alkaloids, Hydroponics, Semi-composite plant, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Botany, Genetics, medicine, Axenic, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Hyoscyamine, Plant secondary metabolism, Chimeric plant, 2. Zero hunger, biology, fungi, Tropane alkaloids, food and beverages, General Medicine, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, 030104 developmental biology, Datura innoxia, Datura, Subculture (biology), [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; Background: The production of secondary metabolites through the culture of entire plants is of great interest. Soilless culture, such as hydroponics, enables the control of plant growth and metabolism. Specific environmental conditions must be developed to maximize the productivity of medicinal plants used as efficient natural bioreactors. Methods: The nutrient solution of newly established hydroponic cultures ofDatura innoxia Mill. were inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (A.r.) wild strains (TR7, TR107, 11325 or 15834). Growth and the alkaloid contents of roots and aerial parts were analyzed. Axenic cultures were also performed with modified TR7 strains containing the egfp or gus reporter gene. In vitro isolated root cultures enabled the phenological and molecular demonstration of gene transfer. Results: A.r.TR 7 led to a greater improvement in plant secondary metabolism and growth. Positive expression of the reporter genes occurred. Isolation and subculture of some of the roots of these plants showed a hairy root phenotype; molecular tests proved the transfer of bacterial genes into the roots isolated from the plants. Conclusions: Hyoscyamine and scopolamine productivity is enhanced after A.r. inoculation in the nutrient solution of hydroponic plants. Transformation events occur in the original roots of the plants. This leads to chimeric plants with a part of their roots harboring a hairy root phenotype. Such semi-composite plants could be used for successful specialized metabolite bioproduction in greenhouses.
Published: 2018

28. Parallel evolution of UbiA superfamily proteins into aromatic O -prenyltransferases in plants

Author: Eiko Moriyoshi, Kanade Tatsumi, Tetsuya Kurata, Kazufumi Yazaki, Frédéric Bourgaud, Masaharu Mizutani, Célia Krieger, Hirobumi Yamamoto, Takao Koeduka, Florence Jacob, Akifumi Sugiyama, Ryosuke Munakata, Joji Kageyama, Masaru Nakayasu, Takuji Ichino, Cloé Villard, Jérémy Grosjean, Alexandre Olry, Tetsuya Matsukawa, Tomoya Takemura, Alain Hehn, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University [Kyoto], Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PalmElit, Yamaguchi University [Yamaguchi], Toyo University, Kindai University, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Kobe University, Plant Advanced Technologies S.A., IMPACT Biomolécules, and ANR-15-IDEX-0004,LUE,Isite LUE(2015)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Chemistry, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], food and beverages, SUPERFAMILY, biology.organism_classification, Coumarin, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Rutaceae, Biosynthesis, Prenylation, Biochemistry, Parallel evolution, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Significance Plants produce approximately 300 O -prenylated aromatics, with their O -prenyl moieties often being crucial to their bioactivities. This study identified a gene from grapefruit encoding an aromatic O -prenyltransferase ( O- PT) belonging to the UbiA superfamily. The O -PT was shown responsible for the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically active O -prenylated coumarins that cause grapefruit–drug interactions, an adverse effect disturbing the pharmacokinetics of more than 85 medications. Another UbiA O -PT for coumarins was isolated from Angelica keiskei , an apiaceous medicinal plant. Phylogenetic analysis of the rutaceous and apiaceous O -PTs suggested that aromatic O -prenylation activity emerged in parallel in these distant plant taxa. The molecular evolution of aromatic O -PTs from plant UbiA proteins may aid citrus breeding and a synthetic biology approach to bioactive O -prenylated coumarins.
Published: 2021

29. Using a multivariate regression tree to analyze trade-offs between ecosystem services: Application to the main cropping area in France

Author: Jean Villerd, Gregory Obiang Ndong, Olivier Therond, Isabelle Cousin, Unité de Science du Sol (Orléans) (URSols), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Cropping systems, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Available water capacity, Ecosystem services, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture, Regional scale, Environmental Chemistry, Agricultural productivity, Cover crop, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Multivariate regression tree, business.industry, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, Pollution, Temperate climate, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem management, Relationships, business, Cropping
Abstract: International audience; Analysis of trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services (ES) and their underlying drivers is a main issue in ES research. The analysis is complex and requires innovative analytical approaches. To address this complexity, we used an original approach that combines a multivariate regression tree (MRT), data analysis, and spatial mapping. We applied this approach to the main cropping region in France (mainly the Paris basin of production) using an existing dataset (i.e. soil, climate, crop sequences and management) from the French National Ecosystem Assessment to determine relationships between agricultural production, two services to farmersnitrogen provision to crops and water provision to cropsand three services to societyblue water provision, water quality regulation, and climate regulation. To support land managers and decision-makers, we also analyzed the extent to which manageable soil properties and agricultural practices (crop rotation and management) are major drivers of trade-offs or synergies. We demonstrated that water quality regulation, nitrogen provision to crops, and climate regulation have synergistic relationships in production situations in the northeastern region of the study area due to the types of crop rotation, frequency of cover crops in the crop rotation, the soil pH, and the soil available water capacity. We also identified that cover crops, while promoting these three ES, can drive a trade-off between two key water-related services: water provision to crops and blue water provision (i.e. between a service to farmers and one to society). By capturing non-linear relationships and threshold effects, our MRT-based approach overcomes the main limitations of classic statistical approaches. The approach is also spatially explicit and simple and intuitive to interpret, especially for non-scientists; our results thus provide researchers and ecosystem managers (e.g. agricultural policy makers) with key information to design ecosystem management strategies that promote a balanced bundle of ES.
Published: 2021

30. Inconsistent responses of conservation biocontrol to landscape structure: new insights from a network-based review

Author: Nirina Ratsimba, Aude Vialatte, Claude Monteil, Hazel R. Parry, Olivier Therond, Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecosci Precinct, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), and Metaprogram EcoServ from INRAE
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, agroecology, Sociology of scientific knowledge, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Scientific literature, Ontology (information science), natural enemies, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, temperate climate, Pest Control, Biological, network analysis, Ecosystem, media_common, Trophic level, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Ambiguity, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, Data science, Variety (cybernetics), 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, crop pests, ecosystem services, Network analysis
Abstract: International audience; Conservation biological control (CBC) has been an active research topic for the last two decades and is now one of the key ways being explored to develop agroecological production systems. Using broad concepts and indicators, recent reviews and meta-analyses have highlighted major inconsistencies in the responses of CBC to landscape structure, revealing their context-dependent nature. To decipher these relations, we reviewed the scientific literature (50 articles) using (1) an original ontology allowing us to navigate across the different terms and concepts used in this literature and (2) a network-based methodology to describe the scattering, completeness, and generalizability of scientific knowledge on CBC. An interactive version of this network is available online. Our results highlight the strong information scattering caused by the variety of indicators used to describe both landscape structure and CBC. We observe trade-offs between the use of coarse concepts classically used in meta-analysis (e.g., landscape complexity) and the non-convergence of results (ambiguity). The network analysis points out consistently less information ambiguity when considering sub-networks focused on trophic chains than in the full information network, without losing connectance. We suggest that effects of landscape structure may be different between trophic chains because of specific selection pressures associated with cropping systems. Our novel review procedure offers a relatively simple but powerful complementary approach to classical meta-analysis to explore ecological patterns. It highlights that crop trophic chain probably represents the adequate ecological unit to investigate the landscape-CBC relationship. Designing pest suppressive landscapes while favoring farmland biodiversity will imply considering multiple crop trophic chains responding differently to landscape structure. Therefore, we recommend assessing the level of CBC at both crop field and landscape scales to inform decisions on the best individual or collective strategy to adopt.
Published: 2021

31. Assessment of pesticide volatilization potential based on their molecular properties using the TyPol tool

Author: Rémi Servien, Carole Bedos, Kevin Bonnot, Laëtitia Prevost, Dominique Patureau, Christian Bockstaller, Pierre Benoit, Frédéric Pierlot, Eric Latrille, Virginie Rossard, Laure Mamy, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement [Narbonne] (LBE), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture Grand Est, and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Air contamination, Atmosphere, Molecular descriptors, Soil, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Total energy, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Volatilisation, Sorption, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plant, Pesticide, Pollution, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Spray drift, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Measures Risk
Abstract: International audience; Following treatment, amounts of pesticides can reach the atmosphere because of spray drift, volatilization from soil or plants, and/or wind erosion. Monitoring and risk assessment of air contamination by pesticides is a recent issue and more insights on pesticide transfer to atmosphere are needed. Thus, the objective of this work was to better understand and assess pesticide emission potentials to air through volatilization. The TyPol tool was used to explore the relationships between the global, soil and plant volatilization potentials of 178 pesticides, and their molecular properties. The outputs of TyPol were then compared to atmospheric pesticide concentrations monitored in various French regions. TyPol was able to discriminate pesticides that were observed in air from those that were not. Clustering considering parameters driving the emission potential from soil (sorption characteristics) or plant (lipophilic properties), in addition to vapor pressure, allowed better discrimination of the pesticides than clustering considering all parameters for the global emission potential. Pesticides with high volatilization potential have high total energy, and low molecular weight, molecular connectivity indices and polarizability. TyPol helped better understand the volatilization potentials of pesticides. It can be used as a first step to assess the risk of air contamination by pesticides.
Published: 2021

32. Multidimensional assessment demonstrates sustainability of new low-input viticulture systems in north-eastern France

Author: J. Grignion, N. Nassr, A. Muller, O. Keichinger, Chantal Rabolin-Meinrad, Marie Thiollet-Scholtus, A. Langenfeld, J. Wohlfahrt, Robert Koller, Lionel Ley, C. Abidon, Unité de recherche SAD ASTER - Station de Mirecourt (INRA SAD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Independent, Association pour la Relance Agronomique en Alsace (ARAA), RITTMO Agroenvironnement (RITTMO), Service d'expérimentation agronomique et viticole (COLM AGRO VITI UE), Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt (ASTER Mirecourt), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin (IFV), Chambre d'Agriculture des Pays de la Loire, Chercheur indépendant, and Ecophyto Dephy-Expe et Région Alsace
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Soil Science, Plant Science, Agricultural engineering, 01 natural sciences, Human capital, 12. Responsible consumption, Sustainable agriculture, Multi-performance Evaluation, Quality (business), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, long-term, business.industry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Decision rule, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Sustainability, Pesticide reduction, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Grapevine, Business, Viticulture, Agronomy and Crop Science, Cropping, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Current demand for more environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable farming practices requires multicriteria assessment of innovative agricultural systems to help enhance cropping systems. We assessed the sustainability of 11 systems intended to substantially reduce inputs, especially pesticides, to viticulture systems. Pesticide use was reduced using three methods: (i) technical (e.g., essential oils instead of some copper use, 100 % soil covering applied); (ii) organizational (e.g., new spraying decision rules, decision aid tools); and (iii) redesign of the entire system (e.g., resistant grape varieties planted). Sustainable performance of the new lowinput vine systems (NLIVS) was assessed over 6 years (2013-2018) based on 25 indicators. They covered all aspects of system sustainability: environmental, agronomic, economic, and social. This included the evaluation of human capital and the quality of the wines produced. The results showed that it is possible to combine good environmental performance, such as reducing treatment frequency by up to 89 %, with good agronomic and wine quality performances. The socioeconomic performance of these NLIVS was more moderate. Nonetheless, the results demonstrated that the NLIVS are sustainable according to many diversified indicators. NLIVS are also resilient, as shown by the consistent sustainability results over six consecutive years. They are a realistic tool enabling winegrowers to consider reducing viticulture inputs.
Published: 2021

33. Fostering local crop-livestock integration via legume exchanges using an innovative integrated assessment and modelling approach based on the MAELIA platform

Author: Maurice Miara, Jean Villerd, Olivier Therond, Rui Catarino, Jérémy Berthomier, Paul Vanhove, Renaud Misslin, Emmanuel Mérot, Frédérique Angevin, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chambre Régionale d'Agriculture des Pays de la Loire, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), Unité Impacts Ecologiques des Innovations en Production Végétale (ECO-INNOV), and European Project: 727482,DiverIMPACTS
Subjects: Multi-criteria analysis, Social-ecological system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Agroecological transition, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, [SDV.SA.ZOO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Zootechny, Diversification (marketing strategy), 01 natural sciences, Gross margin, Technical support, Agricultural science, Agroecology, Decision support system, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Agricultural diversification, business.industry, [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Agent-based modelling, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, [SDV.SA.SPA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Animal production studies, Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Animal Science and Zoology, Business, Arable land, DiverIMPACTSWP4, Agronomy and Crop Science, Participatory design
Abstract: International audience; CONTEXT: Crop diversification is now well-recognised as a strong lever to address the environmental challenges currently faced by agriculture. Connecting and fostering local exchanges between specialised arable crop and livestock farms can support the diversification of crops and relocate animal feeding with local protein (vs. soya supplements). However, the trade-offs and synergies between individual and collective objectives and perfor-mances generated by this system are still largely unknown. Innovative tools that consider the spatiotemporal heterogeneity underpinning the daily functioning of farms are needed to explore the implications of exchange scenarios.OBJECTIVES: To assess self-sufficiency, sustainability and vulnerability at the farm, group (arable vs. livestock) and territorial levels considering the baseline situation and scenarios that increase synergy between arable and livestock farms.METHODS: We demonstrated the utility of using MAELIA, a spatial agent-based integrated modelling framework, to support iterative design and assessment of self-sufficiency, sustainability and vulnerability of such scenarios. MAELIA was applied to model a collective of five arable and two livestock farmers in western France. In a participatory approach, scientists, agricultural advisers and the farmers co-designed three possible scenarios of legume exchanges.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Only the most ambitious scenario based on strong collaboration allowed farmers to reach local protein self-sufficiency while reducing the variability in five of the seven indicators used to assess farm performances. Meeting livestock farms' demand for legumes had a positive influence on socio-economic performance at the territorial level, including an increase in the mean gross margin (of 71 (sic)/ha; 4% higher), decrease in the use of nitrogen fertiliser (of ca. 21 kg N/ha; 11% lower) and decrease in labour time (of ca. 12 min/ha; 5% lower). No major trade-offs between self-sufficiency and vulnerability were observed. However, there were distinct individual performances related to the degree of changes imposed on each farm.SIGNIFICANCE: We show that by reducing the dependence to external inputs, these systems are promising al-ternatives to an environmentally sustainable, resilient and economically viable agroecological transition. The development of dedicated institutional support for direct bilateral or multilateral agreements, and specific financial and technical support would encourage farmers to join such initiatives and redesign their farming systems.
Published: 2021

34. A new P450 involved in the furanocoumarin pathway underlies a recent case of convergent evolution

Author: M.E. Schranz, Robin van Velzen, Sakihito Kitajima, Alain Hehn, Romain Larbat, Ryosuke Munakata, Cloé Villard, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University [Kyoto]-Kyoto University [Kyoto], Kyoto Institute of Technology, and Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, cytochrome P450, In silico, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, furanocoumarins, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Furanocoumarin, Metabolomics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Phylogenetics, Furocoumarins, Convergent evolution, marmesin synthase, convergent evolution, Ficus carica (fig tree), Phylogeny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ficus, Marmesin, Moraceae, biology.organism_classification, Biosystematiek, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Evolutionary biology, Biosystematics, Adaptation, EPS, Oxidation-Reduction, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Furanocoumarins are phytoalexins often cited as an example to illustrate the arms race between plants and herbivorous insects. They are distributed in a limited number of phylogenetically distant plant lineages, but synthesized through a similar pathway, which raised the question of a unique or multiple emergence in higher plants. The furanocoumarin pathway was investigated in the fig tree (Ficus carica, Moraceae). Transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches led to the identification of CYP76F112, a cytochrome P450 catalyzing an original reaction. CYP76F112 emergence was inquired using phylogenetics combined with in silico modelling and site-directed mutagenesis. CYP76F112 was found to convert demethylsuberosin into marmesin with a very high affinity. This atypical cyclisation reaction represents a key step within the polyphenol biosynthesis pathway. CYP76F112 evolutionary patterns suggests that the marmesin synthase activity appeared recently in the Moraceae family, through a lineage-specific expansion and diversification. The characterization of CYP76F112 as the first known marmesin synthase opens new prospects for the use of the furanocoumarin pathway. It also supports the multiple acquisition of furanocoumarin in angiosperms by convergent evolution, and opens new perspectives regarding the ability of cytochromes P450 to evolve new functions related to plant adaptation to their environment.
Published: 2021

35. Combining diversification practices to enhance the sustainability of conventional cropping systems

Author: Stéphane Cadoux, Loïc Viguier, Sophie Dubois, Rémy Duval, Guénaëlle Corre-Hellou, Nicolas Cavan, Frédérique Angevin, Anne-Laure Toupet de Cordoue, Christian Bockstaller, Olivier Keichinger, Clotilde Toque, Légumineuses, Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agroécologie (LEVA), Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Impacts Ecologiques des Innovations en Production Végétale (ECO-INNOV), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Terres Inovia, ARVALIS - Institut du Végétal [Boigneville], ARVALIS - Institut du végétal [Paris], Institut Technique de la Betterave (ITB), Confédération Générale des Planteurs de Betteraves, ANR-14-CE18-0007,CoSAC,Conception de Stratégies durables de gestion des Adventices dans un contexte de Changement (climat, pratiques agricoles, biodiversité)(2014), European Project: 727482,DiverIMPACTS, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Multi-criteria analysis, Rotation, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Soil Science, Context (language use), Plant Science, Diversification (marketing strategy), Multi-criteria analysis, DEXiPM, Rotation, Intercropping, Multi-services cover crop, Multiple cropping, Multi-services cover crop, 01 natural sciences, DEXiPM, Gross margin, 12. Responsible consumption, Ecosystem services, 11. Sustainability, Multiple cropping, 2. Zero hunger, biology, business.industry, Intercropping, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Environmental economics, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Cropping, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; A major path helping agriculture achieve the dual challenges of production and environmental preservation, consists of transitioning from the current, external input-based, conventional farming systems to a biodiversity-based agricultural system that rely more on ecosystem services. One lever of this transition consists of diversifying agri-food systems using practices such as rotation extension, intercropping (IC), multiple cropping or multi-services cover crops (MSCC) implementation. Here, we investigated to what extent the combination of diversification practices could contribute to the enhancement of the sustainability of current conventional cropping systems through an ex ante evaluation.We compared the sustainability performances of five diversified (DIV) cropping systems from five major arable crop production regions of France to their local less diversified reference (REF) systems by calculating various criteria and implementing a multi-criteria decision aid model. 76 criteria assessing the three dimensions of sustainability were calculated (10, 17 and 49 criteria for the economic, social and environmental dimensions respectively).Our analysis showed that the combination of diversification practices could improve the environmental performances while maintaining a priori economic and social performances at satisfactory levels according to the local expert working group. The DIV systems always had lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to their REF systems and often improved air and water quality and above- and belowground biodiversity. However, diversification may also cause drawbacks for some indicators, as negative impacts were observed from, gross margin, NO3 lixiviation, NH3 volatilization or pesticide use, in some cases. Our analysis also suggested that the effect of a combination of diversification practices on an indicator can be either positive or negative according to the pedo-climatic context, the level of performance of the reference and compromises in the management of diversification practices in response to local objectives of performance.
Published: 2021
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36. Phenolamides in plants: An update on their function, regulation, and origin of their biosynthetic enzymes

Author: David Gagneul, Marwa Roumani, Sébastien Besseau, Christophe Robin, Romain Larbat, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biomolécules et biotechnologies végétales (BBV EA 2106), Université de Tours (UT), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro (Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), and Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Coumaric Acids, Physiology, phylogenesis, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Plant reproduction, 03 medical and health sciences, plant defense, Plant defense against herbivory, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Phylogeny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Phylogenetic tree, Abiotic stress, food and beverages, Biotic stress, Plants, Hydroxycinnamic acid, Biological Evolution, chemistry, phenolamides, Evolutionary biology, Phylogenesis, bioactivity, plant reproduction, Function (biology), 010606 plant biology & botany, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: Phenolamides represent a family of specialized metabolites, consisting of the association of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives with aliphatic or aromatic amines. Since the discovery of the first phenolamide in the late 1940s, decades of phytochemical analyses have revealed a high structural diversity for this family and a wide distribution in the plant kingdom. The occurrence of structurally diverse phenolamides in almost all plant organs has led to early hypotheses on their involvement in floral initiation and fertility, as well as plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress. In the present work, we critically review the literature ascribing functional hypotheses to phenolamides and recent evidence on the control of their biosynthesis in response to biotic stress. We additionally provide a phylogenetic analysis of the numerous N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferases involved in the synthesis of phenolamides and discuss the potential role of other enzyme families in their diversification. The data presented suggest multiple evolutionary events that contributed to the extension of the taxonomic distribution and diversity of phenolamides.
Published: 2021

37. Estimating the carbon storage potential and greenhouse gas emissions of French arable cropland using high‐resolution modeling

Author: Sabine Houot, Sylvain Pellerin, Katja Klumpp, Camille Launay, Raphaël Martin, Florent Chlebowski, Anne-Isabelle Graux, Julie Constantin, Olivier Therond, Bruno Mary, AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro (Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and This study was supported by the French Ministry of Agriculture, Agency for Ecological Transition (ADEME) and INRAE.
Subjects: Crops, Agricultural, Greenhouse Effect, 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, STICS model, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biomass, Organic fertilization, engineering.material, Carbon sequestration, 7. Clean energy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Greenhouse Gases, Soil, Environmental Chemistry, Cropping system, Cover crop, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, business.industry, Cover crops, Environmental engineering, Agriculture, Large scale, Temporary grasslands, 15. Life on land, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Carbon, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, engineering, Environmental science, France, Fertilizer, Arable land, business
Abstract: International audience; Many studies have assessed the potential of agricultural practices to sequester carbon (C). A comprehensive evaluation of impacts of agricultural practices requires not only considering C storage but also direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and their side effects (e.g., on the water cycle or agricultural production). We used a high‐resolution modeling approach with the Simulateur mulTIdisciplinaire pour les Cultures Standard soil‐crop model to quantify soil organic C (SOC) storage potential, GHG balance, biomass production and nitrogen‐ and water‐related impacts for all arable land in France for current cropping systems (baseline scenario) and three mitigation scenarios: (i) spatial and temporal expansion of cover crops, (ii) spatial insertion and temporal extension of temporary grasslands (two sub‐scenarios) and (iii) improved recycling of organic resources as fertilizer. In the baseline scenario, SOC decreased slightly over 30 years in crop‐only rotations but increased significantly in crop/temporary grassland rotations. Results highlighted a strong trade‐off between the storage rate per unit area (kg C ha−1 year−1) of mitigation scenarios and the areas to which they could be applied. As a result, while the most promising scenario at the field scale was the insertion of temporary grassland (+466 kg C ha−1 year−1 stored to a depth of 0.3 m compared to the baseline, on 0.68 Mha), at the national scale, it was by far the expansion of cover crops (+131 kg C ha−1 year−1, on 17.62 Mha). Side effects on crop production, water irrigation and nitrogen emissions varied greatly depending on the scenario and production situation. At the national scale, combining the three mitigation scenarios could mitigate GHG emissions of current cropping systems by 54% (−11.2 from the current 20.5 Mt CO2e year−1), but the remaining emissions would still lie far from the objective of C‐neutral agriculture.
Published: 2021

38. Novel trophic interactions under climate change promote alpine plant coexistence

Author: Alan Kergunteuil, Patrice Descombes, Emmanuel Defossez, Gaétan Glauser, Sergio Rasmann, Camille Pitteloud, Loïc Pellissier, Pierre-Marie Allard, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Institute of Biology of the University of Neuchâtel, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and University of Geneva [Switzerland]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Alpine plant, Climate Change, Introduced species, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Plant defense against herbivory, Animals, Ecosystem, Biomass, Herbivory, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Trophic level, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Herbivore, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, fungi, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, Plants, Grassland, 13. Climate action, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Introduced Species
Abstract: Mountain ecology under climate change Climate warming causes shifts in the distributions of organisms and different organisms may move at different rates, resulting in changes in the composition and functioning of ecological communities. These effects are rarely considered in forecasts about the effects of climate change on biodiversity. Using experimental translocations, Descombes et al. investigated how differential upslope migration in alpine plants and their insect herbivores affects community interactions. Lowland herbivores modify the three-dimensional vegetation structure at higher altitudes, and this modified vegetation structure favors the coexistence of plant species, especially by favoring small-stature species. Reorganized trophic interactions will play an important role in driving plant community changes under future climate change. Science , this issue p. 1469
Published: 2020

39. Diversity and potentiality of multi-criteria decision analysis methods for agri-food research

Author: Joël Aubin, Christian Bockstaller, Vincent Martinet, Patrice Buche, Rachel Boutrou, Jeanne-Marie Membré, Aude Alaphilippe, Régis Sabbadin, Agnès Girard, Geneviève Gésan-Guiziou, Marie Thiollet-Scholtus, Hayo M.G. van der Werf, Catherine Collet, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Expérimentale de Recherches Intégrées en Production Fruitière (UERI), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sécurité des Aliments (SECALIM), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Unité de Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse (MIAT INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Environmental Engineering, Design, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Environment, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Choice, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Citizen science, Indicators, media_common, INRAE, 2. Zero hunger, Sustainable development, Scope (project management), Management science, Stakeholder, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Multiple-criteria decision analysis, Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Agro-industry, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Business, Agronomy and Crop Science, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, 010606 plant biology & botany, Diversity (politics), Decision analysis
Abstract: International audience; AbstractThere is a growing demand for moving towards sustainable agri-food systems which per nature covers a complex network of activities and domains; such systems will benefit from multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods. Although some reviews on MCDA in agri-food research have been published, none of them covered the whole value chain. In this article, a corpus of 954 articles published by INRA scientists from 2007 to 2017 was used to study the diversity and potentiality of MCDA techniques. For the first time, experts from more than 10 agri-food domains worked altogether to annotate the articles, carry out a multivariate analysis, and finally interpret the statistical results to identify the specificities of certain domains and the complementarities between domains and to suggest avenues for future agri-food research. One-third of the studies were based only on a list of indicators, even when their purpose was to choose, sort, or rank options. Regardless of the scientific discipline in the agri-food sector, MCDA studies rarely considered temporal dynamics, spatial scale changes, or stakeholder contributions. As the agri-food system becomes increasingly sustainable in the near future, the use of MCDA methods will accelerate. To become more effective, they will have to include ecosystem services, even outside the scope of ecological studies. Similarly, MCDA studies will need to include participatory science to involve stakeholders (i.e., public authorities, governmental agencies) and end-users (i.e., farmers, producers, industrials, consumers) in the construction of the multi-criteria evaluation but also in the resulting decisions.
Published: 2020

40. Contrasting responses of above- and below-ground herbivore communities along elevation

Author: Alan Kergunteuil, Sergio Rasmann, Sara Sánchez-Moreno, Camille Pitteloud, Loïc Pellissier, Sébastien Ibanez, Patrice Descombes, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Biology of the University of Neuchâtel, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Nematoda, Biodiversity, Environmental gradient, Species richness, Herbivory, Functional traits, Ecological interactions, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Abundance (ecology), Animals, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Herbivore, Ecology, Elevation, Edaphic, Ecosystem Ecology–Original Research, 15. Life on land, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Above- and below-ground herbivory are key ecosystem processes that can be substantially altered by environmental changes. However, direct comparisons of the coupled variations of above- and below-ground herbivore communities along elevation gradients remain sparse. Here, we studied the variation in assemblages of two dominant groups of herbivores, namely, aboveground orthoptera and belowground nematodes, in grasslands along six elevation gradients in the Swiss Alps. By examining variations of community properties of herbivores and their food plants along montane clines, we sought to determine whether the structure and functional properties of these taxonomic groups change with elevation. We found that orthoptera decreased in both species richness and abundance with elevation. In contrast with aboveground herbivores, the taxonomic richness and the total abundance of nematode did not covary with elevation. We further found a stronger shift in above- than below-ground functional properties along elevation, where the mandibular strength of orthoptera matched a shift in leaf toughness. Nematodes showed a weaker pattern of declined sedentary behavior and increased mobility with elevation. In contrast to the direct exposal of aboveground organisms to the surface climate, conditions may be buffered belowground, which together with the influence of edaphic factors on the biodiversity of soil biota, may explain the differences between elevational patterns of above- and below-ground communities. Our study emphasizes the necessity to consider both the above- and below-ground compartments to understand the impact of current and future climatic variation on ecosystems, from a functional perspective of species interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00442-020-04778-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2020

41. Feeding pollinators from weeds could promote pollen allergy. A simulation study

Author: Nathalie Colbach, Bruno Chauvel, Jean Villerd, Christian Bockstaller, Antoine Messéan, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité d'agronomie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Impacts Ecologiques des Innovations en Production Végétale (ECO-INNOV), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), research programme 'Assessing and reducing environmental risks from plant protection products' - French Ministry of Ecology research programme 'Assessing and reducing environmental risks from plant protection products' - French Ministry of Agriculture research program Ecophyto ENI-VTH - French Biodiversity Agency, ANR-14-CE18-0007,CoSAC,Conception de Stratégies durables de gestion des Adventices dans un contexte de Changement (climat, pratiques agricoles, biodiversité)(2014), European Project: 289706,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2011-5,AMIGA(2011), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Pollination, Ecosystem service, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biodiversity, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, General Decision Sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, FLORSYS, Crop, Pollinator, Cropping system, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, 15. Life on land, Tillage, Agronomy, Indicator, Ecosystem disservice, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Weed, Cropping
Abstract: International audience; Weed pollen both feeds many insects and causes allergies in humans. The objective of the study was to in-vestigate the determinants in terms of management practices and weed species traits on those pollen-borne services and dissservices (hence (dis)services). We developed a set of indicators to assess the magnitude of these (dis)services combining species pollinating values (or allergizing potential) with species densities by means of the CONTRA method for designing fuzzy decision trees. Densities were calculated by the process-based weed dynamics model FLORSYS, which simulates the dynamics of a multispecies weed flora at a daily time step and over the years depending on the field's cropping system and pedoclimate. We then simulated a virtual farm-field network consisting of 272 cropping systems from 7 regions in France and Spain, with FLORSYS over 27 years and with 10 weather repetitions. The simulated weed flora and (dis)service indicators were analysed with analyses of variance, regression trees, RLQ and fourth-corner analyses. The simulations showed that the management practices that increased pollen-borne allergy risk were also often those providing large trophic resources for butterflies and, to a lesser degree, to other pollinating insects. Practices reducing pollen-borne (dis)services included frequent and intensive tillage, frequent spring crops, herbicides sprayed on cash crops, preferably broad-spectrum products targeting emerged weeds but the effect of all these techniques greatly varied with the date of their implementation. The weed species that most contributed to pollinator food were those that were present and growing best during the critical feeding period of the pollinators rather than those with the largest pollinating value or those with the largest densities during the cropping campaign. Species characteristics fa-vouring pollinator food included low dormancy, tall "stemmy" plants and high temperature requirements in terms of photosynthesis and frost sensitivity. Then, we identified the management strategies that reconciled pollinator food with low allergy risk. For instance, direct sowing or several weeks without tillage after harvest or prior to crop sowing increase food offer. Finally, we proposed rules for ex post monitoring following the in-troduction of novel crops or management techniques. For instance, ex post biodiversity monitoring following the introduction of glyphosate-tolerant maize should focus on situations with frequent tillage and on the presence of butterflies.
Published: 2020

42. Influence of diversity and intensification level on vulnerability, resilience and robustness of agricultural systems

Author: Christian Bockstaller, Nicolas Urruty, Manon Dardonville, Olivier Therond, InVivo AgroSolutions (IAS), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Climate change, Context (language use), 01 natural sciences, Temperate climate, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, Biomass (ecology), business.industry, Agroforestry, Crop yield, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Psychological resilience, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: In a changing world, identifying the drivers of vulnerability, resilience and robustness (VRR) of agricultural systems has become a major issue. We developed and applied a generic analytical framework to perform a systematic review of studies that quantitatively assess VRR of agricultural systems in temperate climate zones. After a thorough selection process based on visualizing bibliometric networks in the Web of Science database of peer-reviewed articles in English, we show that the core set of the 37 selected studies addressed mainly the effect of climate change on the yield of grassland and crop systems. Synthesis of the studies' results yields some main conclusions, but also reveals differences in the influence of diversity and intensification level. First, the synthesis shows that diversity enhances (i) resilient crop yield dynamics and (ii) levels of grassland biomass, but (iii) its effect on grassland biomass dynamics is unclear. In addition, the effect of crop intensification on yield dynamics depends on (iv) the intensification practice considered (e.g. irrigation, fertilisation), (v) its combination with other practices and (vi) the soil and climate. Transversally, the synthesis reveals that (vii) the nature of species in grasslands or crop rotations (e.g. presence of a legume) and (viii) the nature of farms in a region (e.g. economic size distribution) are strong drivers of VRR, i.e. composition has a strong effect. Furthermore, (ix) the frequency of climate events, (x) short- vs. long-term analysis, (xi) nonlinear effects and (xii) the relative impact of disturbances in comparison with the impact of agricultural practices are all elements that make it difficult to draw clear conclusions about the influence of diversity and intensification. Finally, our results highlight that a functional approach should be used to decipher diversity-productivity relationships, and that agricultural practices and their appropriateness to the pedoclimatic context and local resources must be characterised finely when analysing drivers of VRR.
Published: 2020

43. Modeling grape quality by multivariate analysis of viticulture practices, soil and climate

Author: Sandra Beauchet, Véronique Cariou, Christel Renaud-Gentie, Michel Meunier, René Siret, Marie Thiollet-Scholtus, Frédérique Jourjon, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Groupe de Recherche en Agroalimentaire sur les Produits et les Procédés (GRAPPE), Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt (ASTER Mirecourt), and Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, Chemical maturity of the grapes, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Explanatory model, fermentative capacity, Acid balance, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, lcsh:S, 010501 environmental sciences, 15. Life on land, Horticulture, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QK1-989, lcsh:Agriculture, chemical maturity of grapes, Vineyard management, Partial least squares regression (PLS), lcsh:Botany, Grape health, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Aims: The present study aims to model grape quality criteria by combining a large number of viticultural practices and soil and climatic variables related to the main determinants.Methods and results: A database has been developed using the Chenin blanc grape variety in a protected designation of origin. A statistical model, namely, a partial least squares (PLS) regression, was performed for each grape quality criterion (sugar content, total acidity, malic acid, tartaric acid, yeast available nitrogen, pH and bunch rot). This statistical analysis identified the main viticultural practices as well as soil and climate variables related to the grape quality at harvest. The results highlight the relationships between the vine pruning length (spur pruning = short pruning or cane pruning = long pruning) and pH and malic acid but also reveal even more significant relationships with tartaric acid, yeast available nitrogen and bunch rot. The dryness index and the plant density have a strong influence on the grape malic acid concentration and pH, respectively. Vine perennial practices are the greatest contributors to the grape the yeast available nitrogen concentration.Conclusion: The models note the most relevant viticultural practices and soil and climatic variables driving each studied grape quality criterion.Significance and impact of the study: The results provide a better understanding of the major variables influencing grape quality.
Published: 2020

44. In which cropping systems can residual weeds reduce nitrate leaching and soil erosion?

Author: Jean Villerd, Nathalie Colbach, Bernard Nicolardot, Delphine Moreau, Olivia Pointurier, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Agroecosystem, Trait, Soil Science, Plant Science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Cultural techniques, 01 natural sciences, Tillage, Crop rotation, parasitic diseases, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Cropping system, 2. Zero hunger, Crop yield, fungi, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, respiratory system, Crop protection, Agronomy, Indicator, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Simulation model, Weed, Agronomy and Crop Science, Cropping, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Weeds are often solely considered with a negative viewpoint, but they may also provide services for agroeco-systems. Especially, the residual weed flora that is tolerated by integrated crop protection may contribute to a reduction of nitrate leaching and soil erosion during the summer and autumn fallow. To date, the determinants underlying these environmental weed benefits are largely unknown. The present study developed new indicators to account for the potential beneficial role of annual weed flora to reduce nitrate leaching and soil erosion at the field scale, and then calculated them from the outputs of a weed dynamics model. The aim was to analyse which cropping systems facilitate residual weed flora to reduce nitrate leaching and soil erosion, while minimizing negative weed impacts on crop production. When developing the indicators, the potential weed-based reduction of nitrate leaching was considered to increase with both the growth of the weed flora and the weed species potential to take up nitrogen; the potential weed-based reduction of soil erosion was assumed to increase with soil cover by weeds when soil cover by cash crops was low. Our simulation study included 259 arable cropping systems (covering a wide range of herbicide and tillage intensity, with each cropping system simulated over 28 years and repeated 10 times with 10 different weather series) in which the dynamics of 25 annual weed species was simulated. Simulations showed that the cropping systems promoting a high potential weed-based reduction of nitrate leaching were generally also those with a high potential weed-based reduction of soil erosion, pointing to a compatibility between these benefits provided by the weed flora. However, the cropping systems promoting these environmental benefits were generally also those that presented the highest crop yield losses. Tillage and crop rotation were identified as the cultural techniques with the greatest influence on the potential weed-based reduction of nitrate leaching and soil erosion, while herbicides had a more limited effect. Most of the studied cropping systems (representing "real situations" in which farmers or experimenters make the decisions about crop rotations and cultural techniques) tended to favour low crop yield losses rather than high weed-based environmental benefits. Interestingly, a few systems achieved both objectives. Systems that achieved relatively low crop yield losses and high weed-based environmental benefits mainly combined infrequent superficial tillage operations, with a low proportion of winter crops in the rotation and a very low tillage depth. Finally, only a few weed traits determined the role of the weed flora to potentially reduce nitrate leaching and soil erosion. They were seed traits (seed lipid content, seed area per weight and seed coat thickness), driving the early and fast appearance of the weed canopy after weed seed shed. This suggests that, for annual weed species, a high weed flora potential to reduce nitrate leaching and soil erosion is not restricted to specific weed species able to take up nitrogen and cover soil. Thus, our simulation study indicates that such a high potential to reduce nitrate leaching and soil erosion could therefore be reached in very different agroecosystems in terms of weed seed bank.
Published: 2020

45. Local removal of oxygen for NAD(P)+ detection in aerated solutions

Author: François Lapicque, Alain Hehn, Mathieu Etienne, Thi Xuan Huong Le, Neus Vilà, Alain Walcarius, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and ANR-15-IDEX-0004,LUE,Isite LUE(2015)
Subjects: diazonium electrografting, Working electrode, General Chemical Engineering, Inorganic chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Dehydrogenase, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Electrochemistry, biosensor, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, chemistry.chemical_compound, [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl] +, NAD(P)H, electrochemical oxygen filter, Deoxygenation, Chemistry, Silica gel, [CHIM.CATA]Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, NAD+ kinase, 0210 nano-technology, Platinum
Abstract: International audience; The mediated electrochemical reduction of NAD(P) + in aerated solution was investigated and exploited for NAD(P)H regeneration in view of biosensing application. Oxygen was locally removed from the electrode surface with an electrochemical oxygen filter made of platinum grids positioned close to the oxygen sensitive reactions. The working electrode was a bucky paper functionalized with [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl] + by diazonium electrografting. The local oxygen removal was first evaluated, before to be applied to deoxygenation for NAD + and NADP + reduction. A porous silica gel layer encapsulating D-sorbitol dehydrogenase was finally deposited on the top of the modified bucky paper and the resulting bioelectrode was found sensitive to the presence of D-fructose.
Published: 2020

46. Soil carbon storage and mineralization rates are affected by carbon inputs rather than physical disturbance: Evidence from a 47-year tillage experiment

Author: Jérôme Labreuche, Bruno Mary, Fabien Ferchaud, Nicolas Blaszczyk, Hugues Clivot, Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro (Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ARVALIS - Institut du Végétal [Boigneville], ARVALIS - Institut du végétal [Paris], Arvalis-Institut du Vegetal, Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), and Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Carbon inputs, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Soil science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, AMG model, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Tillage, Diachronic analysis, SOC, 13C, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, Particulate organic matter, Soil organic carbon, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, Mineralization (soil science), 15. Life on land, Mineralization rate, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, chemistry, Disturbance (ecology), Priming, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil horizon, Animal Science and Zoology, Agronomy and Crop Science, Carbon
Abstract: International audience; In spite of the large number of studies conducted on the drivers of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, there is still no consensus on the impact of tillage on the distribution and turnover rate of SOC in the soil profile. Few studies have characterized precisely the turnover of SOC using 13C natural tracing or simulated the SOC evolution per soil layer. In this study, we combined several approaches (diachronic analysis of SOC stocks, isotopic tracing and modelling) for characterizing the SOC evolution per soil layer in one of the oldest tillage experiments comparing no-till (NT), shallow till (ST) and full inversion tillage (FIT) combined with six crop managements. The new measurements made in 2017 reported in this paper confirm that i) tillage had no effect on SOC stocks integrated over the old ploughed layer (∼0−28 cm) or deeper (∼0−58 cm) and ii) reduced tillage affected the SOC distribution in the soil profile, with SOC storage in the upper layer (∼0−10 cm) offset by a SOC loss in the underlying layer (∼10−28 cm). The change in rotation (from C4 to C3 crops) in two crop management treatments allowed to quantify the decrease in C4 stocks during 19 years and calculate the specific mineralization rates relative to tillage treatments and soil layers. The mineralization rates did not vary significantly between tillage treatments in the whole (old) ploughed layer (∼0−28 cm) but varied according to depth and tillage. The highest rates were found in the layer 0−5 cm of NT or ST and the lowest rates in the layer 10−28 cm of the same tillage treatments. The rates were highly correlated with estimated C inputs and particulate organic matter contents in each layer, but not with tillage intensity. The evolution of total SOC and C4 stocks of each soil layer was simulated with AMG model during 47 years. The standard model (with a single mineralization rate) gave a good prediction of SOC evolution when applied to the whole profile (∼0−28 cm) but not for each individual layer. Including a relationship between C input and mineralization rate in the model allowed to well simulate the SOC evolution in all soil layers. This study shows that the main effect of a change in tillage on SOC storage is the change in the distribution of C input throughout the profile and the corresponding variation of the priming effect rather than the change in physical soil disturbance.
Published: 2020

47. An Actor-Oriented Multi-Criteria Assessment Framework to Support a Transition Towards Sustainable Agricultural Systems Based on Crop Diversification

Author: Christian Schader, Frédérique Angevin, Giovanni Dara Guccione, Michael Curran, Hauke Ahnemann, Nino Virzì, Didier Stilmant, Florence Van Stappen, Luca Colombo, Stefano Canali, Christian Bockstaller, Ileana Iocola, Antoine Messéan, Emmanuel Mérot, Rui Catarino, Massimo Palumbo, Jérémy Berthomier, Paul Vanhove, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria = Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Unité Impacts Ecologiques des Innovations en Production Végétale (ECO-INNOV), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Research Institute of Organic Agriculture - Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL), Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), Biomass, bioproduct and energy unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Chambre régionale d'agriculture des Pays de la Loire, Chambre d'agriculture, Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca in Agricoltura Biologica e Biodinamica, Partenaires INRAE, Centro di ricerca Politiche e Bioeconomia [CREA], CREA - Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, European Project: 727482,DiverIMPACTS, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Territory and Information Technologies Unit
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, performance indicator, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geography, Planning and Development, Social sustainability, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Participatory action research, TJ807-830, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, TD194-195, 01 natural sciences, Renewable energy sources, GE1-350, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, trade-off, 2. Zero hunger, evaluation, Cost–benefit analysis, Environmental effects of industries and plants, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Agricultural diversification, business.industry, Stakeholder, Breeding, genetics and propagation, 15. Life on land, Environmental economics, sustainability, Policy environments and social economy, 010601 ecology, Environmental sciences, Agriculture, Sustainability, Biodiversity and ecosystem services, participatory research, Performance indicator, Business, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Crop diversification represents a key lever to support the development of sustainable agri-food systems. Knowledge on trade-offs and carry over effects from different crop diversification strategies is essential to inform agricultural stakeholders of potential costs and benefits. This knowledge is limited by existing data and performance measures predominantly focused on single crops, rather than complete rotations. Moreover, sustainability performance indicators are often used for assessment purposes, rather than supporting stakeholder learning and actions. A new set of 32 indicators was developed to address these needs, and used to evaluate the environmental, economic and social sustainability of the diversified agricultural systems highlighted in the case studies, which are often characterized by data availability constraints. This approach was tested in France, Germany and Italy to determine a critical ex-post diagnosis of the existing systems, and for the assessment of ex-ante innovative scenarios. The results will be used to support these case studies in the identification and design of more sustainable agricultural systems. Although the framework is based on feasible and proxy indicators, the assessment outcomes have allowed local actors to reflect on the effects generated by the implemented crop diversification strategies. Key issues include trade-offs occurring between optimizing economic and environmental performance.
Published: 2020
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48. Analysis of relationships between ecosystem services: A generic classification and review of the literature

Author: Gregory Obiang Ndong, Isabelle Cousin, Olivier Therond, Unité de Science du Sol (Orléans) (URSols), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Isi web of science, Typology, Computer science, Geography, Planning and Development, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Scientific literature, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Field methods, Ecosystem services, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Global and Planetary Change, Trade-off Synergy, Ecology, Land use, Simulation modeling, 021107 urban & regional planning, 15. Life on land, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Data science, 13. Climate action, Methodological classification
Abstract: International audience; The scientific literature contains many studies of trade-offs or synergies between ecosystem services (ES); however, it is challenging to qualify and compare these studies. To address this issue, we developed a structured generic methodological classification (typology) of studies that focuses on relationships between ES. The method focuses on characteristics of the spatial and temporal analyses performed and whether drivers of relationships between ES were considered. We used the typology to characterize 103 peer-reviewed articles from 1998 to 2017 identified from a search of the ISI Web of Science. Our results show that most of the studies (74%) focused on quantifying and analyzing ES relationships using a snapshot approach. Spatio-temporal analysis of ES relationships (6% of the studies) remains a major scientific challenge in research. While most studies analyzed drivers of relationships, they focused mainly on coarse indicators of land use and cover (change) and climate change (e.g. temperature and precipitation), and 70% of the studies analyzed relationships between 3 and 6 ES. This review highlights two key research issues: (i) going beyond analysis of coarse drivers by using indicators of land use and (ii) developing spatio-temporal analysis of ES relationships based on field methods to follow-up ES indicators over time or simulation models.
Published: 2020

49. Ensemble modelling, uncertainty and robust predictions of organic carbon in long-term bare-fallow soils

Author: Hugues Clivot, Donna Giltrap, Ward Smith, Katrin Kuka, Renáta Sándor, Bertrand Guenet, Mohamed Abdalla, Matthew T. Harrison, Rosa Francaviglia, Fernando Moyano, Brian Grant, Fabien Ferchaud, Gianni Bellocchi, Claire Chenu, Liisa Kulmala, Tommaso Stella, Christopher D. Dorich, Roberta Farina, Jari Liski, Nuala Fitton, Nils Reibold, Anita Shepherd, Elizabeth A. Meier, Sylvie Recous, Claas Nendel, Luca Bechini, Matthew J. McGrath, Pete Smith, Massimiliano De Antoni Migliorati, Arezoo Taghizadeh-Toosi, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Fiona Ehrhardt, Elena Tsutskikh, Uwe Franko, Lorenzo Menichetti, Martin A. Bolinder, Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes, Lorenzo Brilli, Jean-François Soussana, Claudia Di Bene, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria = Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Biological Research Center [Hungarian Academy of Sciences], Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Aberdeen, Fisica de Sistemas Pequenos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Bologna] (CNR), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Collège de Direction (CODIR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], University of Ottawa [Ottawa], Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Energy Technology (CSIRO Energy Technology), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Göttingen State and University Library (SUB Göttingen), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Humboldt University Of Berlin, DEVIL, SUPER-G, French-Italian Galileo program-CLIMSOC project, Joint Programming Initiative 'FACCE', Soils-R-GRREAT, Agriculture & Agri Food Canada, Miljo- og Fodevareministeriet, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), ANR-13-JFAC-0001,CN-MIP,C and N Models Intercomparison and Improvement to assess management options for GHG mitigation in agrosystems worldwide(2013), European Project: 774378,Horizon 2020,CIRCASA(2017), Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), University of Milan, Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro (Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], University of Potsdam, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, soil organic carbon dynamics, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Soil science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Standard deviation, protocol for model comparison, Russia, Soil, Calibration, Environmental Chemistry, process based models, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Total organic carbon, Sweden, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, bare-fallow soils, Simulation modeling, Uncertainty, Agriculture, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, European region, Carbon, United Kingdom, process-based models, Term (time), 13. Climate action, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, France, bare fallow soils, model parametrization
Abstract: International audience; Simulation models represent soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in global carbon (C) cycle scenarios to support climate-change studies. It is imperative to increase confidence in long-term predictions of SOC dynamics by reducing the uncertainty in model estimates. We evaluated SOC simulated from an ensemble of 26 process-based C models by comparing simulations to experimental data from seven long-term bare-fallow (vegetation-free) plots at six sites: Denmark (two sites), France, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The decay of SOC in these plots has been monitored for decades since the last inputs of plant material, providing the opportunity to test decomposition without the continuous input of new organic material. The models were run independently over multi-year simulation periods (from 28 to 80 years) in a blind test with no calibration (Bln) and with the following three calibration scenarios, each providing different levels of information and/or allowing different levels of model fitting: (a) calibrating decomposition parameters separately at each experimental site (Spe); (b) using a generic, knowledge-based, parameterization applicable in the Central European region (Gen); and (c) using a combination of both (a) and (b) strategies (Mix). We addressed uncertainties from different modelling approaches with or without spin-up initialization of SOC. Changes in the multi-model median (MMM) of SOC were used as descriptors of the ensemble performance. On average across sites, Gen proved adequate in describing changes in SOC, with MMM equal to average SOC (and standard deviation) of 39.2 (+/- 15.5) Mg C/ha compared to the observed mean of 36.0 (+/- 19.7) Mg C/ha (last observed year), indicating sufficiently reliable SOC estimates. Moving to Mix (37.5 +/- 16.7 Mg C/ha) and Spe (36.8 +/- 19.8 Mg C/ha) provided only marginal gains in accuracy, but modellers would need to apply more knowledge and a greater calibration effort than in Gen, thereby limiting the wider applicability of models
Published: 2020

50. Weeds Enhance Multifunctionality in Arable Lands in South-West of France

Author: Sabrina Gaba, Nathalie Cheviron, Thomas Perrot, Séverine Piutti, Jean-Luc Gautier, Vincent Bretagnolle, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), LTSER «Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sevre» [France], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-18-CE32-0002,IMAgHO,Augmenter la multifonctionnalité des agroécosystèmes par l'exploitation des réseaux trophiques(2018), and ANR-11-INBS-0001,ANAEE-FR,ANAEE-Services(2011)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, pollination, Biodiversity, lcsh:TX341-641, Horticulture, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, haylands, Abundance (ecology), Ecosystem, 2. Zero hunger, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, carabids, lcsh:TP368-456, business.industry, Agroforestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, yield, soil organic carbon, lcsh:Food processing and manufacture, Geography, soil enzyme activity, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Sustainable management, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Species richness, business, Weed, Agronomy and Crop Science, bee richness, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, pest control, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; The current challenge in agriculture is to move from intensively managed to multifunctional agricultural landscapes that can simultaneously provide multiple ecological functions (multifunctionality), thus ensuring the delivery of ecosystem services important for human well-being. There is evidence that biodiversity is the main driver of multiple ecosystem functions. However, how biodiversity, and which components of biodiversity are the sources of multifunctionality, remain elusive. In the present study, we explore the role of weed richness and weed abundance as possible sources of ecosystem multifunctionality of an intensive agricultural landscape. Weeds are a key component of the arable field ecosystem trophic network by supporting various ecological functions while being a possible threat for production. We combine empirical data on ten ecosystem functions related to pollination, pest control and soil fertility, and measured across 184 fields cultivated with winter cereal, oilseed rape or hays in the Long Term Socio-Ecological Research site Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre. We found that weed diversity was a strong contributor to multifunctionality in all crop types, especially when using the threshold-based approach. The effects of weed diversity were less pronounced for individual ecological functions except for weed seed predation and urease activity. As weeds may have dual effects on yields, we also explored the relationship between ecosystem multifunctionality and yield considering weed abundance. We however found a neutral relationship between yield and ecosystem multifunctionality. These results suggest that field management that maintains high levels of weed diversity can enhance multifunctionality and most ecological functions. Understanding how to maintain weed diversity in agricultural landscapes can therefore help to design sustainable management favoring the delivery of multiple services while maintaining food production. The next challenge will therefore be to assess the relative contribution of management practices, landscape features and weed diversity on ecosystem multifunctionality and yield.
Published: 2020

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