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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), well known as the T-cell antigen CD26 enzyme which, was discovered in the year of 1966 by Hopsu-Havu and Glenner. The enzyme gained considerable attention due to its vital functions, such as (1) deactivation of the incretin hormone, which is responsible for insulin catabolism, (2) hydrolyzes of opioid peptides engaged in pain modulation, etc. Moreover, DPP-4 also acts as a carrier protein and ligand for a variety of extracellular and intracellular substrates. The Finding of DPP-4 inhibitors is the newer approach to treating numerous disorders/ diseases, for example, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and Diabetes mellitus (DM). The outcomes of studies carried out in the past few decades revealed that Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors) is a more promising candidate than conventional hypoglycaemic agents, as the former can be taken in monotherapy once a week or conjointly with another hypoglycaemic agent. By considering all favorable properties of DPP-4 inhibitors, this excerpt was written with the primary focused on the clinically approved, orally acting Gliptin class of drugs, with an emphasizing on their conventional, modern as well as patented methods of intermediates and final product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, acridinediones have attracted considerable attention in organic and medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and materials science. The present review covers recent literature on the synthesis of acridine-1,8-dione derivatives, including cyclocondensation and multicomponent reactions. These compounds exhibit significant biological activity and have found application in the production of antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory drugs. They are also used in materials science, acting as fluorescent probes. Recent advancements have been focused on developing more efficient synthetic approaches to acridine-1,8-diones and exploring novel applications. The versatility and wide range of functionalities make acridine-1,8-dione derivatives valuable in both pharmaceutical and industrial fields, highlighting their potential for future research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide array of structures and characteristics found in ZnO-based nanostructures offers them a versatile range of uses. Over the past decade, significant attention has been drawn to the possible applications of these materials in the biomedical field, owing to their distinctive electronic, optical, catalytic, and antimicrobial attributes, alongside their exceptional biocompatibility and surface chemistry. With environmental degradation and an aging population contributing to escalating healthcare needs and costs, particularly in developing nations, there's a growing demand for more effective and affordable biomedical devices with innovative functionalities. This review delves into particular essential facets of different synthetic approaches (chemical and green) that contribute to the production of effective multifunctional nano-ZnO particles for biomedical applications. Outlining the conjugation of ZnO nanoparticles highlights the enhancement of biomedical capacity while lowering toxicity. Additionally, recent progress in the study of ZnO-based nano-biomaterials tailored for biomedical purposes is explored, including biosensing, bioimaging, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, as well as vaccines and immunotherapy. The final section focuses on nano-ZnO particles' toxicity mechanism with special emphasis to their neurotoxic potential, as well as the primary toxicity pathways, providing an overall review of the up-to-date development and future perspectives of nano-ZnO particles in the biomedicine field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) that are the wonder material of the 21st century consist of metal ions/clusters coordinated to organic ligands to form one‐ or more‐dimensional porous structures with unprecedented chemical and structural tunability, exceptional thermal stability, ultrahigh porosity, and a large surface area, making them an ideal candidate for numerous potential applications. In this work, the recent progress in the design and synthetic approaches of MOFs and explore their potential applications in the fields of gas storage and separation, catalysis, magnetism, drug delivery, chemical/biosensing, supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries and self‐powered wearable sensors based on piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators are summarized. Lastly, this work identifies present challenges and outlines future opportunities in this field, which can provide valuable references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Currently, many types of non-linear topological structure polymers, such as brush-shaped, star, branched and dendritic structures, have captured much attention in the field of gene delivery and nanomedicine. Compared with linear polymers, non-linear topological structural polymers offer many advantages, including multiple terminal groups, broad and complicated spatial architecture and multi-functionality sites to enhance gene delivery efficiency and targeting capabilities. Nevertheless, the complexity of their synthesis process severely hampers the development and applications of nonlinear topological polymers. This review aims to highlight various synthetic approaches of non-linear topological architecture polymers, including reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) including atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, click chemistry reactions and Michael addition, and thoroughly discuss their advantages and disadvantages, as well as analyze their further application potential. Finally, we comprehensively discuss and summarize different non-linear topological structure polymers for genetic materials delivering performance both in vitro and in vivo, which indicated that topological effects and nonlinear topologies play a crucial role in enhancing the transfection performance of polymeric vectors. This review offered a promising guideline for the design and development of novel nonlinear polymers and facilitated the development of a new generation of polymer-based gene vectors.

Currently, many types of non-linear topological structure polymers, such as brush-shaped, star, branched and dendritic structures, have captured much attention in the field of gene delivery and nanomedicine. Compared with linear polymers, non-linear topological structural polymers offer many advantages, including multiple terminal groups, broad and complicated spatial architecture and multi-functionality sites to enhance gene delivery efficiency and targeting capabilities. Nevertheless, the complexity of their synthesis process severely hampers the development and applications of nonlinear topological polymers. This review aims to highlight various synthetic approaches of non-linear topological architecture polymers, including reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) including atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, click chemistry reactions and Michael addition, and thoroughly discuss their advantages and disadvantages, as well as analyze their further application potential. Finally, we comprehensively discuss and summarize different non-linear topological structure polymers for genetic materials delivering performance both in vitro and in vivo, which indicated that topological effects and nonlinear topologies play a crucial role in enhancing the transfection performance of polymeric vectors. This review offered a promising guideline for the design and development of novel nonlinear polymers and facilitated the development of a new generation of polymer-based gene vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of biomass as a sustainable and renewable resource for nanomaterial synthesis has received considerable attention in recent years. Through the efficient utilization of biomass waste, opportunities for energy production, energy conversion, and the fabrication of nanomaterials can be maximized. The combination of biomass‐based nanomaterials with additional nanomaterials makes the composite system have more remarkable performance, which further facilitates the transformation procedure of biomass‐based nanomaterials for applications. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the preparation and applications of biomass‐based nanomaterials. The preparation section covers a range of methods for synthesizing biomass‐based nanomaterials, including biomass‐based carbonaceous nanomaterials, biomass‐based carbon nitride nanomaterials, nanomaterials derived from biomass templates, biomass‐based nanomaterials as carriers, and the use of biomass for metal ion reduction. The applications section explores the diverse applications of biomass‐based nanomaterials, such as hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, batteries, and supercapacitors. The unique properties and advantages of biomass‐based nanomaterials in each application are discussed. The conclusion summarizes the current progress and presents future perspectives for the development and utilization of biomass‐based nanomaterials. This review emphasizes the potential of biomass as a valuable and sustainable source for nanomaterial synthesis, opening up promising opportunities in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) that are the wonder material of the 21st century consist of metal ions/clusters coordinated to organic ligands to form one‐ or more‐dimensional porous structures with unprecedented chemical and structural tunability, exceptional thermal stability, ultrahigh porosity, and a large surface area, making them an ideal candidate for numerous potential applications. In this work, the recent progress in the design and synthetic approaches of MOFs and explore their potential applications in the fields of gas storage and separation, catalysis, magnetism, drug delivery, chemical/biosensing, supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries and self‐powered wearable sensors based on piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators are summarized. Lastly, this work identifies present challenges and outlines future opportunities in this field, which can provide valuable references.

The utilization of biomass as a sustainable and renewable resource for nanomaterial synthesis has received considerable attention in recent years. Through the efficient utilization of biomass waste, opportunities for energy production, energy conversion, and the fabrication of nanomaterials can be maximized. The combination of biomass‐based nanomaterials with additional nanomaterials makes the composite system have more remarkable performance, which further facilitates the transformation procedure of biomass‐based nanomaterials for applications. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the preparation and applications of biomass‐based nanomaterials. The preparation section covers a range of methods for synthesizing biomass‐based nanomaterials, including biomass‐based carbonaceous nanomaterials, biomass‐based carbon nitride nanomaterials, nanomaterials derived from biomass templates, biomass‐based nanomaterials as carriers, and the use of biomass for metal ion reduction. The applications section explores the diverse applications of biomass‐based nanomaterials, such as hydrogen production, carbon dioxide reduction, batteries, and supercapacitors. The unique properties and advantages of biomass‐based nanomaterials in each application are discussed. The conclusion summarizes the current progress and presents future perspectives for the development and utilization of biomass‐based nanomaterials. This review emphasizes the potential of biomass as a valuable and sustainable source for nanomaterial synthesis, opening up promising opportunities in various fields.

Coumarin is a highly proficient scaffold with great effectiveness which uplifts emerging chemists to create coumarin derivatives using cutting‐edge synthetic techniques. However, severe reaction conditions are required to develop substituted coumarin analogous. Notably, the carboxylic acid group in coumarin has emerged as a flexible functionality facilitating the construction of coumarin‐containing building blocks, emphasizing the decarboxylative strategy. Use of the decarboxylative technique has tremendously increased, due to its ability to increase the reactivity of the substrate. Moreover, it is the most extensively investigated synthetic strategy incorporating various functionalities in coumarin nuclei. This review discusses the decarboxylative strategies for creating C‐3 and C‐4 substituted coumarin derivatives. It emphasizes various interactions, including catalyst‐based, catalyst‐free, Michael addition, cyclo addition, three components, oxidative, and photocatalytic system involving the decarboxylation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid perovskite materials with high light absorption coefficients, long diffusion lengths, and high mobility have attracted much attention, but their commercial development has been seriously hindered by two major problems: instability and lead toxicity. This has led to lead-free halide double perovskite becoming a prominent competitor in the photovoltaic field. For lead-free double perovskites, Pb2+ can be heterovalent, substituted by non-toxic metal cations as a double perovskite structure, which promotes the flexibility of the composition. However, the four component elements and low solubility in the solvent result in synthesis difficulties and phase impurity problems. And material phase purity and film quality are closely related to the number of defects, which can limit the photoelectric performance of solar cells. Therefore, based on this point, we summarize the synthesis methods of Cs2B′B″X6 double perovskite crystals and thin films. Moreover, in the application of solar cells, the existing research mainly focuses on the formation process of thin films, band gap adjustment, and surface engineering to improve the quality of films and optimize the performance of devices. Finally, we propose that Cs2B′B″X6 lead-free perovskites offer a promising pathway toward developing highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide array of structures and characteristics found in ZnO-based nanostructures offers them a versatile range of uses. Over the past decade, significant attention has been drawn to the possible applications of these materials in the biomedical field, owing to their distinctive electronic, optical, catalytic, and antimicrobial attributes, alongside their exceptional biocompatibility and surface chemistry. With environmental degradation and an aging population contributing to escalating healthcare needs and costs, particularly in developing nations, there’s a growing demand for more effective and affordable biomedical devices with innovative functionalities. This review delves into particular essential facets of different synthetic approaches (chemical and green) that contribute to the production of effective multifunctional nano-ZnO particles for biomedical applications. Outlining the conjugation of ZnO nanoparticles highlights the enhancement of biomedical capacity while lowering toxicity. Additionally, recent progress in the study of ZnO-based nano-biomaterials tailored for biomedical purposes is explored, including biosensing, bioimaging, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, as well as vaccines and immunotherapy. The final section focuses on nano-ZnO particles’ toxicity mechanism with special emphasis to their neurotoxic potential, as well as the primary toxicity pathways, providing an overall review of the up-to-date development and future perspectives of nano-ZnO particles in the biomedicine field.

Borinic acids [R2B(OH)] and their chelate derivatives are a subclass of organoborane compounds used in cross-coupling reactions, catalysis, medicinal chemistry, polymer or optoelectronics materials. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the synthesis of diarylborinic acids and their four-coordinated analogs. The main strategies to build up borinic acids rely either on the addition of organometallic reagents to boranes (B(OR)3, BX3, aminoborane, arylboronic esters) or the reaction of triarylboranes with a ligand (diol, amino alcohol, etc.). After general practical considerations of borinic acids, an overview of the main synthetic methods, their scope and limitations is provided. We also discuss some mechanistic aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-performance electrocatalysts is critical for the widespread applications of the sustainable energy technologies. In this context, single-atom catalysts (SACs) with isolated metal sites have attracted more attention because of their maximum atom utilization and remarkable electrocatalytic performance. However, the high surface energy often results in a low loading of the single metal atoms, limiting their practical applications. Herein, we give an up-to-date review on the progress for the SACs. The research progress of noble metal SACs, transition metal SACs, single-atom alloy SACs, and double metal SACs is summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of synthesis strategies including wet chemistry, atomic layer deposition, and high-temperature pyrolysis are discussed. We also propose some new research direction to obtain the high-performance SACs. It is expected to realize widely applications of SACs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the 2D group VA semiconductors (phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthine) present a new class of 2D materials, which are recently gaining a lot of research interest. These materials possess layered morphology, tunable direct bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, high stability, unique in‐plane anisotropy, and negative Poisson's ratio. They prepare the ground for novel and multifunctional applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and batteries. The most recent analytical and empirical developments in the fundamental characteristics, fabrication techniques, and potential implementation of 2D group VA materials in this review, along with presenting insights and concerns for the field's future are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine organisms are considered a cache of biologically active metabolites with pharmaceutical, functional, and nutraceutical properties. Among these, marine bioactive peptides (MBAs) present in diverse marine species (fish, sponges, cyanobacteria, fungi, ascidians, seaweeds, & mollusks) have acquired attention owing to their broad-spectrum health-promoting benefits. Nowadays, scientists are keener exploring marine bioactive peptides precisely due to their unique structural and biological properties. These MBAs have reported ameliorating potential against different diseases like hypertension, diabetes, obesity, HIV, cancer, oxidation, and inflammation. Furthermore, MBAs isolated from various marine organisms may also have a beneficial role in the cosmetic, nutraceutical, and food industries. Few marine peptides and their derivative are approved for commercial use, while many MBAs are in various pre-clinical and clinical trials. This review mainly focuses on the diversity of marine bioactive peptides in marine organisms and their production procedures, such as chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, MBAs' therapeutic and biological potential has also been critically discussed herein, along with their status in drug discovery, pre-clinical and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused pyridines are reported to display various pharmacological activities, such as antipyretic, analgesic, antiprotozoal, antibacterial, antitumor, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic. They are widely used in the field of medicinal chemistry. Imidazopyridines (IZPs) are crucial classes of fused heterocycles that are expansively reported on in the literature. Evidence suggests that IZPs, as fused scaffolds, possess more diverse profiles than individual imidazole and pyridine moieties. Bacterial infections and antibacterial resistance are ever-growing risks in the 21st century. Only one IZP, i.e., rifaximin, is available on the market as an antibiotic. In this review, the authors highlight strategies for preparing other IZPs. A particular focus is on the antibacterial profile and structure–activity relationship (SAR) of various synthesized IZP derivatives. This research provides a foundation for the tuning of available compounds to create novel, potent antibacterial agents with fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorine possesses distinctive chemical characteristics, such as its strong electron-withdrawing ability and small atomic size, which render it an invaluable asset in the design and optimization of pharmaceuticals. The utilization of fluorine-enriched medications for combating cancer has emerged as a prominent approach in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery, offering improved clinical outcomes and enhanced pharmacological properties. This comprehensive review explores the synthetic approaches and clinical applications of approved 22 representative fluorinated anti-cancer drugs from 2019 to present, shedding light on their historical development, brand names, drug target activity, mechanism of action, preclinical pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and toxicity. Additionally, the review provides an extensive analysis of the representative synthetic techniques employed. Overall, this review emphasizes the significance of incorporating fluorine chemistry into anti-cancer drug research while highlighting promising future prospects for exploring compounds enriched with fluorine in the battle against cancer. [Display omitted] • The timely presentation of clinically approved fluorine-enriched anti-cancer medications is highlighted. • Emphasis is placed on the clinical application and synthetic strategies of 22 representative drugs. • These insights provide valuable guidance for the development of novel fluorine-enriched anti-cancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid perovskite materials with high light absorption coefficients, long diffusion lengths, and high mobility have attracted much attention, but their commercial development has been seriously hindered by two major problems: instability and lead toxicity. This has led to lead-free halide double perovskite becoming a prominent competitor in the photovoltaic field. For lead-free double perovskites, Pb2+ can be heterovalent, substituted by non-toxic metal cations as a double perovskite structure, which promotes the flexibility of the composition. However, the four component elements and low solubility in the solvent result in synthesis difficulties and phase impurity problems. And material phase purity and film quality are closely related to the number of defects, which can limit the photoelectric performance of solar cells. Therefore, based on this point, we summarize the synthesis methods of Cs2B′B″X6 double perovskite crystals and thin films. Moreover, in the application of solar cells, the existing research mainly focuses on the formation process of thin films, band gap adjustment, and surface engineering to improve the quality of films and optimize the performance of devices. Finally, we propose that Cs2B′B″X6 lead-free perovskites offer a promising pathway toward developing highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Abstract Members of the 2D group VA semiconductors (phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthine) present a new class of 2D materials, which are recently gaining a lot of research interest. These materials possess layered morphology, tunable direct bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, high stability, unique in‐plane anisotropy, and negative Poisson's ratio. They prepare the ground for novel and multifunctional applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and batteries. The most recent analytical and empirical developments in the fundamental characteristics, fabrication techniques, and potential implementation of 2D group VA materials in this review, along with presenting insights and concerns for the field's future are analyzed.

Molecular hybridization has emerged as an interesting strategy to improve the effectiveness and the scope of well-known drugs. Nimesulide has been used as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug for decades and marketed as NIMS™. Nimesulide (3) possesses a nitro group which shows toxic behavior. To enhance the scope and efficacy of the drug nitro group was reduced to amino group (4) and reacted with isothiocyanates of different substituted acid chlorides to afford Nimesulide-acyl thiourea conjugates (5a-n). In the present research work 14 derivatives were synthesized and tested for carbonic anhydrase I, II and α-glucosidase Inhibition assay. These findings established that all new derivatives are more effective α-amylase inhibitors than Acarbose (IC50: 10000 ​nM) used as a positive control α-amylase inhibitor. Among the tested compounds 5g, 5l and 5m were determined to be the best hCA I, II inhibitors.

The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) represents a pivotal target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Parkinson's disease. The successful discovery of numerous effective DRD2 inhibitors has led to their clinical application and ongoing evaluation in various clinical trials. This review explores the synthetic approaches and clinical applications of prototypical small-molecule DRD2 inhibitors that have received approval or are currently undergoing clinical trials, highlighting their therapeutic potential and challenges. The synthesis of these inhibitors employs various chemical strategies, including modifications of phenothiazine and butyrophenone structures, which have yielded significant antipsychotic agents like chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Additionally, newer classes of inhibitors, such as aripiprazole, exhibit partial agonist activity at DRD2, offering a unique therapeutic profile. Clinically, DRD2 inhibitors demonstrate efficacy in managing positive symptoms of schizophrenia, manic episodes in bipolar disorder, and dopaminergic imbalance in Parkinson's disease. However, the emergence of adverse effects, including tardive dyskinesia, extrapyramidal symptoms and metabolic syndrome, presents substantial challenges. Advances in the development of second-generation antipsychotics aim to balance efficacy with a better side effect profile by targeting additional neurotransmitter receptors. This review aims to deliver an overview of the synthesis and clinical applications of representative small-molecule DRD2 inhibitors across various clinical phases, thereby offering strategic insights for the advancement of DRD2 inhibitor development. [Display omitted] • An overview of small-molecule DRD2 inhibitors that are approved or in clinical trials are organized. • Synthesis and Clinical Application of representative DRD2 inhibitors are highlighted. • This review provides valuable information for future design of DRD2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borinic acids [R2B(OH)] and their chelate derivatives are a subclass of organoborane compounds used in cross-coupling reactions, catalysis, medicinal chemistry, polymer or optoelectronics materials. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the synthesis of diarylborinic acids and their four-coordinated analogs. The main strategies to build up borinic acids rely either on the addition of organometallic reagents to boranes (B(OR)3, BX3, aminoborane, arylboronic esters) or the reaction of triarylboranes with a ligand (diol, amino alcohol, etc.). After general practical considerations of borinic acids, an overview of the main synthetic methods, their scope and limitations is provided. We also discuss some mechanistic aspects.

Marine organisms are an important source of natural products with unique and diverse chemical structures that may hold the key for the development of novel drugs. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid marine natural product playing a crucial regulatory role in the resolution of inflammation and acting as a precursor for the biosynthesis of the anti-inflammatory specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These metabolites exert many beneficial actions including neuroprotection, anti-hypertension, or anti-tumorigenesis. As dysregulation of SPMs is associated with diseases of prolonged inflammation, the disclosure of their bioactivities may be correlated with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving capabilities, offering new targets for drug design. The availability of these SPMs from natural resources is very low, but the evaluation of their pharmacological properties requires their access in larger amounts, as achieved by synthetic routes. In this report, the first review of the total organic syntheses carried out for resolvins, protectins, and maresins is presented. Recently, it was proposed that DHA-derived pro-resolving mediators play a key role in the treatment of COVID-19. In this work we also review the current evidence on the structures, biosynthesis, and functional and new-found roles of these novel lipid mediators of disease resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph: Figure 15: Comparison of UV/visible spectrograph of Ag NPs and Au NPs biologically fabricated, (a) Ag NPs shows SPR band at 421 nm (b) Au NPs shows SPR band at 538 nm [[148]]. Keywords: applications; Au and Ag nanoparticles; characterization techniques; synthetic approaches EN applications Au and Ag nanoparticles characterization techniques synthetic approaches 291 326 36 03/11/22 20220301 NES 220301 1 Introduction The nanotechnology has received most attention in past two decades [[1]], [[2]], [[3]], [[4]], [[5]], [[6]], [[7]], [[8]] and nanotechnologists have explored a variety of methods to tune the properties of NPs to achieve the desire applications [[3]], [[4]], [[5], [8]], [[9]], [[10]], [[11]]. 110 Manikandakrishnan, M., Palanisamy, S., Vinosha, M., Kalanjiaraja, B., Mohandoss, S., Manikandan, R., Tabarsa, M., You, S., Prabhu, N. M. J. Drug Deliv. 56 Shahjahan, M., Rahman, M. H., Hossain, M. S., Khatun, M. A., Islam, A., Begum, M. H. A. Nanosci. 6 Bibi, I., Hussain, S., Majid, F., Kamal, S., Ata, S., Sultan, M., Din, M. I., Iqbal, M., Nazir, A. Z. Phys. [Extracted from the article]

Aplykurodinone‐1, a marine steroid with intriguing molecular architecture and promising biological activities, has captured the attention of many synthetic chemists. In this paper we have overviewed the synthetic approaches of aplykurodinone‐1 to date, with a focus on the novel strategies utilized to improve the synthetic efficiency. This review summarizes the contribution of different research groups in the total or formal synthesis of aplykurodinone‐1 in either racemic or enantiomeric form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is always a hot research topic among synthetic chemists, because heterocycles are very important scaffolds in the structure of numerous drugs, natural products and biologically active molecules. Propargylamines are a versatile class of amine compounds which find many applications in different fields of chemistry such as synthetic chemistry. In recent times, the utilization of propargylamines as reagent for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds have received profound attention in organic synthesis. This review will provide comprehensive knowledge on the utilization of propargylamines as versatile and efficient reagents in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three synthetic approaches to [2+1] conjugates of betulic acid with α,ω-diols have been tested. The best results have been obtained in the reaction of betulic acid with α,ω-dibromides in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused pyridines are reported to display various pharmacological activities, such as antipyretic, analgesic, antiprotozoal, antibacterial, antitumor, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic. They are widely used in the field of medicinal chemistry. Imidazopyridines (IZPs) are crucial classes of fused heterocycles that are expansively reported on in the literature. Evidence suggests that IZPs, as fused scaffolds, possess more diverse profiles than individual imidazole and pyridine moieties. Bacterial infections and antibacterial resistance are ever-growing risks in the 21st century. Only one IZP, i.e., rifaximin, is available on the market as an antibiotic. In this review, the authors highlight strategies for preparing other IZPs. A particular focus is on the antibacterial profile and structure–activity relationship (SAR) of various synthesized IZP derivatives. This research provides a foundation for the tuning of available compounds to create novel, potent antibacterial agents with fewer side effects.

The aim of this review is to provide a critical and comparative account of the total synthetic approaches toward histrionicotoxins, alkaloids isolated from skin extracts of Colombian poison arrow frog Dendrobates histrionicus. We have summarized the maneuvers in each paper by graphically detailing the synthesis and associated reaction niceties of only the key intermediates by different researchers. Fascinating structural feature of histrionicotoxins is "8-hydroxy-l-azaspiro[5.5]undecane core" with two side chains at C-2 and C-7 which differ in their length and nature of unsaturation. All synthetic approaches to histrionicotoxins aim at the construction of key intermediate "azaspiro[5.5]undecane ring" and installation of side chains at C-2 and C-7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Octahedral halide M 6 clusters possess a set of practically oriented properties. • The main drawback of the clusters is their severe hydrolytic instability. • Incorporation into matrix efficiently stabilizes clusters in aqueous media. • Clusters can interact with a matrix through various bond types. • Bond types realized in materials are covalent, ionic, weak, or their combination. The history of the chemistry of halide octahedral cluster complexes began long ago in the 19th century, but to this day these compounds have not lost their topicality or even become more relevant. The unique combination of useful properties of cluster compounds, including bright red phosphorescence, photosensibilization of the singlet oxygen generation process, and high radiopacity, forecasts the possibility of using such complexes in practical oriented fields. To overcome the main issue of these compounds – low hydrolytic stability, which hinders their application in real conditions, researchers are actively applying the approach of creating functional cluster-containing materials by incorporating active component into the matrices of different nature (organic, inorganic, hybrid). This approach has demonstrated significant efficiency, resulting in the accumulation of a large amount of data, and according to the analysis of literature data, this area is currently under active development. Complexes can be bound in a variety of ways, determined by the presence or absence of functional groups in the matrix/cluster, as well as by chemical transformations that occur with the cluster during material preparation. The types of binding modes include strong (ionic and covalent) and weak (hydrogen electrostatic, supramolecular, hydrophobic, etc.) interactions and combinations thereof. In addition, matrix properties (oxygen permeability, solubility/insolubility, robustness, optical transparency, luminescent properties) can significantly influence or even enhance the properties of the resulting material. The efficient stabilization of the complexes, as well as the rich variety of possible matrices, provides a wide range of different applications for these materials, only some of which have been demonstrated to date. This review aims to classify the existing synthetic approaches for the preparation of functional cluster-containing materials within the nature of the bonding of cluster units to the matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burgeoning interest in synthesis and biological applications of 1,6-naphthyridines reflects the importance of 1,6-naphthyridines in the synthetic as well as medicinal chemistry fields. Specially, 1,6-naphthyridines are pharmacologically active, with variety of applications such as anticancer, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), anti-microbial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Although collective recent synthetic developments have paved a path to a wide range of functionalized 1,6-naphthyridines, a complete correlation of synthesis with biological activity remains elusive. The current review focuses on recent synthetic developments from the last decade and a thorough study of the anticancer activity of 1,6-naphthyridines on different cancer cell lines. Anticancer activity has been correlated to 1,6-naphthyridines using the literature on the structure–activity relationship (SAR) along with molecular modeling studies. Exceptionally, at the end of this review, the utility of 1,6-naphthyridines displaying activities other than anticancer has also been included as a glimmering extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspidosperma and kopsia alkaloids are significant functional molecules because of their potent biological activities. Their intricate structures present an intrinsic synthetic challenge and thus attract significant attention from synthetic organic academic community. Over the past decades, a series of elegant strategies has been developed, in particular, the Stork's original Fischer indolization of tricyclic aminoketones 1. Herein, we report a comprehensive review on various synthetic approaches access to tricyclic aminoketones 1 and provide a practical guidance to readers whose are interested in employing tricyclic aminoketones 1 as versatile building blocks in the realm of total synthesis of aspidosperma, kopsia and structurally related alkaloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) within two specific classes of devices, namely electrochromic and photoelectrochromic, is described hereafter, with respect to its inherent properties and chromogenic features within architectures that have appeared so far, in this field. The new research trends, involving the applications of TiO2 in chromogenic materials are reported, with particular attention paid to the techniques used for film deposition as well as the synthesis of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the main studies concerning its chemical-physical properties and approaches to its chemical syntheses and fabrication are reviewed, with special regard to "green" routes. In addition, the main aspects relating to toxicological profiles are exposed, with reference to nanoparticles and thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review covers explosive development of various synthetic approaches for piperidine scaffold and its analogues in the last few decades. The piperidine ring system is a key motif in many natural alkaloids and synthetic organic compounds. Further, piperidine moiety has gained significant consideration in drug discovery due to its wide range of therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrocyclic compounds, characterized by cyclic structures, often originate from either modified forms of unicyclic canonical molecules or natural products. Within the field of medicinal chemistry, there has been a growing fascination with drug-like macrocycles in recent years, primarily due to compelling evidence indicating that macrocyclization can significantly influence both the biological and physiochemical properties, as well as the selectivity, when compared to their acyclic counterparts. The approval of contemporary pharmaceutical agents like Lorlatinib underscore the notable clinical relevance of drug-like macrocycles. Nonetheless, the synthesis of these drug-like macrocycles poses substantial challenges, primarily stemming from the complexity of ring-closing reactions, which are inherently dependent on the size and geometry of the bridging linker, impacting overall yields. Nevertheless, macrocycles offer a promising avenue for expanding the synthetic toolkit in medicinal chemistry, enabling the creation of bioactive compounds. To shed light on the subject, we delve into the clinical prowess of established macrocyclic drugs, spanning various therapeutic areas, including oncology, and infectious diseases. Case studies of clinically approved macrocyclic agents illustrate their profound impact on patient care and disease management. As we embark on this journey through the world of macrocyclic pharmaceuticals, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of their synthesis and clinical applications, shedding light on the pivotal role they play in modern medicine. [Display omitted] • A summary of FDA-approved macrocyclic pharmaceuticals is systematically provided. • The clinical applications and synthetic routes of representative macrocycles are emphasized. • Challenges and prospects are briefly discussed to guide future design of macrocyclic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalisation of ruthenium complexes with rylene diimides, a class of organic molecules based on a naphthalene scaffold connected through a peri -substitution pattern and capped by electron withdrawing imide functional groups, has grown in interest in recent years. These complexes exhibit favourable chemical, photophysical and electrochemical properties that can be combined with straightforward synthetic methodologies. These highly conjugated molecular architectures have garnered interest in various research fields, as they can be coordinated to a wide range of metal moieties. Consequently, such assemblies can promote absorption of visible light and improve the efficacy of their respective compounds for use in various applications. This Review focusses on the current state of research and developments in the field of ruthenium naphthalene diimides (Ru-NDIs) and ruthenium perylene diimides (Ru-PDIs). It provides an overview of the photophysical and electrochemical properties, potential applications, and synthetic approaches for the core expansion of ruthenium naphthalene and perylene diimides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review highlighted the synthesis and biological activities of bicyclic pyridines integrated steroid hybrid. The synthetic approaches, the proposed mechanisms, and biological activities were described. [Display omitted] • A comprehensive review on steroidal bicyclic pyridines. • Synthetic strategies for the annulation of binary and fused heterosteroids. • The proposed mechanisms were discussed for the synthesis of bicyclic systems. • Diverse biological activities and SAR's of steroidal bicyclic pyridines. Reports on structural modification of heterosteroids through various reactions, and developed synthetic routes have considerably increased over the last decade. The present review encompasses the applicable approaches dealing with the utility of reactive moieties in various steroids for the synthesis of fused bicyclic pyridines, and binary bicyclic pyridines all over the years. The different sections include the synthesis of steroids-fused, and binary quinolines, pyridopyrimidines, imidazopyridines, spirocyclic imidazopyridines, pyrazolopyridines, thienopyridines, pyridinyl-thiazoles, and tetrazolopyridine hybrids, as well as, the diverse biological applications of these heterocyclic steroids. The researchers' interest was principally focused on investigating the flexibility of synthetic strategies for various derivatives of natural steroids and building proposals based on heterocyclic steroids for drug discovery, biological assessments, and synthetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review aims to retrace the main stages of the development of the chemistry of α-type zirconium monohydrogen phosphate layered compound (α-ZrP) from the earlier studies on its structure up to date, gathering the most significant papers on synthetic approaches and applications. The review provides, for the first time, a rational description of the procedures for the synthesis of α-ZrP and for the control of the particle morphology, especially their aspect ratio. Two sections are dedicated to the synthesis of α-ZrP, one dealing with the traditional approaches based on the use of Zr(IV) water soluble complexes and on the crystallization of amorphous precipitates, the other one focused on alternative synthetic methods. Attention is also focused on the synthesis of ZrP organic derivatives, among them surface modified ZrP compounds, phosphonates and organophosphates. Finally, the last section reviews the most representative applications of α-ZrP and its organic derivatives in the field of polymer nanocomposites and biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) within two specific classes of devices, namely electrochromic and photoelectrochromic, is described hereafter, with respect to its inherent properties and chromogenic features within architectures that have appeared so far, in this field. The new research trends, involving the applications of TiO2 in chromogenic materials are reported, with particular attention paid to the techniques used for film deposition as well as the synthesis of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the main studies concerning its chemical-physical properties and approaches to its chemical syntheses and fabrication are reviewed, with special regard to “green” routes. In addition, the main aspects relating to toxicological profiles are exposed, with reference to nanoparticles and thin films.

The interest of organoboron chemistry in organic synthesis is growing, together with the development of new and versatile polyborated reagents. Here, the preparation of 1,1,1-tri(boryl)alkanes, 1,2,3-tri(boryl)alkanes, 1,1,2-tri(boryl)alkanes, as well as 1,1,2-tri(boryl)alkenes as suitable and accessible polyborated systems is demonstrated as being easily applied in the construction of new carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Synthetic procedures and limitations have been collected to demonstrate the powerful strategies to construct selective molecules, taking advantages of the easy transformation of carbon-boron bond in multiple functionalities, under the total control of chemo- and stereoselectivity.

Gorgonian corals, which belong to the genus Eunicella, are known as natural sources of diverse compounds with unique structural characteristics and interesting bioactivities both in vitro and in vivo. This review is focused primarily on the secondary metabolites isolated from various Eunicella species. The chemical structures of 64 compounds were divided into three main groups and comprehensively presented: a) terpenoids, b) sterols, and c) alkaloids and nucleosides. The observed biological activities of depicted metabolites with an impact on cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities were reviewed. The most promising biological activities of certain metabolites point to potential candidates for further development in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries, and are highlighted. Total synthesis or the synthetic approaches towards the desired skeletons or natural products are also summarized.

Quindoline is one of the simplest naturally occurring monomeric indoloquinoline alkaloids. Chemists exhibited interest in this compound before it was isolated from a natural source. The different approaches toward the total synthesis of the natural product and its performance in various biological tests are discussed. Aspects related to the isolation of quindoline from different ethnomedicinally relevant plants around the world are also reviewed. 1 Introduction 2 Isolation and Biogenetic Considerations 3 Total Syntheses of Quindoline 3.1 Early Synthetic Studies 3.2 Syntheses from Benzenoids 3.3 Syntheses from Indoles 3.4 Syntheses from Quinolines 4 Biological Activity Studies 5 Conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The metal-support interactions for the construction of heterogeneous single-atom nanomaterials (HSANs) are proposed. • The sensors based on electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, catalytic colorimetry, photoelectrochemistry and synergetic sensing of HSANs are summarized. • The functional mechanism and structure–activity relationship of active center in HSANs are highlighted. The heterogeneous single-atom nanomaterials (HSANs) are being increasingly embodied in the field of sensors due to their excellent performance on improving sensitivity based on the active centers formed by the metal-support interaction and the high metal utilization efficiency. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the metal-support interactions during the process of HSANs construction, including the interactions between metal single-atom and laminar carbon-based nanomaterials, MOFs/MOFs-derived nanomaterials, metal oxidation/sulfide nanomaterials, and metal nanomaterials. These metal-support interactions contribute to the functional characteristics of HSANs due to the adjustable active centers such as M–N x , M–O x , and M–S x , which lay good foundation for sensor applications. Then, the sensors based on electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, catalytic colorimetry, photoelectrochemistry and the synergetic sensing of active centers in HSANs are summarized. The well-defined active centers constructed by the metal-support interaction are also highlighted to elucidate the functional mechanism and structure–activity relationship in sensors. Finally, challenges and opportunities on further applications of HSANs in sensors are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Comprehensive description of the synthetic strategies to rational design of MOFs. • Overview on MOF-catalyzed different C–N cross-coupling reactions with illustrative mechanistic routes. • Fundamental demonstration on the structural stability and recyclability of MOFs in C–N cross-coupling reactions. • Comparative study of MOFs with other porous materials. • The future direction of MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts for C–N cross-coupling. Scientific and industrial concern on the rational design of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has marked an escalating trend in recent years and rejuvenated. The emergence of C–N cross-coupling reactions gains huge attention for the production of nitrogen-functionalized molecules in value-added pharmaceuticals, tailor-made therapeutics, smart optoelectronic devices, energy harvesting functional materials, etc. Recently, MOF-mediated C–N cross-coupling reactions hold a great promise to replace homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts owing to promising structural features like intriguing porous framework, large catalytic sites and surface area, adequate framework stability, flexible organic linkers, minimal leaching, and easy recyclability. At first, the importance of MOFs and MOFs catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reactions and their beneficial roles over homogeneous and a limited number of other heterogeneous catalysts are fundamentally introduced. Then, the state-of-the-art synthetic approaches for pristine and decorated MOFs are comprehensively reviewed and discussed. The emergence of MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts has been critically analyzed and illuminated with an overview of the mechanistic aspects in various C–N cross-coupling reactions namely Ullmann coupling, Chan-Lam coupling, Buchwald-Hartwig amination, C–H activation and aziridination reactions. Thereafter, different structural parameters conferring the stability and recyclability of the MOFs in the cross-coupling reactions are enumerated. Finally, we forecast the future perspectives on MOFs catalyzed C–N cross-coupling reactions and associated challenges to establish the practical applicability of the catalyst at the industrial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we deliberate the recent progress and innovative modifications which were carried out during the last ten years as commonly employed methods for the conversion of biomass and related feedstocks into carbon nanosystems. Several highlighted methods are described in individual sections comprising: the type of nanomaterial processing, experimental conditions and factors affecting the yield and the characteristics of the final product. We have reconnoitred the applicability of specific feedstocks, advantages and drawbacks of the methods used for the conversion of biomass waste. A remarkable focus has been made to explore synthesis of graphene and graphene-like porous materials (with specific surface area greater than 1000 m2 g−1) which were derived from biomass. Their prospective applications dedicated to smart materials and cutting-edge technologies are also described in each section. To maintain the readability and cover the previous stimulating works on carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass, the first section of this review recaps the present status of carbon nanomaterials derived from biomass and related precursors, chiefly for the application in electrochemical devices, catalysis, sensing, absorbent along with an ample bibliography for further reading. We believe that vast scientific data in this state-of-the-art, simple explanations with schematic diagrams and key future challenges will provide a solid platform to readers about the update in carbon materials derived from biomass waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This up-to-date review describes the design, fabrication approaches, properties and applications that have been employed in the field of hydrophobically decorated polyelectrolytes (HD-PEs), used as functionalized building blocks for speciality materials with tuneable features. These include, in particular, synthetic strategies for modification/hydrophobization of polyelectrolytes, self-organization of HD-PEs in aqueous systems, adsorption phenomena and applications in the field of surface chemistry. Rationally engineered HD-PEs can be achieved via either step-growth copolymerization of different reactive end groups of monomers, followed by appropriate post-synthesis treatment or as a result of decoration of a given polymer backbone with hydrophobic side groups. The influence of HD-PEs' chemical structure on their self-assembling and interfacial properties is dependent on the overall hydrophobicity, i.e. length, number and type of side chains stretched out to charged segment, number, type and strength of ionizable groups. We also conclude that the linking entity structure (ester, secondary amide, etc.) between the hydrophobic side chain and the charged polyelectrolyte backbone in the tailor-made HD-PEs plays a crucial role in self-aggregation behaviour in water and at interfaces. The examples of the unique ability of HD-PEs to adsorb at hydrophilic and hydrophobic interfaces is discussed considering the effect of the self-aggregation on the interfacial properties. [Display omitted] • Synthetic strategies for the modification of polyelectrolytes with hydrophobic pendant groups. • Hydrophobically decorated polyelectrolytes: chemical structure, hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, self-assembly phenomena. • Crucial role of functional group linking opposite fragments is achieving polymeric materials sensitive to external factors. • The design of tailor-made HD-PEs for the development of polyelectrolyte-based materials adjusted to the required functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The review presents the current trends and developmental approaches for enhanced BC production. [•] The need, developmental stages, and modern approaches for BC composites synthesis have been compiled. [•] Further, the review covers the classes, applications and future prospects of BC composites. [•] This review provides ideas for future development of BC composites for numerous applications with novel strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]