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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The harvesting process is a current challenge for the commercial production of microalgae because the biomass is diluted in the culture medium. Several methods have been proposed to harvest microalgae cells, but there is not a consensus about the optimum method for such application. Herein, the methods based on sedimentation, flocculation, and centrifugation were evaluated on the recovery of Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium. C. sorokiniana BR001 was cultivated using a low-nitrogen medium to trigger the accumulation of neutral lipids and neutral carbohydrates. The biomass of C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a total lipid content of 1.9 times higher (23.8 ± 4.5%) when compared to the biomass produced in a high-nitrogen medium (12.3 ± 1.2%). In addition, the biomass of the BR001 strain cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a high content of neutral carbohydrates (52.1 ± 1.5%). The natural sedimentation-based process was evaluated using a sedimentation column, and it was concluded that C. sorokiniana BR001 is a non-flocculent strain. Therefore, it was evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ferric sulfate (0.005 to 1 g L-1) or aluminum sulfate (0.025 to 0.83 g L-1) on the flocculation process of C. sorokiniana BR001, but high doses of flocculant agents were required for an efficient harvest of biomass. It was evaluated the centrifugation at low speed (300 to 3,000 g) as well, and it was possible to conclude that this process was the most adequate to harvest the non-flocculent strain C. sorokiniana BR001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal is the property of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Os episódios de chuva levam ao aumento da vazão do corpo hídrico e ao consequente incremento de poluição por vias difusa devido ao carreamento de particulado pelo escoamento superficial. A forma como os elementos nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P) se encontram no sistema aquático define o tipo de interações que podem ocorrer com eles ou a partir deles em um corpo d´água. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar N e P nas formas dissolvida e particulada, em amostras de um evento de chuva, a fim de verificar em qual fração são predominantes. Foram testados os métodos de separação por filtração e centrifugação. A área de estudo foi a Bacia do Rio Barigui, em dois pontos de monitoramento na porção norte da bacia. Os resultados indicaram que o P está predominante na fração particulada, e que o N está predominante na fração dissolvida, devido às forças de interação e solubilidade desses elementos. Além disso, o método da filtração mostrou-se mais eficiente na separação das frações do que o método da centrifugação. Desta forma, o entendimento desta dinâmica corrobora com o determinado em legislação, contudo medidas de controle de poluição por vias difusas e seus impactos na qualidade da água devem ser refinados para a melhoria dos instrumentos de gestão de recursos hídricos.

PRP is an autologous product derived from the whole blood of the animal, in it we find high platelet concentration with several growth factors. The classic method for obtaining it is by collecting the blood in tubes with anticoagulant followed for a process of two centrifugations. It has been used as a catalyst in cicatricial processes in various tissues such as the chondral, ligamentous, tendinous, bony, muscular and bony. The present work dealt with a bibliographical research in which it was carried out through the consultation of periodicals, books and oline databases. This study aimed to show by means of a literature review the effectiveness of PRP in inflammatory diseases such as tendinitis / defibrillation in the equine species, as well as to determine the best method of obtaining and how to use it in the different diseases, arriving at a conclusion that a concentration of 300,000 platelets / µL for PRP to be satisfactory in inflammatory treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal is the property of Revista Brasileira de Reproducao Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relation between the cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) dynamic properties and the centrifugation G force applied on their purification process was investigated using the depolarized dynamic light scattering technic. Samples containing CNC were prepared using sulfuric acid hydrolysis and centrifugated on the following G forces: 1840, 4140, 7370, 11510 e 16580. The translational and rotational diffusion coefficients were determined for the different samples, from these values, the CNC widths (d) and lengths (L) were calculated. The values for the d and L lied from 213 ± 10 nm to 294 ± 14 nm and 4,4 ± 1,2 nm to 9,5 ± 2,0nm, respectively. The results agree with the the literature, confirming the applicability of the technic on the study of NCC dynamic properties in aqueous suspensions. There was no significant variation on the values of L by the increment on the G force within the studied interval. On the other hand, d reduced with the G force increase for values above 7370.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To quantify the platelet concentration in the blood of SHR rats, by means of different centrifugation protocols, and to evaluate what the most effective method for obtaining platelets is. METHODS: We used 40 male rats of the isogenic SHR lineage. The animals were divided into three groups: control, using whole blood without centrifugation; single centrifugation, using whole blood subjected to a single centrifugation at 200 × gand 400 × g; and double centrifugation, using whole blood subjected one centrifugation at different rotations, followed by collection of whole plasma subjected to another centrifugation at different rotations: 200 × g+ 200 ×g; 200 × g+ 400 × g; 200 × g+ 800 × g; 400 ×g+ 400 × g; 400 × g+ 800 × g. Samples of 3 ml of blood were drawn from each animal by means of cardiac puncture. The blood was stored in Vacutainer collection tubes containing 3.2% sodium citrate. The blood from the control group animals was analyzed without being subjected to centrifugation. After the blood from the other groups of animals had been subjected to centrifugation, the whole plasma was collected and subjected to platelet counting in the lower third of the sample. RESULTS: We obtained greatest platelet enrichment in the subgroup with two centrifugations comprising 400 × gfor 10 min + 400 ×gfor 10 min, in which the mean platelet concentration was 11.30 times higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: It was possible to obtain a high platelet concentration using viable simple techniques, by means of centrifugation of whole blood and use of commonly used materials. The most effective method for obtaining platelet concentrate was found in samples subjected to two centrifugations.

ResumoAs tecnologias empregadas para o processamento mínimo visam à obtenção de produtos frescos, convenientes, com segurança microbiológica e ótima qualidade sensorial. A laranja 'Pêra' é a variedade mais produzida no estado de São Paulo e a mais consumida no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficiência de métodos de sanificação e de eliminação do excesso de líquidos para o processamento mínimo de laranja 'Pêra', na forma de tiras. As laranjas foram selecionadas, lavadas e descascadas manualmente usando-se tratamento hidrotérmico (50°C por 8 minutos). Em seguida, foram cortadas em tiras, acondicionadas em sacos de tela de poliamida e submetidas a métodos de sanificação com diferentes aplicações de cloro e de eliminação do excesso de líquidos. Após a realização dos tratamentos, as tiras foram colocadas em bandejas plásticas (PET) e armazenadas a 5°C por 12 dias. A centrifugação por 10 segundos reduziu o acúmulo de líquidos nas bandejas durante o armazenamento refrigerado e manteve a aparência da laranja minimamente processada. A drenagem e a centrifugação aumentaram os níveis de contagem microbiana, mas quando foi usada a sanificação em combinação com esses tratamentos houve redução significativa na microbiota contaminante.

Resumo O tangor ‘Murcott’ é uma das variedades de tangerina mais produzidas no Estado de São Paulo. Apresenta excelente qualidade sensorial e sabor intenso e mais doce do que a tangerina ‘Ponkan’, sendo, dessa forma, um produto com potencial para o mercado de frutos minimamente processados. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos dos tipos de corte e dos métodos de sanificação e de eliminação do excesso de líquidos na qualidade de tangor ‘Murcott’ minimamente processado. Num primeiro experimento, os frutos foram cortados em metades, tiras e cubos. No segundo experimento, foram estudados os efeitos dos métodos de sanificação com cloro e de eliminação do excesso de líquidos. Os cortes em metades e em tiras apresentaram maiores teores de ácido ascórbico no final do armazenamento. O teor de sólidos solúveis não diferiu entre os cortes. O corte em tiras apresentou teores baixos de acidez titulável e elevada relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável. A eliminação do excesso de líquidos não afetou a aparência do produto minimamente processado e a sanificação com cloro não afetou o sabor. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram baixos níveis de contaminação microbiana nas condições do presente estudo. O melhor tipo de corte foi o de tiras. A sanificação após o corte, bem como a eliminação do excesso de líquidos, mostraram-se dispensáveis no processamento mínimo de tangor ‘Murcott’ em tiras, nas condições do presente estudo.

Foram avaliados os efeitos da centrifugação associada ao uso de dois diluentes na manutenção da viabilidade espermática em tatus-peba (Euphractus sexcinctus) ao longo do teste de termorresistência (TTR). Amostras de sêmen (n=12), oriundas de 04 machos adultos coletados por eletroejaculação, foram divididas em quatro alíquotas, sendo duas imediatamente diluídas em Tris ou água de coco em pó (ACP-119(r)), e as outras duas centrifugadas (800g10min-1) previamente à diluição. As amostras foram incubadas a 34°C por 3h, e os parâmetros seminais avaliados em intervalos de 1h. Em termos gerais, verificou-se uma redução da viscosidade espermática imediata à diluição em ambos os diluentes, independente do uso da centrifugação. Aos 60 minutos, verificou-se uma redução dos parâmetros avaliados (P0,05). Ainda, verificou-se um efeito deletério da centrifugação sobre a qualidade do sêmen de tatus-peba durante todo o teste de termorresistência. Nas condições do presente estudo, conclui-se que o diluente Tris mostrou-se superior ao ACP-119(r) para a manutenção da viabilidade do sêmen de tatus-peba, sendo desnecessária a realização de centrifugação prévia à diluição.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade de concentração plaquetária e sua correlação com os níveis do fator de crescimento TGF-B1, a presença de leucócitos e de hemácias nos diferentes protocolos utilizados na obtenção do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) de equinos, através do método manual. Dez equinos, sadios, com idade média de 7 anos (±2,39), pesando em média 500kg (±67,1) foram utilizados neste estudo. Os protocolos testados variaram na velocidade e no tempo nas duas centrifugações. As variáveis analisadas nas amostras de PRP foram: concentração de plaquetas, presença de leucócitos e hemácias, e níveis de TGF-β1 quantificados pelo teste ELISA. Os protocolos testados não diferiram na capacidade de concentração de plaquetas e nos níveis de TGF-β1. Entretanto, houve diferença significava entre o protocolo I e os demais por este apresentar maior número de hemácias e leucócitos nas amostras de PRP, sendo por esse motivo considerado um protocolo inadequado para processamento do volume de sangue utilizado. Os demais protocolos podem ser utilizados para obtenção de PRP terapêutico em equinos.PRP is plasma that contains a high numbers of platelets and growth factors in a small volume. The aim of this study was to evaluate seven different protocols to obtain PRP by the manual method according to their capacity to concentrate platelets, leukocyte and erythrocyte contamination and correlation between platelet count and TGF-β1 growth factor levels in PRP samples. Ten healthy horses with a mean age of 7 years (±2.39), weighing on average 500 kg (±67.1) were used in this study. The protocols tested varied according to the speed and time used at the two centrifugations. PRP samples were analyzed regarding platelet concentration, leukocyte and erythrocyte contamination and TGF-β1 levels quantified by ELISA. No significant differences among protocols were observed regarding the ability to concentrate platelets and TGF-β1. However, protocol I showed significantly higher erythrocyte and leukocyte counts in PRP samples than the other protocols, reason why it was considered inadequate for the volume of blood processed in this experiment. The remaining protocols are suitable for extracting PRP.

O Plasma Rico em Plaquetas (PRP) é um preparado do sangue total que contém diversos fatores de crescimento responsáveis pela proliferação e diferenciação celular, angiogênese, como também pelo aumento da produção da matriz extracelular. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar 10 protocolos diferentes de centrifugação para obtenção de PRP a partir do sangue total de equinos hígidos. Para isso foram utilizadas 10 amostras de 27mL de sangue total de cinco animais, as quais foram centrifugadas conforme cada protocolo proposto. Os resultados revelaram que os protocolos com menor força de centrifugação relativa resultaram em maior (p0,05) influência do tempo de centrifugação em relação a essa variável. A influência do tempo foi observada apenas no número de leucócitos em protocolos com menor força de centrifugação relativa (FCR). Os quatro melhores protocolos, que obtiveram as maiores concentrações de plaquetas, foram submetidos à análise pelo teste de ELISA para dosar a quantidade de TGF-β que não revelou diferença (p>0,05) entre os protocolos.

Artificial insemination is routinely used in the swine industry to reduce the costs of production through to increase the efficiency of the refrigerated boar semen process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of cysteine (CYS) added to the Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) extender semen during cooling for up to 72 hours. Ejaculated from three boars were collected with the gloved-hand technique and semen aliquots were diluted in BTS as follow: BTS only (BTS), BTS + 0.1mM cysteine (CYS0.1), BTS + 0.5mM cysteine (CYS0.5), BTS + 1.0mM cysteine (CYS1.0), BTS + 2.5mM cysteine (CYS2.5), BTS + 5.0mM cysteine (CYS5.0), BTS + 10.0mM cysteine (CYS10.0), and BTS + 20.0mM cysteine (CYS20.0). Evaluation of sperm integrity were analyzed using 0.5mg/ml propidium iodide (plasma membrane), 100µg/ml isothiocynate-conjugated Pisum sativun agglutinin (acrosomal membrane) and 153µM 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl carbocyanine iodide (mitochondria potential) after semen dilution at specific times (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours). Additionally, we also evaluated the effects of 5.0 mM CYS addition in the BTS extender on the maintenance of sperm quality and their influence on fertility in the swine production. After artificial insemination, animals were evaluated based on the estrous return and the number of piglet's born. Cysteine at concentrations of 10.0 and 20.0mM resulted in more pronounced reductions even at the time zero. Semen viability decreased to levels below 10% at these high levels of CYS in the first 24 hour of storage at 17ºC. At the end of the storage time, less than 65% of sperm cells had intact plasma membrane in all groups. The sperm viability decreased significantly when the semen was added at high concentrations of CYS (time "0"; CYS10.0 and CYS20.0; p

The objective of the present study was to determine the sperm enrichment with X-bearing spermatozoa, after one centrifugation in a Percoll or OptiPrep continuous density gradient, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of sperm DNA and resultant in vitro-produced bovine embryos by PCR. Frozen/thawed sperm was layered on density gradients and the tubes were centrifuged. Supernatants were gently aspirated and the sperm recovered from the bottom of the tubes. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were determined through in vitro production of embryos and PCR was performed to identify the embryos' genetic sex. A difference in blastocyst rate was found in the Percoll treatment compared to OptiPrep (P

No sentido de desenvolver uma alternativa ao processo convencional de centrifugação realizou-se neste trabalho um estudo da microfiltração para clarificar o suco tropical de maracujá. A influência da pressão transmembrana e do pré-tratamento enzimático do suco, foram estudadas no processo de clarificação por microfiltração. Os ensaios de clarificação por microfiltração do suco tropical de maracujá foram realizados numa unidade de microfiltração construída em aço inox. As membranas cerâmicas usadas apresentam diâmetro médio de corte de 0,3 e 0,8 µm. Os níveis de pressão transmembrana foram de 1,0 e 3,0 bar num processo isotérmico a 35°C. Os níveis de concentração de enzima Cytrozym Ultra L utilizados no pré-tratamento do suco foram de 100 e 200 ppm. A condição de microfiltração que resultou num suco de boa qualidade foi com a membrana de 0,3 µm operada a 1,0 bar com suco pré-tratado com 100 ppm de enzima. Nesta condição, obteve-se fluxo de permeado igual 56 kg h-1 m-2 e obtendo-se 100% na redução de sólidos em suspensão e 97% na redução da turbidez. Comparativamente o processo de centrifugação com o mesmo suco apresentou resultados praticamente equivalentes, mas com uma redução de sólidos suspensos inferior a de 100% observada para a microfiltração, sendo a obtenção de um suco isento de partículas suspensas, um dos principais objetivos deste trabalho.

No sentido de desenvolver uma alternativa ao processo convencional decentrifugacao realizou-se neste trabalho um estudo da microfiltracao para clarificar o suco tropical de maracuja. A influencia da pressao transmembrana e do pre-tratamento enzimatico do suco, foram estudadas no processo de clarificacao por microfiltracao. Os ensaios de clarificacao por microfiltracao do suco tropical de maracuja foram realizados numa unidade de microfiltracao construida em aco inox. As membranas ceramicas usadas apresentam diametro medio de corte de 0,3 e 0,8 ƒÊm. Os niveis de pressao transmembrana foram de 1,0 e 3,0 bar num processo isotermico a 35oC. Os niveis de concentracao de enzima Cytrozym Ultra L utilizados no pre-tratamento do suco foram de 100 e 200 ppm. A condicao de microfiltracao que resultou num suco de boa qualidade foi com a membrana de 0,3 ƒÊm operada a 1,0 bar com suco pre-tratado com 100 ppm de enzima. Nesta condicao, obteve-se fluxo de permeado igual 56 kg h-1 m-2 e obtendo-se 100% na reducao de solidosem suspensao e 97% na reducao da turbidez. Comparativamente o processo de centrifugacao com o mesmo suco apresentou resultados praticamente equivalentes, mas com uma reducao de solidos suspensos inferior a de 100% observada para a microfiltracao, sendo a obtencao de um suco isento de particulas suspensas, um dos principais objetivosdeste trabalho.Aiming at n alternative to the conventional centrifuge process of clarification, this work presents a study of the microfiltration processes to clarify the tropical juice of passion fruit. The influence of transmembrane pressure and the enzyme pre-treatment of the juice were studied in the process of clarification by microfiltration. Tests of microfiltration for clarification of tropical juice of passion fruit were performed in a microfiltration unit built in stainless steel. The ceramic membranes used have diameter cut-off 0.3 and 0.8 ƒÊm. The levels of transmembrane pressureinvestigated were 1.0 and 3.0 bar in an isothermal process at 35oC. The concentrations of Cytrozym Ultra L enzymes used in the pre-treatment of the juice were 100 and 200 ppm. The condition that resulted into a better quality of micro filtered juice was with membrane of 0.3 ƒÊm at 1.0 bar operated with juice pre-treated with 100 ppm of enzyme. In this condition, a permeate flow equal to 56 kg h-1 m-2 was obtained and resulting in 100% reduction of solid matter and 97% reduction in turbidity. The process of centrifugation with the same juice showed equivalent results, but the reduction of suspended solids was lower than the observed for microfiltration. The microfiltration allowed obtaining a juice free of suspended particles, which was the objective of this work.

Avaliou-se o efeito da centrifugação sobre a viabilidade do sêmen canino e compararam-se três meios de diluição pré-centrifugação. Utilizaram-se 10 ejaculados completos de 10 cães que, após a avaliação inicial, foram divididos em quatro porções (grupos). Uma das amostras, não centrifugada, formou o grupo-controle; as outras foram diluídas em três diferentes meios e centrifugadas a 800 x g por 15 minutos, formando os grupos: CPSA - constituído por sêmen centrifugado em plasma seminal autólogo; CLG - sêmen centrifugado em meio à base de leite desnatado e glicose (LG); e CPer- sêmen centrifugado em gradientes de Percoll (45% e 90%). Após a centrifugação e a eliminação do sobrenadante, procedeu-se à ressuspensão de todas as porções do ejaculado em LG e à imediata avaliação quanto à motilidade, vigor, aglutinação espermática e integridade das membranas espermáticas. Todas as suspensões foram, então, incubadas a 37ºC por 30 minutos e reavaliadas. O processo de centrifugação não causou danos aos espermatozoides e a centrifugação em meio LG melhorou a viabilidade espermática.The effect of the centrifugation process on canine sperm viability was evaluated using three different precentrifugation extenders in the process. After an initial evaluation, ten complete ejaculates from ten dogs were used and subdivided in four groups. One sample of semen was not centrifuged and was used as control and the remaining samples of semen were diluted in three different extenders and centrifuged at 800 x g per 15 minutes, performing groups: CPSA- centrifuged in autologous seminal fluid, CLGcentrifuged in skim milk plus glucose extender (LG), and CPer- centrifuged under Percoll gradient (45% and 90%). After centrifugation, the resulting pellets were diluted in LG and evaluated for motility, viability, sperm agglutination, and spermatic membrane integrity. All the samples were incubated at 37ºC for 30 minutes and the evaluations were performed again. Centrifugation procedures did not induce damage to canine spermatozoa and samples centrifuged and diluted in skim milk plus glucose extender remained with better viability.

ABSTRACT: Three commercial kits of One-Step RT-qPCR were evaluated for the molecular diagnosis of Canine Distemper Virus. Using the kit that showed better performance, two systems of Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assays were tested and compared for analytical sensitivity to Canine Distemper Virus RNA detection: a One-Step RT-qPCR (system A) and a One-Step RT-qPCR combined with NESTED-qPCR (system B). Limits of detection for both systems were determined using a serial dilution of Canine Distemper Virus synthetic RNA or a positive urine sample. In addition, the same urine sample was tested using samples with prior centrifugation or ultracentrifugation. Commercial kits of One-Step RT-qPCR assays detected canine distemper virus RNA in 10 (100%) urine samples from symptomatic animals tested. The One-Step RT-qPCR kit that showed better results was used to evaluate the analytical sensitivity of the A and B systems. Limit of detection using synthetic RNA for the system A was 11 RNA copies µL-1 and 110 RNA copies µl-1 for first round System B. The second round of the NESTED-qPCR for System B had a limit of detection of 11 copies µl-1. Relationship between Ct values and RNA concentration was linear. The RNA extracted from the urine dilutions was detected in dilutions of 10-3 and10-2 by System A and B respectively. Urine centrifugation increased the analytical sensitivity of the test and proved to be useful for routine diagnostics. The One-Step RT-qPCR is a fast, sensitive and specific method for canine distemper routine diagnosis and research projects that require sensitive and quantitative methodology.

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three commercial kits of One-Step RT-qPCR were evaluated for the molecular diagnosis of Canine Distemper Virus. Using the kit that showed better performance, two systems of Realtime RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assays were tested and compared for analytical sensitivity to Canine Distemper Virus RNA detection: a One-Step RT-qPCR (system A) and a One-Step RT-qPCR combined with NESTED-qPCR (system B). Limits of detection for both systems were determined using a serial dilution of Canine Distemper Virus synthetic RNA or a positive urine sample. In addition, the same urine sample was tested using samples with prior centrifugation or ultracentrifugation. Commercial kits of One-Step RT-qPCR assays detected canine distemper virus RNA in 10 (100%) urine samples from symptomatic animals tested. The One-Step RT-qPCR kit that showed better results was used to evaluate the analytical sensitivity of the A and B systems. Limit of detection using synthetic RNA for the system A was 11 RNA copies μL-1 and 110 RNA copies μl-1 for first round System B. The second round of the NESTED-qPCR for System B had a limit of detection of 11 copies μl-1. Relationship between Ct values and RNA concentration was linear. The RNA extracted from the urine dilutions was detected in dilutions of 10-3 and10-2 by System A and B respectively. Urine centrifugation increased the analytical sensitivity of the test and proved to be useful for routine diagnostics. The One-Step RTqPCR is a fast, sensitive and specific method for canine distemper routine diagnosis and research projects that require sensitive and quantitative methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A curva de retenção de água do solo é essencial para o estudo das relações solo-água. A escolha do número e da combinação de pontos a serem levantados para o seu traçado normalmente é feita de forma arbitrária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir o menor número e a melhor combinação de pontos de tensão que resultem na descrição da curva de retenção de água de solos do Cerrado. Utilizaram-se cinco curvas de retenção de diferentes solos como referência, cada uma com 15 pontos medidos pelo método da centrífuga e ajustada ao modelo de Genuchten. A partir desses 15 pontos, 385 curvas foram geradas para cada solo, com seis, sete, oito e nove pontos, a fim de serem comparadas com a curva de referência. A análise da distribuição estatística da soma de quadrados dos erros padronizados, entre as curvas geradas e as respectivas curvas de referência, permitiu definir um modelo de probabilidade que serviu como instrumento para a escolha das melhores combinações de pontos de tensão. A combinação definida pelos oito valores de tensão de 1, 3, 6, 10, 35, 84, 611 e 1.515 kPa é a recomendada para o levantamento das curvas de retenção de água de solos do Cerrado.Soil-water retention curve is essential in studying soil-water relations. The choice of the number and the combination of the tension points for describing soil-water retention curve is usually done in an arbitrary manner. The objective of this work was to define the least number and the best combination of the necessary tension points to describe the adequate soil-water retention curve of Cerrado soils. Five soil-water retention curves from different soils were utilized and taken as a reference, each one described with 15 points, measured by the centrifuge method and fitted with Genuchten model. For each soil sample, 385 curves were generated with six, seven, eight, and nine points, in order to be compared with the reference curve. The statistical distribution analysis of the sum of the normalized square error between the generated curves and the respective reference curve allowed defining a probability model that was used as a tool for choosing the best combinations of the tension points. The combination defined by the eight tension values of 1, 3, 6, 10, 35, 84, 611 e 1.515 kPa is recommended for describing soil-water retention curve for Cerrado soils.

The effects of the centrifugation associated to the use of two extenders on the viability of six-banded armadillo's (Euphractus sexcinctus) sperm were evaluated during a thermo resistance test (TRT). Semen samples (n=12) derived from 04 stud males collected by electroejaculation were divided in four aliquots; two of that were immediately diluted in Tris or powdered coconut water (ACP-119®); the two others were centrifuged (800g 10min-1) prior to the dilution. Samples were incubated at 34°C per 3h, and the semen parameters were evaluated at each hour. In general, dilution promoted a reduction in semen viscosity in the use of both diluents using centrifugation or not. At 60min, a decrease was verified for all semen parameters (P<0.05), however they were better preserved in the use of Tris when compared to ACP-119® (P<0.05) up to 120min. After that, both diluents equated. In addition, centrifugation procedure presented a deleterious effect on the armadillo s semen quality during all the thermoresistance test. In the present conditions, conclude that Tris extender is more efficient than ACP-119® for the preservation of six-banded armadillo semen viability, and the previous centrifugation is unnecessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O objetivo deste estudo foi separar espermatozoides bovinos portadores do cromossomo X pela centrifugação em gradiente de densidade contínuo de Percoll e OptiPrep, e validar a sexagem pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), dos embriões produzidos in vitro. Para a sexagem, espermatozoides descongelados foram depositados nos gradientes de densidade, previamente preparados, em tubos de poliestireno, 24 horas antes da sexagem e mantidos a 4°C. Centrifugou-se a 500 x g por quinze minutos a 22°C. Os sobrenadantes foram aspirados, e os espermatozoides recuperados do fundo dos tubos. Avaliaram-se a viabilidade e a integridade dos espermatozoides pela coloração Azul de Tripan/Giemsa e determinou-se a taxa de clivagem e de blastocisto pela produção in vitro dos embriões, identificando-se o sexo genético deste embriões pela PCR. Não foram detectados danos à viabilidade e à integridade acrossomal, nem nas taxas de clivagem e de blastocistos no grupo Percoll e OptiPrep em comparação com o grupo não centrifugado (P>0,05). A porcentagem de embriões fêmeas no grupo Percoll e OptiPrep foi de 63% e 47,6%, respectivamente, e no grupo controle foi de 48,7%. Houve um desvio na proporção sexual no gradiente de Percoll, sem redução da viabilidade espermática e das taxas de produção in vitro. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Bovino, centrifugação, espermatozoides X, produção in vitro de embriões, PCR.

PRP is plasma that contains a high numbers of platelets and growth factors in a small volume. The aim of this study was to evaluate seven different protocols to obtain PRP by the manual method according to their capacity to concentrate platelets, leukocyte and erythrocyte contamination and correlation between platelet count and TGF-β1 growth factor levels in PRP samples. Ten healthy horses with a mean age of 7 years (±2.39), weighing on average 500 kg (±67.1) were used in this study. The protocols tested varied according to the speed and time used at the two centrifugations. PRP samples were analyzed regarding platelet concentration, leukocyte and erythrocyte contamination and TGF-β1 levels quantified by ELISA. No significant differences among protocols were observed regarding the ability to concentrate platelets and TGF-β1 . However, protocol I showed significantly higher erythrocyte and leukocyte counts in PRP samples than the other protocols, reason why it was considered inadequate for the volume of blood processed in this experiment. The remaining protocols are suitable for extracting PRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article measures the sperm development in adult bulls through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The study was performed on semen extracted from bulls and cow embryos, which were classified based on being applied by either Percoll or OptiPrep density gradient. Results prove that sexing sperm through either Percoll or OptiPrep gradients can enhance the birth process of cattle.