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The article discusses the development and implementation of international health regulations in response to pandemics. Topics explored include the leadership of the World Health Organization (WHO) with regard to global health security, the adoption of the 1951 International Sanitary Regulations by WHO members for disease control and surveillance, and the emergency response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Copyright of Revue Quebecoise de Droit International is the property of Revue quebecoise de droit international and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research in Educational & Human Sciences Arts & Languages is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Online Social Networks (OSNs) incorporate different forms of interactive communication, including microblogging services, multimedia sharing, business networking, and so on. They allow users to create profiles, connect with friends, and share their daily activities and thoughts. However, this ease of use of OSNs comes with a cost in terms of users' privacy and security. The big amount of personal data shared in the users' profiles or correlated from their activities can be stored, processed, and sold for advertisement or statistical purposes. It attracts also malicious users who can collect and exploit the data and target different types of attacks. In this article, we review the state of the art of OSNs existing either in the literature or deployed for use. We focus on the OSN systems that offer, but not exclusively, microblogging services. We analyze and evaluate each system based on a set of characteristics, and we compare them based on their usability and the level of protection of privacy and security they provide. This study is a first step toward understanding the security and privacy controls and measuring their level in an OSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Quebecoise de Droit International is the property of Revue quebecoise de droit international and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Quebecoise de Droit International is the property of Revue quebecoise de droit international and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Commercial trade in ivory remains one of the major threats to the survival of an iconic wildlife resource: the elephant, in particular the African species (Loxodonta africana). At its 2016 Johannesburg meeting, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) adopted by consensus an urgent call for the closure of domestic markets for ivory. The only Party which has openly defied that call is Japan - claiming that its own domestic ivory market is strictly controlled, and does not contribute to elephant poaching elsewhere. The present study analyzes that claim in light of the evidence, including the country's legislation (as recently amended) and its application in practice (as documented by multiple recent surveys). The author's findings do not support Japan's claim to a sweeping exemption from the global ban agreed by the CITES Conference. On the contrary, in view of serious shortcomings in the Government's current legislative and administrative controls over the ivory trade (especially with regard to internet transactions), the author recommends effective termination of Japan's domestic ivory market; and pending such closure, a reclassification of Japan in category 2 of the CITES legislation list ('legislation believed not to meet all the requirements for CITES implementation'). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the preliminary reference procedure exercised by the French Constitutional Court with the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in relation to the revolution in French constitutional law.

Implementation of EU law is vital for European integration. The EU implementation record however up until now shows that there are serious implementation deficits. Although the EU in response to these deficits has piled up strategies and instruments to improve the overall implementation, we still do not know how big the compliance problem of the EU is. The nature and seriousness of compliance deficits are until now the 'known unknowns'. This paper looks into two issues that are important if we want to improve implementation and compliance rates of EU law. First of all it addresses the question of how to gather infomation on implementation and compliance as a basis for enforcement policies and secondly is appraises the EU's enforcement policies, set up to improve the implementation of EU Law currently in place. The paper concludes that present EU strategies and tools to promote compliance broadly follow the enforcement-school approach with some management-school elements. It also concludes that the information basis for these strategies is quite weak and that they are not based on a deep understanding of what motives underlie noncompliant behaviour. The strategies and instruments rely strongly on repression by sanctions as well. A better understanding of the how and the why of non-compliance could improve the effectiveness of the present policies in place - more positive and communicative approaches to non-compliance could well complement present strategies and instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of an international research between law and ethics scholars from Universities in France and Switzerland, who have been closely collaborating with technical experts on the design and use of information and communication technologies in the fields of human health and security. The interdisciplinary approach is a unique feature and guarantees important new insights in the social, ethical and legal implications of these technologies for the individual and society as a whole. Its aim is to shed light on the tension between secrecy and transparency in the digital era. A special focus is put from the perspectives of psychology, medical ethics and European law on the contradiction between individuals' motivations for consented processing of personal data and their fears about unknown disclosure, transferal and sharing of personal data via information and communication technologies (named the 'privacy paradox'). Potential benefits and harms for the individual and society resulting from the use of computers, mobile phones, the Internet and social media are being discussed. Furthermore, the authors point out the ethical and legal limitations inherent to the processing of personal data in a democratic society governed by the rule of law. Finally, they seek to demonstrate that the impact of information and communication technology use on the individuals' well-being, the latter being closely correlated with a high level of fundamental rights protection in Europe, is a promising feature of the socalled 'e-democracy' as a new way to collectively attribute meaning to large-scale online actions, motivations and ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Quebecoise de Droit International is the property of Revue quebecoise de droit international and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses various aspects related to sovereignty of developing States which highlights issues of State policies and implementation of state construction and political systems. It presents an analysis of sovereignty and its connection with peoples right to self-determination. It illustrates processes of nationalization which are employed as well as economy-building measures selected by States.

For Nicolas Sarkozy, the relationship between France and the Mediterranean has been a dominant diplomatic and personal concern. Nevertheless, there is no obvious link between the early Mediterranean initiative which he announced in 2007, leading in 2008 to the creation of the Union for the Mediterranean, and official French reactions in 2011 to the unfolding events of the Arab Spring as the president was entering the final year of his term of office. During the intervening years, French projects lost momentum and Euro-Mediterranean relations were reduced to their simplest form. Despite the seemingly different rationales for these two contrasting sets of actions, it is still possible to identify common features that can inform our understanding of the constants and variables affecting French Mediterranean policy and, with it, that of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the role of the French Supreme Court in reforming the French and European legislation and judiciary systems through their connection to the European Union (EU) law. The French Supreme Court, known as Conseil d'Etat, has been rejecting EU directives in France since the French rulings in the Perreux and Melki court cases. This issue has also affected the implementation of the Organic Law, which enables the French Constitution to become flexible in implementing procedures.

The article presents a reprint of the article "Supranational Governance and Networked Accountability Structures: Member State Oversight of EU Agencies," by Johannes Saurer. It focuses on the second form of accountability through an in-depth exploration of the way how European Union (EU) agencies are supervised by member states. An overview of the agencies' emergence as significant actors in a number of areas including pharmaceutical licensing and trademark law is provided.

The self-understanding of the Europeans has been profoundly put into question since 1989, and during the EU reform process, 'Europe' was confronted by the task of describing itself anew. In this context, the debate about the significance of the religious patrimony took on a key position in the discourse. The broad public discussions of the preambles to the European Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for the European Union (ECT) indicate that the relationship between religion and political remains a controversial issue. The article argues that the 'preamble disputes' are part and parcel of the European Union's quest for a political identity and that the outcome of the identity debate—the self-description as a 'community of values'—deals in a specific way with this fundamental question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents a list of books on European law received by the journal "Common Market Law Review" in 2007.

This article examines how changing political realities have influenced the cultural dimension of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. Although the European Union has shunned the notion of a conflict between civilizations in dealing with the Mediterranean to promote the "dialogues of cultures", the way how it has done so has been beset with difficulties, both internal and external. Since 1995, the EU has followed an ambiguous logic in its approach: On the one hand, toward "Mediterraneanism" in the sense that it wishes to construct a Mediterranean region, revalorize this geographical region and invent a common Euro-Mediterranean identity. On the other hand, toward a policy of delimitation, in which the South and the East of the Mediterranean constitute an antechamber of Europe and which is deemed globally dependent. The result has been, on the cultural plane, an "imagined community". Since the events of September 11, the Barcelona Process became revalorized. But the ambiguity of the European approach to dialogue between the two cultures still exists; one continues to invoke the common cultural heritage, and at the same time one pursues firm policies of security, of migration and enlargement, which draw a clear frontier in the middle of the Mediterranean. The gap between political realities and cultural wishes therefore persists. Finally the article examines instances of intercultural cooperation at work. It finds them innovative, but not very visible instruments. The article suggests that the EU uses the re-invention of the Mediterranean myth and the cultural activities of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership to support its economic and political interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of horizontal coherence, or inter-pillar coherence, appears to be consubstantial with the external action of the EC/EU: it can be defined as the absence of contradictions between the policies of the European Community and the Common Foreign and Security Policy, or CFSP (consistency) on the one hand, and the achievement of a synergy between these policies (coherence) on the other hand. First considered as a political requirement, its best expression is located in the Article 3 of the Treaty on the European Union. The practice of European foreign policy has demonstrated the importance of this requirement: the control of exports of dual-use goods as well as the adoption of sanctions, whether on the basis of Article 301 EC, or in application of international agreements with third states, have given the example of overlapping competences. Besides, this overlap has been reflected in the internal organisation of the institutions (allocation of portfolios in the European Commission, conflict between the Political Committee and the Committee of the Permanent Representatives in the Council of the EU). However, the answers to these problems have been far too timid: the adoption of an integrated approach (conflict prevention) as well as the institutional adaptations of the Treaty of Amsterdam do not compensate for the absence of a vision of the European foreign policy which would overcome the old cleavage between federalism and intergovernmentalism. Indeed, it seems to us that much more innovative solutions are needed, such as an evolution towards the binding character of the coherence requirement, which would pave the way to a coherent European foreign policy, comprising external relations and CFSP (including the defence dimension). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]