Search

The present study has focused on the extraction and utilization of antioxidant compounds from the agricultural produce Zingiber officinale for its sustainable use in terms of stabilizing food from oxidation. Two extraction methods, traditional soxhlet and green supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2), were used to compare yields of antioxidant (6-gingerol) rich extracts. For the SC-CO2 method, operating parameters including pressure (10000-20000 kPa), temperature (30- 40°C) and CO2 flow rate (5-20 g/min.) were optimized to get maximum recovery of [6]-gingerol rich extracts. The results of the extraction study revealed that ginger extract collected after soxhlet extraction (GE1) gives more yield (3.85%) than the extract (2.41%) collected after SC-CO2 extraction (GE2) at an optimum condition of 20000 kPa pressure, 40°C temperature and 20 g/min. flow rate. Contrarily, the yield of [6]-gingerol was found to be greater in GE2 (389 mg/g) than GE1. Total phenol (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content of GE1 and GE2 were measured against equivalent concentrations of gallic acid and quercetin. TPC and TFC of GE1 show slightly higher values (38.50 mg GAE/g, 5.62 mg QE/g) than GE2. At the concentration of 3000 μg/mL, DPPH percent inhibition activity of GE1 was again higher (up to 94%) than GE2 (up to 82%). Stability study result of both GE1 and GE2 revealed on the basis of antioxidant indices, showed desirable antioxidant index by stabilizing all three experimented oils and also found to be comparable with synthetic antioxidants (BHA, BHT). Therefore, it could be concluded that [6]-gingerol rich extracts from the SC-CO2 method have comparable phenol flavonoid, antioxidant and stability potential as those found in ginger extracts from the traditional soxhlet method.

Four leafy vegetable species, spinach (Spinacia oleracea), amaranthus (Amaranthus viridis), fenu-greek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and bathua (Chenopodium album), were extracted with three different solvents (80% ethanol, 80% acetone and water) for maximum recovery of phenol and antioxidant compounds in the extract. The results of extraction were compared with extraction from moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves that is known as a very rich source of antioxidants. The study showed that, it is very difficult to justify a single solvent for extraction of antioxidant compounds from different plants. Results from different solvents used for extracting the bioactive compounds mostly depend on the type of compound extracted (polar/medium polar/non-polar) present in leafy matrices. Here, 80% acetone extract showed highest total phenol content in moringa leaves but the overall antioxidant activity in the leaves of four vegetables was observed to be better after extraction with 80% ethanol. Nevertheless, in most assays, independent of solvent used for extraction, the moringa leaves were the richest source of polyphenols and antioxidants.

Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia), a medicinal herb, contains several bioactives having immunomodulatory properties and various health benefits. In this study, giloy stem extract was derived using ultrasound process followed by screening of secondary metabolites and bioactives. Box–Behnken design coupled with RSM was employed for the optimization of yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of GSE with respect to solvent‐to‐solid (SS) ratio, sonication time (ST), and ultrasound amplitude (UA). The UA, ST and their interaction effects had significantly influenced the green extract yield and quality. The optimum extractions conditions were found to be 30% (UA), 10:1 (SS ratio), and 30 min (ST). The optimum responses were obtained as follows: extract yield: 9.614 ± 0.015%, TPC: 100.04 ± 0.133 (mg GAE/100 g extract), and DPPH % inhibition: 78.8523 ± 0.399%. Screening of optimized extract through HR‐LCMS‐QTOF reported the presence of major polyphenols such as malic acid, catechin, and quercitrin with a match factor of 99.23%, 98.65%, and 90.58%, respectively. Practical applications: Giloy (T. cordifolia) is a potential source of bioactive compounds with significant medicinal properties and chemical stability. Recent trends suggest paradigm shift toward research and development of active food from the herbal plant for special purposes such as supplements, functional food, nutraceuticals, or medicine. Thus, non‐thermal extraction and characterization of extract for screening along with higher retention of bioactive from herbal plants such as giloy and its utilization becomes a crucial part of any industry. In this regard, the present study on ultrasound extraction is the way ahead due to high bioactive retention and the cost implications of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adulteration is a crucial issue being faced by essential oil and allied industries, especially for high‐value essential oil such as agarwood oil. The recommended analysis in trading essential oils involves visual inspection, olfactory analysis, physico‐chemical characterization and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). However, some subtle high‐boiler adulterants like vegetable oils and synthetic polymers go unnoticed via these analyses leading to the penetration of adulterated essential oil in the market. In the current study, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTGA) were utilized and suggested as a rapid, convenient and precise technique for the detection of high‐boiler adulterants in essential oils using the most expensive agarwood oil as a case study. The TGA pattern of pure samples reveals single‐stage volatilization (agarwood oil: 110–260°C, castor oil: 340–500°C, coconut oil: 330–450°C and polyethylene glycol‐400: 260–390°C), whereas the adulterated sample exhibits two‐stage volatilization in both lower‐ and higher‐temperature zone owing to the presence of agarwood oil and high‐boiler adulterant. The DTGA of pure agarwood oil shows only one point of major weight loss, whereas that of the adulterated sample shows two points of major weight loss corresponding to both oil and adulterant. Different percentages of adulterants (5%, 10%, 30% and 50%) have been quantified using TGA and DTGA with the highest accuracy. Further, the method optimization study was conducted to determine the minimum time required for adulterated sample analysis with precise accuracy. TGA can be proposed as a handy and efficient tool for the quality control analysis of essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional yoghurt is a prominent fermented milk product. It is popular among all age groups and has considerable significance due to the presence of active nutrients to fulfill the human dietary needs. Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) is extensively discussed during the recent pandemic owing to its high antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and strong immunity boosting properties. This investigation has been aimed to optimize functional yoghurt impregnated with ultrasound assisted giloy stem extract. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used for experimental design of process parameters (giloy stem extract, total soluble solid, and incubation temperature). Functional yoghurt formulation was optimized based on different (whiteness index, overall acceptability, pH, syneresis, firmness, DPPH scavenging activity, and complex viscosity) responses. The results revealed that giloy stem extract and total soluble solid exhibited maximum effects on all the responses. Numerical optimization revealed the optimum combination of giloy stem extract, total soluble solid, and incubation temperature as 0.08%, 9.1%, and 45°C, respectively. At this optimum condition, the whiteness index, overall acceptability (OA), pH, syneresis, firmness, DPPH scavenging activity, and complex viscosity values of optimized functional yoghurt were 84.513, 8.567, 4.193, 47.268%, 281.19 N, 56.78%, and 76.89 cP, respectively. This study established the effect of giloy extract addition, total soluble solids, and incubation temperature on yoghurt preparation and subsequent changes in its properties. Novelty impact statement: Giloy stem extract (GSE) enriched functional yoghurt was developed having high antioxidant activities.Ultrasound assisted GSE improved the texture and overall desirability of functional yoghurt.Derived the optimum conditions which might be replicated and scaled up for pilot scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was to characterize the lipid profile of five black soybean (BS) produced in Indo‐Himalayan regions. Among seven fatty acids (FAs), methyl linoleate and cis‐9‐oleic acid methyl ester were maximum. Unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio was highest (6.10%) in BSALB (big spherical shape seed). Unsaponifiable matters and tocopherols were also higher (3.09% and 1305 μg/kg, respectively) in BSALB, while β‐carotene was improved in BSALS (small oval‐shaped seed). Flavor analysis reported 46 compounds in the oil, which were maximum in BSALS. There was significant difference (p < 0.02) in the flavor components. Crop cycle temperature is inversely correlated with major lipid constituents. The results suggest that the BS seeds produced comparatively in high‐altitude regions retain the maximum lipid antioxidants and flavor compounds. Presence of these phytoconstituents may be explored to utilize black soybean in flavor and nutraceutical industries to boost the application of this underutilized crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis indica stems were hydrolyzed with subcritical water at various temperatures, reaction times, and feed concentrations. The highest total yield of reducing sugars of 16.4 wt % was obtained at 190 °C in 37.5 min with a feed concentration of 3.5 wt %. Solid residues from the optimized process were treated with 0.5 M NaOH (pulping) and 0.5–3 % H2O2 (bleaching) to isolate cellulose fibers. The maximum yield of cellulose was 34.8 wt % with lowest lignin content of 0.5 wt %. With the removal of hemicellulose and lignin through the integrated hydrothermal processes, the crystallinity index and thermal stability of the cellulose fibers increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applications of green chemistry and industrial bioprocessing are becoming more popular to address concerns of pollution, climate change, global warming, circular bioeconomy, sustainable development goals and energy security. Both biological and thermochemical routes can play vital roles in transforming waste lignocellulosic biomass to high-value bioproducts. Lignocellulosic biomass contains essential building blocks that could be tapped to generate biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials to replace petroleum-derived fuels and chemicals. Besides containing extractives and ash, lignocellulosic feedstocks are made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin typically in the ranges of 35–55 wt%, 20–40 wt% and 10–25 wt%, respectively. Catalytic thermochemical approaches are effective for biomass conversion with a significant yield of various platform chemicals, such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid and other furan or non-furan-based chemicals. These chemicals play a crucial part in the synthesis of different fuel-based materials, which can successfully replace petroleum-based chemicals or fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass and their derived monomeric sugars can be catalytically converted into various platform chemicals using different homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. In this review paper, we have highlighted some promising catalysts such as mineral acids, mesoporous silica materials, zeolites, metal–organic frameworks, metal oxides and ionic liquids used in biorefining to generate biochemicals. We have also reviewed a few pieces of notable literature presenting the catalytic conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose, cellobiose, glucose, fructose and xylose into various high-value chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microencapsulation of ghee flavor extract (GFE) using emulsions of whey protein concentrate (WPC‐80) (15% to 22% w/w) and guar gum (GG) (0.1% to 0.5% w/w) was investigated upon spray drying to produce low fat and cholesterol‐free ghee flavor enriched powder. The effectiveness of the encapsulation was analyzed in terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE), solubility index (SI), and flavor retention (FR) of the encapsulated ghee flavorants. An emulsion with a combination of 15% GFE, 15.76% WPC‐80, and 0.1% GG could achieve the maximum EE (53.2%), SI (81.464%), and FR of δ‐dodecalactone (66.38%) and δ‐tetradecalactone (78.33%). The mean particle size of the powder was 124.4 nm with a span value of 0.945. The Carr's index (CI) and Hausner ratio (HR) of the powder were 17.65% and 1.21, respectively, suggesting that the powder had good flowability. The microparticles were spherical and the glass transition temperature value ranged from 247.8 to 249.4°C. Practical applications: Isolation and encapsulation of volatile flavor compounds (flavorants) from ghee—a fat‐rich heat desiccated milk product—for the development of low fat and cholesterol‐free food products would be a novel approach to provide the flavor of ghee to people who cannot consume it owing to health constraints. An understanding of both the functionality and flavor of the powder would help better use of the powder while developing food formulations. Besides, ghee flavorants such δ‐dodecalactone and δ‐tetradecalactone enriched powder would form a novel dairy ingredient in dairy, food, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel, fatty acid methyl ester produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol, is a promising alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel. In the present study, the methanolysis of high free fatty acid (FFA) Jatropha curcas oil in a transesterification reaction using K2CO3 /CaO solid base catalyst was studied. The various reaction parameters in the transesterification reaction were also discussed. The catalyst was characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed desorption of CO2 , scanning electron microscopy, particle size analyzer, true density, and surface area analyzer. The optimum conversion of jatropha oil was 92% when the transesterification reaction was carried out at 70 °C with 10:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil at reaction time of 3 h and catalyst amount of 6 wt%. The efficiency of catalysts in the methanolysis of jatropha oil was also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal hydroxides and alkoxides are popular base catalysts for production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Hydroxides dissolved in alcohols produce water. Some of that water reacts with triacylglycerols (TAGs) to produce free fatty acids instead of desired FAME, thus decreasing the yield of the transesterification reaction. Metal alkoxides are expensive, their production is hazardous and energy intensive, therefore, less expensive safer and more efficient catalysts for transesterification are desirable. Glycerol derived non-toxic alkoxide base catalysts were synthesized by heating KOH solution (50 wt%) and glycerol at three different mole ratios (KOH: glycerol, denoted KGly, at 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) under four different vacuum pressures. Transesterification reactions were conducted. The reaction rate and yield of FAME synthesis from TAG achieved by catalyst prepared at 3:1 mole ratio of KOH: glycerol achieved superior or similar FAME yield to conventional potassium methoxide catalyst under same reaction conditions. At 120 s after adding catalyst, the reactions achieved satisfactory yield (74.3-78.9%) which was similar to that of KOCH3 catalyst (77.9%). The reactivity of catalyst at initial stage of the reaction was in the following order: KGly (1:1)3

Abstract: Extraction of the fresh flowers of Michelia champaca L. with liquid CO2 provided a floral extract in 1.0±0.04wt% yields. The extract so obtained contains far less waxes and is organoleptically very superior. Similarly extraction with pentane gave the so-called ‘Concrete’ in 1.58±0.06wt%. While the concrete contains co-extracted floral waxes that make it unsuitable for blending with other perfumes, direct extraction with CO2 is an expensive process mainly due to low bulk density of flowers and their availability during short flowering season. On the other hand, fractionation of the concrete with liquid CO2 to separate the waxy components has provided solvent and almost wax free fractions. The duration of extractive fractionation has been optimized for selective extraction with liquid CO2 at 62bar. These liquid CO2 fractions of concrete and liquid CO2 extract of flowers were analyzed by GC and GC/MS and their composition compared with that of concrete and partially de-waxed absolute obtained in the conventional way. The major fragrance compounds enriched in the direct liquid CO2 extract were methyl benzoate (11.5±0.8%), phenyl ethyl alcohol (5.0±0.6%), phenyl acetonitrile (10.4±1.1%), indole (1.2±0.3%), methyl anthranilate (1.3±0.5%), E-β-ionone (1.5±0.4%), and Z-methyl jasmonoate (1.0±0.3%). The liquid CO2 fractionation of concrete is a practical process and the first fraction is comparable with direct liquid CO2 flower extract in terms of composition of the major compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The biomass i.e. wheat–hemlock used in this study was first characterized for its composition. The physical and chemical characterization of biomass was estimated using proximate analysis, calorific value, crystallinity, devolatilization behaviour, ultimate analysis, ICP-MS of ash, FT-IR, XRD, CHNS, and HPLC analysis. For commercial purpose the same biomass was used for conversion to bio-oil by fast pyrolysis process. Therefore, in order to investigate its composition, the bio-oil was also characterized using proximate analysis, calorific value, whereas the chemical composition of the bio-oil was estimated using CHNS, 1H NMR, GC-FID and GC/MS. The bio-oil obtained from wheat–hemlock biomass was supplied by Advanced Biorefinery Co. and after the analysis, its composition has been determined. It contains a mixture of hydrocarbons, pyranoids, furanoids, benzenoids and fatty acids/alcohols with 45% of water, which forms azeotrope with organic polar compounds. The supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) is an advanced method for selective extraction of valuable chemicals from bio-oil without solvent residue. The organic fraction of the bio-oil was isolated by SC-CO2. It was observed that SC-CO2 fractions collected at 10 and 25MPa pressure were enriched with furanoids, pyranoids and bezenoids. Similarly the bio-oil was also fractionated by conventional column chromatographic method and the yields and chemical compositions were compared with fractionated bio-oil obtained using SC-CO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Biomass represents the renewable energy source and their use reduces the consumption of fossil fuels and limits the emission of CO2, SO x , NO x and heavy metals. They are used in pyrolysis, gasification, combustion and co-combustion. Present study aims to highlight the common biomass available in Canada such as wheat straw, barley straw, flax straw, timothy grass and pinewood. The biomass samples were collected form Saskatoon, Canada and examined for their physical and chemical characteristics using static bomb calorimeter, XRD, TGA, ICP-MS, CHNSO, FT-IR and FT-NIR. The biomass samples were subjected to three-step extraction process, i.e. hexane, alcohol and water extraction separately, after extraction the raffinate biomass was acid hydrolyzed. The acid soluble fractions, which mainly contained degraded sugars, were analysed by HPLC and the lignin content was determined using acid insoluble fraction. The hexane extract (i.e. waxes), alcohol extract and lignin were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy. Among all the biomass samples pinewood shows lower ash and lignin content, while shows higher calorific value, cellulose and hemicellulose content. The appreciable amount of hexane soluble in pinewood was due to the presence of terpene hydrocarbons. However among the agricultural biomass samples barley straw shows higher ash, wax and lignin content compared to wheat and flax straw. All these properties combined together have shown that pinewood, wheat and flax can act as the potential candidates for bio-energy production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The average flaxseed length, width, thickness and 1000 seed mass were 4.64 mm, 2.37 mm, 1.0 mm and 5.77 g, respectively. The average surface area was 15.49 mm2 while the sphericity and aspect ratio were 0.48 and 51.04%, respectively. The average bulk density was 652.16 kg/m3 while the true density was 784.36 kg/m3, and the corresponding porosity was 16.83%. The angle of repose for flaxseed was 24.40 while the terminal velocity was 2.9 m/s. The results showed that the mean value of static coefficient friction was least in case of plastic sheet while it is highest for rubber sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack syn M. exotica Linn. commonly known as orange jessamine is grown in gardens for its large clusters of fragrant flowers. Extraction of the fresh flowers with liquid CO2 provides a floral extract in 0.64% yields. The major components in the extract were phenyl ethyl alcohol (3.3%), indole (1.2%), E-nerolidol (7.6%), benzyl benzoate (7.0%), phenyl ethyl benzoate (9.2%), manool (29.4%), etc. The flowers when extracted with pentane afforded a concrete (0.78%). Precipitating the waxes from the concrete with methanol gave absolute (0.62%). The concrete was fractionated with liquid CO2 to separate the waxy components. The chemical composition of concrete, absolute, liquid CO2 extract and liquid CO2 fractions of concrete were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The liquid CO2 fractions were superior in comparison to absolute obtained by conventional way. Manool was the major component and its isolation from Murraya species has been reported. The direct extraction of flowers with liquid CO2 afforded a superior product; however, the process is suitable for extraction in the laboratory only. The liquid CO2 fractionation of concrete is a practical process and liquid CO2 fraction 1 is comparable with direct liquid CO2 flower extract in terms of yield of the chief components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured lipids have been synthesized using different medium chain fatty acids based on the reaction with long chain triglyceride viz. moringa oil, in the presence of supercritical C02. Effect of different operating parameters related to supercritical C02 approach on the product yields has been studied also establishing the effect of type of biocatalyst (using two forms of commercial lipases as Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RM). It was observed that 100 bar pressure at 50 °C temperature with 300 rpm speed, molar ratio of 4:1 (medium chain fatty acids: long chain triglycerides), reaction time as 5h and Novozym 435 as the catalyst were the best conditions giving 63.2% yield which was much higher as compared to the conventional approach where only 28.2% yield was obtained. After acidolysis, the residual unreacted triglycerides were extracted using hexane and allowed to react again with free corresponding medium fatty acids under same reaction conditions. After complete reaction with medium fatty acids, product obtained was structured lipids with medium chain fatty acids at 1,3 position and long chain fatty acid at 2-position. The enzyme reusability studies confirmed that enzyme was efficient up to 15 cycles providing a cost effective proposition. Overall, it was established that structured lipids possessing significant nutritional benefits could be effectively synthesised using green intensified approach based on supercritical C02. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-treatment is the key to unlock renewable lignocellulosic biomass for the production of valuable polysaccharides and biochemicals. Mentha arvensis represent an essential oil crop widely cultivated in world for producing high value flavour constituent like menthol (75.8%). After extraction of essential oil (0.93%), the remaining biomass is generally treated as distilled lignocellulosic biomass. Present study aimed to report the potential of newly developed chemical process for the isolation of major biopolymers from distilled M. arvensis biomass and saccharification of isolated cellulose to glucose. The terpene free distilled biomass was used for the isolation of cellulose (38%), hemicellulose (20%) and lignin (8%). The physical and chemical characteristics of fresh and distilled biomass were carried out using bomb calorimeter, XRD, TGA, ICP-MS, FT-IR and CHNS. Isolated cellulose was further enzymatically hydrolysed using Cellic CTec2 (114 FPU/ml) and Trichoderma reesei enzymes (68 FPU/ml) for the maximum glucose production in shake flask method. Our studies showed that Cellic CTec2 is more suitable enzyme for the production of glucose from distilled M. arvensis biomass with the enzyme loading of 10 FPU/g isolated cellulose in 48 h at 50 °C and 4.8 pH. The maximum glucose concentration obtained experimentally was 615 mg/g of isolated cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Flax oil is commonly used in food due to high percentage of omega-3-fatty acid and omega-6-fatty acid. In the present work the flax seed was extracted using green solvent viz. supercritical CO2 and compared with soxhlet and mechanical screw press methods. The chemical compositions of the oils were determined by CHNS analyser, GC-FID, GC/MS and 1H NMR. The supercritical CO2 process selectively extracted the fatty oils with high percentage of omega-3-fatty acid and omega-6-fatty acids. The chemical composition of screw press oil is close to that of supercritical CO2 extracted oil, whereas the yield is nearly 27% less in comparison to the supercritical CO2 method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass enhances the conversion efficiency to produce biofuels and value-added chemicals, which have the potential to replace fossil fuels. Compared to physicochemical and other pretreatment techniques, the hydrothermal methods are considered eco-friendly and cost-effective. This paper reviews the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of steam explosion and subcritical water hydrolysis as the two promising hydrothermal technologies for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Although the principle of the steam explosion in depolymerizing the lignin and exposing the cellulose fibers for bioconversion to liquid fuels is well known, its underlying mechanism for solid biofuel production is less identified. Therefore, this review provides an insight into different operating conditions of steam explosion and subcritical water hydrolysis for a wide variety of feedstocks. The mechanisms of subcritical water hydrolysis including dehydration, decarboxylation and carbonization of waste biomass are comprehensively described. Finally, the role of microwave heating in the hydrothermal pretreatment of biomass is elucidated. [Display omitted] • Hydrothermal pretreatments such as steam explosion and subcritical water are elaborated. • Properties, mechanism, pros and cons of these hydrothermal pretreatments are explained. • Microwave-assisted pretreatments are more advantageous than conventional techniques. • These pretreatments are economical and efficient to depolymerize lignin and hemicellulose. • Biomass degradation products e.g., furfurals and phenolics can inhibit fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]