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Objectives: This study investigated associations between weather conditions, physical activity, and sedentary time in primary school-aged children in Australia and Canada. Methods: Cross-sectional data on 9-11-year-old children from the Australian (n = 491 ) and Canadian (n = 524) sites of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment were used. Minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous-physical-activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were determined from 7-day, 24-h accelerometry (Actigraph GT3X+ triaxial accelerometer). Day-matched weather data (temperature, rainfall, snowfall, relative humidity, wind speed) were obtained from the closest weather station to participants' schools. Covariates included parental highest education level, day type, sex, and BMI z-scores. Generalized mixed model analyses allowing for clustering of participants within schools were completed. Scatterplots with Loess curves were created for maximum temperature, MVPA, and sedentary time. Results: Daily maximum temperature was significantly associated with MVPA and sedentary time in Australia (MVPA p = .05, sedentary p = .01) and Canada (p < .001, p = .001). Rainfall was negatively associated with MVPA in Australia (p < .001) and positively associated with sedentary time in Canada (p = .02). Conclusions: MVPA and sedentary time appear to be optimal when the maximum temperature ranges between 20°C and 25°C in both countries. The findings have implications for study design and interpretation for surveillance and intervention studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* OBJECTIVE: To determine the independent associations of potential clinical, symptom, physical activity, and psychological factors with chronic plantar heel pain. * DESIGN: Case-control. * METHODS: We investigated associations by comparing 220 participants with chronic (more than 3 months in duration) plantar heel pain to 100 age- and sex-matched controls, who were recruited randomly from the electoral roll. Exposures measured were waist girth, body mass index, body composition, clinical measures of foot and leg function, physical activity via accelerometry, systemdepression and pain catastrophizing, symptoms of prolonged morning stiffness anywhere in the body, and multisite pain. Data were analyzed using multivariable conditional logistic regression. * RESULTS: Waist girth (centimeters) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval ICI]: 1.03, 1.09), ankle plantar flexor strength (kilograms) (OR - 0.98; 95% Cl: 0.97,0.99), pain at multiple sites (pain at 1 other site : OR = 2.76 ; 95 % Cl : 1. 29, 591; pain at 4 or more other sites: OR = 10.45; 95% Cl: 3.66, 29.81), and pain catastrophizing status (none, some, or catastrophizer) (some: OR = 2.91: 95% Cl: 1.33, 6.37: catastrophizer OR = 6.79; 95% Cl: 1.91,24.11) were independently associated with chronic plantar heel pair. There were univariable but not independent associations with morning stiffness, first metatarsophalangeal joint extension range of motion, depression, and body mass index. There were no significant associations with physical activity or body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) * CONCLUSION: Waist girth, ankle plantar flexor strength, multisite pain, and pain catasheel trophizing, but not foot-specific factors, were independently associated with chronic plantar heel pain. Of these 4 factors, 3 (waist girth, multisite pain, and pain catastrophizing) were central or systemic associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This cost-analysis study explored Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data to determine the financial patient contribution (PC) towards dispensed medications prescribed by dentists and temporal trends in cost contributions. Methods: For this study we used the PBS online dataset and only included concessional data in the analysis. Data on dental medications dispensed under the PBS from 2006 to 2018 were accessed. For all medicines aggregated to different pharmacological categories (antibiotics, analgesics and opiates, anti-inflammatories, antifungals, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants and anti-emetics, and emergency medications), a temporal trend was generated using annual PC data. Cumulative patient and mean annual PC data were also generated in a similar manner. Results: Cumulative PC over the study period for dental PBS prescriptions was A$28 783 361 (A$5.55 per dispensing). The mean annual PC for dental PBS was A$2 214 105 (for the entire concessional population from 2006 to 2018), with a statistically significant and strong correlation between year and PC (Dental PBS, A$59 756 per year; r = 0.98: P < 0.0001). Antibiotics represented the highest proportion of PC (87.8%), whereas the lowest proportion of PC was for emergency medications (e.g. adrenaline, atropine, glucagon, naloxone), which amounted to 0.003%. Conclusions: This study highlights the increasing contributions made by patients towards antibiotic prescriptions. What is known about the topic?: Australian dentists can independently prescribe subsidised medications as per a set scope for general and specialist dentists, regulated under the PBS with requisite adherence to specific legal requirements. What does this paper add?: This is the first study highlighting the increased level of patient financial contributions towards dental medicines, according to different pharmacological categories, dispensed by pharmacists in Australia. What are the implications for practitioners?: This study creates a base for future research assessing the appropriateness of the PBS subsidy and the PBS Safety Net threshold, possibly reassessing the out-of-pocket pricing on brand substitution and appropriately reassessing the current dental PBS schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are affected by chronic middle ear infection or otitis media from infancy that has a negative impact on development of listening and communication skills. Deficits in these skills are often not detected until school-age when the opportunity for early intervention is lost. Primary health and early childhood workers need screening tools to assist them with detecting the problem early, but there is a scarcity of tools. This study reports the development and validation of a screening tool for detecting communication problems in young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. The tool, called the Hearing and Talking Scale (HATS), relies on a systematic use of parent observations of communication behaviours of their children in everyday situations. Developed by using a co-design approach, the HATS is culturally and linguistically appropriate for use with parents/carers of young children by front-line workers not trained in speech-language pathology. We validated the HATS by comparing the HATS score of 68 children (46 Indigenous and 22 non-Indigenous children) with their performance in standardised assessments. The accuracy of the HATS was 80% and 81% when compared to the ASQ-TRAK and the Expressive Vocabulary Test respectively. The HATS takes 5 minutes to administer, and is easy to score and interpret. It can be used as part of a standard ear and hearing health check for young children to support early detection so that those with problems can be referred for specialist diagnosis and treatment at a young age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Emergency general surgery (EGS) patients experience superior outcomes when cared for within an acute surgical unit (ASU) model. EGS structures in most Australian hospitals remain unknown. This study aimed to describe the national spectrum of EGS models. Methods. Across-sectional study was performed of allAustralian public hospitals of medium or greater peer group (.2000 patient separations per annum). The primary outcome was the incidence of each EGS model. Secondary outcomes were the relationship of the EGS model to objective hospital variables, and qualitative reasons for the choice of model. Results. Of the 120 eligible hospitals, 119 (99%) participated. Sixty-four hospitals reported using an ASU (28%) or hybrid EGS model (26%), whereas the remaining 55 (46%) used a traditional model. ASU implementation was significantly more common among hospitals of greater peer group, bed number, surgeon pool and trauma service sophistication. Leading drivers for ASU commencement were aims to improve patient care and decrease after-hours operating, whereas common barriers against uptake were insufficient EGS patient load or surgeon on-call pool. Conclusions. ASU or hybrid models of care may be more widespread than currently reported. The introduction of such structures is heavily dependent on hospital and staff size, trauma subspecialisation and EGS patient throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with impaired fat taste (FT) sensitivity have reduced satiety responses after consuming fatty foods, leading to increased dietary fat intake. Habitual consumption of dietary fat may modulate sensitivity to FT, with high consumption decreasing sensitivity [increasing fatty acid taste threshold (FATT)] and low consumption increasing sensitivity (decreasing FATT). However, some individuals may be less susceptible to diet-mediated changes in FATT due to variations in gene expression. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-wk low-fat or high-fat diet on FATT while maintaining baseline weight (<2.0 kg variation) to assess heritability and to explore the effect of genetics on diet-mediated changes in FATT. Design: A co-twin randomized controlled trial including 44 pairs (mean ± SD age: 43.7 ± 15.4 y; 34 monozygotic, 10 dizygotic; 33 women, 10 men, 1 gender-discordant) was conducted. Twins within a pair were randomly allocated to an 8-wk low-fat (<20% of energy from fat) or high-fat (>35% of energy from fat) diet. FATT was assessed by a 3-alternate forced choice methodology and transformed to an ordinal scale (FT rank) at baseline and at 4 and 8 wk. Linear mixed models were fit to assess diet effect on FT rank and diet effect modification due to zygosity. A variance components model was fit to calculate baseline heritability. Results: There was a significant time x diet interaction for FT rank after the 8-wk trial (P < 0.001), with the same conclusions for the subset of participants maintaining baseline weight (low-fat; n = 32; high-fat: n = 35). There was no evidence of zygosity effect modification (interaction of time x diet x zygosity: P = 0.892). Heritability of baseline FT rank was 8%. Conclusions: There appears to be little to no genetic contribution on heritability of FATT or diet-mediated changes to FATT. Rather, environment, specifically dietary fat intake, is the main influencer of FT sensitivity, regardless of body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined levels of, and relationships between, self-care ability, self-compassion, and compassion among palliative care nurses and doctors. Methods: A total of 369 participants across Australia completed a cross-sectional survey comprising a demographic questionnaire and outcome measures for each variable. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analysed, controlling for potential social-desirability bias. Results: Levels of compassion, self-compassion and self-care ability varied, with some individuals scoring high or low in each. Self-compassion and self-care ability were positively correlated (r = .412, p<.001), whereas a negative correlation was observed between compassion and self-compassion (r = -.122, p<.05). Linear regression further indicated that: increased compassion was associated with a decrease in self-compassion, and increased self-care ability was associated with an increase in self-compassion. Conclusion: These results suggest important implications for self-care in the palliative care workforce. Moreover, this study contributes an empirical basis to inform future research and education to promote balanced compassion and compassion literacy in palliative care practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Research conducted by dietitians is encouraged by national and international organisations, yet research output remains low. The attitudes towards and experiences with research and research methods course work of students and practitioners in Australia and the United States were examined. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Participants were contacted by email; 173 Australian (N = 50 students; 123 practitioners) and 499 US (N = 231 students; 268 practitioners) respondents completed the survey. Results A smaller proportion of American students (74%) indicated that they would consider conducting research in the future compared to Australian students (84%) ( P < 0.001). More Australian than American practitioners indicated interest in conducting research in their current position (87% vs 66%; P < 0.001). Research training did not increase future research plans, but respondents who had conducted research either as a student or at work responded more favourably to conducting research in the future ( P < 0.001). In general, Australian respondents were more supportive of and more experienced with research. Conclusions Unlike classroom training, past research experiences supported plans for future research. Further work needs to investigate how the culture of the profession can be changed to support more dietitian-conducted research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) is one of the major skills contributing to performance in competitive swimming. UUS has two phases- the upbeat is performed by hip extension and knee flexion, and the downbeat is the converse action. The purpose of this study was to determine which kinematic variables of the upbeat and downbeat are associated with prone UUS performance in an elite sample. Ten elite participants were filmed performing three prone 20 m UUS trials. Seven landmarks were manually digitised to calculate eighteen kinematic variables, plus the performance variable- horizontal centre of mass velocity (VCOM). Mean VCOM was significantly correlated with body wave velocity (upbeat r = 0.81, downbeat r = 0.72), vertical toe velocity (upbeat r = 0.71, downbeat r = 0.86), phase duration (upbeat r = -0.79), peak hip angular velocity (upbeat r = 0.73) and mean knee angular velocity (upbeat r = -0.63), all significant at P < 0.05. A multiple stepwise regression model explained 78% of variance in mean VCOM. Peak toe velocity explained 72% of the variance, and mean body wave velocity explained an additional 6%. Elite swimmers should strive for a high peak toe velocity and a fast caudal transfer of momentum to optimise underwater undulatory swimming performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to describe trends in and age and gender distributions of presentations of older people to Australian emergency departments (EDs) from July 2006 to June 2011, and to develop ED utilisation projections to 2050. Methods. A retrospective analysis of data collected in the National Non-admitted Patient Emergency Department Care Database was undertaken to assess trends in ED presentations. Three standard Australian Bureau of Statistics population growth models, with and without adjustment for current trends in ED presentation growth and effects of climate change, were examined with projections of ED presentations across three age groups (0-64, 65-84 and ⩾85 years) to 2050. Results. From 2006-07 to 2010-11, ED presentations increased by 12.63%, whereas the Australian population over this time increased by only 7.26%. Rates of presentation per head of population were greatest among those aged ⩾85 years. Projections of ED presentations to 2050 revealed that overall ED presentations are forecast to increase markedly, with the rate of increase being most marked for older people. Conclusion. Growth in Australian ED presentations from 2006-07 to 2010-11 was greater than that expected from population growth alone. The predicted changes in demand for ED care will only be able to be optimally managed if Australian health policy, ED funding instruments and ED models of care are adjusted to take into account the specific care and resource needs of older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Interpersonal Psychological Theory of suicide proposes that the interaction between Thwarted Belongingness, Perceived Burdensomeness, and Acquired Capability for Suicide (ACS) predicts proximal risk of death by suicide. Instruments to assess all three constructs are available. However, research on the validity of one of them, the acquired capability for suicide scale (ACSS), has been limited, especially in terms of its clinical relevance. This study aimed to explore the utility of the different versions of the ACSS in clinical assessment. Three versions of the scale were investigated, the full 20-item version, a 7-item version and a single item version representing self-perceived capability for suicide. In a sample of patients recruited from a clinic specialising in the treatment of suicidality and in a community sample, all versions of the ACSS were found to show reasonable levels of reliability and to correlate as expected with reports of suicidal ideation, self-harm, and attempted suicide. The item assessing self-perceived acquired capacity for suicide showed highest correlations with all levels of suicidal behaviour. However, no version of the ACSS on its own showed a capacity to indicate suicide attempts in the combined sample. It is concluded that the versions of the scale have construct validity, but their clinical utility is limited. An assessment using a single item on self-perceived ACS outperforms the full and shortened versions of ACSS in clinical settings and can be recommended with caution for clinicians interested in assessing this characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective. The aim of the present study was to describe the Ambulance Victoria (AV) secondary telephone triage service, called the Referral Service (RS), for low-priority patients calling triple zero. This service provides alternatives to ambulance dispatch, such as doctor or nurse home visits. Methods. A descriptive epidemiological review of all the cases managed between 2009 and 2012 was conducted, using data from AV case records, the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Cases were reviewed for patient demographics, condition, final disposition and RS outcome. Results. In all, 107 148 cases were included in the study, accounting for 10.3% of the total calls for ambulance attendance. Median patient age was 54 years and 55% were female. Geographically based socioeconomic status was associated with the rate of calls to the RS (r = -0.72; 95% confidence interval CI -0.104, -0.049; P < 0.001). Abdominal pain and back symptoms were the most common patient problems. Although 68% of patients were referred to the emergency department, only 27.6% of the total cases were by emergency ambulance; the remainder were diverted to non-emergency ambulance or the patient'sownprivate transport. The remaining32%of cases were referred to alternative service providers or given home care advice. Conclusions. This paper describes the use of an ongoing secondary triage service, providing an effective strategy for managing emergency ambulance demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the new evidence-informed nursing assessment framework HIRAID (History, Identify Red flags, Assessment, Interventions, Diagnostics, reassessment and communication) on the quality of patient assessment and fundamental nontechnical skills including communication, decision making, task management and situational awareness. Background Assessment is a core component of nursing practice and underpins clinical decisions and the safe delivery of patient care. Yet there is no universal or validated system used to teach emergency nurses how to comprehensively assess and care for patients. Design A pre-post design was used. Methods The performance of thirty eight emergency nurses from five Australian hospitals was evaluated before and after undertaking education in the application of the HIRAID assessment framework. Video recordings of participant performance in immersive simulations of common presentations to the emergency department were evaluated, as well as participant documentation during the simulations. Paired parametric and nonparametric tests were used to compare changes from pre to postintervention. Results From pre to postintervention, participant performance increases were observed in the percentage of patient history elements collected, critical indicators of urgency collected and reported to medical officers, and patient reassessments performed. Participants also demonstrated improvement in each of the four nontechnical skills categories: communication, decision making, task management and situational awareness. Conclusion The HIRAID assessment framework improves clinical patient assessments performed by emergency nurses and has the potential to enhance patient care. Relevance to clinical practice HIRAID should be considered for integration into clinical practice to provide nurses with a systematic approach to patient assessment and potentially improve the delivery of safe patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored psychological well-being in Australian adults with a particular focus on meaning in life. Older adults (N = 57) reported lower levels of search for meaning and higher levels of presence of meaning than young adults (N = 208) suggesting that both groups were able to distinguish between the two aspects of meaning. For older adults, higher presence was associated with better mental health and well-being outcomes, regardless of level of search. For the young adults, higher presence and lower search was associated with better outcomes. These results suggest that presence of meaning is an important aspect of well-being for older adults living in a high income English-speaking country and may be an important focus when working with depressed or anxious older adults, while both presence of, and search for meaning may be more meaningful therapeutic targets when working with depressed or anxious younger adults. Theoretical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine if the Garmin Vector (Schaffhausen, Switzerland) power meter produced acceptable measures when compared with the Schoberer Rad Messetechnik (SRM; Julich, Germany) power meter across a range of high-intensity efforts. Twenty-one well-trained cyclists completed power profiles (seven maximal mean efforts between 5 and 600 s) using Vector and SRM power meters. Data were compared using assessments of heteroscedasticity,ttests, linear regression, and typical error of estimate (TEE). The data were heteroscedastic, whereby the Vector pedals increasingly overestimated values at higher power outputs; however,ttests did not identify any significant differences between power meters (p > .05). Using linear regression, Vector data were fit to an SRM equivalent (slope = .99; intercept = −9.87) and TEE produced by this equation was 3.3% (3.0%–3.8%). While the data shows slight heteroscedasticity due to differing strain-gauge placement and resultant torque measurement variance, the Vector appears acceptable for measures of power output across various cycling efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aim This study investigated whether multiple health-care robots could have any benefits or cause any problems in an aged care facility. Method Fifty-three residents and 53 staff participated in a non-randomised controlled trial over 12 weeks. Six robots provided entertainment, communication and health-monitoring functions in staff rooms and activity lounges. These settings were compared to control settings without robots. Results There were no significant differences between groups in resident or staff outcomes, except a significant increase in job satisfaction in the control group only. The intervention group perceived the robots had more agency and experience than the control group did. Perceived agency of the robots decreased over time in both groups. Overall, we received very mixed responses with positive, neutral and negative comments. Conclusions The robots had no major benefits or problems. Future research could give robots stronger operational roles, use more specific outcome measures, and perform cost-benefit analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sitting time questionnaires have largely been validated in small convenience samples. The validity of this multi-context sitting questionnaire against an accurate measure of sitting time is reported in a large demographically diverse sample allowing assessment of validity in varied demographic subgroups. Methods: A subgroup of participants of the third wave of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle (AusDiab3) study wore activPAL3™ monitors (7 days, 24 hours/day protocol) and reported their sitting time for work, travel, television viewing, leisure computer use and "other" purposes, on weekdays and weekend days (n = 700, age 36-89 years, 45 % men). Correlations (Pearson's r; Spearman's p) of the self-report measures (the composite total, contextual measures and items) with monitor-assessed sitting time were assessed in the whole sample and separately in socio-demographic subgroups. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman plots. Results: The composite total had a correlation with monitor-assessed sitting time of r = 0.46 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.40, 0.52); this correlation did not vary significantly between demographic subgroups (all >0.4). The contextual measure most strongly correlated with monitor-assessed sitting time was work (p = 0.25, 95 % CI: 0.17, 0.31), followed by television viewing (p = 0.16, 95 % CI: 0.09, 0.24). Agreement of the composite total with monitored sitting time was poor, with a positive bias (B = 0.53, SE 0.04, p < 0.001) and wide limits of agreement (±4.32 h). Conclusions: This multi-context questionnaire provides a total sitting time measure that ranks participants well for the purposes of assessing health associations but has limited accuracy relative to activPAL-assessed sitting time. Findings did not differ in demographic subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Coping skills contribute to positive parenting and children's healthy adaptation to everyday experiences. This study evaluated the utility of a new group-based universal social emotional parenting programme, Families Coping (previously named Parents Can Do Coping). This programme has the twin aims of teaching communication and coping skills to parents within a positive parenting framework. Method The participant group comprised 14 parents of preschoolers in an early learning centre located in the inner-metropolitan Melbourne area. Parents were provided with effective communication skills, developed an understanding of their own coping and that of their children, and learnt how to actively engage their child in shared conversations about coping. To assess change, a mixed-methods design was employed, where parents completed pre- and-post-programme paper and pencil surveys and open-ended responses. Results Results showed a number of statistically significant changes in parents' coping skills. Specifically, parents reported greater use of productive coping and a concurrent reduction in non-productive coping strategies. Despite there being no statistically significant change in child coping or parent and child well-being, written responses indicated that most parents perceived a trend towards the development of more positive parenting practices and use of productive coping by their child, as well as some aspect of improvement in both parent and child well-being. Conclusions There is benefit in incorporating parent and child coping skills into a universal positive parenting programme for preschool-aged children. Findings are considered in view of methodological strengths and shortcomings, as well as the value of Families Coping as an addition to the pool of programmes currently available to parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feeding practices are commonly examined as potentially modifiable determinants of children's eating behaviours and weight status. Although a variety of questionnaires exist to assess different feeding aspects, many lack thorough reliability and validity testing. The Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (FPSQ) is a tool designed to measure early feeding practices related to non-responsive feeding and structure of the meal environment. Face validity, factorial validity, internal reliability and cross-sectional correlations with children's eating behaviours have been established in mothers with 2-year-old children. The aim of the present study was to further extend the validity of the FPSQ by examining factorial, construct and predictive validity, and stability. Methods: Participants were from the NOURISH randomised controlled trial which evaluated an intervention with first-time mothers designed to promote protective feeding practices. Maternal feeding practices (FP) and child eating behaviours were assessed when children were aged 2 years and 3.7 years (n = 388). Confirmatory Factor analysis, group differences, predictive relationships, and stability were tested. Results: The original 9-factor structure was confirmed when children were aged 3.7 ± 0.3 years. Cronbach's alpha was above the recommended 0.70 cut-off for all factors except Structured Meal Timing, Over Restriction and Distrust in Appetite which were 0.58, 0.67 and 0.66 respectively. Allocated group differences reflected behaviour consistent with intervention content and all feeding practices were stable across both time points (range of r = 0.45-0.70). There was some evidence for the predictive validity of factors with 2 FP showing expected relationships, 2 FP showing expected and unexpected relationships and 5 FP showing no relationship. Conclusions: Reliability and validity was demonstrated for most subscales of the FPSQ. Future validation is warranted with culturally diverse samples and with fathers and other caregivers. The use of additional outcomes to further explore predictive validity is recommended as well as testing test-retest reliability of the questionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the impact of an ED pharmacy service on ED clinical staff and hospital pharmacist activity. Methods A prospective study measuring pharmacist activities and surveying ED staff attitudes and experience before and after commencement of an ED pharmacy service. Results There were 2275 and 2072 hospital-wide pharmacist occasions of service recorded over a 1 month period before and after implementation of the ED pharmacy service, respectively; 339 (16.4%) of these occurred in the ED post-implementation. ED pharmacists most commonly were involved in obtaining medication histories (74% of ED occasions of service); 43% of all pharmacist-performed medication histories occurred in the ED. Post-implementation of the service, 26% of medication interventions occurred in the ED with the number of medication errors identified by ward pharmacists decreasing by 11%; 59% of ED pharmacist medication interventions were clinically significant. ED clinicians perceived the greatest impact of the service to be on patient education and medication safety. Qualitative feedback was overwhelmingly positive. Conclusions Pharmacy staff can rapidly become a vital component of clinical service provision in the ED, contributing to medication safety from the point of patient entry into the hospital and impacting ED clinicians and whole of hospital activity for pharmacists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between migration and pregnancy outcomes is complex, with little insight into whether women of refugee background have greater risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes than other migrant women. This study aimed to describe maternal health, pregnancy care, and pregnancy outcomes among migrant women from humanitarian and nonhumanitarian source countries. Methods: Retrospective, observational study of singleton births, at a single maternity service in Australia 2002-2011, to migrant women born in humanitarian source countries (HSCs, n = 2,713) and non-HSCs (n = 10,606). Multivariable regression analysis assessed associations between maternal HSC-birth and pregnancy outcomes. Results: Compared with women from non-HSCs, the following were more common in women from HSCs: age < 20 years (0.6 vs 2.9% p < 0.001), multiparity (51 vs 76% p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) > 25 (38 vs 50% p < 0.001), anemia (3.2 vs 5.9% p < 0.001), tuberculosis (0.1 vs 0.4% p = 0.001), and syphilis (0.4 vs 2.5% p < 0.001). Maternal HSC-birth was independently associated with poor or no pregnancy care attendance (OR 2.5 [95% CI 1.8-3.6]), late first pregnancy care visit (OR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1-1.5]), and postterm birth (> 41 weeks gestation) (OR 2.5 [95% CI 1.9-3.4]). Stillbirth (0.8 vs 1.2% p = 0.04, OR 1.5 [95% CI 1.0-2.4]) and unplanned birth before arrival at the hospital (0.6 vs 1.2% p < 0.001, OR 1.3 [95% CI 0.8-2.1]) were more common in HSC-born women but not independently associated with maternal HSC-birth after adjusting for age, parity, BMI and relative socioeconomic disadvantage. Conclusions: These findings suggest areas where women from HSCs may have additional needs in pregnancy compared with women from non-HSCs. Refugee-focused strategies to support engagement in pregnancy care and address maternal health needs would be expected to improve health outcomes in resettlement countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Migraine is a highly disabling disease affecting a significant proportion of the Australian population. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR) C677 T variant has been associated with increased levels of homocysteine and risk of migraine with aura ( MA). Folic acid ( FA), vitamin B6, and B12 supplementation has been previously shown to reduce increased levels of homocysteine and decrease migraine symptoms. However, the influence of dietary folate intake on migraine has been unclear. The aim of the current study was to analyze the association of dietary folate intake in the form of dietary folate equivalent, FA, and total food folate ( TFF) on migraine frequency, severity, and disability. Methods A cohort of 141 adult females of Caucasian descent with MA was genotyped for the MTHFR C677 T variant using restriction enzyme digestion. Dietary folate information was collected from all participants and analyzed using the ' Food Works' 2009 package. Folate consumption was compared with migraine frequency, severity, and disability using linear regression. Results A significant inverse relation was observed between dietary folate equivalent ( R2 = 0.201, B = −0.002, P = .045, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.004, −0.001]) and FA ( R2 = 0.255, B = −0.005, P = .036, 95% CI [−0.009, −0.002]) consumption and migraine frequency. It was also observed that in individuals with the CC genotype for the MTHFR C677 T variant, migraine frequency was significantly linked to FA consumption ( R2 = 0.106, B = −0.004, P = .029, 95% CI [−0.007, −0.004]). Conclusions The results from this study indicate that folate intake in the form of FA may influence migraine frequency in female MA sufferers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which was conducted to investigate and compare the internal and external training loads during basketball training. Researchers evaluated eight male semiprofessional players.They found that significant relationships were found between internal and external training and that internal training load models measured different constructs of the training process than the accelerometer training load model in basketball settings. They concluded that coaches should use both types of training.

Aim To explore compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction with the potential contributing factors of anxiety, depression and stress. Background To date, no studies have connected the quality of work-life with other contributing and co-existing factors such as depression, anxiety and stress. Method A self-report exploratory cross sectional survey of 132 nurses working in a tertiary hospital. Result The reflective assessment risk profile model provides an excellent framework for examining the relationships between the professional quality of work factors and contributing factors within the established risk profiles. The results show a definite pattern of risk progression for the six factors examined for each risk profile. Additionally, burnout and secondary traumatic stress were significantly related to higher anxiety and depression levels. Higher anxiety levels were correlated with nurses who were younger, worked full-time and without a postgraduate qualification. Twenty percent had elevated levels of compassion fatigue: 7.6% having a very distressed profile. At-risk nurses' stress and depression scores were significantly higher than nurses with higher compassion satisfaction scores. Implications for nursing managers The employed nurse workforce would benefit from a psychosocial capacity building intervention that reduces a nurse's risk profile, thus enhancing retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the speech, language, and functional auditory outcomes of 119 3-year-old children with hearing loss and additional disabilities. Outcomes were evaluated using direct assessment and caregiver report. Multiple regressions revealed that type of additional disability and level of maternal education were significant predictors of language outcomes. Poorer outcomes were achieved in a combined group of children with autism, cerebral palsy, and/or developmental delay (DD) (Group A), compared with children with vision or speech output impairments, syndromes not entailing DD, or medical disorders (Group B). Better outcomes were associated with higher levels of maternal education. The association between better language outcomes and earlier cochlear implant switch-on approached significance. Further regression analyses were conducted separately for children with different types of additional disabilities. Level of maternal education was the only significant predictor of outcomes for Group A children, whereas degree of hearing loss was the strongest predictor for children in Group B. The findings highlight the variable impact that different types of additional disabilities can have on language development in children with hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Developmental Test of Visual Perception-2nd edition (DTVP-2) is frequently used by occupational therapists to evaluate school-age children. It is important that therapists use assessments with established validity and reliability. This study investigated the convergent validity and internal consistency of the DTVP-2. Forty-five healthy participants from Australia, aged 6-12 years, completed the DTVP-2, the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration-6th edition (VMI), and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-3rd edition (TVPS-3). A Spearman rho correlation coefficient was used to investigate the DTVP-2's convergent validity and Cronbach alpha coefficients were used to determine the DTVP-2's internal consistency. Statistically significant correlations between the DTVP-2, VMI, and TVPS-3 total scale scores and subscale scores were found. Internal consistency of items for the DTVP-2, VMI, and TVPS-3 total scores was >0.80 and internal consistency of items for subscale scores was >0.70. The DTVP-2 exhibited evidence of convergent validity with the VMI and TVPS-3, and moderate to high levels of internal consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nephron number in humans is determined during fetal life. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of preterm birth on nephron number using renal volume as a surrogate for nephron number. Methods: This observational study was conducted over 12 months in a tertiary perinatal center. Preterm babies less than 32 weeks of gestation were recruited and followed until discharge. Term infants were recruited for comparison. The babies underwent renal sonography and renal function measurements at 32 and 38 weeks corrected age. The primary outcome measurement was total kidney volume at 38 weeks and the secondary outcome was estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results: Forty-four preterm infants and 24 term infants were recruited. At 38 weeks corrected age, premature infants had lower total kidney volume than term infants (21.6 ± 5.7 vs. 25.2 ± 5.7 ml; p = 0.02) and a significantly lower eGFR (73.6 [IQR 68.1-77.6] vs. 79.3 [IQR 72.5-86.6] ml·min·1.73 m; p = 0.03). There was a significant correlation between total kidney volume and eGFR in premature and term babies. Conclusions: Premature infants have smaller kidney volume and likely decreased nephron number and lower estimated glomerulofiltration rate relative to infants born at term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Alcohol consumption patterns nationally and internationally have been identified as elevated in rural and remote populations. In the general Australian population, 20.5% of adult males and 16.9% of adult females drink at short-term, high-risk levels. Farmers are more likely to drink excessively than those living in major cities. This study seeks to explore the relationships between farmers' physical and mental health and their alcohol consumption patterns. Our hypothesis is that farmers consume alcohol at high-risk levels more often than the Australian average and that this consumption is associated with obesity and psychological distress. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive data were collected within Australian farming communities from 1,792 consenting adults in 97 locations across Australia. Data on anthropometric measurements, general physical attributes and biochemical assessments were used to explore the interrelationships of self-reported alcohol consumption patterns with obesity, psychological distress, and other physical health parameters. Findings There was a higher prevalence of short-term, high-risk alcohol consumption (56.9% in men and 27.5% in women) reported in the study compared with national data. There was also a significant positive association between the prevalence of high-risk alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity and abdominal adiposity in psychologically distressed participants. Conclusions The prevalence of short-term, high-risk alcohol consumption practices in this cohort of farming men and women is significantly higher than the Australian average. These consumption practices are coupled with a range of other measurable health issues within the farming population, such as obesity, hypertension, psychological distress, and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project implemented and evaluated two models of care for terminally ill people living alone at home: installing personal alarms (PA) and providing extra care aide (CA) support. The primary aim was to assess the feasibility of using a randomised controlled trial (RCT) approach with this group. A secondary aim was to assess the potential impact of the models of care on the participants' quality of life, symptom distress, anxiety and depression, and perceived benefits and barriers to their use. The two models of care were piloted in collaboration with Silver Chain Hospice Care Service (SCHCS) in Western Australia during 2009-2010. Using a pilot RCT design, equal numbers of participants were randomised to receive extra CA time, PAs or standard care. Attrition reduced the sample size from 20 in each group to 12, 14 and 17 respectively. The intervention period was between 6 and 12 weeks depending on prognosis. The participants were functionally and psychologically well and the majority lived alone by choice. There were physical and psychological benefits associated with provision of the two models of care, particularly for the group supported by CAs in terms of improved sleeping and appetite. However, the impact was mostly not statistically significant due to small sample sizes. The study has highlighted two methodological challenges: the wide variation in the degree of living alone at home leading to complex inclusion criteria, and an RCT approach with attrition differing across groups and patients not wanting to be included in the assigned group. The RCT approach is not considered appropriate for the 'home alone' palliative care population that would have been better supported by providing each participant with a personalised model of care according to needs. However, the outcomes of the project have prompted changes in SCHCS practice when providing care to these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scand J Caring Sci; 2013; 27; 3-12 Discharge-planning for long-term care needs: the values and priorities of older people, their younger relatives and health professionals Discharge-planning decisions about long-term care (LTC) can be difficult and distressing for older people, families and discharge-planning health professionals. Retrospective research suggests that despite good intentions and a shared focus on the best interests of the older person, stakeholders may hold very different values about good outcomes and how to decide them. We aimed to compare the opinions and values of frail elders living at home, younger relatives and health professionals experienced in discharge-planning, prospectively: before, not after, a LTC decision. We interviewed three types of stakeholders (10 older people, 8 relatives and 18 health professionals) using a hypothetical vignette about a frail elder leaving hospital. In a mixed methods design, we quantitatively compared the discharge plans and decision-makers that stakeholders suggested, and qualitatively analysed the 36 interview transcripts for participants' articulation of underlying values during these discussions. Older participants often suggested safe restrictive options (residential care, proxy decision-making) for the hypothetical frail elder, while advocating autonomy for themselves. Younger people generally endorsed autonomous decision-making and less restrictive discharge options especially if the elder was mentally competent, but reported difficult ethical tensions between safety and autonomy. Individual personality and preferences, mental capacity, and the importance of personal care in supporting autonomy were central themes consistent with the Ecological Theory of Aging. Accordingly, discharge planners can usefully articulate the balance of safety and autonomy, conceptualizing home care as maintaining independence rather than accepting dependence. Ethical training should incorporate sophisticated models of practice specifying both psychological and physical safety as components of beneficence. Few elders adopt a consumer approach to LTC: health professionals can encourage mid-life adults to consider later care needs when planning for retirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on research which was conducted to investigate the effect including a series of isometric contractions to a rowing warm-up had on rowing ergometer time trial performance. Researchers evaluated 10 national level rowers from Australia with an ergometer. They found that the inclusion of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up enhanced short-term rowing ergometer performance more than a rowing warm-up alone.

Context-Resources are currently targeted at increasing organ and tissue donation rates from emergency departments in Australia. Health care professionals' beliefs and personal attitudes regarding organ and tissue donation are known to influence professional attitudes and practice. Objective-To assess emergency department clinicians' general beliefs and personal attitudes toward organ and tissue donation, how general beliefs influence personal attitudes, and which demographic characteristics are related. Design-A cross-sectional online survey, based on available literature and the validated and widely used Hospital Attitude Survey (DonorAction). Participants-Data were collected from 811 Australian emergency department clinicians, invited to participate through the College of Emergency Nursing Australasia, and the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. Results-Most clinicians were very supportive of organ and tissue donation (96.2%), believed that organ and tissue donation can save lives (98.5%), and that organs and tissues will be allocated fairly (82.6%); however, 30.1% did not agree that organ and tissue donation can help the next of kin cope with grief. Holding positive general beliefs increased positive personal attitudes toward organ and tissue donation (P< .001). Most reported willingness to donate their own organs and tissues after death (90%) and give family consent for their children (79.6%) or adult family (86.6%) member to donate. Eighty-six percent had discussed their wishes with next of kin, but only 50.7% had registered on the Australian Organ Donor Register. Older clinicians, male clinicians, and clinicians of certain religious and cultural backgrounds were identified as having less positive general beliefs and personal attitudes. Conclusion-Although Australian emergency department clinicians are generally positive toward organ and tissue donation, some groups could potentially benefit from education to change their beliefs and attitudes about organ and tissue donation further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical Education 2012 Context Education in simulated learning environments (SLEs) has grown rapidly across health care professions, yet no substantive randomised controlled trial (RCT) has investigated whether SLEs can, in part, substitute for traditional clinical education. Methods Participants were physiotherapy students (RCT 1, n = 192; RCT 2, n = 178) from six Australian universities undertaking clinical education in an ambulatory care setting with patients with musculoskeletal disorders. A simulated learning programme was developed as a replica for clinical education in musculoskeletal practice to replace 1 week of a 4-week clinical education placement. Two SLE models were designed. Model 1 provided 1 week in the SLE, followed by 3 weeks in clinical immersion; Model 2 offered training in the SLE in parallel with clinical immersion during the first 2 weeks of the 4-week placement. Two single-blind, multicentre RCTs (RCT 1, Model 1; RCT 2, Model 2) were conducted using a non-inferiority design to determine if the clinical competencies of students part-educated in SLEs would be any worse than those of students educated fully in traditional clinical immersion. The RCTs were conducted simultaneously, but independently. Within each RCT, students were stratified on academic score and randomised to either the SLE group or the control ('Traditional') group, which undertook 4 weeks of traditional clinical immersion. The primary outcome measure was a blinded assessment of student competency conducted over two clinical examinations at week 4 using the Assessment of Physiotherapy Practice (APP) tool. Results Students' achievement of clinical competencies was no worse in the SLE groups than in the Traditional groups in either RCT (Margin [Δ ] ≥ 0.4 difference on APP score; RCT 1: 95% CI − 0.07 to 0.17; RCT 2: 95% CI − 0.11 to 0.16). Conclusions These RCTs provide evidence that clinical education in an SLE can in part (25%) replace clinical time with real patients without compromising students' attainment of the professional competencies required to practise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

courtney-pratt h., fitzgerald m., ford k., marsden k. & marlow a. (2012) Quality clinical placements for undergraduate nursing students: a cross-sectional survey of undergraduates and supervising nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(6), 1391-1401. Abstract Aim. This article reports a generational cohort and leader-member exchange theoretical frameworks-guided study of the influence of the supervisor-subordinate relationship on three generational nurse cohorts' use of intuition, perceptions of empowerment and affective commitment. Background. Within a global context of nurse shortages, knowledge about factors influencing nurse retention is urgently sought. We postulated that nurses' use of intuition is the key to their empowerment and consequent commitment to the organization, and that impact would vary among the three large nurse generations. Methods. A self-report survey was used to gather data in 2008, which were then analysed using correlations, regression analysis, manova and path analysis. Data were obtained from 900 Baby Boomer and Generations X and Y nurses, randomly chosen from seven private hospitals across Australia. Results. The findings confirm the important impact of supervisor-nurse relationships upon all three generations' use of intuition. The findings add new knowledge about the differing importance of using intuition for Generation X, Generation Y and Baby Boomer nurses' perceptions of empowerment, suggesting it is more important to Baby Boomers and Generation X than to Generation Y. Further, the impact of using intuition differs significantly among the generational cohorts. Conclusions. The findings suggest the need for a more differentiated tailored style - sensitive to varying needs of the generations. Improving supervisor-nurse relationships is also critical, because of their impact upon nurses' use of intuition, perceptions of empowerment and affective commitment. Poor relationships lead to increased nurse replacement costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe cerebellum is rich in cannabinoid receptors and implicated in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Long-term cannabis use is associated with functional and structural brain changes similar to those evident in schizophrenia, yet its impact on cerebellar structure has not been determined. We examined cerebellar grey and white matter in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia.MethodSeventeen patients with schizophrenia and 31 healthy controls were recruited; 48% of the healthy group and 47% of the patients were long-term heavy cannabis users (mean 19.7 and 17.9 years near daily use respectively). Cerebellar measures were extracted from structural 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans using semi-automated methods, and examined using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and correlational analyses.ResultsCerebellar white-matter volume was reduced in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia compared to healthy non-users, by 29.7% and 23.9% respectively, and by 17.7% in patients without cannabis use. Healthy cannabis users did not differ in white-matter volume from either of the schizophrenia groups. There were no group differences in cerebellar grey matter or total volumes. Total cerebellar volume decreased as a function of duration of cannabis use in the healthy users. Psychotic symptoms and illness duration correlated with cerebellar measures differentially between patients with and without cannabis use.ConclusionsLong-term heavy cannabis use in healthy individuals is associated with smaller cerebellar white-matter volume similar to that observed in schizophrenia. Reduced volumes were even more pronounced in patients with schizophrenia who use cannabis. Cannabis use may alter the course of brain maturational processes associated with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aim: To determine the impact of a pharmacist intervention on patient-guided diuretic dose adjustment in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Method: Patients with heart failure were randomised to usual care or usual care plus pharmacist intervention and followed for 3 months. Pharmacist intervention focused on patients improving self-care, recognising symptoms of fluid retention, measuring weight daily and self-adjusting diuretic dose using frusemide. The primary outcome was the number of appropriate weight-titrated frusemide dose adjustments. Secondary outcomes included the number of patients who correctly self-adjusted their frusemide dose, hospital readmissions due to fluid overload, heart failure-related knowledge and understanding, and quality of life (using validated tools). Results: 70 patients were recruited: 35 usual care (control) and 35 usual care plus pharmacist intervention. The average number of appropriate weight-titrated frusemide dose adjustments per patient per month in the control group was 0.32 ± 0.08 and in the intervention group was 0.85 ± 0.13 (p = 0.006). Hospital readmissions due to fluid overload was 31% in the control and 14% in the intervention groups (p = 0.04). There were significant differences between the groups regarding appropriate self-adjusted frusemide doses, heart failure-related knowledge and understanding, and quality of life. Conclusion: A pharmacist intervention improved the ability of heart failure patients to self-adjust their diuretic dose by using a flexible dosing regimen based on weight, resulting in quality of life improvement and a decrease in hospital readmissions due to fluid overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Support and education for parents faced with managing a child with atopic dermatitis is crucial to the success of current treatments. Interventions aiming to improve parent management of this condition are promising. Unfortunately, evaluation is hampered by lack of precise research tools to measure change. Objectives: To develop a suite of valid and reliable research instruments to appraise parents’ self-efficacy for performing atopic dermatitis management tasks; outcome expectations of performing management tasks; and self-reported task performance in a community sample of parents of children with atopic dermatitis. Methods: The Parents’ Eczema Management Scale (PEMS) and the Parents’ Outcome Expectations of Eczema Management Scale (POEEMS) were developed from an existing self-efficacy scale, the Parental Self-Efficacy with Eczema Care Index (PASECI). Each scale was presented in a single self-administered questionnaire, to measure self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-reported task performance related to managing child atopic dermatitis. Each was tested with a community sample of parents of children with atopic dermatitis, and psychometric evaluation of the scales’ reliability and validity was conducted. Setting and participants: A community-based convenience sample of 120 parents of children with atopic dermatitis completed the self-administered questionnaire. Participants were recruited through schools across Australia. Results: Satisfactory internal consistency and test–retest reliability was demonstrated for all three scales. Construct validity was satisfactory, with positive relationships between self-efficacy for managing atopic dermatitis and general perceived self-efficacy; self-efficacy for managing atopic dermatitis and self-reported task performance; and self-efficacy for managing atopic dermatitis and outcome expectations. Factor analyses revealed two-factor structures for PEMS and PASECI alike, with both scales containing factors related to performing routine management tasks, and managing the child''s symptoms and behaviour. Factor analysis was also applied to POEEMS resulting in a three-factor structure. Factors relating to independent management of atopic dermatitis by the parent, involving healthcare professionals in management, and involving the child in the management of atopic dermatitis were found. Parents’ self-efficacy and outcome expectations had a significant influence on self-reported task performance. Conclusions: Findings suggest that PEMS and POEEMS are valid and reliable instruments worthy of further psychometric evaluation. Likewise, validity and reliability of PASECI was confirmed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: The risks of anorexia nervosa (AN) are well established. Despite its severity, little certainty exists for practitioners, with ethical and financial limitations yielding few controlled studies establishing effective treatments. Thus, other methods of establishing treatment effectiveness are necessary. This study presents preliminary results of an open clinical trial of a day program for adolescents with AN. Method: Participants were 26 anorectic females, 12-18 years, who completed the ''Transition Program.'' Results: Significant change emerged on measures of weight gain, and behavioral and attitudinal measures of eating pathology. Large effect sizes were evident for weight gain at 6 month follow-up. Preliminary trends suggest that treatment gains on these and other measures of eating pathology were maintained at 6 month follow-up. Discussion: Preliminary results support day program treatment for adolescents with mild-moderately severe eating disorders. Present outcomes are discussed with respect to the dearth of efficacious treatment options for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To obtain expert consensus to develop and evaluate a rating system on the relative healthiness of Australian suburbs’ food outlet types. Methods: Twenty ‐ four food outlet types and 10 local suburbs were identified from previous mapping studies and based on a scan of suburbs across one large Australian geographical region. Initial food outlet ‘scores’ for relative healthiness were proposed based on available literature, classified into five categories, from ‘most’ to ‘least’ healthy. In round 1 of a modified Delphi survey, participants, Australian public health and nutrition experts, were given each outlet type's definition and the proposed scores and invited to modify the scores based on their perceived ‘healthiness’. In round 2, participants were able to revise or adjust their scores. Results: Median scores for food outlet types from both rounds highly correlated with the originally proposed scores (two ‐ tailed Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.97 and 0.96, respectively, P = 0.01), and scores from round 1 highly correlated with those from round 2 (Pearson's coefficient 0.998, P = 0.01). Round 2 scores were used to calculate suburbs’ overall food environment score, healthiness score, unhealthiness score and a ratio of unhealthiness to healthiness scores. There was strong positive correlation between suburbs’ ratio of unhealthiness to healthiness scores and a previously recognised scoring ratio, Retail Food Environment Index (Spearman's rho 0.847, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The study generated experts’ consensus about relative healthiness of food outlet types found in Australian neighbourhoods. Proposed scores can be used to assess and compare healthiness of community food environments and to explore their associations with area characteristics, population's diet and health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]