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Aphorisms are unique literary works known for their memorability, concision, and ambiguity. They have an information structure divided into theme (known information) and rheme (new information), with the "unmarked topical theme" playing a crucial role. This study examines the impact of translation techniques on these unmarked topical themes and their influence on translation quality, focusing on an unexplored area in Arabic discourse. The research design is descriptive qualitative. Data were collected from the aphoristic text of Al-Hikam in Arabic (L1) and its translations into Indonesian (L2a) and Javanese (L2b). The research problems addressed are: (1) What translation techniques do translators employ when dealing with the "unmarked topical theme" in Al-Hikam's aphoristic text? Do translators favor the source language or the target language? (2) How can the translation of unmarked topical themes in Al-Hikam's aphorisms be assessed in terms of accuracy, readability, and acceptability?. The study finds that translation techniques, including conventional equivalent, compensation, modulation, and reduction, significantly impact the translation quality of unmarked topical themes. The conventional equivalent technique is particularly effective in maintaining the position of the unmarked topical theme from the source language to the target language. This research contributes to developing an Arabic translation model based on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) analysis. It also provides a comparative analysis of the distinctive discourse topic development elements in Arabic, Indonesian, and Javanese texts, highlighting the implications of various translation techniques on the quality of aphoristic translations.

Translation acts as a bridge for knowledge transfer. Translators must be well-versed in translation, including translation techniques. In this study, we will explore which translation techniques are used in Al-Ushul Ats-Tsalatsah’s translation, according to Molina and Albir's theory, and which translation techniques are most frequently used. The aspiration is that the outcomes of this study can offer valuable insights to translators and researchers specializing in Arabic language, aiding them in choosing translation techniques for religious texts with the goal of reducing confusion in the translation process. This study employs descriptive qualitative research methods. From the examination of 170 pieces of data, the translator used 13 of the 18 translation procedures suggested by Molina and Albir, with a total frequency of use of 215 times. These techniques include: (1) amplification, (2) transposition, (3) borrowing, (4) literal translation, (5) linguistic compression, (6) established equivalent, (7) linguistic amplification, (8) particularization, (9) reduction, (10) description, (11) calque, (12) generalization, and (13) modulation. The amplification is the most commonly used since certain terms and information in the SL text that cannot be effectively understood unless they are complemented by additional information according to its function.

The way taboos are translated can be controversial as it can depend on the characteristics of the communicative act related to the speakers’ context, culture, age and idiolect. However, we could generalise that some taboos can cause a strong reaction to the audience in the context of audiovisual translation (AVT), and some of them are particularly delicate to address, as is the case of religious references. Subtitlers are responsible for transferring the source text (ST) into a target text (TT) in the form of subtitles. In the case of Spain, whether or not the resulting subtitles are more or less faithful to the original cannot be said to be the result of censorship nowadays. However, phrases such as “Jesus fucking Christ” can pose a challenge to the professional, who must consider the best option to render the full impact of its contextual load. The result, for example, can vary from abiding by the rules of what can be considered politically correct, not being fully faithful to the ST or, by contrast, transferring some offensive or taboo load to the TT in the form of a (non-)religious phrase. On streaming platforms in Spain, these expressions tend to be compensated by other offensive phrases which avoid the direct insult to “God” or “Jesus Christ” (Ávila-Cabrera 2020), thereby resorting to ideological manipulation (Díaz Cintas 2012). The present study analyses the series Succession (Jesse Armstrong 2018–2023), season 3, and its subtitled version into Spanish, broadcast by HBO España (Spain). Based on a Descriptive Translation Studies approach (Toury 2012) and following Ávila-Cabrera’s (2023b) taxonomy of translation techniques, our initial hypothesis is that religious references are usually subtitled in a neutralised or offensive way, the latter excluding the direct reference to the religious figure. This paper aims to show the way that religious references in this TV series have been subtitled into Spanish for the Spanish audience from a linguistic approach, contributing to enriching the literature on AVT and religious phrases as taboo elements.

Статья посвящена сравнительно малоизученному аспекту истории переводов советской литературы на английский язык, а именно деятельности одного из переводчиков, сотрудничавших с советскими издательствами, публиковавшими переводы отечественной литературы на иностранные языки. В связи с непосредственной темой исследования в статье проанализированы способы передачи советизмов в английском переводе романа Виля Липатова «И это всё о нём», выполненном Алексом Миллером и опубликованном в 1983 г. советским издательством «Радуга». Авторы обсуждают специфику советизмов как реалий, их трактовку в советской и постсоветской лингвистике и теории перевода, способы их передачи применительно к их тематическим группам. Показаны также особенности подхода А. Миллера к передаче советизмов, позволяющие оценить влияние на него советской школы перевода.

This research aims at analyzing translation techniques used by the translator in translating the booklet "West Java Calendar of Event 2020" from Indonesian into English. This booklet is published by the Department of Tourism and Culture, West Java. Specifically, this research highlights the translation of culturally bound terms in the booklet. The researchers are interested in analyzing this topic because cultural-bound terms are considered challenging to translate; the translators must understand the cultural background of the languages they are translating. Moreover, it is not likely that translators can find one-to-one correspondence for each cultural term in the text. This study applies a descriptive qualitative method since the data are in the form of text and the researchers also play a role as the key instrument in collecting the data, in this case through document examination. In this research, total sampling technique is applied since the researchers take all of the culturally bound terms in the booklet. The research begins with collecting the cultural terms from the booklet, classifying them into cultural terms categories based on Newmark's theory of cultural category, and determining the translation techniques based on Molina and Albir's theory. The result shows that the translator mainly employs borrowing, amplification, description, and established equivalent techniques. There is a tendency that the translator prefers those techniques because it is hard for the translator to find one-to-one correspondence of the terms in the target language. Hopefully, this research will be beneficial for translators in deciding the proper translation techniques in translating cultural terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Термин «безэквивалентная лексика» (БЭЛ) объединяет культурно-специфичные единицы, которые невозможно выразить на иностранном языке с помощью точного соответствия. Вместе с тем существует ряд приемов, позволяющих приблизить понимание иностранным реципиентом таких единиц. Соотнесение приемов перевода со стратегиями доместикации или форенизации позволяет оценить воспроизведение национально-культурного компонента в конкретном переводном тексте. Актуальность работы определяется важностью адекватной передачи безэквивалентной лексики при переводе текстов художественных произведений. Цель – выявление особенностей перевода безэквивалентной лексики на материале переводов романа И. Ильфа и Е. Петрова «Золотой теленок» на английский язык. Материалами исследования послужил оригинальный текст романа И. Ильфа и Е. Петрова «Золотой теленок», а также четыре его англоязычных перевода (1931–2009). В качестве методов применялись общенаучные методы анализа, синтеза и обобщения, а также частнонаучные методы описания и сопоставления, наряду с методом стилистического анализа текста. Безэквивалентная лексика в романе «Золотой теленок», действие которого происходит в период интенсивного формирования лексикона новой формации на фоне еще незабытых реалий царской России, представлена классами советизмов, наименований предметов и явлений традиционного быта, слов нерусского происхождения, историзмов, лексики фразеологических единиц, жаргонизмов и диалектизмов, фольклоризмов, а также авторских неологизмов. Сопоставительный анализ передачи данных групп БЭЛ в четырех англоязычных версиях позволяет говорить о методах, преимущественно использованных каждым из переводчиков для передачи культурной-исторической привязки исследуемого текста. Наиболее частотными оказались приемы описательного и приближенного перевода; далее следуют приемы гипонимического перевода и калькирования, а наименее популярным оказался прием перераспределения значения. Опущения в основном присущи ранним переводам романа (Ч. Маламут, Дж. Ричардсон); в версии К. Гуревича и Х. Андерсон преобладают приемы приближенного, описательного и гипонимического перевода; Э. Фишер, наряду с вышеописанным, также использует калькирование и дополняет текст переводческими комментариями. Соотнесение использованных приемов перевода БЭЛ со стратегиями форенизации и доместикации позволяет говорить о преобладании последней во всех изученных текстах; наиболее культурно-специфичной («форенизированной») оказалась версия Э. Фишер, а наиболее приближенным к реципиенту («доместицированным») – перевод К. Гуревича и Х. Андерсон.

Due to the increase of the importance of translation in the modern world, the profession of translator has gained some popularity — especially among those who study foreign languages. The article discusses the role of translation in teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language, where translation is suggested as the fifth language skill (following speaking, writing, etc). The possibilities for the development of translation competence together with the role of didactic translation in a Ukrainian class for foreign language learners have been analyzed herein. Moreover, the article presents some methodological recommendations for a variety of text types as well as a choice of useful translation exercises for teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language.

In this article we analyzed the translations into English of the categories of bottoms and tops present in two works by Reinaldo Arenas: Before Night Falls, translated by Dolores Koch, and The Color of Summer, by Andrew Hurley. To this end, we use the translation techniques proposed by Lucía Molina and Amparo Hurtado Albir (2002), and the translation methods proposed by Marti Ferriol (2006), following the new classification by Ericka Vargas Castro (2022). This is discussed in light of a theoretical framework that includes gender, with concepts as Judith Butler's (2009) performativity and precarity, or Pierre Bourdieu's (1998) paradox of the doxa, as well as the Cuban sociopolitical perspective. It is concluded that three techniques are the most used: the literal translation, the established equivalent, and the discursive creation. Finally, this discussion concerning gender, political regime, and translation might lead to the proposal of consistent translations of sex/gender designations in the work by Arenas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lenguaje is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to describe the types of interrogative sentences in The Spongebob Movie: Sponge on The Run, translation techniques, and the quality of the translation results. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this research are as follows: Based on the translation, interrogative sentences are divided into two types: translations without a shift of 137 data and translations with a shift of 20 data. In this research, it was found that 16 of the 18 translation techniques in the Molina & Albir version were dominated by common equivalent techniques, namely 187 data (41%) in TL 1 and 245 data (46%) in TL 2. Of the 157 data, 113 quality data were found in EnglishIndonesian dubbing with a score of 2.73 and 115 data in English-Arabic with a score of 2.69. So, the quality results of the dubbing translation of EnglishIndonesian and English-Arabic question sentences are included in the excellent category. It can be concluded that shifts and translation techniques influence the results of translation quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Figurative language is a way to captivate readers, expressed through writing in a more creative style. This research aims to find out and compare the translation techniques used by Sapardi Djoko Damono and Dian Vita Ellyati to translate similes and metaphors in The Old Man and The Sea Novel and their effect on the quality of the translation. This research used a descriptive qualitative method that employed a sampling technique. The research data are similes and metaphors from The Old Man and the Sea and its two Indonesian translations. This research collects data from document analysis, questionnaires, and focus group discussions. This research shows that translation techniques used in similes and metaphors have different impacts on the translation quality in both versions. The final result of the calculation shows that version A has a final translation quality score of 2.42, while version B has a final quality score of 2.54. The findings highlight the importance of carefully considering and selecting appropriate techniques to convey figurative language in translated works effectively. Future research in this field could focus on exploring additional translation strategies for other forms of figurative language, investigating the preferences, and examining the influence of cultural context on the translation process.

The article discusses translation techniques applied in the translation of culture-specific concepts in the description text of Museum Wayang dan Artefak Purbalingga. Culture-specific concept is one of the common types of non-equivalence at word level resulted from the absence of cultural concepts in the target language. To cope with this problem, a translator is provided with translation techniques proposed by many translation scholars. This research applied the theory of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir. Based on the analysis, the most frequently-used technique is borrowing technique. The technique is relatively common to apply in translating culturally-bound terms that do not have one-to-one correspondence. The most common non-equivalence problem at word level to find is problem of culture-specific concepts. It is because the text describes the puppets displayed there, and to be more specific, puppets are parts of Indonesian culture, a precious cultural heritage. Therefore, many culturally-bound words or terms are kept original.

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of slangisms in Anna Todd’s novel After. The authors define slang as fragile, unstable, non-codified, and often completely random collections of lexemes that exist in the colloquial sphere, reflecting the public consciousness of people belonging to a certain social or professional environment. Slangisms are units of the lexical and phraseological system of slang used in popular oral and written speech. This article compares the translations of the novel After by the modern American writer A. Todd into Russian. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the features of the translation of slangisms on the example of official and unofficial (amateur) translations of A. Todd’s novel After. Materials and methods. The material of the study is A. Todd’s novel After, its official translation by M. Belyakov and an unofficial translation taken from the Ficbook.com website, performed by an amateur translator. During the study, a set of complementary research methods was used: theoretical analysis of scientific research on the problem, continuous sampling method, analysis and interpretation of the results obtained. Results. Based on the analysis of the corpus of examples, it was revealed that when translating slangisms in A. Todd’s novel After, such translation techniques as variant correspondence, semantic development, and contextual translation were most often used. When translating slangisms, translators considered such factors as the age, social and personal qualities of the characters, as well as the unique style of the author’s language.

Newer and newer Bible translations from original languages tend to appear regularly. Their authors pursue a plethora of strategies, from interlinear to philological to dynamic ones, taking as the source text not only the Hebrew, but also the Greek canon. Since the 1980s, the books of the Greek Bible have been translated into German, English, Italian, Spanish and French; ten years ago, this group was comple­mented by the Polish rendering made by Rev. Prof. Remigiusz Popowski. Though enthusiastically received, the text was not much researched. This article is intended to make up for this paucity and present the Polish text of the Septuagint from the perspective of its bibliological process and that of descriptive translation studies: a brief account of its historical background, the author of the translation, a record of editions and the significance for the Polish biblical milieu is followed by a closer analysis and exemplification of strate­gies and techniques adopted by the author.

AbstractLiterary translation has been widely discussed in modern translation studies because it presents diverse problems, including linguistic and cultural aspects so inherent during the translation process. The mistranslation of socio-cultural expressions is one such issue. This study investigates and analyses the techniques used in translating the Arabic socio-cultural expressions that appear in Ibrahim al-Koni’s Nazi:f al-Hajar, which was published in 1992; and its English translation, The Bleeding of the Stone, published in 2002 by May Jayyusi and Christopher Tingley. In the study, a comparison between the source text (Arabic) and the target text (English) was undertaken to observe the quality of the translation via adopting House’s (1997) model for translation quality assessment, and thereby identify the techniques being used. Some problems were noted in the translation of Arabic socio-cultural expressions into English. These problems were attributed to the cultural differences between Arabic and English, as evidenced by the unrecognisability of certain socio-cultural expressions in the source language and their nonexistence in the receptor culture, as well as the non-use of certain translation techniques.

The treatment of insults –understood as words within offensive language whose function is hurting the addressee's feelings (Ávila-Cabrera, 2016)– in audiovisual translation (AVT) always poses a challenge to audiovisual translators: because of the semantic/pragmatic load these terms have in the source text (ST), the effect caused in the target text (TT) and culture, and because of the difficulty in transferring them in an idiomatic way. Certain formulas do not always maintain the effect that some words have in the ST. In addition, the translation techniques used may not even be faithful to the original dialogue exchanges. This paper aims to analyse all the insults uttered in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (Tarantino, 2019), and in its dubbed and subtitled versions into European Spanish. In order to do so, I will pay particular attention to the speaker's intention (Grice, 1969), whether the insults found in the ST can be viewed as examples of friendly banter or whether, by contrast, the speaker's intention was offending. Ávila-Cabrera's (2023) taxonomy of translation techniques will be used to delve into the manner in which insults were translated to the TT to determine whether or not the semantic/pragmatic load of these terms is transferred (being toned up, maintained or toned down) or not (being neutralised or omitted). The point of departure of this case study resorts to the initial hypothesis that dubbing transfers more insults into European Spanish than subtitling due to the technical features of the former. The aims of the study are: to determine (1) how faithful the dubbed and subtitled version insults were towards the ST, that is, whether or not the load of the insults is transferred to the TT and to what degree; (2) which AVT mode transfers the greatest number of insults to the TT; (3) if the insults transferred had the intention of offending or not; and (4) if the insults tend to foreignisation or domestication. In order to do so, a multidisciplinary methodology will be used based on a descriptive translation studies (DTS) and pragmatics approach. • Dubbing and subtitling transfer insults to European Spanish mostly faithfully. • Dubbing has slightly transferred more insults than subtitling. • The function of insults depends on its linguistic form, sociopragmatics and context. • Insults aimed at offending have been present in the TT closely in both AVT modes. • The audio and visual channels help distinguish insults as offence vs. friendly banter. • The same professional did the dubbing and subtitling, hence the similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to analyze the captions of TikTok application from the perspective of translation techniques, methods, and ideology. As a matter of fact, although many scholars have researched the application of TikTok as a learning medium, less is known about it from the perspective of translation studies. The data of this study were derived from Arabic–Indonesian captions in the personal accounts of Abu Danah and Ahmad Al-Kurman, uploaded families from August to December 2021. The findings showcased the most dominant translation techniques found in 27 captions in the Abu Danah family account. 20 captions of Ahmad Al-Kurman were identified as a transposition translation technique. The translation method found in the caption of Abu Danah family account tended to use communicative methods and domestication ideology. In contrast, the translation method and ideology inclined to be used in the translation of Ahmad Al-Kurman's captions were free a translation method and the ideology of domestication. The study’s results concluded that the applications of transposition translation technique, the translation method tending to target languages, and the domestication ideology referred to translators' efforts to make it easier for readers to understand the translation results on TikTok media with its minimal space. Thus, short-form Arabic social media texts should be applied the free translation method based on domestication ideology in order to have a high level of readability.

This study examines the translation techniques used in the Arabic, Indonesian, and English languages. One of the studies in textual equivalence involves the translation of the information structure of Themes (starting point of speech) and Rheme (new information). Mapping the structure of the Themes and Rheme in the source language text (SL) will assist the translator in determining the flow of information and identifying the type of genre in both the source and the target text. Thus, the research problems can be stated as follows: (1) what the form of information structure is in Al-Hikam aphorisms, and (2) how to apply translation techniques in Al-Hikam aphorisms. The results show that Arabic-to-Indonesian and Arabic-to-English aphorism translations employ a variety of translation techniques. There are 1,169 different translation techniques utilised in Al-Hikam aphorisms (Arabic to Indonesian). Meanwhile, the number of translation techniques in Al-Hikam aphorisms (Arabic – English) amount to 962. On the other hand, the dominance of established equivalent techniques in Arabic – Indonesian and Arabic – English translations indicates that there are many terms or expressions that have been recognised in the dictionary or are commonly used to achieve equivalence from the source language to the target language, thereby increasing the readability of aphorism. The results of macro level data analysis indicate that translation of Al-Hikam’s aphorisms in Arabic - Indonesian and Arabic - English tends to be oriented towards the target language and adopts the ideology of domestication.

This study aimed to describe the forms of field muta'addi, its translation technique, and the quality of translation in the translation book of Nūrul Yaqīn Fī Sīrati Sayyidil Mursalīn. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with Spadley's (1980) data analysis. The result of this research is the finding of 276 data of file muta'addi based on its relationship with maul bih (object), which is fill muta'addi bi nafsihi and fill muta'addi bi gharial. Based on time, Al-Ghulayaini (2007) divides fill muta'addi into mādhī, mudhāri, and amr. There were 343 using translation techniques from 11 translation techniques. In this study, 214 data were translated accurately, acceptably, and with high readability. The final assessment score of translation quality is 2.84 and is categorized as high-quality translation. So, the researcher concludes that readers will be able to easily understand the text of the life journey of the Prophet Muhammad.

Oronce Finé composed in 1532, as result of the teaching program at the Collège Royal, his work Protomathesis: opus varium, a quadripartite mathematical compendium about practical arithmetic, theoretical and practical geometry, cosmography and gnomonics. Precisely the second book, De geometria, was translated into the Spanish language, Los dos libros de la geometría práctica de Oroncio Fineo Delfinate, [...] traducidos de latín en lengua española, in 1553, by Jerónimo Girava and Pedro Juan de Lastanosa. Based on the collation of both texts, the Latin original and the Spanish translation, this work analyzes the characteristics of the Spanish treatise and describes the translation techniques used by the translators in its textual formulation, which represents the first version made since Latin into a Romance language. Although, principally, the translators opt for an literally translation, the testimonials reflect the restructuring of the contents and, with them, the semantic amplitude, thanks to the use of different types of paraphrases and circumlocutions. Furthermore, they translate the Latinisms or recreate these with a gloss or binomial expressions to convey the meaning, but they also copy the Latinisms or translate the Greek voices, when these are terminologically appropriated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the subtitles in peninsular and Latin Spanish of the Netflix series Sex Education (Nunn et al., 2019). The series features dialogues with numerous colloquial and vulgar marks typical of youthful language, as well as scenes in which issues related to the ideological category of sex are addressed. The corpus is made up of a selection of scenes taken from the eight episodes of the first season that contain elements related to the category of sex and, in particular, to the following subcategories: sexual relations and sexual anatomy. Based on the classification proposed by Ávila-Cabrera (2020; 2023) in his model for analyzing the translation of taboo languages, it has been possible to shed light on the different techniques used to translate sexual slang in the two versions compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slavica Wratislaviensia is the property of Wroclaw University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Saadi's Golestan and Jami's Baharestan are two Persian works in prose in which significant techniques have been used in translating Arabic expressions due to the proficiency of the authors in Arabic and Persian languages and their rhetorical and linguistic knowledge. In this research, the Arabic-translated phrases in the mentioned works have been studied based on the target-oriented approach in translation. The basis of this approach is that the translator tries to choose equivalent and equal elements of the target language with regard to the elements of the source language and text. With the help of special methods, he also tries to enter the entire meaning of the desired context into the target language and to avoid conveying the explicit meaning merely. The aim of the present study is to find Arabic to Persian translation techniques in Saadi's Golestan and Jami's Baharestan and to examine the extent of Saadi and Jami's commitment to the target language. Considering that Jami's Baharestan is the most prominent work of art identical to Saadi's Golestan in terms of form and content, the results indicate that the techniques of translating Arabic phrases into Persian in this work are also remarkably similar to Saadi's Golestan. Accordingly, the most distinguished methods of the target-oriented approach in translating the Arabic expressions of Golestan and Baharestan, respectively, are transition, dissimilation, adjunction, and disambiguation.

Background. The translation process is to be considered not merely as a cross- language, but as a cross-cultural interaction as well, since two language systems and two cultures operate simultaneously. The translator’s mission is to adequately transfer the source code of information into the translation language and adapt the national and cultural features of the original text. This involves mental processing of the underlying message implications and presuppositions. Strategies and methods of translation of official documents are determined not only by their linguistic characteristics, but also by their national-specific features. The above-mentioned aspects contribute to the background of the study. Purpose. The article deals with the analysis of the lexical and syntactic features of the translation of official business texts through the prism of the national cultural code, as well as reveals the influence of mental features of various linguistic and cultural communities on the linguistic, structural and style-forming characteristics of business texts. Materials and methods. The empiric material for the study is represented by 70 official documents of international organizations in English (UNESCO, The Minsk Declaration, U.S. Mission Russia, etc.) and their corresponding Russian translations. The documents are published in an open access on the Internet on the official websites of press services and news portals. In the course of analyzing the sources of actual material, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, cognitive analysis, and content analysis were used. Results. The results of the study proved that the national-cultural specificity has a direct impact on the linguistic, structural and style-forming characteristics of official business texts. To ensure the adequacy of a translation in the recipient language, cognitive processing of the source code through the prism of the semantic space of the translator’s culture is required. Recurrent methods of translating of official documents are the techniques of generalization, specification, addition, zero translation and integration. Conclusion. Official business texts are marked by certain functional characteristics that must be taken into consideration in the process of translation to ensure its adequacy and communicative effect.

ABSTRAC: This study investigates the neologisms in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid's Tale and the translation techniques used when rendering them into Turkish. The term neologism can be explained by new words or words with new senses. In this article, the neologisms found in the corpus are identified and later categorized according to Peter Newmark’s neologism types. Followingly, the utilized technique or techniques are described using a compilation we came up with combining a variety of translation techniques that are mainly taken from Lucía Molina and Amparo Hurtado Albir’s work. The neologism-specific translation techniques were determined and then, the data that do not fit into the categories were revealed. These non-conforming examples enabled us to detect categories that are not present in Newmark’s neologism classification. In addition to that, we detected some translation techniques which could be included in neologism translation technique compilations. From this perspective, our study tests the preferred models of neologism categorization and translation techniques in practice, and the most frequently used techniques in neologism translations were determined. Finally, the data we obtained here were compared with the results of other studies in the neologism translation literature to make our findings more concrete. ÖZ: Bu çalışma Margaret Atwood’un Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü başlıklı eserindeki neolojizmleri ve neolojizmlerin Türkçeye çevirisinde kullanılan çeviri tekniklerini incelemektedir. Neolojizm terimi yeni sözcükler ya da yeni anlamlı sözcükler olarak açıklanabilir. Bu makalede bütüncedeki neolojizmler tespit edilmiş ve sonrasında Peter Newmark’ın neolojizm türlerine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Ardından neolojizmlerin Türkçeye çevirilerinde kullanılan teknikler Lucía Molina and Amparo Hurtado Albir’in çeviri teknikleri derlemesindeki tekniklere göre incelenmiştir. Eldeki neolojizmlerde kullanılan tekniklerin belirlenmesiyle sınıflandırmalara uymayan veriler açığa çıkartılmıştır. Dışarıda kalan bu veriler Newmark’ın çalışmasında bulunmayan neolojizm kategorilerini belirlenmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Buna ek olarak, bazı çeviri tekniklerinin Molina ve Albir’in çeviri teknikleri derlemesinde yer almadığı belirlenmiştir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında çalışmamız seçtiğimiz neolojizm sınıflandırması ve çeviri tekniklerini uygulamadaki halini incelemektedir. Aynı zamanda eldeki makale neolojizm çevirilerinde en sık kullanılan çeviri tekniklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Son olarak çalışmamızdan elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar neolojizm çevirisi araştırmaları alanındaki diğer çalışmaların sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır.

The article presents a study that focuses on approaches to rendering Ukrainian historical terminology related to the Old Rus' period into English selected en masse from Ukrainian and English academic texts on history, with a special focus on culture-specific terminology. Historical terms for translation purposes are categorised into non-culture-specific historical terminology reflecting universal concepts of historical science, and culture-specific historical terminology. The purpose of the article is to determine specific methods for Ukrainian-English translation of historical terminology of the Old Rus' period. The paper discusses approaches and methods used by English-speaking academics to secondary term formation, taking place when rendering concepts denoting Ukrainian original culture-specific terminology into English. Different groups of historical terms are described with a special focus on onomastic terminology. It is demonstrated that the historical context should be taken into account for the correct designation of a historical concept. Non-culture-specific historical terminology is predominantly rendered by existing equivalents, which were formed through phonological adaptation and/or calque translation. The most appropriate technique for rendering culture-specific Ukrainian historical terminology is shown to be combined renomination, the method that uses both a transcription and a description of a historical concept.

Al-Hikam aphorism is a descriptive factual genre in which the patterns of the text structure are distinctive and aesthetic. The structure of the information facilitates the linear pattern to be arranged in any micro manner. The structured information may have various themes (topical, textual, and interpersonal). The aphorisms, which are originally Arabic, have been translated into English. This study investigates the techniques, methods, and ideology of al-Hikam English translation and the impact of the shift in thematic structure on the quality of translation. Using a qualitative design by utilizing Spradley model data analysis modified by Santosa (2021), this study suggests that al-Hikam aphorism translation has the tendency towards the target language with the ideology of domestication as seen from the translation techniques being used. The application of translation techniques also causes the phenomenon of thematic structures shift that affects the quality of translation. Therefore, textual competence must be understood by a translator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grandiose novel of William Faulkner “Absalom!Absalom!” is a majestic example of a piece of writing which encompasses diverse layers of plots, social layers, and dramatic collisions, revealed through intricate linguistic apparatus, particularly a very specific syntactic organization. The paper is an attempt to make a close comparison of the original and the Armenian texts of the novel, translated by Levon Mkrtchyan. The analysis of the syntactic complexity of the novel and its appropriate rendering into the Armenian language has been conducted within the framework of three sets of translation methods, elaborated by J.P.Vinay’s and J. Darbelnet and M.Baker. The results of the investigation manifest a striking deviation from the original text on the syntactic and textual levels. Scrupulous quantitative and qualitative data and interpretation are provided in the conclusion.

This study aimed to describe the types of directive speech acts, the use of translation techniques, and the quality of the Indonesian translation of the book Badzl al-Mâ'ûn fi Fadhl ath-Thâ'ûn. This research used descriptive analysis to describe the findings; the qualitative was chosen as the method of this study. Consequently, the data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's and Spradley's models. The results of this study stated that there were 60 data consisting of eight directive speech act types, where the frequency of using the technique was found 527 times for 15 techniques. Of the 60 data, 32 were translated accurately, acceptably, and with a high degree of readability and fell into the 'good' category. The average score for translation quality was 2.69. The study's contribution was to analyze Arabic texts translated into Indonesian using pragmatic models and measure their quality so that readers can quickly grasp the pandemic study from the perspective of the Arabic text.

This study aims to describe the types of directive illocutionary speech acts, translation techniques, and translation quality of directive speech acts in the translation of Kitab Bulūghul Marām. The research method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques, such as recording documents, questionnaires, and interviews. After that, the data were analyzed using the Spradley method in domain analysis, taxonomy, componential, and cultural themes. The study results show that from sixty-five data, there are six types of directive speech acts. Furthermore, in the translation technique, fourteen techniques are found 148 times. These techniques are found in three variants: couplet (75,9%), triplet (21,5%), and quartet (3,1%). Of sixty-five data, sixty-two data are translated accurately and acceptably, and three data are translated less accurately and less acceptably. On the other hand, sixty-three data (96,9%) have a high readability level, and two data have a medium readability level. From the assessment results of the three respondents in questionnaires, it is concluded that the translation quality of directive speech acts in Kitab Bulūghul Marām is in good category, with the average score of 2.91.

The article discusses the concept of translation as interpretation. I propose an analysis of translation techniques used by two Polish literary scholars and translators, Tadeusz Komendant and Michał Paweł Markowski. I compare their translations and divide them into two categories: "critical" and "unnatural" (in the case of Komendant) and "vulnerable" and "existential" (Markowski). I argue that a critical analysis of translation is necessary to justify the adopted strategy of interpretation which occupies a privileged position in these texts. I also use translation criticism as a "structuring" criterion to establish a certain hierarchy which exists, more or less explicitly, in the field of literary scholars' translations. In order to do so, I juxtapose Markowski's views with the those of Tomasz Swoboda in his Repetition and Difference (2014). I attempt to demonstrate that translation criticism allows not only for the articulation of the underlying pattern behind a translation, but also problematizes some issues related to the translator's and author's subjective scope of responsibility. In this way, I come to the conclusion that translation criticism reveals important qualities of a text, usually overlooked by strictly literary approaches. I acknowledge and confirm an important role it plays in building self-awareness and participating in self-knowledge within literary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The variety of Arabic word forms has presented difficulties and challenges in its translation. The Arabic word form or sigat requires the translator to take the most appropriate technique to produce a good and correct translation into Indonesian or vice versa. Masdar's translation often receives less attention which causes errors in the translation of various texts. There are many forms of masdar in the Qur'an, which are used as references in Arabic grammar. This study aims to know and understand the types and techniques of translation into the Indonesian language in juz one, and its implications for translation learning. The approach used in this study is a literature study. The research pattern used is descriptive analysis. While the source of reference in the form of books as a supporter is the books Tafsir, Nahwu, and Saraf. With that, researchers classify Masdar based on two categories; First, based on the shape, namely Masdar sarih. Second, Masdar based on its function consists of five kinds. The translation Masdar uses various translation techniques. In addition, the translation of Masdar into the Indonesian language has many patterns, both with verbs and nouns influenced by syntactic and translation techniques.

This study investigated how undergraduate students with different levels of translation proficiency employed translation principles and techniques in English-Chinese sight translation tasks, and how this affected their cognitive processing and performance. Participants were grouped into high-, intermediate-, and low-levels based on placement tests, and completed pre- and post-tests after a translation course. Their use of three translation principles (fidelity, fluency, and elegance) and techniques (segmentation, conversion, and addition) was measured using EyeLink eye tracking, and participants were interviewed to evaluate their metacognitive reflections on their translations. The results show that the high- and intermediate-level groups completed the sight translation post-test faster than the pre-test. The use of segmentation, restructuring, and conversion techniques was found to benefit students the most in sight translation tasks, and the intermediate-level group outperformed the other groups by making a greater cognitive effort in restructuring and refining their translations to achieve a higher level of competence in the elegance principle. The study provides pedagogical implications and scholarly significance for the application of translation principles and techniques in sight translation between Chinese and English.

Culture-specific items cause many translation problems and therefore they often pose a huge challenge to translators. Thereupon this issue has been researched by many translation theorists. The subject matter of this article are culture-specific items (CSIs) in the Polish translation of the thriller “De reünie” by Simone van der Vlugt. The first reading of this translation calls readers’ attention to the fact that it is a text rich in cultural references. Thereupon the author of this article found worth analyzing how the translator has dealed with this challenge. Especially that this kind of research can be useful for other translators, as well as for translation theorists and reviewers of translations. The aim of this article is to analyze the use of translation techniques for CSIs and to inquire into the frequency with which the analyzed translation techniques have been applied. This is the first research of this kind concerning this novel. The theoretical part is dedicated to the issues associated with CSIs, namely the definitions of this term, translation problems caused by CSIs and classifications of translation strategies and techniques. The command of these issues is a starting point for the next phases of the research. The analysis was carried out using the classification of translation strategies and techniques described by Aixelá (1996). Due to the fact that proper nouns are numerous, the chosen classification was supplemented with one strategy from the classification of Hejwowski (2007), namely with the approved equivalent. The presented analysis is based upon the most representative examples of CSIs. The author of this article has suggested alternative translation solutions to some examples. The aim of it was not to criticize the translation choices made by the translator, but to shed light on other translation possibilities. The analysis has shown that there have been used 17 translation techniques and combinations of them in the Polish translation of the novel „De reünie”. The most common technique used by the translator, Dorota Szafrańska-Poniewierska, has been the repetition – 105 times. Other translation techniques and combinations of them have been applied significantly less often. On the basis of the observations has been stated that the most translation techniques and the combinations of them belong to the conservation, category proposed by Aixelá (1996) and are exotic. That means that the most Dutch culture-specific items and consequently also the couleur locale of the whole novel have been retained. Thereupon it can be as- sumed that the choices of the translator may lead to the foreignization (Venuti, 1995). However, these are tentative conclusions and in order to draw further conclusions the analysis of this text should be broadened with the research at the macrostructural level that could be an interesting amplification of this research.

This article examines the political metaphors of the ancient Chinese philosophical treatise of Confucius Lun yu (The Analects). Confucius often used metaphors for a capacious and figurative presentation of his political views. Translation of Confuciuss political metaphors presents a certain difficulty, since it is necessary to preserve not only the meaning of the statement, but also the imagery. The object of the research is the political metaphors of Confuciuss work Lun yu and their translations into Russian by P.S. Popov, I.I. Semenenko and L.S. Perelomov. The aim of the work is to study the methods of translating political metaphors of the philosophical treatise of Confucius and the possibility of accurately transferring metaphors into Russian. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the translations of Confuciuss political reflections, made by three translators, are analyzed and compared. Political metaphors of the text Lun yu, collected for analysis by the method of continuous sampling, are described and analyzed within the framework of the concept of A.P. Chudinov. Classification of the metaphors of a philosophical treatise into 4 groups - anthropomorphic metaphor , natural morphic metaphor , social metaphor , artifact metaphor - made it possible to identify the peculiarities of translation techniques for different groups of metaphors. The analysis showed that the metaphors of the anthropomorphic group almost always disappear in translations into Russian. On the contrary, natural morphic metaphors, as a rule, are preserved in the translated text. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that at present, the translations of the Chinese philosophical text into Russian have not been sufficiently studied. Analysis of Russian texts Lun yu - Judgments and Conversations (Lunyu) translated by P.S. Popov, I believe in antiquity translated by I.I. Semenenko, Lun yu translated by L.S. Perelomov - made it possible to analyze the techniques of translating metaphors, due to the authors preferences of the translators, as well as the possibility of preserving the original metaphor in translated texts. Three versions of the translation of the title of the ancient Chinese treatise into Russian indicate different approaches to the translation of the text. The conclusion summarizes the results of the study of techniques and methods of transferring political metaphors into Russian.

Albeit research into Qur’an translation has been widely undertaken, little empirical research reports on the ideology of translators, particularly from the translation technique perspective. This research, therefore, aims at exploring the representation of the ideology of Qur’an Translators in Indonesia. The present critical translation case study design used the Qur’an translation produced by The Ministry of Religious Affairs (official) and Muhammad Thalib (unofficial) as the data source. To analyze the data, this research adopted theories from Molina and Albir, Leuven-Zwart, and Nord. The findings indicate that the practice of Qur’an translation in Indonesia was subjective, ideological, and reader-driven. The translation works from the official representative were based on moderate Islamic practices, while the unofficial one was found to contain transnational Islamic ideology. Translators’ ideology can be traced through translation techniques and translators’ backgrounds. This research suggests that the Quranic translation can be undertaken across languages because, in addition to making the text arbitrary, it also has a certain religious ideology in line with the interests and socio-cultural-political background of the translator and the target reader.

This study investigates the neologisms in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale and the translation techniques used when rendering them into Turkish. The term neologism can be explained by new words or words with new senses. In this article, the neologisms found in the corpus are identified and later categorized according to Peter Newmark's neologism types. Followingly, the utilized technique or techniques are described using a compilation we came up with combining a variety of translation techniques that are mainly taken from Lucía Molina and Amparo Hurtado Albir's work. The neologism-specific translation techniques were determined and then, the data that do not fit into the categories were revealed. These non-conforming examples enabled us to detect categories that are not present in Newmark's neologism classification. In addition to that, we detected some translation techniques which could be included in neologism translation technique compilations. From this perspective, our study tests the preferred models of neologism categorization and translation techniques in practice, and the most frequently used techniques in neologism translations were determined. Finally, the data we obtained here were compared with the results of other studies in the neologism translation literature to make our findings more concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better translation produced by computation linguistics should be evaluated through linguistics theory. This research aims to describe translation techniques between Google Translate and U-Dictionary. The study used a qualitative research method with a descriptive design. This design was used to describe the occurrences of translation techniques in both translation machine, with the researchers serving as an instrument to compare translation techniques which is produced on machine. The data are from expository text entitled “Importance of Good Manners in Every Day Life”. The total data are 122 words/phrases which are pairs of translations, English as source language and Indonesia as target language. The result shows that Google Translate apply five of Molina & Albir’s (2002) eighteen translation techniques, while U-dictionary apply seven techniques. Google Translate dominantly apply literal translation techniques (86,8%) followed by reduction translation techniques (4,9%). U-dictionary also dominantly apply literal translation techniques (75,4%), but follows with the variation translation techniques (13,1%). This study showed that both machines produced different target texts for the same source language due to different applications of techniques, with U-dictionary proven to apply more variety of translation techniques than Google Translate. The researcher hopes this study can be used as an evaluation for improving the performance of machine translations.

В статье рассматриваются основные категории юридических терминов, используемых в сериале «How to get away with murder», в число которых входят термины, обозначающие понятия англоязычной правовой системы, идентичные понятиям русской правовой системы (полные соответствия), термины, обозначающие понятия англоязычной правовой системы, частично соответствующие понятиям русской правовой системы (частичные соответствия), термины, обозначающие понятия англоязычной правовой системы, отсутствующие в российской правовой системе (лакуны); рассматриваются некоторые виды и особенности киноперевода, анализируются способы перевода и переводческие трансформации, использованные при переводе юридической терминологии с английского языка на русский, в детективном сериале «How to get away with murder».

The article discusses authorial neologisms coined by Stanislaw Lem and their translation into English on the example of 37 plant and animal names excerpted from the short story entitled "Let Us Save the Universe (An Open Letter from Ijon Tichy)", which, together with their English equivalents, were subject to comparative analysis. Since these names may create translation problems, the purpose of the analysis was primarily to determine the problem-solving techniques used by the translators, Maria Święcicka-Ziemianek and Joel Stern. Another goal was to make an attempt at explaining their translation choices and to determine the impact of these choices on the way in which the equivalents expressed with neologisms perform their naming function and the function through which they create the narrative world in the target text. Therefore, the article lists the possible causes of translation problems evoked by neologisms and presents the characteristics of the analysed names in terms of translation difficulties they may pose. The analytical material is presented taking into account the relationship between neologisms and their equivalents with the accompanying context and/or illustration. The article provides conclusions on the impact of the techniques used and the elements that determined the final shape of equivalents on the way the naming and creative function of authorial neologisms are reflected in the target text. It also shows the methods of overcoming problems related to translating neologisms into a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that focuses on approaches to rendering Ukrainian historical terminology related to the Old Rus' period into English selected en masse from Ukrainian and English academic texts on history, with a special focus on culture-specific terminology. Historical terms for translation purposes are categorised into non-culture-specific historical terminology reflecting universal concepts of historical science, and culture-specific historical terminology. The purpose of the article is to determine specific methods for Ukrainian-English translation of historical terminology of the Old Rus' period. The paper discusses approaches and methods used by English-speaking academics to secondary term formation, taking place when rendering concepts denoting Ukrainian original culture-specific terminology into English. Different groups of historical terms are described with a special focus on onomastic terminology. It is demonstrated that the historical context should be taken into account for the correct designation of a historical concept. Non-culture-specific historical terminology is predominantly rendered by existing equivalents, which were formed through phonological adaptation and/or calque translation. The most appropriate technique for rendering culture-specific Ukrainian historical terminology is shown to be combined renomination, the method that uses both a transcription and a description of a historical concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the kinds of speech acts contained in syarah Al-Hikam. In this case, syarah is defined as one form of explanation of a matan (substance) from Al-Hikam aphorism (the book of wisdoms) in Islamic mysticism as the base foundation of spiritual counselling. The language of syarah has a distinctive character, such as: the process of explaining to the reader what is being described about matan. Therefore, it is important to study language of syarah based on the pragmatics aspects, especially the variants of speech acts contained in syarah al-Hikam as a set of values and principles that strengthen the relationship between the speaker and the reader and improve the Islamic healing process. In addition, this research also elaborated how the speech acts are translated from Arabic (L1) into Bahasa Indonesia (L2). Based on the explanation, this study examines several problems, such as: (1) what are the forms of speech acts contained in syarah al-Hikam, (2) what translation techniques are used by the translator in translating speech acts contained in syarah al-Hikam from Source Language (SL) to Target Language (TL), and (3) how is the relation between the translation quality of syarah al-Hikam speech acts and the spiritual counselling. The method in this research was divided into three stages. The first stage dealt with data collection method. The data were collected through observation and classification of speech acts in syarah al-Hikam. The second stage was about data analysis model. The data were analyzed using Spradley model, namely: (1) domain analysis, (2) taxonomic analysis, (3) a component analysis, and (4) cultural themes analysis. Meanwhile, the third stage was related to the report on the findings in which informal method, in the form of narrations and descriptions of various speech acts in syarah al-Hikam and the pragmatic equivalence of these speech acts, was used. This study does not examine the most dominant form of speech acts, but examining how the character of syarah language in religious books as the base foundation of Islamic spiritual counselling applies the pragmatics principles. Thus, this article examines how a pragmatic equivalence between source language and target language is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the types of directive speech acts, the use of translation techniques, and the quality of the Indonesian translation of the book Badzl al-Mâ'ûn fi Fadhl ath-Thâ'ûn. This research used descriptive analysis to describe the findings; the qualitative was chosen as the method of this study. Consequently, the data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's and Spradley's models. The results of this study stated that there were 60 data consisting of eight directive speech act types, where the frequency of using the technique was found 527 times for 15 techniques. Of the 60 data, 32 were translated accurately, acceptably, and with a high degree of readability and fell into the 'good' category. The average score for translation quality was 2.69. The study's contribution was to analyze Arabic texts translated into Indonesian using pragmatic models and measure their quality so that readers can quickly grasp the pandemic study from the perspective of the Arabic text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract is a brief overview of a research paper. Indonesian undergraduate students are often required to submit their thesis abstracts in Indonesian and English. Various studies related to rhetorical move and translation techniques of abstracts have been done previously, but not many analyzed undergraduate students’ thesis abstracts across languages. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the move-step of the abstracts, and to see translation techniques in different abstract moves. This study used 60 undergraduate thesis abstracts from English Language and Literature and Indonesian Language Literature study programs as the data. As the framework for the data analysis, this study employed Hyland’s (2000) five-move model and Molina & Albir’s (2002) translation techniques. The findings show that despite writing in different languages, both Indonesian and English abstracts were realized with similar rhetorical moves and steps. Move 3 and 4 were found in all of the abstracts, while Move 5 was only realized in small numbers across languages. In relation to translation techniques, it is found that Literal translation is used more frequently than other translation techniques. This study recommends a more extensive study that involves more data from different fields to expand the existing knowledge relating to rhetorical move and translation techniques in the academic field, especially in undergraduate students’ abstracts.

The name does not have the connotation of a particular language meaning, except to indicate what it is named after. Thus the name does not need to be translated into another language. In fact, when translated it will be prone to misunderstandings about what is meant. In the case of the translation of IAIN Kediri into Arabic carried out by the academic community of the Arabic language education study program, more than one variety of translations emerged, namely: 1) الجامعة الإسلامية الحكومية كديري dan 2) جامعة كديري الإسلامية الحكومية . This is due to differences in the techniques used to translate them. This inconsistency certainly resulted in the emergence of the allegation that the campus in question was different. This study uses a qualitative method by taking data from several student writings contained in thesis documents, papers, journal articles and books published by IAIN Kediri, web pages, and others and trying to find the most popular variety of translations. The findings of the analysis conclude that the technique of determining the equivalent of words in the two translations is exactly the same, namely using the generalization technique on the word institute, the reduction technique in the translation of Islamic religious words, the literal technique on the word Negeri and the borrowing technique which is naturalized on the word Kediri. Syntactic analysis concludes that there is a grammatical gap in the first translation model due to the use of a literal method that is oriented to the source text. While in the second translation model there is no grammatical gap, because the translation uses transmutation techniques so that the translation results have a pattern that is known in the target language.

This is a descriptive qualitative research that aims to analyze the types of modality metaphor and their translation techniques in the novel entitled Anne of Green Gables. It is a translation research using Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) approach. Data were collected by content analysis and focus group discussion (FGD). The data were analyzed by Spradely’s data analysis method. The content analysis is used to analyze the types of modality metaphor based on Halliday and Matthiessen’ theory. Furthermore, the translation technique is analyzed by Molina and Albir’s classification and is done by focus group discussion. The result of this research shows that there are two types of modality metaphor found in the novel, they are probability and obligation. Moreover, the translation techniques that used to translate the modality metaphor are established equivalence, compensation, paraphrase, modulation, deletion, discursive creation and implicitation. The use of these translation techniques shows the translator creativity to translate the modality metaphor.

Zand texts or Middle Persian translations of Avestan texts are an important part of Middle Persian literature. Zoroastrians believe that Zand literature is as important as Avestan texts. Most scholars suppose that Zand literature dates back to the period when Avestan texts were compiled. According to oral traditions, even some are of the opinion that Zand texts are older than Sassanid Archetype of Avesta. In the whole, it can be said that Zand literature, probably, belongs to the period in which Sassanid inscriptions were written. In this article, general concepts regarding translation and translation techniques will be examined including communicative and semantic translation. In addition, some manners of translation like borrowing, calque, transposition will be studied. This survey is based on Zand rendering of three gāthic hymns 28-30. One of the most important doctrines of Gāthās is the role of abstract forces which are called on along with God’s name. in later Avesta, these forces are totally individuated and called Aməša Spəntas “divine immortal beings.” We also consider whether the translator was aware of that these entities were abstract forces or he considered them as individual gods.