Search

Introduction:рrimary headaches are among the most common neurological disorders in the population, and tension-type headache is one of the most significant primary headache. Tension headache is also one of the most neglected types of headache, and its chronic form is one of the most difficult to treat. The purpose of this paper is to obtain knowledge about the socio-demographic characteristics of patients with tension headache, the history and different aspects of the tension headache, as well as, to obtain knowledge about the relationship betweet kinesitherapy, as a non-pharmacological method for treating and controlling the pain, and certain aspects of the tension headache. Мaterials and methods:the sample consists of 101 respondents, i.e., patients with tension headache who has sought medical help in primary health care in Veles. Data was collected by using a questionnaire for the socio-demographic characteristics of patients, history and characteristics of the headache and use of kinesitherapy as a part of its treatment. Results:,According to the sex, 60 of the patients or 59.4% were women, and 41 patients, ie, 40.6% of men. Regarding the age structure, it has been shown that most patients (34 patients or 33.7%) with tension headache are at the age of 30-39, and the smallest number of patients are under the age of 19 years (3 patients or 2,9%). Until the 30th year the tension headache shows a tendency of increase, after 40 years there is a tendency of declining the presence of tension headache. According to the place of living, 72.3% of the patients surveyed live in urban and 27.7% in the rural area. As for the labor relation and the occupation of patients with tension headache, the results showed that the same is for the most part (61 patients or 60.4%) in employed persons, then (28, ie, 27.8%) in the unemployed persons. The retired (10 patients or 9.9%) and students, ie students (only 2 patients, ie 1.9%) is represented in a much lower percentage. The duration of the pain in most patients is 4-24 hours and is interrupted by taking analgesics. Discussion:The results have shown that there is a small number of patients who use kinesitherapy in treating tension headache, but those who use kinesitherapy methods, according to the obtained results, have rare headaches, less pain duration and lower intensity of the pain. Conclusion These results are consistent with the results of other research on the positive effects of kinesitherapy on treatment, control and prophylaxis of tension headache. We think that patients should be educated about the positive effects of physical activity and be an integral part of everyday life. Family physicians should more often point patients on the importance and impact of kinesitherapy on their condition. We recommend to our patients a kinesitherapy program as a means of better pain control, but also as a corrective agent for better posture, which prevents the occurrence of relapse

Introduction: Diabetes is a metabolic disease that has a chronic and aggressive nature, characterized by a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to decreased secretion of insulin from the pancreas, thereby increasing the blood sugar level - hyperglycemia. Objectives: The goals of the work are to show the characteristics of the disease with an emphasis on the treatment of it, the importance of education and explanation for possible complications and hygiene dietary regimen with statistics of patients in the Republic of North Macedonia. Materials and Methods: Data from the Public Health Institute of the Republic of Macedonia for newly diagnosed diseased have been used, explaining the importance of diabetes education to patients with diabetes. Results: The survey showed that, statistically, the number of cases increases after the fifth decade. Lifestyle and genetics play an important role. Conclusion: The proper use of medication and non-medication therapy also plays a major role in the treatment of the disease. Proper physical activity, knowledge of the bread units and proper use of them, in line with good medication therapy, using the innovative methods in medicine, the disease can be controlled very easily. Keywords: glucose, acute complications, chronic complications, bread units, physical activity, diabetes, education

Ургентните состојби како што е акутниот миокарден инфаркт,настанува изненадно, без предупредување и кај пациенти кој предходно не биле лекувани од срцеви заболувања.Болестите на срцето и крвните садови денес во развиените земји се на прво место по зачестеност и смртност.За превенција и нега на пациентите исклучиво е важна квалитетна здравствена установа,опременост и стручност на здравствените работници.Кардиоваскуларните пациенти често се со хронично заболување,поради тоа потребно е доживотна здравствена нега и чест контакт со здравствениот тим.

Introduction: Accommodation facilities for the elderly are a very important part of the social life of the population, and more recently, issues related to them are increasingly actualized. Unlike in the past, when these institutions were mistrusted, the modern world is increasingly investing in them, improving the conditions for stay and the services of the employees, increasing the interest and use of the homes by the citizens, and because of that I decided to explain this topic in more detail in the diploma paper. Aim: To show the manner of accommodation, care and health coverage of the elderly in the geriatric centres. Materials and methods: descriptive method of taking statistics from the PHI geriatric center "13 November" Skopje and from Mother Teresa, Zlokucani, Skopje. Results and discussion: Gerontology Institute "13 November" - Skopje with a capacity of 340 hospital beds and 100 beds in the elderly. The department "Mother Teresa" -Skopje has 111 beds. During the visit, a total of 88 beneficiaries were taken to the facility. According to sex, 40 are men, and 48 are women. Conclusion: The need for centres for the elderly is largely meaningful. Keywords: elderly people, geriatric centres.

Introduction: Resistance of susceptible individuals to certain infectious agents can be artificially achieved by active or passive immunization. Purpose of the paper: what is immunization, what kinds of immunization are there, what is a vaccine, what are the benefits of vaccination. Methods and materials: data from compulsory immunization coverage reports in the Municipality of Kocani from the Center for Public Health in the Municipality of Kocani and the Institute of Public Health in Skopje, for the City of Kocani and the surrounding villages, for the period 2015-2019. Results and Discussion: The percentage of immunization from infectious diseases is high and has been consistently over 95% in children under one year of age.: Immunization has been successful in Kocani municipality for the past five years and has a higher percentage of vaccinated compared to In 2018 in the municipality of Kocani the vaccine against Hemophilus influenzae type B covers the entire planned population, ie it has 100% coverage. Conclusion: To increase coverage, vaccination services should be engaged in finding unregistered, unvaccinated and incomplete vaccinated persons, as well as persons who migrate more frequently to and from the country. Keywords: immunization, vaccines, education, controversy.

Вовед: Установите за сместување на стари лица се доста важен дел во социјалниот живот на населението и во поново време се повеќе се актуелизираат прашањата поврзани со истите. За разлика од порано во времето кога кон овие установи се пристапуваше со недоверба, во современиот свет се повеќе се инвестира во истите, се подобруваат условите за престој и услугите на вработените, се зголемува заинтересираноста и користењето на домовите од страна на граѓаните. Цел: Да се прикаже начинот на сместување, нега и здравствена покриеност едукацијата на старите лица во геријатриските центри. Материјали и методи: Дескриптивна метода на земање статистички податоци од ЈЗУ геријатриски центар ,,13 Ноември,, - Скопје, одд. ,,Мајка Тереза,, Злокуќани-Скопје. Резултати и дискусија: Установата Геронтолошки завод „13 Ноември“-Скопје со капацитет од 340 болнички кревети и 100 кревети.во домот за стари лица. Одделот „Мајка Тереза“- Скопје располага со 111 легла, домот за стари лица „Сју Рајдер“ во Битола располага со 140 кревети,домот за стари лица „Сју Рајдер“ во Битола располага со 140 кревети. Во Kуманово работи домот „Зафир Сајто“ и има најголем капацитет – 165 легла. Домот „Kиро Kрстески - Платник“ во Прилеп има 151 легло. При посетата во Феникс беше утврдена бројка од 88 корисници кои се згрижени во установата. Според полот 40 се мажи, а 48 се жени. Дом - НАНА 30 стари лицаи др. Заклучок: Потребата од центри за стари лица е од големо значење. Клучни зборови: стари лица, геријатриски центри.

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality world wide. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

The purpose of this research is to investigate the adverse physical factors in the carine department as sources of stress in patients who are accommodated in this department and the level of satisfaction from the indicated health care by the nurse which is the prevention of stress in patients. As a material, it was taken a sample of 78 patients who were hospitalized at the caril department at the State Hospital in Skopje, while the time period of the research was from December 1, 2018 to February 15, 2019. The method and instrument of the survey is a questionnaire with four groups of questions (general data and reasons for hospitalization, satisfaction from the indicated health care by the nurse and the influence of the physicalstress factors).

The herniated disk is a degenerative disease of the spinal column that occurs as a result of prolapse (herniation) in the spinal canal. Most commonly occurs in a period after 40 years, but it is possible even earlier for some injury. Degenerative changes occur almost in the whole population, primarily as a consequence of aging and the modern way of life. Minor movement or forced occupation at work or long-term occupancy of one and the same position do not allow adequate diet on the disk. In everyday life, the "modern man "The periods of loading last for too long, the release periods are too short. The disk eruption in 95% of cases is between 4-5 lumbar vertebrae or between 5 and 1 sacral vertebrae. With herniation, pressure on the root of the underlying spinal nerve results in severe pain and limited mobility. Keywords: disc herniation, pain

This disease is spread all over the world, especially in countries with developed livestock breeding. The disease often appears in the Mediterranean basin and is the most common zoonosis in the Republic of Macedonia.Objective: The objective of this study is to show the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis after the implementation of the measures for eradication of animal brucellosis in the Republic of Macedonia for the period 2008-2017.Materials and methods: Human brucellosis is a mandatory notifiable disease in Republic of Macedonia. The surveillance data presented were derived from the infectious diseases mandatory notification. system.Retrospective analysis of the surveliance data is used in this study to show the results.

Апстракт: Дискус хернија е дегенеративно заболување на `рбетниот столб кој се јавува како разултат на пролапс (хернијација) во спиналниот канал.Најчесто се јавува во период после 40 години,но можно е и порано поради некоја повреда. Дегенеративните промени се јавуваат скоро кај цела популација,пред се како последица на стареењето и современиот начин на живот.Намаленото движење или принудната положба при работа или долготрајно завземање на една иста положба не овозможуваат адекватна исхрана на дискот.Во секојдневниот живот,на “модерниот човек” периодите на оптеретување траат премногу долго,додега периодите на растеретување се премногу кратки.Хернијацијата на дискот во 95% од случаите е помеѓу 4-5 лумбален пршлен или меѓу 5 и 1 сакрален пршлен. Со хернијацијата се врши притисок на коренот на подлежечкиот спинален нерв кој резултира со силна болка и ограничена подвижност. Клучни зборови: дискус хернија,болка,кинезитерапија,рехабилитација

In this thesis first we are going to look at care of the newborn after delivery, then we are going to say something about the old people and care and role of nursing sister, and in the end we are going to finish with the people with special needs. Keywords: newborn, breastfeeding, old people, care.

Patronage nurse - a qualified nurse who is well trained in obstetrics and preventive medicine (including health promotion measures). To this end, all born children receive a health visitor who is responsible for monitoring their pre-school age (as well as older children who suffer from various chronic diseases). Patronage nurses do not usually provide direct practical care for children, but only try to teach parents or relatives how to better care for them, paying particular attention to how their children's health can be improved. It is the responsibility of a nurse to monitor children with disabilities or older children. Keywords: рatronage nurse, сhildren, рarents, рrotection

Not long ago, mothers for the care of their newborns were prepared to listen to the advice of experienced women from their immediate surroundings. But today, modern society offers many opportunities such as parenting schools, baby programs, radio and TV shows and magazines. But regardless of the degree of preparation for the first days with the baby, for each mother, the most important is the visit and the help it receives from the patronage nurse. The patronage service is an important segment of the primary health care, that is, they have all health care homes in the Republic of Macedonia. The work of the patronage nurse with mothers and babies takes place in such a way that on average it covers about 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants. When the patronage nurse receives official information that a mother with a newborn baby has appeared in her region, she goes on that day on her first visit. The first visit usually lasts about two hours, and during that time, the patronage sister first examines the mother and the possible side effects after delivery, which includes a breast examination, an examination of the uterus cavity and a review of the episiotomy, examines the psychological state of mother and the possible occurrence of mental illness, gives advice to the mother in terms of hygiene and personal nutrition. The second step is the mother's explanation of how the baby is bathing (the nurse baths the baby for the first time in the home), how to handle the navel, how to change the newborn baby, dress, etc. The next day, if the mother is ready to bathe her baby, she does so, but under the supervision of the patronage nurse, which helps her. It happens that the mother for this act (the bathing of the baby) gets freedom in doing it even the third, fourth day. But the patronage sister is here to patiently explain and encourage her mother, and this is part of her work. The patronage sister strives to train the mother of everything she needs to do about the baby, but also for herself. While the patronage nurse visits the family, she monitors the relationship between the mother and the baby and their health, but also the relationships in the whole family, showing what is important and gradually removing the perceived irregularities. For this, the standards of "Good Practice" are especially important, which the nurses have in their guides, and on the basis of which they record the program of work in each family. The responsibility of the patronage nurse for the mother and her newborn child does not end after the fifth visit, or the greater number of visits to which she goes to one family. Standards oblige two more visits during the year, although research shows that such visits are more frequent. Often, mutual trust and friendship are established between the family and the patronage nurse, and so often the other members of the family, not just the mother and the baby, count on her help. Keywords: Mother; Newborn; Breastfeeding; Patronage

According to the global statistic data, uterus cancer is the 12th most common cause of death, or 6th most common deadly cancer for women. Annually it affects around 16 out of 100 000 women, and is lethal for about 9 out of 100 000 annually. It is important to emphasize that approximately 80% of these cancers occur in the developing countries. This paper will use quantitative and qualitative methodology on various sources in elaborating the findings for this specific topic. The uterine cancer and breast cancer are diseases which impose a threat for the women of all ages, from every social layer and on every location. It is a beneficial circumstance, that if this type of cancer is detected early, it could be cured. The most efficient way for timely detection of this dangerous disease is routine control examinations and PAP tests.

Во секојдневниот живот на модерниот човек хроничните оштетувања, односно синдромите на пренапрегање се зачестена појава во спортот и рекреацијата или во некои други занимања. Со овој дипломски труд ќе се укаже на факторите на ризикот од настанување, функционалната анатомија, симптомите, клиничката слика, дијагностичките тестови за проценка на илиотибијалниот синдром и кинезитерапијата и нејзините вежби во процесот на лекување при неговото настанување.

Patronage health care is a very important segment in primary health care. The natal nurse is the first contact with all families, with the entry into the family, the communication about the development of children can also detect an abnormality if it is present in a newborn or a larger child. Bodily deformities are one of the most complex problems. Studies on the frequent occurrence of vertebral distortions show, on the one hand, an increase in values, and on the other hand, a decrease in the age of deformation. The complexity of this complex problem depends not only on the wide distribution of deformities, but also on the disruption of the function of important systems and organs.

Myopia or nearsightedness is a refractory anomaly where parallel light rays entering the eye after breaking through the cornea and lens congregate with a focus that is in front of the retina in the vitreous body rather than falling to the retina at a clear-sighted center where the light rays are diverging and making a sculpted image of the object that the eye is currently observing.

Мајчинството е сон на секоја жена, а раѓањето последниот чекор до најсреќниот момент и првата средба со кревкото новороденче. Бременост (латински: graviditas) — развивање на еден или повеќе плодови во матката на жената, познати како фетус или ембрион.

Мозочниот удар се уште преставува голем проблем во јавното здравје. Така што еден од главните предизвикувачи на смрт во повеке земји во светот е мозочниот удар.

Tuberkulozata seuste prestavuva ogromen zdravstven problem vo svetot.Lekuvanjeto na MDR-tuberkulozata vo svetot i vo R.Macedonija e seriozen terapeftski problem so mal procent na uspesno izlekuvani.

For the needs of this research, were used reports from the services for polyvalent patronage in the municipalities of Berovo and Pehcevo. The survey contains data for the period from January 2013 to December 2017. The results are based on completed samples by the experts from the patronage services at the Health Care Houses of both municipalities. According to the survey data, the nurse had the greatest engagement when visiting births and lactating women, newborns and infants. Advice related to proper care and nutrition in the infant period is given and it is recorded that the outcome is based on the level of education and the socio-economic status of the family. Various interventions have been carried out, most of which are interventions related to proper breastfeeding, infant bath, navel care, getting familiar with the immunization calendar and general care for the mother and the child. Of the other visits, the bulk of the visits are for visits to chronic patients with blood pressure measurements, glicemia, dressings were made, tips for preventing decubitus and application of ampoule therapy. After observing the results of the conducted research, it is evident that the role of the nurse in the education of patients is of great importance. Her impact is on the prevention, treatment and final outcome of the disease. Taking into account the distance of the municipalities in which the research from the larger medical centers is carried out, it further enhances the importance and influence of the patronage nurse. In most cases it is the only link that connects the patient with the health system and plays a key role in the overall treatment of the patient. For these reasons it is very important that the patronage nurse, apart from the primary medical education, be further educated and up to date with all the novelties and techniques in the respective field. By visiting seminars, workshops and trainings her knowledge and professional development will be supplemented. In the municipalities of Berovo and Pehcevo there are two teams with five patronage nurses and they are in service to a population of 15 000 inhabitants. Although the scope of work of the patronage nurse is large, taking into account the trend of depopulation of the population in this region, the current number of healthcare workers

Вакцинацијата е една од најголемите придобивки на човештвото. Таа има голем допринос во елиминирањето и ерадицирањето на повеќе заразни болести кај нас и во светот. Спроведувањето на политиката за имунизација е значајно за намалување на појавата и смртноста од низа инфективни болести и е основен показател за ориентираноста на здравствената политика кон превентивна здравствена заштита.

Брзиот раст е проследен со назначени промени во развојот, составот и функционирањето на органите, необезбедувањето на доволно нутриенти во овој период, може да доведе до несакани ефекти во растот и развојот.Цел: Детекцијата на дебели деца претставува аларм за засилени превентивни мерки со правилни насоки за исхрана и физичка активност. Материjали и методи: епидемиолошка анкета, податоци од центрите за јавно здравје Резултати: Индексот на телесната маса за возраст е значаен за проценка на нутритивниот статус на децата затоа што дава можност добро да се определат состојбите на потхранетост и степените на здебеленост. Според институтот за јавно здравје со податоци и анализи: Кај 37,9 % дечиња на возраст од 6,8 години е увидена зголемена телесна тежина, а 18,5 % од нив се дебели. Низ градинките годинава кај 29,4 дечиња е измерена висока телесна тежина, а дебели се 11,6 од нив. Истражувањето направено меѓу ученици од петто одделение покажува зголемена телесна тежина кај 43,7 отсто од нив, а има 18,8 дебели петтоодделенчиња. Д

За една личност нормално да расте и да се развива неопходна е постојаноста на хромозомскиот број. Секаков вид на аберации на хромозомскиот број (намалување или зголемување) доведува до промени во генотипот што предизвикува и промени на фенотипско ниво. Даунов синдром е еден од најчестите синдроми кои што се јавуваат кај хуманата популација. Даунов синдром е автозомна трисомија на 21-от пар на хромозоми со кариотип 2n=47,21. Овој синдром името го добива по лекарот Џон Ленгдон Даун, кој прецизно ги опишува карактеристиките на овој синдром во 1866 година. Даунов синдром е единствената трисомија компатибилна со живот

Установите за сместување на стари лица се доста важен дел во социјалниот живот на населението и во поново време се повеќе се актуелизираат прашањата поврзани со истите. За разлика од порано во времето кога кон овие установи се пристапуваше со недоверба, во современиот свет се повеќе се инвестира во истите, се подобруваат условите за престој и услугите на вработените, се зголемува заинтересираноста и користењето на домовите од страна на граѓаните, па поради таа причина решив подетално да ја разработам оваа тема во дипломскиот труд

Tuberculosisis still a big health problem in the world.Acording to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015 there are registered 10,4 millions new cases with tuberculosis and 1,8 millions died from tubrculosis.The resistance toward antituberculotic drugs is health problem that is threat for control of tuberculosis on global level. In 2015 there are estimated 480 000 cases with multidrug -resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) und 190000diedfrommultidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Macedonia is under control.In theperiod from 2010 to 2016 there are registered only 17 cases with multidrugresistant tuberculosis

Биолошките, физичките и хемиските штетности на работното место не се единственaта закана за здравјето на здравствените работниците. Вршејќи ги своите секојдневни работни обврски, тие се изложени на низа стресогени фактори кои што произлегуваат од условите на работа или од барањата на работното место, и оставаат последици врз нивното здравје, продуктивноста на работното место и врз комуникациите со околината. Под стрес се подразбираат необични, непријатни и тешки доживувања кои што на луѓето секојдневно им се случуваат во животот или на работно место.. Медицинската професија со оглед на големата одговорност што ја има кон човековиот живот и здравје, како и постојаната изложеност кон специфични хемиски, биолошки и физикални штетности е сместена во групата на високо стресни професии.

За изработка на естетска и функционална протетска конструкција од исклучителна важност се отпечаточните материјали кои ги употребуваме. Тие се користат за добивање на негативен одраз од забите и од меките ткива во усната празнина. За да се изработи една фикснопротетичка конструкција потребно е да се земе прецизен отпечаток од препарираните заби, кој ќе ги содржи сите прецизни и точни информативни податоци кои овозможуваат идентично пренесување на ситуацијата од устата на пациентот

Имуниот систем е составен од разни типови на специјализирани клетки, протеини, ткива и органи. Неговата главна функција е детекција на штетните микроорганизми и нивно уништување.Кога имуниот систем погрешно ќе детектира одреден алерген како штетен, тогаш и покрај тоа што алергенот не е опасен за организмот, се активираат имунолошки реакции со цел уништување на „штетниот патоген“.

Introduction: Haemophilia is a state of bleeding. In the blood there is a lack of coagulation factor that controls blood flow. GOAL: to show the number and treatment of cases of haemophilia, their treatment, and display a family tree. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a descriptive and epidemiological method of data capture and are presented in a tabular and graphical way. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Familial positive history in 53 individuals or 91.38% has not been done prenatal diagnosis, or only in 3,45% a prenatal diagnosis has been made. Bloody symptoms have 55 or 94.83%, with 40 or 68.9% of them having spontaneous bleeding episodes. Out of 40 people or 68.97% are on permanent treatment. Of these, indicative treatment is 32 persons or 55.17%, prophylaxis is 9 persons or 15.52%, 11 persons change the treatment or 18.97% and 6 people are unfamiliar or 10.34% are treated. Of the examinees, 39 people or 67.24% receive a coagulation factor, and 19 people or 32.76% do not receive a coagulation factor. CONCLUSION: the available therapeutic possibilities are concentrated on an indicator factor and a small percentage of prophylactic treatment, an institutional therapy, but there are also therapeutic agents that are not available for people with coagulopathies.

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric illness that is little known to the general population. Every day we are surrounded by people who more or less manifest symptoms of this disease, but we do not notice them because of the little knowledge about the disease. It is much more prevalent in everydays life than we think. Purpose: I want to present and analyze epidemiological data for the prevalence on this disease in the Psychiatric Hospital in Demir Hisar and in the Mental Health Center in Prilep, for the period between 2012-2016. Materials and Methods: For the realization of the goals is used descriptive epidemiological method. There are 2,974 hospital treated patients with schizophrenia in the Psychiatric hospital in Demir Hisar and 517 schizophrenic patients at the Mental Health Center in Prilep, for a period of five years (2012-2016 years). The processing of the data performed some statistical indicators and rates of the disease, and the data are presented in tables, graphs and diagrams. Results: Of the total number of patients treated at the Psychiatric Hospital in Demir Hisar, 48%have a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and the remaining 52% have some other psychiatric diagnosis. In Mental Health Center in Prilep, 62% of hospital-treated individuals are with schizophrenia as a diagnosis and only 38% have another psychiatric disorder. As far as age, the disease is most common between 41-50 years of age (total 994 patients in the two hospitals together at this age), while males are more frequently affected than females (2,433 males : 1058 females). Conclusion: Needs for hospital treatment of persons suffering from schizophrenia are the largest in terms of the needs for hospital treatment of persons with mental disorders. The disease can occur at any age in men and women, but often affected are middle-aged people between 41-50 years of age, primarily males. Keywords: psychiatric disorders, diagnosis, early detection, treatment .

Conngenital or congenital anomaly is a defect in the structure of the body, which is present at the birth of the child. Developmental anomalies can affect the whole organism, organs, tissues, cells, and even the smallest molecules in the structure. Aim:To make ananalys is of the appearance of congenital anomalies in children that occur in the perinatal period, to get to know more about the types of anomalies that they encounter, what they depend on, what are the reasons for their occurrence, ways of their treatment (if there is a possibility for that), in which period of pregnancy may occur, and it was also discussed about the importance of the controls that are performed during pregnancy. Materials and methods: it is a clinically prospective (interspecific) study. An epidemiological method, a descriptive method and a health statistical method of work were used as a method for its elaboration. Data on the number of children with congenital anomalies were taken from the Clinical Hospital - Stip, in the period from 01.01.2012. until 31.12.2016 The research involved 127 children born with congenital anomalies for which there is relevant medical documentation, originating from the eastern region of theRepublic of Macedonia. Macedonia. Results and discussion:In 2012 there are 24 patients with congenital anomalies, in 2013 20 patients, in 2014 21 patients and in 2015 41 patients, in 2016 there are 21 patients, or a total of 127 patients in all five years. Conclusion:Early detection of anomalies is the most important factor for further timely treatment of these, as well as the prognosis and consequences that may arise in their later detection. Most commonly, it is congenital heart defects, limbanomalies, urinary system genital organs and end of the centralnervoussystem.

Diabetes mellitus тип 2 (инсулин независен дијабет) е метаболно заболување кое се карактеризира со висока концентрација на глукоза во крвта. Карактеристични симптоми се полиурија, полидипсија и полифагија. Инсулин независниот дијабет е 90% повеќе застапен од дијабетес тип 1 и гестацискиот дијабет. Дебелината се смета за примарен фактор за појава на дијабет тип 2.Улогата на патронажната сестра во откривање,едукација и третман е од големо значење.

Correct growth and development among schoolchildren almost entirely depends on the proper nutrition and dietary habits of the child. The dynamics of growth and development and the peculiarities of the biological structure of the child's organism place its diet at a central place. Target: A healthy and balanced diet means the use of biologically valuable food products that can meet energy needs and provide a qualitative and quantitative input of important nutrients, ensuring harmonious growth and development of children and protection against diseases. Materials and methods: epidemiological descriptive method, and a survey conducted on 200 students in elementary schools and state student dormitory in Stip. Results and discussion: obesity, reduced vision and deformities of the spine and flat feet are the most common deformities and problems that arise from poor fast diet, insufficient physical activity and poor posture. Heart and speech defects are almost gone at a later age. Hemoglobin and albumin are quite relative as chest deformities and caries have an increase in age from 12-14 years. Conclusion: Improper nutrition contributes to the development of countless diseases.

Tetanus in the Republic of Macedonia no presents an epidemiological problem with regard to the incidence, for which the obligatory immunization, has been largely contributed in particular the vaccination, which has been applied in the Republic of Macedonia since 1952. Purpose: The main goal of the labor is after the done research, on the basis of relevant data to analyze the conducted mandatory immune prophylaxis of tetanus in the Skopje region. In order to achieve this goal, a comparative analysis of the implementation of mandatory vaccination and postexposure immunoprophylaxis of tetanus infections in the Skopje region in the period from 2011 to 2016 should be made. Based on these analyzes, the proposed measures for maintenance and improvement of immunization are carried. Material and methods: In the realization of the set goal, the descriptive epidemiological method is applied, with statistical processing and data analysis. A retrospective research was conducted on the implementation of immunization in the Skopje region and in the Republic of Macedonia, in the period from 2011 to 2016. The data are collected from: the annual reports for vaccinated children by the calendar of vaccinations submitted to the Institute for Public Health of the Republic of Macedonia, the Center for Public Health-Skopje and the protocol for the vaccination of persons exposed а tetanus infection, from PHI Infectious Clinic-Skopje. The obtained data are processed statistically and are displayed in tabular and graphic form. Conclusion: It is necessary for the health sector of the Republic of Macedonia to work continuously to maintain optimal coverage (95%), with all compulsory vaccines and revaccinations. At the same time, this is the most rational approach for the prevention of infectious diseases.

Под растење и развој се подразбира зголемуванје на димензиите на телото во висина, тежина и др. сфери што можат да се измерат. Развојото е стекнување на вештини во сите аспекти од животот на детето. Развој е поделен на физички развој: ова се однесува на порастот на вештините и можностите на телото и вклучува: Развој на грубата моторика (користење на големите мускули) пр. нозе, раце.Развој на фината моторика (прецизно користење на мускулатура) на пр. дланките, прстите.

Човечката работа е целисходна и свесно организирана дејност на луѓето, заради постигнување на некој корисен учинок со кој може да се задоволи одреден вид на лични и заеднички потреби. Работата во апстрактна смисла претставува трошење на човечката работна сила: интелектуален напор, мускулен напор, психолошки стрес и времен за да се постигне некоја цел и како таква претставува средство за размена од најраните денови на човештвото. Работното место може да биде важен фактор за унапредување на менталното здравје на работниците, но од друга страна може да биде и извор на стрес кој меже да го поремети менталното здравје и да доведе до појава на ментални болести.

Холелитијазата преставува присуство на жолчни камења, односно конкременти кои се формираат во жолчното ќесе. Холестерол холелитијазата е една од најчестите дигестивни болести во западните земји. Најмалку 20 милиони Американци (≈12% од возрасните) имаат камења во жолчката. Преваленцата на холелитијазата се претпоставува дека се зголемува поради обезитоста, асоцирана со резистенцијата на инсулин и метаболички синдром.

Pressure ulcerit is a major health problem. It is a factor for morbidity, mortality and burden of health care in the wider world. The patient despite his primary disease, with Pressure ulceracquired a secondary disease, which not only disturbs the healing process of the primary disease, but leads to further physical and psychological burden. Because much of pressure ulcers can be avoid, attempts to reduce their prevalence are concentrating more on prevention than on treatment. In order to prevent pressure ulcer, are created programs and protocols from different international organizations. Additionally, in some countries there are national initiatives to reduce the incidence of pressure ulcer. The incidence of pressure ulcer considered as an indicator of quality of care carried out a health facility or a health and performance of implemented protocols to reduce it.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases. The best chance for successful treatment is early detection of the colorectal cancer. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Proper nutrition and exercise can help prevent many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. The nurse has a major and responsible task in carrying out and implementing health care at any time with a different kinds of patients. The care includes: Helping the patient with taking food and liquids Helping the patient elimination Helping the patient when walking, sitting, lying and changing their position Helping the patient with rest and sleep Helping the patient to dress and undress. Helping the patient to maintain their body temperature Psychosocial support comprises of increasing the self-confidence and self-efficacy of the patient by giving them positive messages, encouraging words or agreeing with their ideas, accepting their feelings and positively comparing their personality.

Krv je tekovno vezno tkivo koje prolazi kroz krvne sudove ljudskog i životinjskog organizmu i osigurava hranu i razmenu hranljivih materija u ćeliji. Anemija je stanje kod kojih je u našem krvu smanjen broj crveni krvni ćelija od normalnog broja. Hemoglobin je protein bogat železom, koji daje crvenu boju krvi. Neke vrste anemii se lako i kratkotrajne, pa zato i lako se liječe. Neke od njih mogu se sprečiti i samo sa zdravom ishranom. Druge vrste se mogu lečiti uz pomoć dietnih dodataka. Određeni tip anemija može biti ozbiljan, dugotrajan, pa čak i opasan po život ako se ne dijagnosticiraju i tretiraju na vrijeme.

Навиките и исхраната кај повеќе од децата имаат клучна улога за менталното и физичкото здравје. Затоа, за да им го сочуваме физичкото и менталното здравје, треба да бидеме многу внимателни и да се информираме во врска со производите што ги користиме за нивната исхрана.Непримерениот избор на прехранбени продукти и нередовната исхрана можат да предизвикаат намалена отпорност на организмот. Добрата мешовита исхрана содржи месо, јајца, риба, сирење, млеко, свежо овошје и зеленчук. Комбинацијата од тие продукти е важна за здравјето бидејќи содржи многу нутритиенти кои се потребни за правилен раст и развој.Најважниот оброк е појадокот. Овој оброк е многу важен за децата кои одат на училиште бидејќи ги подобрува когнитивните функции, па заради тоа децата во тоа време подобро и побрзо учат.Слабата исхрана значи слабо здравје. Често и самите им го расипуваме и нарушуваме здравјето на своите деца сервирајќи им храна што е лесно се приготвува или се купува готова.Со ваквата исхрана внесуваме недоволно или воопшто не внесуваме материи што се важни за виталните функции на нашиот организам и мозок.

Food habits in terms of diet of most children's role in mental and physical health. Therefore, to preserve the physical and mental health, we should be very careful and to inform about the products we use to their diet.Selection of food and irregular eating can cause reduced resistance of the organism. Good mixed diet containing meat, eggs, fish, cheese, milk, fresh fruit and vegetables. The combination of these products is important for health because it contains many nutrients needed for proper growth and development.The most important meal is breakfast. This dish is very important for children who go to school because it improves cognitive function, and because children at that time better and faster learning.Poor nutrition means poor health. Often themselves to dampen and disrupted the health of their children through serving them food that is easily prepared or purchased ready.With this diet consume insufficient or do not consume substances that are important for vital functions of our body and brain.

Hypoglycemia is unusually low blood sugar. When blood glucose is too low and the body is unable to carry out its activities. Hypoglycemia is usually associated with diabetes, and mainly occurs in people with diabetes who take too much insulin, do not take food or exercise much.But rare cases hypoglycemia occurs in people who are not diabetics, normally in people with Addison's disease.There are several symptoms of hypoglycemia that warn about the level of blood sugar. The main symptoms are usually not show up when the level of blood sugar drops below four millimoles per liter.The prevalence of hypoglycaemia in laboratory analysis usually perform statistical calculations annually, disaggregated by age, sex, and therapy.

For healthy generation it is healthy and orderly development from early childhood. It needs proper nutrition, proper care and personal hygiene. Early childhood is the most vulnerable period in the development stage of man. Improper diet and disease in children from pre-school age are a problem for both children and parents. It is therefore important to undertake measures for proper nutrition and prevention of diseases. Described as improper diet affects children from pre-school age. Incorret diet destroys children and causes various diseases. "Health comes through the mouth" - that means as you usually eat, so our body to function and so will place our metabolism. Only with a balanced diet will achieve the desired goal of a better life and better quality. Keywords: improper nutrition, pre-school children, disease prevention.

Diabetes mellitus - type 1, formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes mellitus occurs in the absence of insulin resulting from the destruction of B cells of Langerhans pancreatic islands which produce insulin. Because in the absence of insulin develop ketoacidosis, external administration of insulin is necessary to maintain homeostasis in patients with Juvenile diabetes. The cases are more common in children and adolescents, but it can occur at any age. The most commonly is diagnosed about 3-6 years of age or in their early teens. By type 1 sufferers around 10% of the total number of patients with diabetes mellitus.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) connects several symptoms, which more or less reduce the quality of life of the women. The etiology is unknown, but there are several theories about the origin and pathogenesis of the symptoms. Objects of work: To analyze whether and how the diagnosis of PCOS is frequent in the last 5-6 years, display of symptoms which are often the reason for the first visit to the doctor, on what age those symptoms are recognized as a problem and not as a part of normal development, outlining long-term risks and threats syndrome brings. Methods and materials of work: Descriptive method was chosen for this research, with a retrospective analysis. There were selected three gynecological clinics two in Radovish and one in Strumica. Results: Patients with PCOS include 0.57 of the total number of patients. Most of them are 20 to 24 years old (47.8%). 40% of them were diagnosed in age of 22 and 23. The most common symptom is disturbed menstrual cycle (with or without acne and hirsutism) in 60% of patients. Peak diagnosis is in 2015 with 17 diagnosed patients. In the last two years (2014 and 2015) were diagnosed 36% of Strumica’s patients and 57% of Radovish’s patients. 81% of all patients are treated with oral contraceptives. Conclusion: It is necessary to talk with patients to underline the importance of changing life - style, the importance of appropriate treatment and regular controls in preventing long-term risks - diabetes, endometrial cancer, sterility.

Diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. There are numerous risk factors that contribute to development of diabetes mellitus, such as: genetics, getting old, obesity, physical inactivity, longer period under stress, nutrition, noxious habits. Diabetes is a disease of modern times, a disease of the civilized world in the years to come it will be even more widespread, so in future it will have a status of illness, but will be a feature of the human being. Insulin and modern treatment of diabetes were put under the control of acute metabolic disorders, but today there is a growing problem with serious consequences from vascular - chronic complications of diabetes. It is made epidemiological study of descriptive characteristics of dijabetes mellitus in Kumanovo and the surrounding settlements in the period from 2011 to 2015. Used official data from epidemiological reports suffering from diabetes by the Public Health Institute in Skopje Public Health Center in Kumanovo and the Center for Diabetes at General Hospital Kumanovo number of registered insulin-dependent diabetics. In Macedonia there are approximately 200,000 people with diabetes type 1 and type 2. Of these, about 46 000 people receiving insulin. The children's clinic annually register about 30 children with type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent). According to the Kumanovo dijabeten Center of General Hospital in Kumanovo, where 70% of cases are people with diabetes mellitus type 2, with only 30% for persons suffering from diabetes mellitus type 1. These data do not show the total and a